CHAPTER-II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

45
Introduction
In this present chapter an attempt has been made to review the several past
research studies carried out by the researchers in respect of textile industry, cotton
textile industry in particular. To conducting the research, it is necessary to review the
existing relevant literature. Thus, researcher has taken a brief review of some of the
doctoral studies conducted on Textile industries in India have been conducted in the
past.

A review of earlier studies is very essential for any type of investigation which
is related to the topic. Researcher tried to review literature on various aspect of this
industry and it’s related to the present study and a development of theory which is
relevant to its scope. Therefore this chapter concentrates on the literature aspect,
which has already paid attention on the issue of Textile industry. Here, it is neither
possible nor practical to take reference to all such studies.

Present Research Study:

The present study systematically analyses the growth of cotton Textile
Industries. There is an ample scope for the study on the different aspects of the textile
industry. This study is also important because the analysis of the scholars have not
made any attempt to analyse the overall growth of cotton textile industries in
Maharashtra state of India. Researcher has taken up with a view to fill the research
gap.

The available literature on textile industry including doctoral studies, carried

by several researchers, research papers published on different aspect of textile
industry, articles, reports, and books are also discussed below:

Dantwala, M. L.1 (1937) the present book is an attempt to make a systematic

study of the marketing of raw cotton in the country from the farm to exchange. The
structure and organization of the hand, and the working of the cotton exchange on the
other, have a vital bearing on the price which consumes pay and the agriculturists
receive the author has examined these problems with a critical insight into them, and

46
has suggested schemes of improvement in the light of experience of other countries.
The need for its proper production, most of our efforts for securing prosperity of the
agriculturist are concentrated on increasing and improving the quality of the
production of his field, but we forget that abundance might mean cheapness or even
poverty, and that a lion’s share of what the consumer pays for the commodity may be
absorbed in the various marketing processes. Therefore should be secure for the
farmer a maximum money return for his crop.

Vadilal Lallubhai 2 (1947) in this book author emphasized on re-organization

of the textile industry to the need for increase production, he said that, Indian textile
industries spinning and weaving sections in the composite mills are unbalanced and
there is a great deal of extra quantity of yarn which if economically utilized, will give
fairly large quantity of extra yarn to handlooms. He had says that, it is necessary not
only to increase the production of cloth in quantity but also to improve the quality.
Therefore, for the re-organization of the textile industry with a view to increasing
production of cloth and yarn, he had suggested that, there should be standardization of
counts both for spinning mills and composite mills. The Indian textile industry in its
spinning and weaving sections is an unbalanced one according to foreign cloth
standards and balanced cloth standards.

Dantwala, M. L.3 (1948) with the help of this book find out a great deal of
information and also understands the inner springs of many policies that have
powerfully affected India for good or ill. About 300 before Christ, Greek merchants
commenced to import small quantities of cotton cloth from India. About 150 B.C.,
they discovered the trade winds, and learnt that a ship could sail eastward in the
autumn with the Northwest monsoon and return laden with cotton in the late spring
with the south east monsoon. The result of this discovery was an immense increase in
the cotton cloth trade and in the wealth of India as well as Egypt which became the
distributor of Indian goods.

Thakar, N. H. 4 (1949) stated growth, production and problematic situation of

cotton textile industry during twentieth century especially for war periods. He had

47
given a brief history of the industry is from 1854 to 1945. The effects of war on the
financial structure of the industry, labour conditions, and scarcity of cloth in war
periods discussed. The cotton textile industry had to face certain problems like supply
of dyes and chemicals, machinery, coal, transport labour and taxation etc. the country
experienced shortage of cloth consequent to the cessation of imports and increase in
exports. Production could not be sufficiently increased as per demands due to
increased purchasing power of some community. This resulted in high prices. The
government tried to protect the consumers from this exploitation by controlling the
prices and eradicating black markets. The control was not an effective due to the
absence of co-operation from public. The government accepted the proposal that,
duties on the textile machines and stores is remitted. The government reviewed its
original decision and a bill was passed in 1927 which contemplated the removal of the
import duties on textile machinery.

5
C. T. F. C. (1963) conducted a survey on the distributive trade in cotton
textiles in the three project areas, viz., Bombay city, Muzaffarpur and Dibrugarh;
approached to many individual traders, trade bodies for definite solutions on their
problems. This survey suggested that better co-ordination between mills, selling
agents and also wholesalers should be necessary. Mills should not frequently changes
in the pattern of production and the qualities. Mills can open retail shops in the
districts, talukas even in important rural areas in the country; as a result consumers
can get their supplies at a reasonable price. The consumer oriented marketing
approach is necessary, for this reason, the study about consumer demand and
preferences should be carrying by textile mills.

Pattabhiram, T. K.6 (1972) in his book entitled; “Essential Elements of

Practical Cotton Spinning.” highlight the various technological aspects involved in the
subject of cotton spinning. Machine designs and models keep on changing but the
basic principles remain early the same. Technology is the outcome of various
scientific principles and theories developed through ages by the merited and
intelligent few. Science and technology, therefore, from the veins of a countries

48
industrial progress. Textile technology, technology of a key industry in every nation,
is now taking rapid strides to keep pace with diverse tastes and increasing demand.

I M C E R & T F Bombay7 (1978) in this book stated the progress of cotton

production in India, factors affecting the output of cotton in Maharashtra, Maharashtra
state cotton monopoly procurement scheme also. Raw cotton is the major commercial
crop predominantly cultivated in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Panjab, Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. These states ultimate consumers are the
spinning and the composite spinning and weaving textile mills. The movement of raw
cotton from the farm involves many stages such as, assembling, grading, ginning,
pressing and transportation. Accelerated growth of cotton production formed one of
the main aspects of the agricultural production policy since the independence. With
the commencement of the planning era, preparation of systematic programmes for
achievement of production targets was undertaken, the main features of which are
Rapid spread of improved technology, Expansion of irrigated cotton area, Extension
of high yielding varieties and hybrids, and Price and distribution policy which
safeguards the interests of both the cotton growers and the consumers and imparts the
needed stability of cotton prices in the long run. The Maharashtra cotton economy is
almost completely dependent on the monsoon rainfall.

Sherry Sabbarwal 8 (1990) in her book stated, to complete understanding of

the difficulties of the cotton textile industry, it is essential to examine not only the
internal structure of the textile mills, but also their environment. The private sector
mills are operating more successfully than their public sector counterparts. An
inspection of the factors indicating growth, namely, the installed capacity, number of
production and profits clearly shows this. The number of workers and the amount and
the amount of raw materials consumed by the private sector mills are much higher
than that of the NTC mills. The production figures also great difference in the two
sectors. however, it also be seen from the data that even the private sector units are
showing diminishing production and a lower rate of profit, thus, one can perceive an
overall decline in the performance of the textile industry.

49
 The varshneya study team report of 1975 mentions worn out machinery,
dependence on the monsoons and preferential treatment given to the decentralized
sector by the government as the causes of sickness in the industry. Similarly,
immobility in demand, the controlled cloth scheme, rise in cotton prices, power
shortage, lack of modernization and labour unrest have contributed to this sickness.
However, most of the problems are common to the whole industrial sector. Besides
within this industry, the greater success of the private sector units leads us to assume
that in fact the problems are different from those mentioned above. Many scholars
believe that the real cause of industrial deterioration and organizational
ineffectiveness is the weakness in the internal structure of the organizations.

Jakhotiya Girish P.9 (1991) noted observations in his thesis; the art of
handloom weaving has been the pride of India. Unfortunately, the protector of this
ancient art, the handloom weaver is in a very miserable condition today. The
managerial aspect was absent in society. All decisions were taken by the chairman
and vice chairman of the society. Many problems with their production activity such
as inadequate and irregular supply of yarn, low productivity of the weavers; old looms
were without proper maintenance, financial problems which affected their overall
working to a large extent. He suggests that the well trained production supervisor
must to control manufacture and for given training and techniques of handloom
production, as to update the weaving process. There should continuous co-ordination
between marketing and production, supply of yarn and dyes should be properly
controlled. Training programme should comprise product design; inter personal
relations in organization, general handloom awareness programme, and long run
strategic planning.

Ektate Arvind Gangadhar (1992)10 in his study reveal that, reference of

cotton fabrics is found right from Vedic period. Description of cotton fabrics by
ancient literary figures like kalidas and bana is abundantly found in ancient literature.
Cotton handloom flourished under the patronage of princes. In the Indian context,
there are certain inherent advantages of handloom over powerloom and mill sectors.
These advantages are as follows. (a) Less capital requirement (b) cottage industry (c)

50
employment potentiality is large (d) minor consumption of energy (e) simple
mechanism (f) taste of consumers looked after (g) capability of introducing suitable
design. (h) No formal training required.

Shaikh, J. M.11 (1992) studied the working efficiency of the co-operative

spinning mills. He suggested that mills should more emphasize on distribution
channels instead of brokers for domestic as well as export. Market supply and proper
channel of distribution should be built up. The ample concentration on sales forecast
to be needed to protect from losses which may occur by fluctuating demand. If
technique of sales forecasting may applied then it catch the advantages like proper
planning and improve working performance, production and management can
improve. There should be proper attention on quality of products.

Dhaneshwar, B. B.12 (1993) in his study tries to trace the causes of the
problems in the decentralized small scale powerlooms. He pointed out that the
Powerloom sector is at the middle stage. It does not require more capital as like the
mills and not completely labour oriented like handlooms. The powerloom have been
located in the rural part of India, gives employment to several educated and
uneducated rural people. Its contribution in the total cloth production of India is more.
He also mentioned that Maharashtra claims a key share in the total number of
powerlooms in India. The idea of introducing powerlooms first took its root at
Ichalkaranji in 1904 by a handloom weaver. Installation of powerlooms in the place of
handlooms eliminated strenuous labour involved in the operation of handlooms. An
average handloom weaver could very easily learn powerloom weaving within a short
period.

Supriya RoyChowdhury13 (1995) wrote in her research paper that ascend and
fluctuation of yarn prices is frequently a direct result of the near monopolistic control
of yarn traders over the supply of yarn. The state is now on the surface attempting to
promote the growth and consolidation of a class of large producers in the mill sector,
oriented to large-scale and high technology production. This analysis revealed that the
potentiality of a modernized, large scale, organized sector becomes captured in the
51
easy profitability of powerloom production. And the state's need and willingness to
encourage a strong, modernized, and large scale organized sector is stymied by its
creation and nurturing of a class of small producers.

Barua, S. 14 (1997) carried out the research study on six sick textile mills in
Maharashtra state. They studied the growth and trends in cotton textile industries also
highlights the area of weakness leading to the sickness of industry in various aspects
of functional management, viz., finance, marketing, personal, production etc. This is
the study of causes of sickness in cotton textile industry he also attention on facts
behind successful units. Textile policies and its impact on textile industry also
discussed. He recommends remedies for revival of industry through better co-
ordination by way of effective management.

Dikshita Padalkar15 (1997) stated that in refusing to give permission to

textile mills in Mumbai to sell their land the Maharashtra government gives the
impression that it is being sympathetic to the cause of the mill workers, but actually it
is pandering to the builders lobby. The take-no-decision policy of the state
government does not mean, however, that changes will not take place, although
irregularly and secretly. Based on recent developments, some likely scenarios are
sketched here.

Tirthankar Roy (1998)16 has argued that the received view among textile
scholars that powerlooms represent a particular form of government failure is wrong,
and that their growth owes to the expansion of a general pattern of industrialization.
The policy changes in India have strengthened this pattern as well as exposed some of
its critical weaknesses. The reforms strengthened it by (a) enabling exports, (b)
encouraging cotton garment production and consumption, and (c) bringing a range of
affordable technologies within reach of the small scale producer. In the first half of
the 1990, the market for Indian powerlooms cloth was buoyant, and capability was
not felt to be a constraint. In the second half, the market fell, and excess capacity built
up. Between the 1950 and the 1980, the industry was shaped by several long-term
trends. The most important were: (a) steady dilution of the handloom root in
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entrepreneurship (b) at the same time, the major sites of powerloom weaving attracted
capital, labour and services oriented to poweroom production, in other words, they
acquired significant agglomeration economies, (c) decline of composite mills in
Bombay and Ahmedabad, (d) rise of manmade fibres, (e) signs of organisational
change such as extension of wage-labour, and (f) the rise of cotton exports, which
began from the mid 1980 but gathered force after the reforms in 1992.

Pradosh Nath, N. Mrinalini & G. D. Sandhya17 (2001) argue that the lack of
an appropriate strategy by government & industry for Research and Development
activities in the textile research system. The article is based on a study 'Evaluation of
Textile Research Association' (TRA) with financial support from ministry of textiles.
There was need to refresh the TRA for boost the programme of technology
upgradation for Indian textile industry. In the post-GATT scenario, technological
competitiveness is going to decide the future of the industry; at the same time as our
comparative technological capability is far from comfortable. This study indicates that
as per market demand; TRA would not help achieving the goal thus an instant revival
plan of TRA is essential.

Project Team of (SINET)18 Asia Pro Eco Programme (2007) is a five years
programme launched by European Union in 2002. SINET is for sustainable industrial
network and its application on micro regional environmental planning. It has made
“Indian Cotton Textile Sector Network Report (Draft) Scoping & Sustainability
Analysis.”

The present study comprises of the Cotton farming and the labour employed
therein, Transportation from farm to market, Cotton ginning and spinning mills and
the associated human resource, Cotton seed oil industry, Textile and dyeing industry.
Project team concluded that cotton textile sector has a great potential towards the
economical, environmental and social sustainability of the network. Cotton textile
sector is one of the major source of employment, Increases the living standard and
Infrastructure development of the local community, Increase in the production
capacity of the cotton yield contributes towards the economy of the local community.
This report suggest the environmental friendly techniques for the cotton growing need

53
to be developed and its awareness should be increased, which contributes towards the
environmental sustainability. Cotton seed oil can be promoted as it is one of the
important byproduct of the cotton network, as it can use for the bio-diesel production.

Paul Kornelius19 (2006) makes an attempt to evaluate the textile industry in

the light of the introduction of eco-friendly concept in the year 1996. Textile industry
has environmental problems which affecting on land, water and air by its operation.
The industry has also realized that there is growing awareness among human beings
about the demand for the textile products which are free from hazards for human
health. The concept of eco-friendly textiles has emerged by supplementing consumer
factor that is human health along with the already existing textile related
environmental problems. Thus eco-friendly textile mills have become a necessity of
the industry for its sustained growth.

Gunja Saluja20 (2008) focus on the international competitiveness of Indian

textile industry. First identify the market potential for exporting to Europe and United
States. While considering strengths and opportunities in Indian textile sector; several
key strengths such as low cost labour force, great quantity of raw material resource
for textile industry. Besides, many problems or weaknesses like, fragmented
infrastructure which leads to lower ability and hold back the industry to expand
business. The challenges that the Indian textile industries largely compete to the
factors like, Quality of products, Cost effectiveness, Effective supply chain
management, Designing and innovation.

To conclude, this sector needs vast investment for modern technology

installation, which may expand to overall capacity. Indian Government should
encourage, both global manufacturers and small scale manufacturers, to work together
into partnership, as it will help to boost up in this industry. To develop the
infrastructure, government should invest more; special loans should be provided to
uplift this sector. The Indian ports should be given special attention along with other
transport facilities.

54
 Mohanty B. B.21 (2009) attempted to analyse regional disparity in agriculture
sector of Maharashtra. Vidarbha witnessed prosperity during the colonial period due
to expanded cotton cultivation. Marathwada did not witness substantial agricultural
development in contrast to western Maharashtra during the colonial period. It was a
neglected part of the Hyderabad state ruled by the Nizam. Cotton is a main cash crop
in Vidarbha and Marathwada region. As the area under irrigation was negligible,
cotton cultivation was mostly left to the vagaries of monsoon. Agricultural
development in Maharashtra over the last three decades has been unequal across
regions with western Maharashtra much ahead of other regions in terms of major
developmental indicators. The inability of Marathwada and Vidarbha regions to
compete effectively for a larger share of the state's resources is mainly due to the
absence of a well articulated structure of groups and alliances.

Virambhai S. Zala22 (2010) on the basis of financial analysis, recommended

following suggestions for the betterment of the selected textile group of companies:

1. In order to increase the financial efficiency of the companies, it is suggested

to control the cost of goods sold and operating expenses. 2. The management should
try to adopt cost reduction techniques. 3. To reduce power and fuel cost, Company
should find out other alternatives for this. 4. The management should try to utilize
their production capacity fully in order to reduce factory overheads and to utilize their
fixed assets properly. 5. Improper planning and delays in implementation of projects
lead to rise in their cost. So proper planning should be made. 6. The labour
productivity should be increased by adopting modern manufacturing process and
wages policy should be on productivity based. 7. To regularize and optimize the use
of cash balance, proper techniques may be adopted for planning and control of cash.
8. The government should minimize the subsidy and encourage the capital market for
the textile companies.

Ramakrishna Nallathiga23 (2010) pointed out that urban industrial land is an

important and integral part of city land use. Bombay has shown how to build the
enormous potential in industrial production and almost became one of the country’s
backbones of industries and economy. It has been argued that the release of textile

55
mill land has created a positive environment for development and reduced uncertainty
in property markets, in which led to improved performance of local markets.
Therefore, the changes in industrial land redevelopment is not only changing the
physical and landscape contours of city but also underlying changes in property
values, local economy and values.

Kasi S.24 (2011) attempted to analyze the impact of trade liberalization and
textile policies on growth, sources of productivity growth and Technical progress of
Indian textile industry during pre and post-reform and post-MFA regime. The study is
exploratory in nature and covers the period 1980 to 2010. The objectives of the study
are addressed to the theoretical assume relating to Growth, Partial Factor Productivity,
Total Factor Productivity and Technical Progress in Indian Textile Industry. The
cotton textile industry is reeling under diverse problems sickness is one of them. After
the Engineering industry, the Cotton textile industry has the highest incidence of
sickness. Indian Textile Sector is traditional and has under gone tremendous changes
in terms of policy measures in recent years to achieve desirable impacts on the level
of output and employment.

P. Tirumala Rao25 (2011) to examine the trends, composition and direction of

imports and exports of Textiles. He also studied the implications of the World Trade
Organization (WTO) Agreements during the period of operation of the ATC 1995–
2004, and in the post–ATC period 2005-2010. For strengthening the competitiveness
of Indian textile industries including cotton a number of suggestions were made i.e. 1.
Technology Upgradation, and Horizontal and Vertical Integration should be in the
Textile Sector. 2. Bridging the Skill Gap in T&C Industry, and Focus on Emerging
Areas in Textiles. 3. Brand Promotion and Eco-labeling. 4. Encouraging Foreign
Direct Investment (FDI). 5. Regional Trade Agreements, and Comprehensive
Economic Cooperation, and Partnership Agreements etc.

Dr. N. Rajasekar & M. Gurusamy26 (2011) analysed the structure of Textile

Industry in India, organizational pattern of exporters, motivational factor to discuss
the problems of exporters. Infrastructure play and essential part in production process;
56
Shortage of Labour is to be prevented in the current scenario; Commerce ministry is
to be highly supportive in protecting all export problems. They suggested
Recommendations as like: 1. Yarn prices should be reduced to meet their client
requirements. 2. To maintain a good raw material supply, Government should ban raw
material export. 3. Our government have to fix raw materials cost annual or as per the
availability. 4. Steps to be taken to reduce the cost of transport. 5. Proper training
should be provided the employees. 6. Proper stitching to be done by the trainers in
proper time. 7. Steps to be taken to reduce the waste and make use of wastage in
producing useful products.

M. Gurusamy & Dr. N. Rajasekar27 (2011) focused on Corporate Social

Responsibility (CSR) in Indian Textile Industry. CSR is a concept that industrial
group or company has a sense of duty to consider the interests in all aspects of their
operations. The textile firm can fulfill its responsibility towards various parties i.e.
employees, shareholders, the government, customers, investors, suppliers,
competitors, society, and environment. The textile industry will join hands with a
global industry group known as Reducing the Impact of Textiles on Environment
(RITE) to reduce the negative impact during the production of textiles and apparel
throughout its supply chain. Indian textile industry now donning a green colour, join
hands with a global industry group. Enterprises should make decisions based not only
on financial factors such as profits or dividends, but also based on the immediate and
long-term social and environmental consequences of their activities.

Dr. Asiya Chaudhary28 (2011) tried to find out the impact of the Multi Fiber
Agreement (MFA) phase out on Production of Textiles & Clothing, Indian textiles
exports. He also evaluates the role of FDI and government to promoting this industry.
In order to study the impact of MFA phase out on the Indian Textiles exports, four
factors are take into account i.e. Production of Cotton, Total Textiles exports from the
country, FDI in Indian Textiles industry and operating profits of the textiles exporters
in the country. It may be concluded that no doubt the country has benefitted from the
MFA phase out; threats of the open market condition have also become vibrant. In
India the big firms are gaining from the phase out as they have the capacity to stand

57
and face competition. On the other hand the medium and small firms are finding it
difficult to survive in global competition. They can enlarge their scale either by
merging or amalgamating together.

Arif Anjum and D. V. Thakor,29 (2011) The study seeks to examine &
focusing, considering the facts in a comprehensive manner the state of functioning &
problems of Powerloom industry in the state of Maharashtra emphasing Malegaon.
There is no proper marketing mechanism in the Powerloom Industry in Malegaon. It
was observed that, the price of the yarn and fabric always fluctuates. Sometimes it
goes inverse direction, means the prices of the yarn increases while the prices of the
fabrics goes down direction. He has suggested, ‘A comprehensive survey of the
powerloom industry in different clusters will help in the policy making regarding the
powerloom industry. Census of the powerloom industry should be conducted after
every five years in which basic statistics of their needs, raw material, growth etc.
should be conducted. It will be more effective for the programming and
implementation of schemes. The plain looms can be converted by installing
attachments of electrical / mechanical warp stop motion, weft stop motion and
positive let off motion. It is clear that the powerloom industry need more upgradation
and modernization in the present scenario.

Marimuthu K. N. & Dr. Mary Jessica 30 (2012) concentrate on the growth

and development of Textile Industry in Coimbatore region. Besides, he discussed
about opportunities and challenges before south Indian textile industry. Japan, India,
Hong Kong and China of late are the leading producer’s textile production because of
their cheap labour supply and material, which are the important factors. Indian textile
industry is the second largest industry in the world after China and it is self reliant and
independent industry and has greater diversification and versatility. 76% of India’s
total textile market is from Erode (Tex-City or Loom-City of India) and 56% of
knitwear exports come from Tirupur.

Jeyaraj, K. L., C. Muralidharan, T. Senthilvelan et. al.31 (2012) have made

a research paper on quantitative SWOT analysis for a leading textile company, aimed

58
at helping the company management to formulate their long and short range strategy.
The managerial persons should know its internal strength, weakness and external
opportunity, threats. Hence the SWOT analysis is for strategic plan in today’s
competitive age. The managers should concentrate on the reduction of major variables
for sketch the strategy. So the effective strategic planning process is assured without
any wastage of resources. For future work, the management should focus on the
quantifying the SWOT variables then ranking and implementation of strategies.

V. Srinivas32 (Dec. 10, 2012) delivered Speech on “The Indian Growth Story
of Cotton and Textile Sector”. He address that the Indian textiles industry has suffered
from severe technology obsolescence and financial crisis, thereby weaken its
productivity, quality and cost efficiency, although clear advantages in raw material
and human labour force. The time has come to enlarge the areas of collaboration from
the agricultural research and extension work to downstream areas of textiles industry
which make possible momentous value addition, make better manufacturing base and
generates employment.

Vivek Subramaniam33 (2012) has made an attempt to identify the factors

those affects on capital structure of the textile companies. The Indian textile
companies faced problems of raising of long- term funds. Majority of the companies
have not been able to maximize their levels of EPS and they have not been able to
achieve high levels of EBIT due to the high levels of cost of production incurred by
these companies. Therefore, due to these factors the companies have not been able to
keep constant high level of profits over long years. So, the short- term liquidity and
the ability of these companies to meet their short- term debt obligation are also not
effectively managed.

Dr. P. komarsamy & Dr. L. Maniyannan34 (2013) concluded that the

organized cotton mill sector no doubt occupies a commanding height in the Indian
textile industry; however the role of decentralized powerloom sector should not be
neglected because it accounts for at least 71 percent of the country’s textile output.
While the share of the mill sector in the total cloth output is falling rapidly. Govt.
59
subsidies to buy new powerlooms might be a boom to these powerloom owners.
Indian textiles have carved out a niche for themselves in international market by
overcoming various hurdles, including attempts by the local industry to undermine its
success. Not only has it become a major foreign exchange earner, it is also one of the
thrust items in the Indian export basket.

Sangeetha, B. M., M. Rajeswari, S. Atharsha et.al35 (2013) emphasized on

awareness about environment such as air, water and noise pollution during the process
of cotton fibre to cloth. They recommended some suggestions for controlling the
occupational lung diseases caused by cotton dust are as: 1. Periodic health inspection
is essential. 2. Proper treatment should be given to the affected worker. 3. Effective
dust control measure to be adopted. 4. Usage of personnel protective equipment
should be strongly advised. 5. The management should strictly provide and follow
Control technologies and protective strategies. 6. The worker should be aware of the
effects of cotton dust often employers can reduce dust levels by adjusting dust control
equipment, such as ventilation systems, and by cleaning and repairing the equipment
regularly.

Dr. Mukud Mudragi36 (2013) an attempt to study of WTO, its implication for
the textile industry and safe guard actions available to protect the domestic industry
within the WTO framework. The individual country can protect their domestic
industry even within the WTO framework such as: 1. Indian government can protect
the domestic industry by putting tariff for 3 to 5 years with decrease in levels of tariff
every year with nil tariffs at the end of 3 to 5 years. 2. Govt. can takes up the issue
with WTO for initiating anti dumping investigation. 3. Safeguard the Indian domestic
textile industry in the pretext of technology upgradation. 4. Countervailing duties
through customs is another safeguard weapon to counteract any export on the
products exported by an exporter.

Smt. Meenaxi S. Madiwalar and S.S.Hugar37 (2013) has considered in this

article the production and product related problems faced by the powerloom
entrepreneurs in the process of entrepreneurship development. The workers employed

60
in the powerloom industry are almost unskilled and technically untrained. Due to this
productivity is affected. Therefore, the powerloom service centre, technical
institutions and textile department should conduct special technical training
programmes for the workers. They suggest (1) a need to create awareness among
weavers about the modernization and upgradation of the industry through technology
upgradation fund schemes (TUFS) which conducting by central govt. (2) The weavers
should enforce the industrial and labour laws for the welfare of the powerloom
workers.

Mr. V. R. Sai Ganesh38 (2013) pointed out that; Government of India has a
vision to increase India's share in the global textile trade. To realize its vision, the
Government has taken various steps to strengthen the textile sector that include
Technology Mission on Cotton (TMC), Setting up of Apparel Training and Design
Centres (ATDC), 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the textile sector under
automatic route Revival plans for the upgradation and modernization of the mills run
by National Textile Corporation (NTC). The cotton based products, especially in the
readymade garments and home furnishing segment will be the key drivers of growth
for the industry.

Comprehensive review of literature presented above indicates the wide range

of areas that have been covered in various publications, Ph.D. Theses, Research
papers and articles published in different journals and edited publications. The
available literature on this subject is often biased and covers some aspects of textile
industry, cotton textile industry in particular.

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References:
1. Dantwala, M. L. (1937). Marketing of raw cotton in India. Bombay: Longmans,
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