Fundamental of Thermodynamics and

Heat Transfer

BE Mechanical Engineering I/I

2. Energy and Energy Transfer_Numerical

May 28, 2021

Displacement Work
2
𝑊= 𝐹𝑑𝑠
1

where F is the force provided by the gas pressure, i.e., F = PA

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 2

Work done Formula for Different Processes

𝑉2
Isochoric Process ∴W= 𝑉1
𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = 0, As, 𝑉1 = 𝑉2

Isobaric Process

Isothermal Process
W12  mRT1 ln V2 V1 

Polytropic Process
mR (T2  T1 )
W12 
1 n
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 3
Example 2.1
A piston-cylinder arrangement is containing a fluid at 10 bar, the
initial volume being 0.05 m3. Find the work done by the fluid
when it undergoes the following reversible processes.
a. constant volume to a final pressure of 2 bar.
b. constant pressure to a final volume of 0.2 m3.
c. according to linear law to a final volume of 0.2 m3 and a final
pressure of 2 bar.
d. according to a law of PV = constant to a final volume of 0.1 m3.
e. according to a law PV3 = constant to a final volume of 0.06 m3.
𝑏
f. according to law 𝑃 = 𝑎 + to a final volume of 0.2 m3 and a
𝑉
final pressure of 2 bar.
[0, 150 kJ, 90 kJ, 34.67kJ, 7.64 kJ, 63.936kJ]

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 4

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 5
Example 2.1
Solution:
(a) Initial pressure, P1 = 10 bar
Final pressure, P2 = 2 bar
Process Relation:
Constant volume process: V = C → V1 =V2 = 0.05 m3
Work done for any process between states 1 and 2 is;
For constant volume process, W12 = 0

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 6

 Example 2.1
Solution:
(b) Initial Volume, V1 = 0.05 m3
Final Volume, V2 = 0.2 m3
Process Relation:
Constant Pressure: P= C → P1 =P2 = P = 10 bar
Work done for any process between states 1 and 2 is;
V2 V2

W12   PdV  P  dV= P(V2 -V1 )

V1 V1

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 7

Example 2.1
Solution:

V2
1
W12   PdV   P1  P2  V2  V1 
V1
2
(c)

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 8

Example 2.1
Solution:
(d) Process Relation: PV  C, i.e., T = C
Work done for any process between states 1 and 2 is;
 V2 
V2

W12   PdV  P1V1 ln  

V1  V1 

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 9

Example 2.1
Solution:
(e) Process Relation: PV3  C, i.e., P1V13 = P2 V23 = C
Work done for any process between states 1 and 2 is;
P2 V2  P1V1
V2

W12   PdV 
V1 1  n 

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 10

Example 2.1
Solution:
(f) Process Relation:
b
Pa
V
For initial state 1,
b
10 100  a  , kPa (1)
0.05
Similarly for final state 2,
b
2 100  a  , kPa (2)
0.2
Solving Equations (1) and (2) we get,
a=
b=
V2

W12   PdV 
V1 Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 11
Example 2.2
A gas undergoes a polytropic process from an initial state of
500 kPa and 0.02 m3 to a final state of 100 kPa and 0.05 m3.
Determine the work transfer.

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 12

Example 2.2
Solution:
Given,
Initial gas pressure, P1 = 500 kPa
Initial gas volume, V1 = 0.02 m3
Final gas pressure, P2 = 100 kPa
Final gas volume, V2 = 0.05 m3
Pressure – volume relationship for a polytropic process is
given by
PVn = constant where n is the polytropic index.
Work transfer, W1-2 = ?
Using pressure – volume relationship to find the value of n,
n
P2  V 1 
PV
1 1
n
 PV
2 2
n
  
P1  V2 

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 13

Example 2.2
Solution:
Taking logarithmic of both sides, we get
n
=1.7565
Now, work transfer,
2 2  PV
PV
W12  1 1
1 n
= 6.609 kJ

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 14

Example 2.3
1. Air undergoes three processes in series to form a cycle:
Process 1-2: compression with PV1.3 = constant from
P1 = 100 kPa, V1 = 0.04 m3 to V2 = 0.02 m3
Process 2-3: constant pressure process to V3 = V1
Process 3-1: constant volume
Sketch the process on P-V diagram and determine the total work
transfer.

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 15

Example 2.3
Solution:
Given,
Process 1 – 2: pressure – volume relationship is PV1.3 =
constant with polytropic index, n = 1.3.
Initial pressure, P1 = 100 kPa
Initial volume, V1 = 0.04 m3
Final volume, V2 = 0.02 m3
Process 2 – 3: Constant pressure process
 Initial pressure, P2 = final pressure, P3
Final volume, V3 = V1 = 0.04 m3
Process 3 – 1: Constant volume process
Initial volume = final volume

 V3 = V1 = 0.04 m3
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 16
Example 2.3
Solution:
P – V diagram = ?
Total work transfer, Wt = ?

Process 1 – 2:
Using pressure – volume relationship to find final pressure, P2
PV
1 1
1.3
 PV
2 2
1.3

 P2 = P1 (V1/V2)1.3 =
= 246.23 kPa

Work transfer in a polytropic process 1 - 2 is given by

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 17
Example 2.3
Solution:
Work transfer in a polytropic
process 1 - 2 is given by;
2 2  PV
PV
W12  1 1
1 n

=  3.082 kJ

The negative sigh indicates that the work is done on the system due to
compression.
Process 2 – 3: constant pressure process
P3 = P2 = P = 246.23 kPa
V3 = V1 = 0.04 m3
Work transfer in a constant pressure process 2 - 3 is given by
W23  P2 (V3  V2 )
= 4.9246 kJ
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 18
Example 2.3
Solution:
Process 3  1: constant volume process
V3 = V1 = 0.04 m3  dV = 0
Work transfer in a constant volume process 2 - 3 is
2
W31   PdV 0
1

Hence, total work transfer of the cycle,

=  3.082 + 4.9246 + 0 = 1.8426 kJ

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 19

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 20
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 21
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 22
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 23
Example 2.4
A piston cylinder arrangement shown in figure contains gas initially at
P1 = Patm = 100 kPa and T1 = 200C. Piston with a cross sectional area
of 0.01 m2 has a mass of 50 kg and is initially resting on the bottom
stops. Heat is added to the system until it touches the upper stops.
a. Sketch the process on P-V and T-V diagrams.
b. Determine the total work transfer.
c. Determine the final temperature of the gas.
[Take 𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 ]

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 24

Example 2.4

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 25

Example 2.4
Solution:
Given, Mass of piston (mp) = 50 kg
Initial state: P1 = Patm = 100 kPa, T1 = 200C = 293 K
Cross sectional area of piston (Ap) = 0.01 m2
Volume of gas at initial state, V1 = Ap × x1 = 0.01 × 0.15 = 0.0015m3
And, Volume of gas at final state, Vfinal = Ap (x1 + x2) = 0.01 × (0.15 +
0.25) = 0.004 m3

Process 1-2: V = C
Process 2-3: P = C
Initial State, 1 Intermediate state, 2 Final state, 3
P1 = 100 kPa P2 = 149.05 kPa P3 = P2 = 149.05 kPa
V1 = 0.0015 m3 V2 = V1 = V3 =
T1 = 200C = 293 K T2 = T3 =

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 26

Example 2.4
Solution:
Given,

Referring to the free body diagram of the piston we can write

equation for the pressure inside the cylinder as Patm× AP
Pgas × Ap = Patm × Ap + W
mp g
or, Pgas  Patm 
Ap Pgas× AP
W
Pressure required to lift the piston,
mp g
P2  Patm 
Ap = 149.05 kPa

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 27

Example 2.4
Solution:
State 2: V2 = 0.0015 m3, P2 = 149.05 kPa
P2  T1
Temperature at state 2, T2 
P1
State 3: P3 = 149.05 kPa, V3 = 0.004 m3
Now, using ideal gas equation
PV P3  V3
1 1

T1 T3
P3  V3
The final temperature of gas, T3  T1 = 891.580C
PV1 1

Then, total work transfer is given as

W = W12 + W23 = 0 + P2 (V3 - V2)
=
= 372.625 J

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 28

Example 2.5
Air (0.5 kg) in the piston cylinder device shown in figure below has an
initial pressure and temperature of 1 MPa and 5000C respectively. The
system is cooled until the temperature reaches 500C. It takes a pressure
of 0.5 MPa to support the piston. Sketch the process on P-V and T-V
diagrams and determine the total work transfer. [Take R = 287 J/kg K]

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 29

Example 2.5
Solution:
Given, Mass of air (m) = 0.5 kg
Initial state: P1 = 1 MPa = 1000 kPa, T1 = 5000C = 773 K
Final state: Tfinal = 500C = 323 K
Pressure required to support the piston, Psupport = 0.5 MPa = 500 kPa
 Volume of air at initial state,
mRT1 0.5  287  773
V1    0.11093 m 3

P1 1000  103
Initial pressure of the system is 1000 kPa and pressure
required to support the piston is 500 kPa. Hence,
during initial stage of cooling piston remain stationary
although heat is removed from the system, so process
is constant volume cooling (Process 1-2). During
constant volume cooling, pressure of the system
decreases from 1000 kPa to 500 kPa.
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 30
Example 2.5
Solution:
Process 1-2: V= C
Process 2-3: P = C
Initial State 1 Intermediate state 2 Final state 3
P1 = 1 MPa = 1000 kPa P2 = 0.5 MPa = 500 kPa P3 = P2 = 500 kPa
V1 = 0.11093 m3 V2 = V1 = 0.11093 m3 V3 =
T1 = 5000C = 773 K T2 = T3 = 500C = 323 K

P,kPa T,º C

P1 1 T1 1

3 T2 2
P3 = P2 2
T3 3
V,m3 V,m3
V3 V1 = V2 V3 V1 = V2
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 31
Example 2.5
Solution:
Hence, we can define state 2 as
State 2: P2 = 500 kPa, V2 = 0.11093 m3
Temperature of air at state 2,
PV 500  10 3
 0.11093
T2  2 2   386.52 K  113.52C
mR 0.5  287

But the required final temperature is 500 C, hence it should be further

cooled to decrease the temperature from 113.520C to 500 C and the
process occurs at constant pressure of 500 kPa (Process 2-3).
Hence, we can define state 3 as;
State 3: P3 = 500 kPa, T3 = 500C
mRT3 0.5  287  323
Volume of air at final state, V3    0.092701 m 3

P3 500  103
Then, total work transfer is given by
W = W12 + W23= 0 + P2 (V3 - V2) = 500 (0.092701 - 0.11093)
= - 9.115 kJ
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 32
Example 2.6
A piston cylinder arrangement with two set of stops is restrained by a
linear spring (𝑘 = 12 𝑘𝑁/𝑚) as shown in Figure. The cross sectional
area of the piston is 0.05 [Link] initial pressure of the gas is 500 kPa
and the pressure required to lift the piston is 1000 kPa. Heat is
supplied to the gas until its pressure reaches 6000 kPa. Sketch the
process on P-V diagram and determine the total work transfer.

Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 33

Example 2.6
Solution:
Given,
Area of the piston (Ap) = 0.05 m2
Volume of gas at initial state,
V1 = Ap × x1 = 0.05 × 0.2 = 0.01 m3
And, Volume of gas at final state,
Vfinal = Ap (x1 + x2) = 0.05 × (0.2 + 0.4) = 0.03 m3
Process 1-2: V= C
Process 2-3: Linear
Process 3-4: V = C
Initial State 1 Intermediate Intermediate Final State 4
state 2 State 3
P1 = 500 kPa P2 = 1000 kPa P3 = P4 = 6000 kPa
V1 = V2 = V1 = V3 = V3 = V4=
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 34
Example 2.6
Solution:
State 3:
Volume of state 3, V3 = Vf = AP x ht = 0.05(0.2 + 0.4) = 0.03 m3
Pressure at state 3, P3 = ?
Referring to the free body diagram (FBD) of the piston at state 2,
we can write equation for the pressure inside the cylinder as
P2  AP  Patm  AP  W  P2  Patm  W AP

W Patm  AP W Fspring Patm  AP

P2  AP P3  AP
FBD at state 2 FBD at state 3
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 35
Example 2.6
Solution:
Again, referring to the free body diagram (FBD) of the piston at state
3, equation for the pressure inside the cylinder is
P3  AP  Patm  AP  W  Fspring
 P3  Patm  W AP  Fspring AP  P2  kx AP
=
= 1096000 Pa
= 1096 kPa

Wt = W1-2 + W2-3 + W3-4

(W2-3 is area under process curve 2–3)
1
 0  ( P2  P3 )(V3  V2 )  0
2
=
= 20.96 kJ
Fundamental of Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 36