International Congress on

Pathogens at the
Human-Animal Interface
(ICOPHAI)

4th International Congress on

Pathogens at the Human-Animal
Interface (ICOPHAI):

Enviromental Changes and Impact

on Global Health
Doha, Qatar Ritz Carlton, West Bay Lagoon
November 7-9, 2017
 ABSTRACT BOOK
Table of Contents

Welcome 4

Scientific Program 7

Schedule of Events 8

Pre-Congress Workshops 19

Keynote Address 22

Abstracts Day 1 24

Abstracts Day 2 100

Abstracts Day 3 190

Committee Members 256

Organizing Partners 258

ICOPHAI 2017
Dear Colleagues, showed interest to take part at ICOPHAI. We have more than 1211 subscribers to our
online system that originated from 80 countries (among the 924 who declared their
Fellow participants of the 4th International Congress on Pathogens at the Human Animal
national origin) and close to 304 research, academic, regulatory and intergovernmental
Interface (ICOPHAI):
organizations world-wide. In this 4th congress, we have 164 abstracts and more than
On behalf of the Organizing team, composed of scientists and policy-makers from the 30 countries confirmed participation as of this moment and we anticipate more on-site
host nation, Qatar and global partners including the United States, Africa, Asia, Latin registrations as we kick-off the congress.
America and Europe, we welcome you all to this congress. Thank you the government of
The Local, international Organizing teams as well as the Scientific Program committees
Qatar and all associated agencies including the Qatar University (QU), Ministry of Public
and the Secretariat offices both in Qatar and the U.S. (at Ohio State Global One Health
Health (MoPH), Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Qatar National Research Foundation
initiative) worked hard to make this congress successful and we are grateful to everyone.
(QNRF), Weill Cornell Medicine at Qatar and many others for your partnership and
Our team is also humbled by the commitment of several sponsoring agencies, who
realizing this congress. The ICOPHAI global team greatly appreciates the partnership
stepped up to the plate to support this congress financially. We are grateful to the
As we mark the 4th congress in the heart of eastern Mediterranean region, Doha, support of all sponsors, which are listed on the back of this congress program document.
the world population has reached more than 7 billion and with estimated trajectory of These committed sponsors, not only enabled us to organize the congress and pay for
more than 9.6 billion by 2050. This means in a linear estimate, every day more than the venue and organization expenses, In addition, they enabled the organizing team to
200 thousand people are added to this defined planet. The increasing population support travel, accommodation and meal expenses to close to 70 participants with full
and resulting global dynamics including deforestation, urbanization, climate change, expenses covered. The sponsored participants were primarily from developing regions.
migration, water crises and many others, all of which identified as major factors by the We would also like to thank the commitment of the organizing partners particularly
Global Risk Forum, have a direct impact on distribution of zoonotic diseases across the the academic institutes in Qatar again and the U.S., Canada, Africa and Latin America.
planet. It is with this reminder that the ICOPHAI 2017 Executive team decided to make Finally, we are very much grateful to our keynote, special and plenary speakers and
the “Environmental Changes and Impact on Global Health” as the theme of the 4th other dignitaries who have a proven leadership in their respective scientific disciplines,
ICOPHAI congress. who are here to share their knowledge, strengthen scientific networking and help us all
together achieve our goals in the short or long-term.
It is more than ever clear that biological agents at the interface of humans, animal
and the environment including plants, zoonotic, vector-borne, food and water-borne Finally, to all ICOPHAI 2017 patrons, colleagues and scientists, we would like to ask
diseases impose a major burden more than ever before globally and with a much and encourage you all to take the three days congress period as an opportunity to: 1)
higher burden on tropical regions. Among the most recent outbreaks, we would like to promote the science you are doing; 2) to engage in scientific networking; 3) maximize
remind all the recent outbreaks of Zika virus in Latin America as well as Middle-eastern the scientific inputs you receive from all and further 4) appreciate the value and need
Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and many others. In addition, antimicrobial resistant for unconventional partnership across diverse disciplines and sectors to achieve the
bacterial pathogens have become a major burden in the world with estimated mortality complex issues of out breaks caused by pathogens at the human, animal and ecosystem
of 10 million people per year in the world by 2050, particularly in the developing region. interface and 5) upon your return to your home, we ask you to actively advocate to
Unfortunately, in these same regions where the impact of pathogens at the human operationalize One Health globally in your respective capacities, be it in small district
animal interface is much larger, the skilled manpower and infrastructure capacity is, in sub-Saharan Africa (Borana or Masai Mara) or the Caatinga region of North–eastern
ironically, much lower. The constantly present zoonotic epidemics and pandemics, are Brazil, at Ministries of Public health, Agriculture or at head-quarters of intergovernmental
stark reminders of the constant need of scientists and policy-makers to work together agencies.
collaboratively to prevent and control them and build the knowledge equity and capacity
Again, on behalf of the organizing body of ICOPHAI 2017, I wish you the best time in Doha.
of developing regions to be able to tackle them effectively, establish sustainable
infrastructure and make the planet a better place for everyone.
Wondwossen A. Gebreyes Asmaa Al-Thani
The increasing population and paralleling industrialization in the developing region, The Ohio State University Qatar University
also brought additional risks. We also should not forget the increasing significance of Chair Co-chair
chemical hazards and their resulting non-communicable and chronic diseases such as
cancer. Walid Al-Ali Hadi Yassine
It is with this rationale that the International Congress on Pathogens at the Human Animal Hamad Bin Kalifah University Qatar University
Interface (ICOPHAI) was established in 2011 by a consortium of institutes across the Secretary General Local Organizing Co-chair
globe that aim to utilize the GLOBAL ONE HEALTH approach to operationalize, build
capacity and thereby contribute to the global efforts to tackle zoonotic, foodborne and Sylvain Quessy Laith Abu-Raddad
vector-borne infections. As we prepare to launch this congress, the organizing team University of Montreal Weill-Cornell Medicine at Qatar
is pleasantly surprised by the regular flow of interested and committed scientists who Scientific Program Chair Scientific Program Co-chair
ICOPHAI 2017 ICOPHAI 2017
4 5
 Scientific Program

November 7-9, 2017

ICOPHAI 2017
 Monday November 6, 2017 Tuesday November 7, 2017 (Day One)
Pre-congress workshop: 4th ICOPHAI Main Congress Program

Exposure and Toxicological Characteristics of Chemical Master of Ceremonies- Hadi Yassine - Qatar Univ.
Agents in the Environment Mistress of Ceremonies - Ashley Bersani- Ohio State Univ.
Qatar University Lead Instructors: 07:30- 5:00 On-Site Registration
Biomedical Research Michael Bisesi PhD Sr. Welcome/Opening Address
Center Associate Dean of Academic Affairs and Professor, The QU leadership- Dr. Hassan Al-Derham( QU president)
Ohio State University;
08:15 -09:00 Misistry of Public Health- Dr. Hamad Al Romaihi
Jeff Obbard, PhD
OSU representative- Prof. Rustin Moore (Dean, CVM)
Director of Environmental Sciences,
Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University ICOPHAI leadership- Chair (Prof. Wondwossen Gebreyes)

Pre-congress workshop: Keynote moderator- Hadi Yassine/ Asmaa Al Thani

Keynote Address by Roberto Bertollini, MD, MPH, Advisor for the Minister of
One Health Approach to Combat Antimicrobial 09:00-10:00
Public Health, Government of Qatar
Ministry of Public Health Resistance (AMR)
Title: Environmental Changes and their Impact on Global Health
Lead Instructors:
10:00- 10:30 Refreshments and Networking
Dr. Nahla Sharaf & Dr. Eman Radwan
Special Session:
Ministry of Public Health
Zika Virus, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
Dr. Jameela Ali A.A. Al Ajmi 10:30-12:15
Session chairs: Laith Abu-Raddad (Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar) and
Mohammed Mohammed Al-Hajri (Ministry of Public Health, Qatar)
Lead special session speaker: Larry Schlesinger, MD President and CEO Texas
10:30-11:15 Biomedical Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
Title: N/A
Oral Presentation 0.1
Title: Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever among the One-Humped Camel
(Camelus dromedaries) in Central Sudan.
11:15-11:30
Presenter: Imadeldin Aradaib, aradaib@[Link], Molecular Biology Laboratory
(MBL), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North,
Sudan
Oral Presentation 0.2
Title: Dengue and Chikungunya in the Middle East and North Africa: A
11:30-11:45 Systematic Review.
Presenter: John Humphrey, [Link]@[Link],
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
Oral Presentation 0.3
Title: Challenges to Control Ebola in West Africa: A Review
11:45-12:00
Presenter: Tadesse Delele, PhD; tadeguade2@[Link],
Associate Professor of Public Health, Gondar, Ethiopia

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 Oral Presentation 0.4 Plenary Session 2: One health and impact on climate change
Title: Corona viruses detected in bats of Rwanda: diversity at human–wild life Session chairs- Michael Bisesi PhD Sr. Associate Dean of Academic Affairs and
12:00-12:15 interfaces and a call for one health approach. 03:45-05:30 Professor, The Ohio State University;
Presenter: Julius Nziza, DVM, nzizavet@[Link], Gorilla doctors, Rwanda and Walid Alali Associate Professor of Epidemiology, College of Food and
program, Musanze, Rwanda Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University
12:15-01:30 Lunch and Networking Oral Presentation 2.1
1:00-1:30 Poster Discussions- Zika Virus, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases Title: The Influence of Weather Patterns on Biodiversity and Health in Uganda
3:45-4:00
Plenary Session 1: Parasitic and Environmental Zoonoses Presenter: Fredrick Kabbale, MSc, fredrickkabbale@[Link], Makerere
University, Kamuli, Uganda
Session Chairs: Marawan A.M. Abou Madi (Assoc. Prof. Parasitology, Head of
01:30-03:15
Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Qatar University) and Oral Presentation 2.2
Marty Kress (Director Global Water Institute, Ohio State University) Title: Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus among hemodialysis patients in the
Middle East and North Africa: systematic syntheses, meta-analyses, and meta-
Lead Speaker: Filipe Dantas-Torres, MV, MSc, DSc, PhD, FRES, Dipl. EVPC;
4:00-4:15 regressions
Oswaldo-Cruz Foundation, Brazil
01:30-02:15 Presenter: Manale Harfouche, MPH, mah2064@[Link],
Title: Climate change, biodiversity, ticks and tick-borne diseases: The butterfly
Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell
effect
University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar, Doha, Qatar
Oral Presentation 1.1
Oral Presentation 2.3
Title: Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. cysts from
Title: Why is Environmental Risk Assessment and Environmental Risk
02:15-02:30 cattle, camels, goats and pigs in Ethiopia
4:15-4:30 Management lagging behind?
Presenter: Benti Deresa Gelalcha, bentijc@[Link], Jimma University,
Presenter: Salome Margaret Molefe, [Link]@[Link], National
Ethiopia, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria, South Africa
Oral Presentation 1.2
Oral Presentation 2.4
Title: A rapid, sensitive and low-cost real-time PCR assay for the detection of
Title: Influenza viruses in backyard poultry, pigs, and people in pig rearing
Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis kinetoplast DNA in canine
02:30-02:45 4:30-4:45 communities in northwestern Bangladesh, 2014-2016
blood samples
Presenter: Shamim Sarkar, shamim.sarkar08@[Link], Programme for
Presenter: Kamila Sales, kamilasalesg@[Link], Department of Immunology,
Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil
Panel Discussion: “Environmental Challenges and Impact on Global Health”
Oral Presentation 1.3
Panel moderator: Nicole Kraft (USA)
Title: Role of Cattle in the Epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato 04:45-05:30
in Central Sudan Panelists: Lauro Santos (Brazil), Salome Margaret Molefe (Republic of South
02:45-03:00 Africa), Walid Alali (UAE), Sylvain Quessy (Canada)
Presenter: Imadeldin Aradaib, aradaib@[Link], Echinoccosis Research
Center, Al-Neelain Institute for Medical Research (NIMR),Faculty of Medicine, 05:30 End of scientific session- Day One
Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan | Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel
GALA DINNER
Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Introduction by featured sponsor- Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC)
Oral Presentation 1.4
6:30-8:30 Dr. Muna Al Maslamani, Medical Director of the Communicable Disease Center
Title: Understanding the Risk of Bat-Borne Zoonotic Diseases
03:00-03:15 Speaker: William Brustein, Vice President, West Virginia University, USA.
Presenter: Nesreen Alhmoud, [Link]@[Link] Director of Biosafety
and Biosecurity Center | Royal Scientific Society, Amman, Jordan (N/A) Title: Immigration and Nativism in America: Opened and Closed Doors
Refreshments and Networking Break / Poster Discussions
03:15-03:45
(Parasitic & Environmental Zoonoses/ One health and impact on climate change)

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 Wednesday November 8, 2017 (Congress Day Two) Lead Speaker: Satoru Suzuki, PhD Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
Professor of Microbiology Division of Aquatic Biosciences Center for Marine
08:00-08:30 On-Site Registration 10:45-11:30 Environmental Studies (CMES)Laboratory of Marine Molecular Ecology (MME)
Plenary Session 3: Innovative Capacity Building, e-Learning and Outreach Title: Aquatic environments as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)
approaches.
08:30-10:15 Oral Presentation 4.1
Session chairs: Joshua Amimo (University of Nairobi, Kenya)
Title: Global trends in antimicrobial consumption in food animals
and Essam Abdelalim (Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar) 11:30-11:45
Presenter: Thomas Van Boeckel, [Link]@[Link], ETH Zurich,
Lead Speaker: Nicole Kraft, Clinical Assistant Professor, School of Zurich, Switzerland | Princeton, Princeton, United States
Communication, The Ohio State University
08:30-09:15 Oral Presentation 4.2
Title: Global One (Tech) Health: How technology guides education, research
and outreach. Title: National Action Plan to Combat AMR in the State of Qatar Using “One
11:45-12:00 health” Approach
Oral Presentation 3.1
Presenter:Nahla Sharaf nsharaf@[Link], Eman Radwan, Ministry of Public
Title: Bovine Tuberculosis infection in pastoral cattle and wildlife at livestock- Health - Healthcare Quality and Patient safety Department, Doha, Qatar
09:15-09:30 wildlife interface of the Greater Ruaha ecosystem, Tanzania
Oral Presentation 4.3
Presenter: Julius Medardus, juliusjhn@[Link], College of Veterinary and
Medical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. Title: Identification of potential drivers for antimicrobial resistance and screening
for genetic basis of resistance in E. coli strains obtained from people with a
Oral Presentation 3.2 12:00-12:15 recent history of diarrhea and/or fever residing along the Lake Victoria basin of
Title: Gastro-intestinal parasites infections in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei Western Kenya
9:30-9:45 beringei) of Rwanda Volcanoes National Park: One Health Implications Presenter: John Kiiru, kyirow@[Link], Kenya Medical Research Institute
Presenter: Richard S. Gashururu, gasirich@[Link], University of Rwanda, (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
school of veterinary medicine, Nyagatare, Rwanda
Oral Presentation 4.4
Oral Presentation 3.3 Title: Detection of BLAKPC-2 and fosA genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolated
Title: In vitro antimycobacterial activity and cytotoxicity of selected medicinal from urban river in Paraiba, Brazil.
12:15-12:30
plants against pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacterial strains Presenter: Lauro Filho Santos, [Link]@[Link], Federal University
9:45-10:00
Presenter: Joseph Mwanzia Nguta, [Link]@[Link], Department of of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil | Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; João
Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pessoa, Brazil
University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Lunch and Networking
Oral Presentation 3.4 12:30-02:00
1:30-2:00 Poster Discussions: Antimicrobial resistance and Drug Related Issues
Title: Diversity and antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli strains
Plenary Session 5: Biosecurity, Biodefense, and Disaster Response
from migratory bird (Branta leucopis) and Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) reveals
10:00-10:15 dissemination of multi drug resistant (MDR) E. coli to pristine arctic environment Session Chairs: Tahra El-Obeid
02:00-04:00
(Prof. College of Health Sciences, Qatar University)
Presenter: Hatha Mohamed Abdulla, mohamedhatha@[Link], Department
of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Getnet Yimer (Global One Health initiative, Ohio State University)
and Technology, Cochin, India Lead speaker: Barbara Kowalcyk, kowalcyk.1@[Link], The Ohio State
Refreshments and Networking University, Columbus, OH, | RTI International, Research Triangle Park, United
10:15-10:45 02:00-02:30 States | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
(Poster Discussions- Innovative Capacity Building)
Plenary Session 4: Antimicrobial Resistance and Drug Related Issues Title: Ranking food safety risks: a guided approach
10:45-12:30 Session Chairs: Lauro Filho Santos (Brazil) Plenary Speaker 5: Douglas T. Shinsato, JD, MBA, Board of Regents, University
02:30-03:00 of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA.
and Nahla Sharaf (Ministry of Public Health, Qatar)
Title: Bio-Security, Silos and Solutions

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 Oral Presentation 5.1 Thursday November 9, 2017 (Day Three)
Title: Promoting “One Health” approach implementation governance and Plenary Session 6: Pathogenesis, Vaccine Development and metagenomic
response capacity approaches against emerging zoonotic threats and Technologies
outbreaks in Africa
03:00-03:15 08:30-10:15 Session Chairs: Shu-Hua Wang (Dept of Internal Medicine, Infectious Disease
Presenter: Ernest Tambo, tambo0711@[Link], Africa Disease Intelligence Unit, Ohio State University)
and Surveillance, Communication and Response Institute, Yaounde, Cameroon,
and Hadi Yassine (Qatar University)
Yaounde, Cameroon | Higher Institute for Health sciences,Universite des
Montagnes, Bangangte, Cameroon Lead Speaker: Barney S. Graham, M.D., Ph.D. Vaccine Research Center, Viral
Pathogenesis Laboratory and Translational Science Core, The National Institutes
Oral Presentation 5.2 08:30– 09:15 of Health, USA
Title: High Mortality from Blood Stream Infection in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Is
Title: Anti-Viral Vaccine Development: Preparing for the Next Pandemic
03:15-03:30 Due to Antimicrobial Resistance
Oral Presentation 6.1
Presenter: Tewodros Ayele, teddyts2000@[Link], Gondar University,
Gondar, Ethiopia Title: Point-of-Care Lionex and Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) antigen tests and
09:15-09:30 rapid Tuberculosis detection in cattle using non-invasive samples
Oral Presentation 5.3
Presenter: Sarah Waibel, waibel.15@[Link], Department of Preventive
Title: How South Africa respond to environmental risks of concern with acute
Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
and long-term chronic risks
03:30-03:45 Oral Presentation 6.2
Presenter: Margaret Salome Molefe, [Link]@[Link],
National Department of Environmental Affairs, Directorate: Title: Characterization of diverse novel porcine astroviruses in East African
Hazardous Chemicals Management, South Africa | Paraclinical Science: smallholder piglets
09:30-09:45
Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Presenter: Joshua Amimo, jamimo@[Link], University of Nairobi, Kenya |
Oral Presentation 5.4 Biosciences east and central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute
(BecA-ILRI) Hub, Kenya
Title: Assessment of KAP, economic and public health burden of Anthrax in
03:45-04:00 selected outbreak hit areas of Jimma zone Oral Presentation 6.3
Presenter: Feyissa Begna Deressa, [Link]@[Link], Jimma Title: Tumor Necrosis factor -308 gene polymorphism and risk of Plasmodium
University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma, Ethiopia Falcifarum malaria infection among poeple living in Denbia wereda, Northwest
09:45-10:00 Ethiopia
Refreshments and Networking Break
04:00- 05:00 Presenter: Nega Berhane Tessema tesnega@[Link], Department of
Poster Discussions (Biosecurity and Biodefense and Pathogenesis, Vaccine
Biotechnology, College of Natural and computational Sciences, University of
Development and metagenomic Technologies)
Gondar, Ethiopia
05:00 End of Day 2- Scientific session
Oral Presentation 6.4
6:00-9:00 Cultural Outing in Doha
Title: Detection and Phylogenetic Genotyping of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
10:00-10:15 Among Blood Donors in Qatar
Presenter: Maria Smatti Khalid, msmatti@[Link], Biomedical Research
Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Refreshments and Networking
10:15-10:45
Poster Discussions- Food-borne and Water-borne Diseases
Plenary Session 7: Food-borne and Water-borne Diseases
10:45-12:30
Session Chairs: Barbara Kowalcyk and Sylvain Quessy
Lead Speaker: Manon Racicot DVM, PhD; Adjunct Professor, University of
10:45 -11:30 Montreal, St. Hyacinth, Canada.
Title: Food Safety from Farm to Fork: A Behavioral Perspective

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 Oral Presentation 7.1
Title: Comparative Genotypic Analysis of Major Virulence Factors of Salmonella
Strains Isolated Along the Beef Chain in Mexico
11:30-11:45
Presenter: Enrique Delgado Suárez, [Link]@[Link], Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of
Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Oral Presentation 7.2
Title: Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among HIV-positive and
HIV-negative Subjects in the Khartoum State, Sudan
11:45-12:00
Presenter: Abdalla Ibrahim, abdallami79772@[Link], Department of
Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Abrar University, Mogadishu,
Somalia
Oral Presentation 7.3
Title: The Canadian Food Inspection Agency Establishment-based Risk
12:00- 12:15 Assessment model: How to allocate inspection resources to highest-risk areas?
Presenter: Sylvain Quessy, [Link]@[Link], Faculté de médecine
vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
Oral Presentation 7.4
Title: A one year study of diversity/evolution of Listeria monocytogenes
strains in slaughterhouses and meat facilities in province of Quebec: genomic
12:15-12:30 characterization of virulence and resistance.
Presenter: Tamazight Cherifi, ctamazight@[Link], Chaire de recherche en
salubrité des viandes, Faculté de médecine vétèrinaire, Université de Montréal,
Saint-Hyacinthe, Qc, Canada
CLOSING Ceremony and Bidding for ICOPHAI 2019
• 2019 Bidding presentation (10 min.)
• Closing remarks:
• Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) - 10 min.
12:30 -01:00
• Dr. Abdullatif Al Khal
• ICOPHAI Scientific and Organizing chairs (5 min each)
• Scientific planning - Prof. Sylvain Quessy
• Organizing committee - Dr. Hadi Yassine
END OF ICOPHAI 2017

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 Pre-Congress Workshops

November 6, 2017

Workshop 1: Exposure and Toxicological

Characteristics of Chemical Agents in
the Environment

Workshop 2: One Health Approach to Combat AMR

ICOPHAI 2017
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Exposure and Toxicological Characteristics of Environmental Chemical Toxicants: Thursday November 6
An Expanded One Health Paradigm
One health approach to combat AMR
Michael S. Bisesi, PhD, REHS, CIH Opening session: AMR National action plan to combat AMR in the state of Qatar
College of Public Health 08:00-08:30 Presenters: Dr. Nahla Sharaf & Dr. Eman Radwan Ministry of Public Health,
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio USA Dr. Jameela Ali A.A. Al Ajmi
Title: The current antimicrobial resistant pattern in the state of Qatar
08:30– 08:50
Content: The workshop will focus on modes and characterization of direct and indirect Presenter: Dr. Dr. Emad Maghboul
exposures to chemical toxicants present in various environmental settings. Examples Title: The Principles of Successful Stewardship Program
of major categories and types of toxic organic and inorganic compounds will include 08:50-09:10
Presenter: Dr . Hisham Ziglam
solvents, metals and pesticides. Topics will address the general qualitative fate of
these toxicants (i.e. absorption, distribution, biotransformation, elimination) in biological Title: The role of the research in combating AMR - Academic perspective
09:10-09:30
systems (i.e. human, animal, plant) and environmental matrices (i.e. air, water, soil, Presenter: Dr. Mahmoud Hassan
food). In addition, content will include related consequences of exposure, including Title: Current situation of AMR in animal sector and its impact on human health
bioaccumulation and biomagnification of toxic chemicals, general adverse impacts, 09:30-09:50
and relation to risk of disease. The session will include short case scenarios to help Presenter: Dr. Mahmoud Hassan
contextually frame and apply the information. 09:50-10:10 Discussion
10:10-10:30 Break time
Group 1
• Establish a national governance mechanism,
• Increase awareness on AMR in public and HCW
• Strengthen AMR surveillance system
• Promote infection control programs
• Support research and development of one health
DR. Nahla Sharaf
DR. Eman Radwan
MS. Dhouha Hemdani

10:30-12:00
Group 2
• Role of Pharmacists in ASP
• Implementation of ASP in Outpatient setting
• Way of overcoming challenges in implementations of ASP
• Informatics and Stewardship
Dr. Hisham Ziglam
Dr. Yasser Eldeeb
Dr. hamad Abdel Hadi
Dr. Maliha Thapur
Dr. farah Jibril
12:00-13:00 Lunch Break

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 Diseases caused by pollution were responsible in 2015 for an estimated 9
million premature deaths - 16% of all deaths worldwide – three times more
deaths than AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined; and fifteen times more
Keynote Address than all wars and other forms of violence. It kills more people than smoking,
hunger and natural disasters. In some countries, it accounts for one in four
deaths. Pollution is closely tied to climate change and loss of biodiversity.
Air pollution is one of the major problem. Fossil fuel combustion in higher-
income countries and the burning of biomass in lower-income countries
accounts for 85% of airborne particulate pollution. Major emitters of carbon
dioxide are coal-fired power plants, chemical producers, mining operations,
and vehicles. Accelerating the switch to cleaner sources of energy will reduce
air pollution and improve human and planetary health.
Environmental degradation and pollution has a huge cost on societies. At the
global scale, spending on pollution-related diseases accounts for up to 7% of
health budgets in middle-income countries. Welfare costs from pollution are
Environmental changes and estimated to be $4.6 trillion per year – equivalent to 6.2% of global GDP.
These data will be illustrated in detail drawing from the results of the recently
their impact on global health published report of the Lancet Commission on Pollution related diseases.
Policy option will be mentioned and their advantage for the environment,
society and the economy underlined.
Roberto Bertollini, MD MPH

Advisor to the Qatar Minister of Health

ICOPHAI 2017
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 Lead special session: Larry Schlesinger, MD President and
CEO Texas Biomedical Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
Title: N/A
Abstracts Day 1
Lead Session 1: Filipe Dantas-Torres, MV, MSc, DSc, PhD, FRES, Dipl. EVPC;
Oswaldo-Cruz Foundation, Brazil
November 7, 2017 Title: Climate change, biodiversity, ticks and tick-borne diseases: The butterfly
effect

Session 2 Panel Discussion: “Environmental Challenges and Impact on Global

Health”
Panel moderator: Nicole Kraft (USA)
Special Session: Zika Virus, Emerging and Panelists: Lauro Santos (Brazil), Salome Margaret Molefe (Republic of South
Africa), Walid Alali (UAE), Sylvain Quessy (Canada)
Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases

Session 1: Parasitic and Environmental Zoonoses

Session 2: One Health and Impact on Climate

Change

ICOPHAI 2017
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 Special Session:
Zika Virus, Emerging and Re-Emerging
Infectious Diseases

ICOPHAI 2017
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Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Sudan: Current Status and Future prospects Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever among the One-Humped Camel (Camelus
dromedaries) in Central Sudan.
Imadeldin Aradaib, Ibrahim Adam
Imadeldin Aradaib, Mohamed Ahmed, Ibrahim Adam
University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan
University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan
Molecular Biology Laboratory (MBL), Department of Clinical Medicine,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum,
ABSTRACT: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral zoonotic
P.O. Box 32 Khartoum North, Sudan.
disease caused by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), a member of
the genus Nairovirus in the family Bunyaviridae. The disease is distributed worldwide
ABSTRACT: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus (CCHFV) is the causative and coincides with the global distribution of the tick vector. Whereas CCHF is typically
agent of a tick-borne disease with high mortality rates in humans. CCHFV strains asymptomatic in animals, the disease can be highly fatal in humans approaching
represent a potential bioterrorism threat since infection can be acquired nosocomially. mortality rate of 50%. In the present investigation, a cross sectional study was
CCHFV has been detected in a wide geographic zone including most of Africa, conducted to determine the prevalence of CCHF and to identify the potential risk
southern Europe and Asia, extending from western China to the Middle East and factors associated with CCHFV seropositivity among the one-humped camel (Camelus
Southern Russia, where focal endemic areas have been identified. Disease outbreaks dromedaries) in Khartoum State, Central Sudan. A total of 361 dromedary camels
and sporadic cases of CCHF have been recorded throughout these endemic areas, selected randomly from six localities were employed in this study. Sera sampled were
with several recent outbreaks occurring in the Sudan. In 2008, a nosocomial outbreak tested for the presence of CCHFV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using
of CCHF occurred in a rural hospital in the Al-fulah District, Western Kordufan, Sudan indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CCHFV seropositivity was
; two minor genetic variants, designated Al-fulah 3 and 4 (Genbank accession nos recorded in 77 out of 361 animals accounting for a prevalence rate of 21.3 %. Age (OR =
Q862371-2), were identified during that outbreak and were thought to be responsible 3.6, CI= 1.72- 7.79, p-value = 0.026); locality (OR = 5.85, CI= 1.81-18.83, p- value = 0.003),
for the emergence of the disease in the region. In 2009, a second CCHF outbreak tick number (OR = 4.6 , CI= 1.37-9.81, P-value 0.04); tick control (OR = 2.2 , CI, 1.11-4.35,
involving approximately seven suspect cases of CCHF in Dunkop village, Abyei District, P-value = 0.023 ) and breed (OR = 6.60 , CI=2.38-18.36, P-value = 0.001) were recorded
South Kordufan, Sudan, was reported reported. However, additional analysis revealed as potential risk factors for contracting CCHF. Surveillance for CCHF should continue to
that the virus strains implicated in the June 2009 cluster was genetically distinct include other susceptible ruminants and to study the distribution of the tick vectors in
from that involved in the 2008 Al-fulah outbreak. In February 2010, a nosocomially this region of Africa. Further molecular characterization studies such as complete viral
acquired CCHF infections was reported in an attending physician in North Kordufan genome sequencing and subsequent phylogeny would be necessary to determine the
region as a result of medical referral of an index patient from an area of endemicity genetic lineages of CCHFV strains circulating in infected tick vectors in Sudan.
in Lagawa District, South Kordufan. This represents the third report of the disease in
the same region of Sudan. In this paper, Viral RNA extraction and subsequent RT-PCR
sequencing were used to generate the complete genome sequence. Phylogenetic
analysis was constructed to determine the genetic lineage of the virus strains.
Detection and genomic characterization of Sudanese CCHFV strain are discussed.

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Domestic cavies (Cavia porcellus) are reservoirs of zoonotic protozoa in rural Bovine Tuberculosis in Rwanda: Status, Challenges and Ways forward
areas of Cameroon.
Gervais Habarugira1, Manassé Nzayirambaho2
Felix Meutchieye, Marc K Kouam, Emile Miegoué, Terence T Nguafack, Joseph
1. School of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Animal
Tchoumboué, Alexis Teguia Sciences and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda, Nyagatare,
University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon Rwanda
2. School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of
Rwanda, Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
Domestic and pet animals are usually suspected to transmit infections to
humans. Domestic cavies, currently massively adopted by farmers in rural
areas of Cameroon as mini-livestock were investigated for their role as a Despite the public and economic impact of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in
reservoir of zoonotic protozoa in the Western Highland of Cameroon. The Rwanda, there is a paucity of information on its epidemiology and its true
Giardia/Cryptosporidium Chek® immunoassay was used to detect both Giardia burden. The increased trend of zero grazing in many households in Rwanda
and Cryptosporidium antigens in cavy fecal samples. Giardia/Cryptosporidium has led to animals being in backyards forcing closer interaction of man
antigens were detected in 12 out of 93 cavies (12.90%). Thus domestic and their animals. This scenario facilitates the transmission of zoonotic
cavies are host of Giardia/Cryptosporidium. Because these protozoa have infectious diseases including BTB. Data collected from SABAN Nyabugogo
a low infectious dose, have transmissive stages that are small in size and over 5 consecutive years (2009-2013) show that the prevalence of BTB is
environmentally robust, and are insensitive to the disinfectants commonly fluctuating. In 2009 the prevalence of BTB-like lesions was 0.9% (n=16753)
used in the water industry, there is increased evidence that domestic cavies which slightly decreased in the following year 2010 with 0.7% (n=26708).
play a role in the transmission of Giardia/Cryptosporidium to human in rural The prevalence was slightly more than double in the following year with 1.7%
areas of Cameroon. This implies that public health officials and veterinarians (n=28005), and then varied between 0.5% (n=27508) and 1.5% (n=27391) in
must collaborate for effective control measures against these protozoa. 2012 and 2013 respectively. The condemned meat prejudiced the nation of
11,174.5 kg of meat with attendant economic losses of FRW 22,349,000.00
(US$ 27,254.88) during this period. Considering its indirect public health
consequences, BTB also contributed to the loss of animal protein that is
already scarce. The condemned meat would have been enough to feed 122
adult men for a year. From the available baseline data, we can confirm that
BTB is present in Rwanda. Considering the occurrence of BTB lesions in
meat, it is likely that the risks for acquiring the infection through consumption
of raw and/or undercooked meat exists. The increased prevalence of extra-
pulmonary tuberculosis in humans calls for an investigation into the possibility
of Mycobacterium bovis being the causative agent. At least surveillance
programs should be put in place, focusing especially on high-risk animals from
areas bordering national parks where the human-livestock-wildlife interaction
is high and animals originating from neighbouring countries where BTB is
present and its prevalence high.

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Informing hepatitis C virus screening strategies in the Middle East and North Africa: A Modeling the hepatitis C virus epidemic in Pakistan: Past trajectory and future trend
pooled analysis for the risk of exposure
Houssein Ayoub1, 2, Laith Abu-Raddad1, 2
Hiam Chemaitelly1, Sarwat Mahmud1, Silva P. Kouyoumjian1, Zaina Al-Kanaani1, Karima 1. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell
Chaabna1, 2, Laith J. Abu-Raddad1, 2 University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
1. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell 2. Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell
University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar University, New York, United States
2. Department of Healthcare Policy & Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell
University, New York, United States Background: Pakistan is believed to have the second largest number of hepatitis C
virus (HCV) infected people worldwide. Our aim was to assess the level and trend of
Background: The drive towards hepatitis C virus (HCV) expanded treatment and the HCV epidemic in Pakistan.
eventual elimination is currently challenged by screening costs and logistics. The aim Methods: We developed and analyzed an age-structured mathematical model that
of this work is to quantify different populations’ risk of being exposed to HCV and simulates HCV infection transmission in the population. The model was parameterized
estimate the yields of screening programs targeting these populations across the with current natural history data, and fitted to nationally-representative population-
Middle East and North Africa (MENA). based HCV survey data and a comprehensive database of systematically-gathered
HCV prevalence data in different risk populations.
Methods: Our source of data was the MENA HCV Synthesis Project database, an
extensive compilation of HCV prevalence studies identified through systematic Results: HCV antibody prevalence in Pakistan has been declining since 2000. While
literature searches and including tests for over 52 million individuals. Estimates for HCV prevalence was 5.3% in 2000, it was projected to decline to 4.4%, 3.5%, and 2.6%
the mean risk of being exposed to HCV among different populations and for the in 2017, 2030, and 2050, respectively. Number of prevalent chronic infections was
mean relative risk (RR) of exposure across these populations were generated using 5,112,655 in 2000, and it was projected to increase, with the growing demographics,
DerSimonian-Laird random-effects meta-analyses. The yields of screening programs by 21.6%, 20.2%, and 5.7% in 2017, 2030, and 2050, respectively. Number of new HCV
were subsequently derived assuming a spontaneous clearance rate of 25%. infections per year (HCV incidence) and incidence rate have been declining since
1989-1992, but will persist at considerable levels for decades unless controlled by
Results: Compared to the general population, the mean RR (95% confidence interval- interventions. While number of new infections was 285,891 in 2000, it was projected
CI) was assessed at 55.5 (95% CI: 32.0-96.3) among people who inject drugs-PWID, to decline by 37.5%, 51.6%, and 66.8% in 2017, 2030, and 2050, respectively. Although
34.2 (95% CI: 19.4-60.3) among populations with high risk healthcare exposures, 4.8 incidence rate per 100,000 person-year was 230.0 in 2000, it was projected to decline
(95% CI: 2.7-8.5) among populations at intermediate risk, 19.3 (95% CI: 11.7-32.0) among by 57.4%, 73.6%, and 80.3% in 2017, 2030, and 2050. Across age groups, the largest
populations with liver conditions, and 15.8 (95% CI: 10.3-24.4) among special clinical number of new infections and prevalent chronic infections in 2017 were in the age
populations. The yield of screening, that is number of screens needed to identify group 30-39 years at 47,930 and 1,242,357 infections, respectively.
one HCV infected individual, was estimated at 2.8 (95% CI: 2.5-3.1) among PWID, 4.4
(95% CI: 4.1-4.8) among populations with high risk healthcare exposures, 20.3 (95% Conclusion: Though HCV prevalence and incidence rate are declining, Pakistan
CI: 17.6-23.6) among populations at intermediate risk, 55.8 (95% CI: 53.5-58.5) among is enduring a large epidemic that will persist for decades if not controlled. There
the general population, 4.0 (95% CI: 3.6-4.6) among populations with liver conditions, is immediate need for rapid and mass scale-up of HCV prevention and treatment
and 8.5 (95% CI: 6.8-11.1) among special clinical populations. The expansion path curve interventions to reduce transmission and decrease the burden of HCV disease
for countries with a generalized HCV epidemic showed a slow incremental increase sequelae.
from 2-3 screens among populations with liver conditions, PWID, and populations
with high risk healthcare exposures up to 14 screens among the general population.
Meanwhile, a sharper increase in the number of screens necessary to identify one
HCV infected individual from 3 among PWID and 5 among populations with high risk
healthcare exposures up to 242 screens among the general population was estimated
in countries with concentrated epidemics.

Conclusions: There is hierarchy in the risk of exposure to HCV, with PWID and clinical
populations being most exposed to the infection. Screening yields must be factored in
the design of screening programs to ensure cost-effective roll-out, notably in countries
with concentrated epidemics.
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Rift Valley Risk Communication; a Possible Framework Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Seroprevalence among Different Middle East and North
Africa Men National Populations
Ogara Willin
Soha Dargham1, Gheyath Nasrallah2, 3, Enas Al-Absi3, Layla Mohammed3,
University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya Rana Al-Disi3, Mariam Nofal3, Laith Abu-Raddad1, 4
1. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease that affects both man University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar
and animals. It mainly affects sheep, cattle and goats, although the disease 2. Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University,
can also affect camels, buffaloes and many other mammalian species, Doha, Qatar
including humans. The disease therefore poses a threat to human health 3. BioMedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
animal health and production. Currently, RVFV is limited to Africa and the
Arabian Peninsula, but the virus has demonstrated clear character¬istics that 4. Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell
University, DOHA, Qatar
might place nations outside its current borders at risk (WHO, 2009). Mosquito
bites spread the disease in animals from where the virus is transmitted to
humans through direct contact with raw animal products, aerosols, secretion Background: There are very limited data on herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2)
infection in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). We examined nationality- and
or body fluids from infected animals. Human infections are common
age-specific HSV-2 seroprevalence among select MENA populations residing in Qatar.
among virologists, veterinarians and slaughterhouse workers. These group
therefore are at risk populations in an outbreak. Their risk perception index Methods: Sera were collected from men blood donors attending Hamad Medical
of the disease should be higher and this can be affected by the messages Corporation June 2013-2016. Specimens were screened for anti-HSV-2 antibodies
they receive about the disease. Risk communication is among the control following a two-test algorithm: HerpeSelect 2 ELISA was used to identify HSV-2
interventions in the containment of RVF, others are strategic vaccinations positive specimen, and Euroline-WB was used to confirm positive and equivocal
specimens for final HSV-2 status. IgG kits. Trends and associations with HSV-2
and vector control. effective risk communication should serve to increase the
seropositivity were assessed.
RVF risk perception index among the at-risk population. However, it is also
noted that risk communication is one of the challenges in the control of the Results: Sera from 2,077 blood donors were tested for HSV-2. Of 122 eligible retested
disease. There is inadequate literature on RVF risk communication. This paper specimens, 61 were confirmed positive. The proportion confirmed positive increased
attempts to fill in the literature gap on RVF risk communication by looking at steadily with HerpeSelect® 2 ELISA index value, ranging from 16.3% for index values
a possible risk communication framework build upon the Risk Information 1.001-1.999 to 92.9% for index values ≥4. Nationality-specific HSV-2 prevalence was
measured at 6.0% (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.1-8.8%) for Qataris, 5.3% (95% CI,
Seeking and Processing (RISP) Model.
2.5-11.1%) for Iranians, 4.2% (95% CI, 1.8-9.5%) for Lebanese, 3.1% (95% CI, 1.2-7.7%) for
Sudanese, 3.0% (95% CI, 1.4-6.4%) for Palestinians, 2.2% (95% CI, 1.1-4.3%) for Egyptians,
2.0% (95% CI, 1.0-5.0%) for Syrians, 1.0% (95% CI, 0.3-3.6%) for Jordanians, 0.7% (95%
CI, 0.1-3.7%) for Yemenis, and 0.5% (95% CI, 0.1-2.8%) for Pakistanis. Age-specific HSV-2
prevalence was estimated for Egyptians, nationals of the Fertile Crescent, and Qataris.
There was evidence for higher seroprevalence in older age groups.

Conclusion: HSV-2 seroprevalence among MENA men nationals was found to be lower
- in the range of few percentage points - than that commonly found in other regions.
However, There were no major differences in seroprevalence by nationality. These
findings inform our understanding of HSV-2 epidemiology in MENA, and indicate
unmet needs for sexual health and control of sexually transmitted infections.

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Unexplained Hemorrhagic fever outbreak in southern Ethiopia The participants reading the question may try to answer it if s/he can;
otherwise, it can be discussed as a group or completed as an exercise as the
Zegeye Tessema, zeegye Tessema instructor’s notes dictate. Instructor’s notes are included in the instructor’s
Public health senior expert, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia guide for each question. Complete all reading and questions before the next
part is distributed. Then the next participant continues and so on until the
Unexplained Haemorrhagic Fever in Rural Ethiopia case study is over. Once the conclusion is read, re-visit the learning objectives
Authors: Zegeye Hailemariam1, Doreen Tuhebwe2, Meeyoung Mattie Park3, – this reinforces the learning and provides an opportunity to clarify any
Casey Daniel Hall3 remaining issues.

1. Ethiopia Field Epidemiology Training Program, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Audience: Officials working at the National Surveillance Department, Ministry
of Health, Regional Surveillance Office, District Surveillance Office, District
2. Uganda Field Epidemiology Training Program, Kampala, Uganda;
Head of Heath Department, and FETP/ Public Health trainees.
3. Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
Corresponding author: Zegeye Hailemariam
Prerequisites: Before using this case study, participants should have received
lectures in outbreak investigation, application of epidemiological study
Email: zegeyehailemariam@[Link] designs, and Integrated Disease Surveillance & Response guidelines and have
experience or be currently working in a health-related field, or contributing
Abstract: This case study was written based on events of an outbreak to the government health surveillance functions. Unexplained Haemorrhagic
investigation of an unfamiliar disease in Ethiopia during October–December Fever in Rural Ethiopia – Participant’s Guide Version 1.0
2012. Ethiopia did not have reports of similar cases in the 50 years prior to Materials needed: White board or flip cha
this outbreak. In this case study, we recapitulate and analyse this outbreak
investigation based on data gathered from the community, health facility,
and laboratory systems. It can be used to teach: 1) the outbreak investigation
process; 2) selection of appropriate epidemiological design for the
investigation process, 3) basic statistical analysis of surveillance data, and
4) principals of disease control. The target audiences for this case study
are officials working in public health and public health trainees. It will take
at most 3.5 hours to complete this case study. At the end of the case study,
participants should be able to apply the principals of outbreak investigation
and use surveillance data to respond to an outbreak in their country-specific
context.
How to Use the Case Study
General instructions: To conduct this case study in the classroom, the
authors propose that the participant’s guide be distributed one part at a time.
Background material, including the appendices, should be distributed before
the case study for review by the participants.
Participants should take turns reading the narrative aloud, paragraph by
paragraph. Reading all paragraphs aloud and in turns has two advantages:
first, everyone is given an opportunity to participate and get beyond the
inhibition of having her/his voice heard in a large room; second, the whole
class is given time to understand the issue and think about the answers.
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36 37
Incidence of human rabies exposure and associated factors at the Gondar Health Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in the Middle East and North Africa:
Center, Ethiopia: a three-year retrospective study Distribution, Diversity, and Patterns
Debasu Damtie Gella1, Meseret Yibrah2 Sarwat Mahmud1, Zaina Al Kanaani1, Hiam Chemaitelly1, Karima Chaabna1, 2,
1. University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia Silva Kouyoumjian1, Laith Abu-Raddad1, 2
2. Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia 1. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Cornell
University, Doha, Qatar
Background: Rabies is one of the oldest known and most feared human diseases. 2. Department of Healthcare Policy & Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell
Epidemiological studies provide basic information about the burden of the disease University, New York, United States
and underline the importance of prevention and control interventions. However, there
have been limited studies conducted regarding the incidence of rabies and associated
Objective: Characterizing the distribution, diversity and patterns of hepatitis
factors in Ethiopia, in general, and in this study area, in particular. Therefore, the aim
of this study was to assess the incidence of human rabies exposure and associated C virus (HCV) genotypes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
factors at the Gondar Health Center, Ethiopia. by estimating, for each country, the 1) pooled mean proportions of HCV
genotypes, 2) genotype diversity, and 3) genotype-specific number of
Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Gondar Health chronically infected individuals.
Center where post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for rabies was available for the whole
population in the North Gondar Zone catchment area. Data of human rabies exposure Methods: Source of data was a database of HCV genotype studies in
cases between 2011 and 2013 were collected from the rabies PEP registration book MENA populated using a series of systematic literature searches. Pooled
using data abstraction sheets. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version mean proportions were estimated for each genotype and by country using
16 statistical software. DerSimonian-Laird random-effects meta-analyses. Genotype diversity
Result: A total of 261 cases of human rabies exposure were reported to the Gondar within countries was assessed using Shannon Diversity Index. Number of
Health Center from 2011 to 2013. The sex and age specific distribution showed that chronic infections by genotype and country was calculated using the pooled
the majority of these cases were among males (142/226, 62.8%) and children under proportions and country-specific numbers of chronic infection.
15 years of age (87/226, 38.5%). A predominant number of cases were observed
in individuals from rural areas (161/220, 73.2%), and during fall and winter seasons Results: Analyses were conducted on 338 genotype studies including 82,257
(67/222, 30.18%). A significant number of people exposed to rabies (23.2%) came to genotyped individuals. Genotype 1 was dominant (≥50%) in Algeria, Iran,
the health center for PEP two or more weeks after the injury. The incidence of human Morocco, Oman, Tunisia, and UAE, and was overall ubiquitous across the
rabies exposure cases was 4.6, 2.61, and 1.27 per 100, 000 population in 2011, 2012, region. Genotype 2 was common (10-50%) in Algeria, Bahrain, Libya, and
and 2013, respectively. Being male and living in an urban setting were found to be risk Morocco. Genotype 3 was dominant in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Genotype 4
factors for human rabies exposure in 2011. was dominant in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Syria.
Conclusion: A significant number of human rabies exposure cases were reported to Genotypes 5, 6, and 7 had limited or no presence across countries. Genotype
the Gondar Health Center. Being male and living in urban settings were found to be diversity varied immensely throughout MENA. Weighted by population size,
associated with rabies exposure. A community-based follow-up study is recommended MENA’s chronic infections were highest among genotype 3, followed by
to more accurately estimate the incidence of human rabies exposure. genotype 4, genotype 1, genotype 2, genotype 5, and genotype 6.
Conclusions: Despite ubiquitous presence for genotype 1, the vast majority of
chronic infections were of genotypes 3 or 4, because of the sizable epidemics
in Pakistan and Egypt. Three sub-regional patterns were identified: genotype
3 pattern centered in Pakistan, genotype 4 pattern centered in Egypt,
and genotype 1 pattern similar to common global pattern. These patterns
appeared to reflect cross-border population movements and geographic
proximity. These findings inform the DAA treatment programs being expanded
in MENA, and provide insights about HCV transmission pathways.
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Challenges to Control Ebola in West Africa: A Review Corona viruses detected in bats of Rwanda: diversity at human –
wild life interfaces and a call for one health approach
TADESSE DELELE, ZENEBE TEKLE
Associate Professor of Public Health, GONDAR, Ethiopia Julius Nziza1, Kirsten Gilardi2, Tracey Goldstein2, Jonna Mazet2, Paul Webala3,
Antoine Mudakikwa4
Ebola Virus disease (EVD) is a severe, often-fatal, zoonotic viral disease in humans 1. Gorilla doctors, Rwanda program, Musanze, Rwanda
and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees) that has appeared 2. University Of California, Davis, United States
sporadically since its initial recognition in 1976. The virus is one of two members of
a family of RNA viruses called the Filoviridae. There are five identified subtypes of 3. Masai Mara University, Nairobi, Kenya
Ebola virus. Four of the five have caused disease in humans: Ebola-Zaire, Ebola- 4. Rwanda Development Board/Conservation& Tourism, Kigali, Rwanda
Sudan, Ebola-Ivory Coast and Ebola-Bundibugyo. The fifth, Ebola-Reston, has caused
disease in non-human primates, but not in humans. Filovirus epidemics have originated
from West Africa and now spreading to other continents. This outbreak has been Bats are documented to be the natural reservoir for some corona, filo,
so challenging to control in West Africa. The main objectives of this paper are to paramyxo and lyssa viruses. Coronaviruses cause infections that are of
highlight the general characteristics of Ebola virus disease and to review the possible public health importance, as in the recent past, human pandemics have
challenges of controlling the disease outbreak in West Africa. The affected countries been caused by SARS- CoV and MERS- CoVs. Using consensus PCR we
in West Africa do not have the basic infrastructure to contain the Ebola epidemic. Most investigated the presence of corona virus in 503 bats of 17 species in Rwanda
primary health workers did not have any prior experience dealing with this virus. Ebola from 2010 to 2014. Twenty-seven bats belonging to 8 species were found to
is transmitted through body fluids and immediately attacks the immune system, then
have known and new coronaviruses. Known viruses detected included the
progressively attacks the major organs and the lining of blood vessels. Treatment to
date has been supportive, not curative and outbreak control strategies have been met betacoronaviruses Kenya bat coronaviruses, Eidolon bat coronavirus, Bat
with distrust due to fear, stigmatization and misinformation. Traditional burial practices coronavirus HKU9 and alphacoronavirus Chaerephon Bat coronavirus, while
also pose a major risk to close relatives, since they typically involve the cleaning new coronaviruses included two betacorona viruses that clustered with SARS-
and rubbing of dead bodies. Interagency policies for outbreak detection and rapid CoV and SARS-related CoV, one 2d coronavirus and one alphacoronavirus.
response increased understanding of cultural and traditional risk factors within and These viruses were detected in bats at diverse high-risk human-wildlife
between nations, delivery of culturally embedded public health education and regional interfaces. These results provide support for a multidisciplinary approach to
coordination and collaboration, particularly with governments and health ministry examine emerging infectious diseases in wildlife, and the need for further viral
throughout Africa were required to control these challenges. characterization to better understand their spillover potential into humans.

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RSV Seasonality in Oman Estimating the burden of influenza associated hospitalization and deaths in Oman
(2012-2015)
Rima Al Balushi1, Fatma Al Yaqoobi1, Idris Al Abaidani1, Hanan Al Kindi2,
Bader Al Abri1 Doaa Abdelhady2, Rima Al Balushi2, Badr Al Abri2, Seif Al Abri1, Hanan Al Kindi3, Amina
Al-Jardani3, Fatma Al Yaqubi2, Idris Al Abaidani2
1. Communicable Disease Department, MOH, Oman, Muscat, Oman
2. Central Public Health Laboratory MOH, Oman, Muscat, Oman 1. Directorate General of Diseases Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health,
Sultanate of Oman, Muscat, Oman
2. Department of Communicable Disease, Ministry of Health, Sultanate of Oman,
Background: In the developing world pneumonia represents a major public health Muscat, Oman
disease burden. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main viral cause of severe
pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and young children contributing considerably to 3. Central Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Sultanate of Oman,
the burden on health services. The global estimate in 2005 indicated that at least 33.8 Muscat, Oman
million episodes of RSV associated acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) occurred
worldwide in children younger than 5 years and most of these deaths occurred in Background: Influenza is a serious vaccine-preventable disease with high incidence,
developing countries. high rate of hospital admissions and mortality in high risk groups. The epidemiology,
seasonality and risk factors for seasonal influenza are well defined in most of the
Introduction: RSV season varies over time and from location to location. The start and
temperate countries, but there are few estimates of influenza burden in the WHO
end of RSV season can vary year to year, and can even vary within communities in the
Region for the Eastern Mediterranean. In Oman, despite the advancements in influenza
same region.2
surveillance, the clinical burden and seasonality influenza remains not fully understood.
Methodology: RSV disease is not a notifiable disease in Oman and the primary data
Objectives: To estimate the incidence of influenza associated hospitalizations and in-
source for this study is the Central Public Health Laboratory (CPHL) Virology. This
hospital death Oman
study aimed to systematically aggregate and analyze published virological data on the
seasonality of RSV in young children and adults in Oman between 2013 and 2015. Patients and Methods: Influenza-associated hospitalizations and in-hospital deaths in
Oman were estimated using hospital discharge records based on ICD-10 codes (J 09-
Result: In temperate climates, as well as Mediterranean and desert climates, the RSV
18), results of virological analysis, and population census for the period between 2012
season corresponds to the cold season1, a finding consistent with the pattern found in
and 2015.
this review.
Results: Between 2012 and 2015, 19405 SARI case diagnosed with 847 related deaths
Most communities with temperate climates have a well-defined season of 3 to 5
and average influenza positivity rate of about 17%. The total influenza associated
months usually starting in the Northern hemisphere in October or November and
hospitalization ranged between 7.3 (95% CI: 6.4-8.1) per 100000 in 2013 and 27.5 (95%
continuing until February or March.3 In the southern hemisphere, wintertime epidemics
CI: 25.9-29.1) per 100000 in 2015 with an overall rate of 20.6 (95% CI: 19.9-21.3) per
occur from May to September.2 It is common for there to be a biennial change from
100000. The highest incidence of influenza associated death was in elderly aged ≥65
one season to the next whereby the subsequent season is milder or more severe
years and ranged between 11.3(95% CI: 7.5-15.1) in 2015 and 39.5 (95% CI: 27.3-51.8) per
than the preceding. However, this is not predictable and the differences may be more
100000 in 20145.
related to climactic changes. 3
Conclusion: Influenza causes a substantial numbers of hospitalizations and deaths
In Oman, the overall RSV average activity of last 3 years (2013-2015) started to
in Oman. Hospitalization rates were highest among children and adults ≥65 years
increase in week 40 and ending in week 52,53 however RSV continues circulating at
showed the highest death rate. Thus, the potential value of using seasonal influenza
variable numbers like other countries . Figure 1
vaccine in these groups should be considered.
During the 3 years, 16191 samples were tested for respiratory viruses; 3658 (22%)
Keywords: Influenza-associated hospitalizations, Influenza in-hospital death, SARI and
samples were positive for respiratory virus, including 449 (11%) positive for RSV.
Oman.
Conclusion: The season in which RSV epidemics occur typically depends on
geographical location and altitude. It is likely that several factors interact in complex
ways in the development of epidemics under favorable climatic conditions 2. During
the study, RSV infections were seen throughout the last three years, predominating in
the ( week 40-53) October to December in Oman. Figure 2
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Dengue and Chikungunya in the Middle East and North Africa: A Systematic seroprevalence measures among general populations (median 1.0%, range
Review 0–43%) and acute febrile illness populations (median 9.8%, range 0–30%).
Sudan reported the highest number of studies (n = 11) and the highest
John Humphrey1, Natalie Cleton2, 3, Chantal Reusken2, Marshall Glesby4, 5, seroprevalence among general populations (median 12%, range 0–43%) and
Marion Koopmans2, 3, Laith Abu-Raddad5, 6, 7 undifferentiated acute febrile illness populations (median 18%, range 10–23%).
1. Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States CHIKV outbreaks were reported from Djibouti, Pakistan, Sudan, and Yemen.
2. Viroscience department, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Multiple DENV and CHIKV studies utilized assays susceptible to serologic
Netherlands cross-reactions and less than 10% of seroprevalence studies utilized viral
3. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, neutralization testing. There was considerable heterogeneity in study design
Netherlands and outbreak reporting, as well as variability in subregional study coverage,
study populations, and laboratory methods used for diagnosis.
4. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine,
New York, United States Conclusion: Published evidence suggests endemic transmission of DENV
5. Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell and CHIKV in at least the Red Sea region and Pakistan. However, indications
University, New York, United States of seroprevalence despite a low quantity of epidemiologic research
6. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Cornell from the region suggest that DENV and CHIKV transmission is currently
University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar underrecognized.
7. College of Public Health, Hamad bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha,
Qatar

Background: The epidemiology of Dengue virus (DENV) and Chikungunya

virus (CHIKV) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is not well
characterized despite increasing recognition of their expanding geographic
reach and disease burden in recent years.
Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed
available records across the MENA region describing DENV and CHIKV
human incidence and prevalence, infections in vectors, outbreaks, and
reported cases. The data was summarized through descriptive statistics and
maps.
Results: For DENV, we identified 105 human prevalence measures in 13 of 24
MENA countries, 81 outbreaks reported from 9 countries from 1941–2015, and
reports of Ae. aegypti and/or Ae. albopictus occurrence in 15 countries. The
majority of seroprevalence studies were reported from the Red Sea region
and Pakistan, with multiple studies indicating >20% DENV seroprevalence
in general populations (median 25%, range 0–62%) in these subregions.
For CHIKV, we identified 29 human seroprevalence measures, one human
incidence study, one study reporting CHIKV infection rates in Aedes, and nine
outbreaks and case reports/series reported in the MENA from 1970–2015.
Overall, anti-CHIKV antibody or reports of autochthonous transmission
were identified from 10 of 23 countries in the MENA region (Djibouti, Egypt,
Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen), with
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Delay in Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Low-and Middle-Income Settings: Silent Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection: Potential Threat to Blood Banks
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Enas Al Absi1, Gheyath Nasrallah1, 2, Rula Ghandour3, Nadima H. Ali1, Sara Taleb1, Laila
Fentabil Getnet1, Nega Assefa3, Bizatu Mengistie3, Meaza Demissie2 Hedaya1, Fatima Ali1, Abdullatif Husseini*3, 4, Mariam Huwaidy1
1. Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia 1. Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University,
Doha, Qatar, Doha, Qatar
2. Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
2. Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar, Doha, Qatar
3. School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya
University, Harar, Ethiopia 3. Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, [Link] 14, Birzeit,
Palestine, Birzeit, Other
Background: Assessment of delays in seeking care and diagnosis of tuberculosis 4. Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University,
is essential to evaluate effectiveness of tuberculosis control programs, and identify Doha,Qatar, Doha, Qatar
programmatic impediments. Thus, this review of studies aimed to examine the extent * Corresponding author
of patient, health system and total delays in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in
low- and middle- income countries.
Abstract: HEV is a small spherical RNA virus transmitted mainly through fecal-oral
Design: It was done following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews route. More than 80% of Qatar’s population are expatriates, including many coming
and Meta-Analyses. Electronic databases were searched to retrieve studies published from hyperendemic countries; thus, it is important to estimate the seroprevalence and
from 2007 to 2015 including Springer link, Pubmed central, Hinari and Google scholar. to compare between different nationalities. The results can be useful in alerting blood
Searching terms were pulmonary tuberculosis, health care seeking, health care banks to the importance of HEV screening, and to investigate possible transmission
seeking behavior, patient delay, diagnostic delay, health system delay, provider delay patterns.
and doctor delay. Retrieved studies were systematically reviewed and summarized
using comprehensive meta-analysis software. Samples from 5854 blood donations provided by Hamad Medical Corporation
(HMC) were tested in the period between June 2013 to June 2016. Samples were
Results: Forty studies involving 18,975 patients qualified for systematic review and 14 tested for the presence of anti-HEV IgG and IgM antibodies and viral RNA using real
of them qualified for meta-analysis. The reported median delays ranged from 30 to time polymerase chain (RT-PCR) reaction. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis
366.5 days for diagnosis delay; 4 to 199 days for patient delay, and 2 to 128.5 days and multivariate logistic regression were used. The study received an “Exempt”
for health system delay. The meta-analysis showed 42% of pulmonary tuberculosis classification reference number (Protocol #14292/14).
patients delayed seeking care by a month or more; uneducated patients [pooled
OR=1.5, 95%CI=1.1-1.9] and those who sought initial care from informal providers Anti-HEV antibodies seroprevalence was 20.7 %. A statistically significant association
[pooled OR=3, 95%CI=2.3-3.9] had higher odds of patient delay. was detected between HEV seroprevalence with age and nationality. HEV IgM and
RNA were also detected, suggesting the possibility HEV transmission by transfusion.
Conclusion: Delay in diagnosis is still a major challenge of tuberculosis control and
prevention programs in low- and middle- income settings. Efforts to develop new
strategies for better case-finding and improving patients’ care seeking behavior need
to be intensified.

Keywords: patient delay, health system, diagnosis delay, pulmonary tuberculosis

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 Title: Climate change, biodiversity, ticks and tick-borne diseases: The butterfly effect
Filipe Dantas-Torres, MV, MSc, DSc, PhD, FRES, Dipl. EVPC; Oswaldo-Cruz Foundation,
Brazil, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz, Recife, Brazil. E-mail: [Link]@cpqam.
[Link]
Abstract: We have killed wild animals for obtaining food and decimated forests for
many reasons. Nowadays, we are burning fossil fuels as never before and even
exploring petroleum in deep waters. The impact of these activities on our planet is
now visible to the naked eye and the debate on climate change is warming up in
scientific meetings and becoming a priority on the agenda of both scientists and
policy decision makers. It may be anticipated that warmer winters as well as extended
Session 1: autumn and spring seasons will continue to drive the expansion of the distribution of
Parasitic and Environmental Zoonoses some tick species (e.g., Ixodes ricinus) to northern latitudes and to higher altitudes.
Nonetheless, further studies are advocated to improve our understanding of the
complex interactions between landscape, climate, host communities (biodiversity), tick
demography, pathogen diversity, human demography, human behaviour, economics,
and politics, also considering all ecological processes (e.g., trophic cascades) and
other possible interacting effects (e.g., mutual effects of increased greenhouse
gas emissions and increased deforestation rates). The multitude of variables and
interacting factors involved, and their complexity and dynamism, make tick-borne
transmission systems beyond (current) human comprehension. That is, perhaps,
the main reason for our inability to precisely predict new epidemics of vector-borne
diseases in general.
* This title and abstract have originally been published at: [Link]
ijppaw.2015.07.001

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Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. cysts from cattle, Survey of zoonotic myiasis in domestic cavies farms in rural areas
camels, goats and pigs in Ethiopia of Cameroon
Benti Deresa Gelalcha, Worku Tigre, Benti Deresa, Adane Haile, Sarah Gabriël, Marc K Kouam1, Felix Meutchieye1, Terence T Nguafack1, Emile Miegoué1,
Bjorn Victor, Jani Van Pelt , Brecht Devleesschauwer, Jozef Vercruysse , Georgeos Theodoropoulos:2
Pierre Dorny
1. University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
1. Jimma University, Ethiopia, Jimma, Ethiopia 2. Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
2. Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia, Hossana, Ethiopia
3. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium Domestic cavies is gaining interest in many rural areas of Cameroon,
4. Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, especially in the West region of the country due to cavy potential to provide
Merelbeke, Belgium rapid means for income generation and to also to provide manure for crop
5. Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Animal Sciences, production. Since livestock production if often associated with occurrence of
University of Florida,, Gainesville, Ethiopia diseases, a study was initiated on cavy farms to investigate any occurrence of
the zoonotic tumbu fly known to occur in other domestic animals. Thus, a total
number of 62 cavy farms in villages of Menoua Division were examined for
Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato
the presence of the larvae of the tumbu fly, Cordylobia anthropophaga. Only
(s.l.) is a neglected helminth zoonosis affecting humans and various animal
suspect animals, with any sign of ectoparasitim (limping, inhability to compete
species. Human CE has been reported in almost all coun-tries of sub-
for food, to walk or to run effectively) were caught and examined. 16 out of 62
Saharan Africa but its prevalence and public health impact are subject to
farms (25.8%) were infested with this parasite. The potential role of infested
large geographical variations. The reasons for these differences are not well
cavies in the zoonotic transmission of C. anthropophoga myiasis is supported
understood; among other factors, occurrence of different species/genotypes
by the finding of this study.
of E. granulosus s.l. has been suggested. CE is very common in all livestock
species in Ethiopia; human CE is poorly documented in the country. The
aim of this study was to assess the fertility and molecularly characterize
hydatid cysts collected from cattle, camels, goats and pigs from different
parts of the country. From the 137 samples characterized by PCR-RFLP and
sequencing, 115 (83.9%) were identified as E. granulosus s.s. (G1, common
sheep strain), 6 (4.4%) as Echinococcus ortleppi (G5, cattle strain) and 16 (11.7%)
as Echinococcus intermedius (G6/7, camel strain). In cattle, E. granulosus s.s.
and E. ortleppi were found; in camels and goats, E. granulosus s.s. and E.
intermedius; two cysts found in pigs were identified as E. granulosus s.s. and
E. ortleppi, respectively. All cysts recovered from goats and pigs were sterile,
while fertility was 34% and 50% in cysts from cattle and camels, respectively.
In cattle, 31% of E. granulosus s.s. cysts were fertile, showing the importance
of cattle in the transmission of the “sheep strain”. Next to E. granulosus s.s.,
E. intermedius (camel strain) was the predominant species: 34.4% of the cysts
collected from camels and 62.5% from goats were identified as E. intermedius.
These animals originated from the drier Central, Eastern and Southern parts
of the country. For the first time, we showed the presence of CE in pigs
in Ethiopia. The presence of these strains and especially the fact that the
zoonotic E. granulosus s.s. and E. intermedius are dominant, make CE an
important public health concern in Ethiopia.
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Seroprevalence and risk factors of Tænia solium cysticercosis in pigs from Determination of Parasitic Load in Government Cattle Breeding and Dairy
rural areas of Boucle du Mouhoun region, Burkina Faso Farm, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan
DAHOUROU Laibané Dieudonné1, GBATI Oubri Bassa1, MILLOGO Athanase2, Mohammad Ilyas Khan
DICKO Amadou4, ROAMBA Constant Rakiswendé3, PANGUI Louis Joseph1
Veterinary Research Institute, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan, Peshawar, Pakistan
1. Inter-States School of Medicine and Veterinary Sciences of Dakar (Senegal),
Dakar, Senegal
Abstract | This study was conducted to determine the parasitic diseases in
2. Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sourou Sanou, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm, Harichand. For this purpose a total of 234
3. Direction Générale des Services Vétérinaires, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso blood samples and 100 fecal samples were collected from different breeds,
4. Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso age and sex of cattle and screened for endo-parasites. Giemsa stained thin
blood smears were used for haemo-protozoan while for gastrointestinal
parasites direct examination and floatation technique was used. Incidence
This study aimed to assess the seroprevalance and identify risk factors of of haemo-parasitic diseases was recorded as 18 and 28% for Theileria and
porcine cysticercosis at Boucle du Mouhoun region in Burkina Faso. To reach Anaplasma, respectively while incidence of intestinal parasites were recorded
it, 373 serum samples collected in pigs randomly selected in four villages, as 12, 8 and 9% for Trichostrongylus, Bonostomum and Monezia bending,
were tested using Ag ELISA test in order to detect circulating antigens of respectively and 53% were recorded as mixed infections. Incidence of
Tænia solium. In addition, surveys were carried out among breeders in order haemo-parasitic diseases was found significantly higher (P<0.05) in exotic
to spot factors that can be considered as risk factors. The seroprevalance and cross breeds cattle. Haemo-parasitic diseases were found significantly
of the disease was 54.9 ± 5 %. Prevalence was significantly higher (p<0.05) higher (P<0.05) in female while no significant differences (P>0.05) was
in Koumbia (60.7 ± 11%), Sadon Bobo (60 ± 11%), and Toné (58.4 ± 8.5%) in recorded with respect to age, though occurrence was higher in adult animals.
comparison to Kabourou (39.3 ±10 %). It was also higher (p<0,05) in males Gastrointestinal parasitism was significantly higher (P<0.05) in female and
(63.3 ± 8.3 %) than females (50.6 ± 6.2%) and in pigs held by men (81.2 ± 19.1 young animals while no significant differences (P>0.05) was recorded breed
%) in comparison to the ones by women (53.8 ± 5.1). The identified risk factors wise. It can be concluded from the results that indigenous breeds of cattle
were belonging to the village of Koumbia (OR = 2.4 IC 95% : 1.3 - 4.6) ; Sadon offer significant resistance to onset of haemo-parasitic diseases while exotic
Bobo (OR = 2.1 IC 95% : 1.1 - 4.0); Toné (OR = 2.5 IC 95 % : 1.2 - 3.9), male pigs and cross bred animals are easy targets for these dreadful diseases. Various
(OR = 1.7 IC 95% :1.1 - 2.7) and being held by men (OR = 3.7 IC 95% :1.2 - 16.4). therapeutic and managmental measures should be adopted for complete
However, no variation was noticed considering the age and the gender of eradication of parasitic diseases in farm.
pigs. The existence of old cases of swine cysticercosis did not influence either

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A rapid, sensitive and low-cost real-time PCR assay for the detection of Epidemiology of intestinal helminthiasis among school children with
Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis kinetoplast DNA in canine emphasis on Schistosoma mansoni infection in Wolaita zone, Southern
blood samples Ethiopia
Kamila Sales1, Lidiane G. da Silva2, Luciana A. Figueredo1, Domenico Otranto3 Fiseha Wadilo
1. Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Medical microbiologist and PhD candidate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Recife, Brazil
2. Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil Background: Intestinal helminth infections are major parasitic diseases
3. Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy causing public health problems in Ethiopia. Although the epidemiology of
these infections are well documented in Ethiopia, new transmission foci for
Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem in Brazil and the diagnosis is a schistosomiasis are being reported in different parts of the country. The
challenge in both human and veterinary medicine. In this study, we describe objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni
an improved TaqMan®-based real-time PCR assay (designated as “Leishmania- and other intestinal helminth infections among school children and determine
FAST15”) for the detection and quantification of Leishmania infantum and the endemicity of schistosomiasis in Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia.
Leishmania braziliensis kinetoplast DNA minicircles in canine blood samples. Methods: Cross-sectional parasitological and malacological surveys were
The analytical sensitivity of this technique is 0.1 fg of DNA, which is equivalent conducted by collecting stool samples for microscopic examination and
to 0.002 parasite per reaction. This assay uses a small reaction volume (15 snails for intermediate host identification. Stool samples were collected
μl) and is rapid to perform, with the results being available in less than 34 from 503 children and processed for microscopic examination using Kato-
min. We compared our improved assay with a standard assay using the same Katz and formalin-ether concentration methods. Snails collected from
primers and probe and agreement between the results obtained with both aquatic environments in the study area were identified to species level and
assays was almost perfect (Kappa value: 0.90, P value < 0.0001). The real-time Biomphalaria pfeifferi snails, the intermediate host of S. mansoni,, were
PCR assay described herein represents a rapid, low-cost molecular tool for individually exposed to artificial light in order to induce cercariae shedding.
the detection and quantification of L. infantum and L. braziliensis DNA in blood Cercariae shed from snails were used to infect laboratory-bred Swiss albino
samples from dogs. This improved assay might also be suitable for detecting mice in order to identify the schistosome to species level.
and quantifying Leishmania spp. DNA in other tissues, such as bone marrow
and lymph nodes. This assay will be useful not only to veterinary practitioners, Results: The overall prevalence of intestinal helminth infections was 72.2%
but also to public health authorities, as its low cost allows for its use in among school children. S. mansoni infection prevalence was 58.6%. The
leishmaniasis control programs. prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni infections varied among schools and
sex of children. Swimming was the only factor reported to be significantly
associated with S. mansoni infection (AOR = 2.954, 95% CI:1.962-4.449).
Other intestinal helminth species identified were hookworms (27.6%), Ascaris
lumbricoides (8.7%), E. vermicularis (2.8%), Taenia species (2.6%), T. trichiura
(1.2%) and H. nana (0.6%). Only B. pfeifferi snails collected from streams shed
schistosome cercariae and 792 adult S. mansoni worms were harvested
from mice exposed to cercariae shed from B. pfeifferi on the 6th week post-
exposure.
Conclusion: The present study found high level of intestinal helminth
infections in the study area. The study also confirmed autochthonous
transmission and endemicity of S. mansoni as evidenced by both
parasitological and malacological findings as well as by further establishing
infections in lab-bred mice. Therefore, there is a need to include the area
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Cystic echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus; Ethanol-preserved tissues, Comparison for Detection and genotyping of Hydatid Cysts of Echinococcus
Formalin-fixed tissues; granulosus in Ethanol-preserved and formalin-fixed tissues Using PCR Assay
Mohamed Ahmed1, 4, Sara Abdalla2, Martin Grobusch3, Imadeldin Aradaib4 Mohamed Ahmed1, 4, Sara Abdalla2, Martin Grobusch3, Imadeldin Aradaib4
1. Echinoccosis Research Center, Al-Neelain Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), 1. Echinoccosis Research Center, Al-Neelain Institute for Medical Research (NIMR),
Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan,
Khartoum, Sudan Khartoum, Sudan
2. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, University of AlNeelain, 2. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, University of AlNeelain,
Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan
3. Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious 3. Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious
Diseases,, Division of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Medical Center, Diseases,, Division of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Medical Center,
University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Amsterdam, Netherlands University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Amsterdam, Netherlands
4. Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 4. Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Khartoum, Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan University of Khartoum, Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan

Background: Formaline-fixed tissues represent the most important specimens Background: Formaline-fixed tissues represent the most important specimens
for diagnostic surgical pathology and, moreover, have proven to be an for diagnostic surgical pathology and, moreover, have proven to be an
invaluable source for retrospective studies, particularly on cancer and invaluable source for retrospective studies, particularly on cancer and
infectious diseases. In contrast to classical histo-pathological examinations, infectious diseases. In contrast to classical histo-pathological examinations,
molecular-based assays have the advantage of conclusive species molecular-based assays have the advantage of conclusive species
determination as well as strain differentiation of the strains of Echinococcus determination as well as strain differentiation of the strains of Echinococcus
granulosus -complex, which causes serious diseases worldwide. granulosus -complex, which causes serious diseases worldwide.
Methods: In the present study, eleven archives specimens of Hydatid cysts Methods: In the present study, eleven archives specimens of Hydatid cysts
were used. Of these specimens, 7 samples were preserved in ethanol and 4 were used. Of these specimens, 7 samples were preserved in ethanol and 4
specimens were preserved in formaline. DNAs were extracted from hydatid specimens were preserved in formaline. DNAs were extracted from hydatid
cyst samples and amplified by nested PCR for detection and genotyping cyst samples and amplified by nested PCR for detection and genotyping
Echinococcus granulosus- complex in formalin-fixed and ethanol-preserved Echinococcus granulosus- complex in formalin-fixed and ethanol-preserved
tissues. tissues.
Results: The first round of PCR amplification produced a 530 bp specific PCR Results: The first round of PCR amplification produced a 530 bp specific PCR
product from only 5 out of 7 (71%) hydatid cysts ethanol-preserved specimen product from only 5 out of 7 (71%) hydatid cysts ethanol-preserved specimen
and no amplification was produced from formaline-fixed tissues (0.0%). and no amplification was produced from formaline-fixed tissues (0.0%).
However, nested PCR amplification increased the sensitivity of the assay and However, nested PCR amplification increased the sensitivity of the assay and
produced a 471 bp PCR product from all ethanol-preserved tissues (100%) and produced a 471 bp PCR product from all ethanol-preserved tissues (100%) and
from 3 of the 4 (75%) formaline-fixed tissues. PCR products were purified and from 3 of the 4 (75%) formaline-fixed tissues. PCR products were purified and
submitted for sequencing to determine the genotypes of hydatid cysts used in submitted for sequencing to determine the genotypes of hydatid cysts used in
the study. the study.
Conclusion: The described nested PCR assay proved sensitive for Conclusion: The described nested PCR assay proved sensitive for
simultaneous detection and genotyping of detection of protocol for simultaneous detection and genotyping of detection of protocol for
genotyping Echinococcus granulosus- complex in ethanol-preserved and genotyping Echinococcus granulosus- complex in ethanol-preserved and
formalin-fixed tissues. formalin-fixed tissues.
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Role of Cattle in the Epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in Molecular identification and characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. among
Central Sudan pediatric and food-handlers subjects in Qatar.
Mohamed Ahmed1, 3, Bashir Salim3, Martin Grobusch2, Imadeldin Aradaib1, 3 Sonia Boughattas1, Aarti Sharma1, Duaa Al-Sadeq1, Sondos Khader1, Monira
Fouladi1, Wafa Abu-Alainin2, Khalid Al-Ansari3, Ahmed Ismail4, Asma Al-
1. Echinoccosis Research Center, Al-Neelain Institute for Medical Research
(NIMR),Faculty of Medicine, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan Thani1, Marawan Abu-Madi1
2. Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of 1. College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha,
Khartoum, khartoum, Netherlands Qatar
3. Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious 2. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation,
Diseases,, Division of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Doha, Qatar
Amsterdam,, Amsterdam, Netherlands 3. Pediatric Emergency Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
4. Medical Commission, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by infection with larval stage of
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), is a cosmopolitan zoonotic parasitic
disease of humans and a wide range of mammalian species including cattle. World Health Organization (WHO) has identified Cryptosporidium spp. as
Currently, little information is available about the genetic diversity and public globally the most common diarrhea-causing protozoan. Its transmission
health significance of Echinococcus species among livestock in the Sudan, occurs mainly through ingestion of water or food contaminated with the
particularly the indigenous cattle. In the present study, fifty (n=50) hydatid feces of an infected human or animal. Infected food handlers are also a major
cysts were collected from each cattle carcasses at Al-kadarou slaughterhouse, Cryptosporidium contamination risk. A wide diversity of Cryptosporidium spp.
Khartoum North, Sudan. DNA was extracted from protoscoleces and and subtypes infect humans and due to the host specificity of each species,
associated germinal layer of eachcyst and subsequently amplified by PCR the use of molecular techniques and genotyping of subject’s stool samples
targeting the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (NADH1) gene. will help in identifying contamination source.
The amplifiedPCR products were furtherand purified and subjected to direct Molecular prevalence was investigated using real-time PCR targeting a
Sangersequencing for phylogenetic tree and network analysis. The resulted 214 base pairs fragment of 18s-rRNA. The analyzed populations consist
phylogenetic tree revealed a presence of Echinococcus canadenesis of hospitalized diarrheic pediatrics and asymptomatic food handlers. The
genotype 6(88.0%, n=44), followed by Echinococcus ortleppi genotype 5 positive samples by RT-PCR were subjected to species identification by PCR-
(8.0%, n=4)andEchinococcus granulosus sensu stricto genotype 1(4.0%, RFLP and GP60 gene sequencing.
n=2). Furthermore, the phylogenetic network analysis revealed clear genetic
variation among the different haplotypes/genotypes. This report has provided The parasite was detected by RT-PCR in 15% of the children and 4% of the
for the first time an insight of the role of cattle in transmitting the zoonotic food-handlers. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. revealed a predominance
echinococosis disease by harboring genotype 1 (G1). In addition to, harboring of Cryptosporidium parvum. Sequence analysis of the GP60 locus in the
88% of circulation of the camel genotype (G6) that suggest cattle may play present study has identified only C. parvum subtype family IId with mostly
an important role in the transmission dynamic and the epidemiology of the the IIdA20G1 subtype among the two populations. This study provides
disease in Central Sudan. supplementary information for implementing prevention and control strategies
to reduce the burden of these pediatric protozoan infections.

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Cryptococcus gattii environmental dispersal and adaptation surveillance in We chose cities in the Willamette Valley, Oregon where the fungus has been
Oregon, USA found in both people and animals. Urban parks were sampled due to spatial
and temporal overlaps of humans, companion animals and wildlife. Two of
Jack Mortenson sampled parks had positive samples for C. gatti. One park had a positive
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR USA, Corvallis, United States tree and the other park, 60 miles away, had positive bark mulch samples
USAID, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from a walkway. Genotypic subtypes included C. gattii VGIIa and VGIIc, both
considered highly virulent. Precaution in regions where C. gatti is not known
Human and animal infections of the virulent fungus Cryptococcus gatti have to be endemic is recommended due to public health risks of environmental
been recognized in Oregon since 2006. Transmission is primarily considered exposure.
via air-borne environmental spores and now thought to be locally acquired
due to infection in non-migratory animals and humans with no travel history.
Previous published efforts to detect C. gatti from tree swabs and soil samples
in Oregon have been unsuccessful.
Cryptococcus gattii, an important pathogen in humans and animals, has a
worldwide distribution with the first documented human cases of C. gattii
infections in North America occurring in 1999 on Vancouver Island, BC,
Canada. Additional Pacific Northwest human and veterinary (domestic and
wild) cases were first identified in 2006 - 2008 from Washington and Oregon
respectively. Since then, many more U.S. cases have been documented.
Little is known about the environmental and climatic conditions required to
allow colonization by C. gattii, but it is considered to be a highly adaptive
organism. Environmental niche modeling studies conducted on Vancouver
Island, BC, Canada indicated specific Coastal Douglas fir and Coastal Western
hemlock (dry) zones were strong indicators of where C. gattii was found in
British Columbia. Less is known about the environmental niches of C. gattii in
Washington and Oregon, with limited environmental sampling done in each
state.
Because of large-scale ecoregions present where human and animal C. gattii
infections have been confirmed in WA and OR, ecological niche modeling
may be less effective in predicting exposure. Instead, other epidemiologically
significant factors affecting exposure risk may be more useful to predict
where the fungus may be present. Timber harvesting activity, climatic
conditions, and usage patterns of people and animals are examples of these
factors. In Oregon, surveillance efforts would be valuable in specific cities
and city environs where both human and domestic animal cases of C. gattii
infections have occurred. With environmental exposure the primary means
of transmission, we were interested in locations where humans and animals
shared space in a community as possible sites of exposure to C. gattii. We
combined this concept of shared local places with the knowledge of C. gattii
colonization of specific tree species.
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Prevalence of Cattle trypanosomiasis and babesiosis in the Western Parasitic and serological prevalence of Trypanosomosis and babesiosis in
Highlands of Cameroon small ruminants in the Sudano Guinean Highlands of Western Cameroon
Christian Keambou Tiambo Christian Keambou Tiambo
Bioscience Eastern and Central Africa – International Livestock Research Institute Bioscience Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute,
University of Buea, Nairobi, Kenya University of Buea, Nairobi, Kenya

The prevalence of trypanosomiasis was studied in the Sudano-Guinean An epidemiological survey on trypanosomosis and babesiosis of small
highlands of western Cameroon in 107 cattle through parasitological ruminants was carried out in the Western Highlands of Cameroon. 114
examination and serological analysis. Parasitological examination revealed and 67 blood samples were collected from goats and sheep respectively.
the presence of trypanosomes in cattle with a prevalence of 16.82%, The samples were parasitologically analyzed by the Buffy coat and
regardless of cattle breed. The highest prevalences were obtained from slide techniques. A serological test for antibodies against Trypanosoma
cross-breeds (23.33%) and Red Fulani (21.74%), followed by Gudali cattle brucei gambiense was also carried out by the Card Agglutination Test for
(6.67%). Conversely, serological analysis highlighted antibodies against Trypanosomiasis (CATT) technique on the plasma of 85 goats and 57 sheep.
[Link] in 42.17 % of cattle. The highest seroprevalences were identified Parasitological investigations revealed no trypanosome in sheep and goats.
in White Fulani (60.00%), followed in order by the Gudali (37.14%), the Red On the other hand, the prevalence of babesiosis was 33.33 and 50.75%
Fulani (48.15%) and the crossbreeds (21.05 %). Seroprevalence obtained respectively for goats and sheep. Considering the sex and age in the two
were significantly higher than the parasitological prevalence. The dilutions species of ruminant, the highest infection rates occurred in animals between
performed on the positive sera have proven that regardless cattle breed, the 0-18 months (50.48%). In these animals, no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05)
level of antibodies produced was generally low. Infestations in trypanosomes existed between the sexes, while among animals of 19 months and above,
have not significantly affected the neither haematocrit nor blood cell counts. males had highest infection rates (62.50%) compared to females (32,65%).
Concerning babesiosis, parasitological search revealed 11.20% of cattle Antibodies directed against T. b. gambiense were found in 35.29 and 31.58%
infected, with 6.67, 10.87, 6.67 and 20.00% respectively for the white Fulani, of goats and sheep respectively. Serological prevalence were significantly
red Fulani, gudali and crossbreeds. Infections with Babesia sp did not affect (P ≥ 0.05) higher than parasitological prevalence (0.0 and 0.0%) in goats and
significantly blood parameters studied. Concerning babesiosis, parasitological sheep respectively. Different dilutions (1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16 and 1:32) on positive
search revealed 11.20% of cattle infected, with 6.67, 10.87, 6.67 and 20.00% plasma revealed that antibody level in the animals is generally too low (titers
respectively for the white Fulani, red Fulani, gudali and crossbreeds. Infections 1:1 and 1:2), irrespective of the animal species, age and sex. Trypanosome and
with Babesia sp did not affect significantly blood parameters studied babesia infections did not significantly (P ≥ 0.05) affect the packed cell volume
(PCV), the blood cell count and the differential leucocytes count.

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Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis is the common clinical form of cutaneous Epizootological Study of Trypanosoma vivax in Kenana calves in the Blue
leishmaniasis in Ethiopia Nile State, Sudan
Nigatu Kebede Salma Ali Ragab1, Hamid Suliman Abdallah2
Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, [Link] 150480, 1. Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Khartoum, Sudan
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
2. University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan

Background: The current study was conducted to assess the distribution

Trypanosomosis is a worldwide parasitic disease caused by species of
of the three clinical forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL): localized (LCL),
flagellated protozoa belonging to the genus Trypanosoma, which affects
disseminated (DCL) and mucocutaneous (MCL) and location preference in
humans, as well as domestic and wild animals. and it inhibits the blood, body
patients in Ethiopia.
tissues and fluids. The disease has direct impacts on livestock health and
Methods: The study participants were those who came from different regions productivity, management, human health and settlement.
of Ethiopia seeking medical treatment and referred to Addis Ababa University
Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma equiperdum,
and /or Armauer Hansen Research Institute Leishmania laboratory. The
Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma theileri are of medical and veterinary
patients were from 18 CL endemic areas in the five regions of the country.
importance.
The suspected cases were subjected to detailed clinical examination to
identify number of lesions, site in the body, duration of the lesion and type Trypanosomes was reported in Sudan as early as 1904. T. vivax was found to
of [Link] scraping samples were taken from 85 of the cases suspected be predominant outside Tsetse infested belt, while T. bruci and T. congolense
of CL. Parasitological confirmation was completed based on culturing were confined to Tsetse infested area.
and identification of the Leishmania species and genetic variability within
Leishmania aethiopica (L. aethiopica) were done by ITS1-PCR and MLMT-PCR The predominance of T. vivax in cattle had been reported in Southern Darfur,
amplifications, respectively. South Kordofan and at different locations of Central States, Khartoum and
the Blue Nile State. In Africa most of pathogenic species to man and animals
Result: All of the 85 skin scraping samples were able to grow in culture. In are transmitted cyclically by Tsetse flies and / or mechanically by other
this study, the PCR result confirmed that all the cases of CL were due to L. haematophagus insects, mainly Tabanids. Other transmitter incriminated
aethiopica. Of the 85 patients 69.4% (n=59) were males and 30.6% (n=26) include Muscidae and Stomoxys.
were females. The result indicated that CL is distributed in all of the five
regions in the country. Among the three clinical forms, LCL occurs more Non -Tsetse transmitted Trypansomosis due to T. vivax and T. evansi occurs
frequently than DCL and MCL: 82.4%, 9.4% and 8.2%, respectively, of the CL in various forms in South America, Africa and Asia, and it constitute potential
cases. LCL occurs commonly on the cheek, 48.2% (41) and arms. Both sexes of risks for about 500 million buffaloes and twelve million camels.
children age less than 15 years are equally affected. The male youth between A survey on trypanosoma species in blood was conducted in the Blue Nile
the ages of 16-30 are highly prone to infection than females. Lesion duration State to determine the prevalence of Trypanosoma vivax infection in Kenana
can go more than one year. Genetic variability was observed among the calves, using haematocrit centrifugation technique, wet blood film, thin and
different clinical forms. thick blood stained smears. The prevalence during the dry season ranged
Conclusion: CL incidence is increasing and, it affects all ages and both between 6.5 – 2.2% compared with 6.3 – 1.4% during the rainy season.
sex with more prevalence in young males. This study provided evidence This indicated that bovine trypanosomes due to T. vivax infection was quite
indicating that the clinical features of the disease caused by L. aethiopica prevalent in calves and it is also season dependent. The increase of infection
differs with regard to clinical aspects where LCL is more prevalent and the rate during the rainy season is highly likely due to the increase of biting flies’
face and arms are the most affected part of the body. Further investigation densities during the rainy season of heavy rain fall levels and floods.
on the epidemiology of CL, strains of L. aethiopica and the reason for the
occurrences of various types of clinical lesions in patients is recommended.
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This study recommended that efforts should be implemented to eradicate Epidemiology and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium [Link]
the vectors. Various integrated strategies should be used to control humans and cattle in Addis Ababa and its environs, Ethiopia
Trypanosomsis, using sterile insect techniques, insectsides and insect
repellents. Stomeo Francesca2, manyazewal Anberber1
1. Ambo university, Ambo, Ethiopia
As this study highlighting the increasing seasonality of infection rates, and as
atypical human infections caused by species that normally are restricted to 2. The Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research
Institute (BecA-ILRI ) Hub Nairobi, Kenya., Nairobi, Kenya
animals have been reported, mostly transient but some required treatment or
even can be fatal, precaution measures and great attention should be drawn
to prevent human infection. Cryptosporidiosis causes significant diarrheal disease in humans and animals
worldwide. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were used to investigate
the molecular epidemiology and identify risk factors of the infection in humans
and dairy cattle in Addis Ababa and its surrounding areas during June 2014
to June 2015. Faecal samples from 422 cattle and 300 dairy farm workers
and HIV seropositive individuals were examined by the Modified Ziehl-
Neelsen, PCR-RFLP and sequencing, data on risk factors of the infection were
collected using a pre-tested questionnaire and. the SPSS software was used
to analyse all collected data. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium in
cattle and humans was 18.6% (95% CI: 14.8–22.5) and 9% (95% CI: 5.5–12.3),
respectively. Cryptosporidium andersoni (73.3%) and C. parvum (26.7%) were
identified in cattle, whereas C. parvum (81.5%) and C. hominis (18.5%) were
detected in humans. In cattle, Cryptosporidium infection was significantly
associated with absence of calving pen (OR=2.46, 95% CI: 1.08–5.61), absence
of calf bedding (OR=10.55, 95% CI: 4.89–22.66), drinking river/stream water
(OR=2.9, 95% CI: 1.5–5.5) and group penning of calves (OR=2.7, 95% CI:
1.0–7.0). While in humans, the infection showed significant association with
drinking stream/well water (OR=3.3, 95% CI: 1.5–7.4) and contact with cattle
and their faeces (OR=3.6, 95% CI: 1.4–9.5). Cryptosporidium infection occurred
from week 1 to 3 months of age in the longitudinal study calves with an overall
prevalence of 40% (12/30). Pre-weaned calves were merely infected with C.
parvum and post-weaned calves were infected by C. andersoni. Phylogenetic
analysis showed that the C. parvum human isolates belong to the bovine
genotype family. In conclusion, the zoonotic C. parvum is prevalent and widely
distributed in cattle and humans in the study area, pre-weaned calves are
the potential risk group for human infection requiring special management
attention to prevent transmission of the infection to humans and lessen
contamination of the environment.

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Leishmania donovani: an in vitro study of antimony-resistant amphotericine Rapid epidemiological risk mapping of patterns of Leishmania donovani
B-sensitive [Link] donovani: an in vitro study of antimony- infection in Eastern Sudan
resistant amphotericine B-sensitive isolates.
Abdalla Sharief1, Eltahir Khalil2
Abdalla Sharief , Eltahir Khalil
1 2
1. Tropical Medicine Research Institute, National Centre for Research, Khartoum,
1. Department of Immunology, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, National Centre Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan
for Research, Khartoum, Sudan 2. Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Diseases,
2. Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Objectives: This study was initiated in an attempt to determine the in vitro Objectives: We performed a rapid epidemiological survey (RES) and spatial
sensitivity of Leishmania donovani isolates from Sudanese VL patients with analysis in order to i) map the population at risk of VL in eastern Sudan, and
diverse clinical drug responsiveness to standard leishmanicidal drugs. ii) produce an environment-based map of the areas at risk for VL in the same
area.
Methods: Eight isolates, six from antimony-resistant and two from clinically
responsive patients were included in the study. Parasites were tested as Methods: Following informal consent 800 randomly selected volunteers from
promastigotes and four of them were selected to be tested as amastigotes eight villages in Eastern Sudan were enrolled. Eight parasite isolates were
using a murine macrophage-like cell line. The results indicated that the cultured, characterized as L. donovani using Heteroduplex analysis (HDA) and
conventional promastigotes and amastigotes-screening assays did not RFLP. These parasites were tested for their in vitro sensitivities to pentostam
correlate with the clinical picture of patients. In vivo unresponsiveness does and amphotericin B using both promastigote model and macrophage-like cell
not necessarily mean primary parasite resistance. line system (J774).

Results: The results indicated that the conventional promastigotes and Results: The overall leishmanin reactivity (induration ≥5 mm) was 24.5%.
amastigotes-screening assays did not correlate with the clinical picture of Children <15 years had higher leishmanin reactivity (≥5 mm) of 13.2%
patients. Increasing concentrations of SSG diminished the incorporation of compared to 11.3% in adults. The DAT results showed that 13% (238/800)
the [3H]thymidine in a linear fashion compared to the control values in both titers above the diagnostic cut-off level of 1:3200, while 78% had titers under
sensitive and resistant isolates. [3H]thymidine uptake was inhibited in all the cut-off point. Eighty patients with VL and three patients with PKDL were
isolates in a linear fashion with increased concentrations of amphotericin B. seen in the study population. In vitro tested parasites showed marked linear
In the macrophage assays, the four parasites tested were highly infective to reduction in H3-thymidine incorporation. In the J 744-macrophage system, the
the cells (80–99%) and exhibited moderate to high intracellular replication parasite survival index (PSI) was similar for both drugs.
potentials.
Conclusion: RES can provide useful information in a short time (~10-14 days)
Conclusions: Amphotericin B could be a suitable second line drug in about disease pattern, population at risk (drug requirement) and target
patients unresponsive to pentostam and without concomitant diseases, population for future vaccination compagins. The constructed map and
if close hospital monitoring is available. Promastigotes sensitivity testing interactive map (GIS) can act as a nidus for development a Pan-Sudan/Pan-
concentrations are virtually incomparable with the in vivo clinically curable Africa VL map.
doses and the amastigotes/macrophage test concentrations.

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Determination of risk factors for the human host of leishmaniasis in Morocco Cross-boarder issues in elimination of Onchocerciasis in Africa:
The Galabat focus, Eastern Sudan.
Fatima SOUHMI1, Samia Boussaa1, 2, Ali Boumezzough1
Tarig Higazi1, Isam Za2
1. Laboratory of Ecology and Environment L2E (URAC 32),Faculty of Sciences
Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco 1. Ohio University, Zanesville, United States
2. Higher Institute of Nursing and technical occupations Health, Marrakech, Morocco 2. Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan

Introduction: In Morocco, three forms of leishmaniasis are known. Background: The Galabat focus in eastern Sudan close to the Ethiopian
Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) due to Leishmania major (L. major), border is the largest in Sudan following the recent elimination of Onchocerca
anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) by Leishmania tropica (L. tropica) volvulus from the Abu Hamed focus in the north. Its historically known
and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) due to Leishmanias infantum (L. infantum). as hyper-endemic, with prevalence up to 63%, to a nonblinding disease
To characterize the human population at high risk for cutaneous and visceral characterized with severe onchodermatitis. Annual community-based
leishmaniasis, an epidemiological case-control study was conducted in treatment with ivermectin commenced in 2007 and upgraded to semiannual
Marrakesh-Safi (endemic area of ACL) and Fes-Meknes (endemic area of VL) (every 6 month) regime in 2011 with the objective of eliminating the disease.
regions, with a total of 200 cases and 313 controls. We describe recent assessments to investigate interruption of disease
transmission in the focus and consequent cessation of mass treatment.
Study area & Methods: The total population of Marrakesh-Safi region was
estimated to 4520569 inhabitants; with 42.87% are urban inhabitants and Methodology/Principal Finding: The Galabat focus went through four years
57.13% rural inhabitants. While the population of Fes-Meknes region was of annual treatment followed by five years of semiannual treatment by
estimated to 4236892 inhabitants; with 60.52% are urban inhabitants and 2015; with coverage of over 85% of the targeted population in each round.
39.48% rural inhabitants (Moroccan High Commission for Planning, 2014). No O. volvulus L3 larvae were found in 9267 black flies collected from 3
sentinel sites throughout the focus by O-150 PCR pool screening (0/2000
We have adopted a case-control study. Thus, for each patient (case) and his flies; 0.41/2000 UL 95% CI). Ov16 assay applied to 4424 children 10 years
witness, anonymous questionnaires have been met, where we recorded all old from collected in Dec 2014 from 20 communities within the focus also
the information concerning the civil status, activity, life style and conditions of showed no evidence of O. volvulus antibodies (0%; 0.03% UL 95% CI). No
immediate environment. skin snip microfilariae were found in 1046 individuals from 10 communities
within the focus in 2016. In addition, no evidence of skin snip microfilaria or
Results: Identifying the risk factors of leishmaniasis in study areas offers
Ov16 antibodies were seen in communities north of the focus in 2013. These
significant information to design and develop effective control measures. Our
results are well below the 2016 WHO thresholds for interruption of the disease
results show that the presence of animals, individual houses with cracked
transmission.
walls, age and gender were associated with increased risk of leishmaniasis
infection. On the other hand, healthy living, education, vaccination and use of Conclusions/Significance: We provide evidence that continued and intensified
insecticide were associated with reduced risk of both visceral and cutaneous ivermectin treatment alone could interrupt the disease transmission in as
leishmaniasis little as 15 rounds of documented treatment. Although the Galabat focus
has interrupted transmission based on the current WHO guidelines, mass
Discussion and conclusion: Our findings have implications for planning and
treatment continues bending the status of the disease in the Ethiopian focus
control of leishmaniasis in Morocco. Firstly, individual protective measures
across the border. However, the decision has been made to continue mass
such as use insecticide and improve hygiene conditions could easily be
treatment pending the interruption of transmission in the neighboring focus of
adopted for the prevention of leishmaniasis in our study areas; and secondly
Metama in Western Ethiopia. This first example of cross-boarder coordinated
improving housing conditions such as removing cracks from houses and keep
strategy in Africa will be discussed.
breeding away from the house would help to reduce risk of leishmaniasis in
Morocco.

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USING ONE HEALTH APPROACH TO CONTROL THE CAMEL-DOG-MAN
RISK ZOONOTIC CYCLE OF ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS IN KARAMOJA
REGION, UGANDA.
Francis Inangolet Olaki Plenary Session 2:
Morogoro District Local Government, Karamojo, Uganda One Health and Impact on Climate Change

Cystic echinococcois (CE) a zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus

granulosus is one of the most important helminthic disease worldwide. In this
abstract we report the prevalence of this parasite in indigenous camels in
Karamoja region.
Three hundred and sixty two (362) camels slaughtered for human
consumption were examined at four slaughter slabs in the region between
2014 until 2016.
The overall infection rate was recorded as 44.6%. Considering infection in the
liver 43.5% of the animals were infected while 33.4% presented infection in
the lungs, 3.1% in the peritoneal cavity and 20% in the spleen.
The infection rate in males (54.2%) was slightly higher than that in females
(45.8%). The study also showed that there was a higher susceptibility of
multiple organ infections in the female camels (33.6%) as compared to 21.7%
in male camels. The prevalence in camels above six years of age was 45.7%
while in camels younger than six years was 23.6%.
We observe also here that the pastoralist production system, the stray dog
population (109,000) and the extreme lack of hygienic conditions at slaughter
slabs had significant impact on the high infection due to Echinococcus
granulosus in the area and those pastoralists were at a higher risk of being
infected. This paper discusses strategies that could be used to control CE
given the enormous challenges associated with the pastoralist production
system of Karamoja region in Uganda and how the ONE HEALTH approach
could offer solutions to this Public Health problem.

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Characterisation of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from apparently Occurrence of Oestrus ovis parasitism in a necropsied sheep at a teaching
healthy cattle and their attendants in Tanzania and research farm in the western highland of Cameroon (Central Africa)
Balichene Madoshi1, Egle Kudirkiene3, Madundo Mtambo4, Amandus Marc K Kouam, Jules Lemoufouet, Fernand Tendonkeng
Muhairwa1, Athumani Lupindu1, Olsen John3
University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
1. Sokoine University of Agriculture, College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences.,
Morogoro, Tanzania
The teaching and research farm (TRF) is a perfect livestock-human interface
2. Livestock Training Agency, Mpwapwa, Dodoma, Tanzania area for a rapid dissemination of zoonoses. The sheep nasal bot, Oestrus
3. Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, ovis (Diptera: Oestridae), a parasite commonly found in sheep, and
University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark occasionally in goats and man, is known to occur in the Mediterranean area.
4. Tanzania Industrial Research Developments Organisation, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania This study reports the occurrence of O. ovis in sub-Saharan Africa, in an
area characterized by an increasing and permanent interaction between
livestock and human. Following complaints of sudden deaths in sheep flock
Abstract: While pathogenic types of Escherichia coli are well characterized,
at the farm, a sheep was examined at necropsy to determine the possible
relatively little is known about the commensal E. coli flora. In the current
cause of the mysterious deaths often reported. The head was found to be
study, antimicrobial resistance in commensal E. coli and distribution of
infested with the larvae of O. ovis. Since the area is open to wild life, and
ERIC-PCR genotypes among isolates of such bacteria from cattle and cattle
animals are not quarantined before introduction into the TRF, the infestation
attendants on cattle farms in Tanzania were investigated. Seventeen E. coli
with this parasite would be widespread in small ruminants on the farm.
genomes representing different ERIC-PCR types of commensal E. coli were
Infestation of human (students, farm personnel and even visitors) would also
sequenced in order to determine their possible importance as a reservoir
be widespread but ignored due to the fact that O. ovis diagnosed only at post
for both antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors. Both human
mortem examination, would not be suspected when ophthalmomyiasis and
and cattle isolates were highly resistant to tetracycline (40.8 % and 33.1 %),
ear-nose-throat myiasis are observed in humans. This study highlights the
sulphamethazole-trimethoprim (49.0 % and 8.8 %) and ampicillin (44.9 % and
interconnectedness of animals, humans, and the environment.
21.3 %).
However, higher proportion of resistant E. coli and higher frequency of
resistance to more than two antimicrobials was found in isolates from cattle
attendants than isolates from cattle. Sixteen out of 66 ERIC-PCR genotypes
were shared between the two hosts, and among these ones, seven types
contained isolates from cattle and cattle attendants from the same farm,
suggesting transfer of strains between hosts. Genome-wide analysis
showed that the majority of the sequenced cattle isolates were assigned to
phylogroups B1, while human isolates represented phylogroups A, C, D and E.
In general, in silico resistome and virulence factor identification did not reveal
differences between hosts or phylogroups, except for lpfA and iss found to
be cattle and B1 phylogroup specific. The most frequent plasmids replicon
genes found in strains from both hosts were of IncF type, which are commonly
associated with carriage of antimicrobial and virulence genes. Commensal E.
coli from cattle and attendants were found to share same genotypes and to
carry antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes associated with both intra
and extraintestinal E. coli pathotypes.

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The Influence of Weather Patterns on Biodiversity and Health in Uganda SITUATION OF BACTERIA INFECTION IN PORK AFTER SLAUGHTER IN
MARKET IN HUE CITY
Fredrick Kabbale, Martha Kaddumukasa
Hung Pham
Makerere University, Kamuli, Uganda
Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue, Vietnam
Changes in weather patterns and anthropogenic activities are evident in
Uganda and are posing a serious threat to the country’s natural resources, This study was conducted to determine bacteria contamination rate by time.
biodiversity and health, as well as the social and economic development. Total of 270 samples were collected randomly in butcher counter at 3 market
Changes have been predicted to continue in the form of higher temperatures in Hue city are An Cuu, Dong Ba, Tay Loc. Prevalence of total aerobic bacteria,
and inter-annual rainfall variability. Emergence and re-emergence of pests and E. coli, S. aureus and Salmonella spp. on pork in all 3 markets increased over
diseases, and increasing frequency of severe floods will continue presenting time of slaughter. Total aerobic bacteria after the slaughter of 1 hour, 4 hour
social and economic hardships. Loss of plant mass due to reduced rainfall and 8 hours. After 1 hours of slaughter: S. aureus infection rates 81,11 CFU/g;
and high temperatures, promoting desertification will disturb the symbiotic Salmonella spp.: 4,44%; E. coli: 94,44%. After 4 hours of slaughter: S. aureus
relationship between plants and animals including insects. Some species infection rates 85,56%; Salmonella spp. is 5,56%; E. coli is 98,89%. After 8
of plants and animals may suffer extinction or change in locations and/ hours of slaughter: S. aureus infection rates average: 87,78%; Salmonella spp:
or behaviour. Controlled anthropogenic activities, enforcement of existing 6,67%; E. coli: 100%. Prevalence of microorganisms in samples collected in the
policies and regulations on sustainable use of ecosystem resources, markets mentioned above are higher than the Health Ministry’s regulations on
awareness raising to all stakeholders, strengthening institutional capacity to microbiological criteria for fresh meat.
design and implement adaptation and mitigation strategies and improved
monitoring of weather patterns and biodiversity are recommended.

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What motivates students’ participation in One Health Innovations Club Epidemiologyof hepatitis C virus among hemodialysis patients in the Middle
Activities? East and North Africa: systematic syntheses, meta-analyses, and meta-
regressions
Timothy Wakabi1, Elizabeth Alunguru1, Winnie Bikaako1, Agnes Yawe1,
Elizabeth Kajumba1, William Bazeyo2 Manale Harfouche1, Hiam Chemaitelly1, Sarwat Mahmud1, Karima Chaabna1, 2,
Silva Kouyoumjian1, Zaina Al Kanaani1, Kaith Abu Raddad1, 2
1. One Health Central and Eastern Africa, Kampala, Uganda
2. School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda 1. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar,
Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar, Doha, Qatar
2. Department of Healthcare Policy & Research, Weill Cornell Medicine,
Introduction: One Health Students Innovations Club (OHSIC) is a strategy Cornell University, New York, USA, New York, United States
used in pre-service training to promote experiential learning and support
breaking disciplinary silos among the future One Health workforce. One
Health Central and Eastern Africa, a network of 21 schools of Public Health We aimed to investigate hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemiology among
and Veterinary Medicine has been supporting creation and nurturing of OHSIC hemodialysis (HD) patients in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).
as part of the One Health workforce development strategy. Our data source was an HCV biological measures database populated
through systematic literature searches. Descriptive epidemiologic syntheses,
Methods: We conducted an online survey to understand what motivates effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions, and genotype analyses were
students to join and participate in OHSIC activities. The survey covered conducted. We analysed 289 studies including 106463 HD patients. HCV
OHSIC members from Uganda, Rwanda and Tanzania. Emails with a link to the incidence ranged between 0-100% as seroconversion risk, and between 0-14.7
survey were sent to all OHSIC members with email addresses. Reminders to per 1000 person-years as incidence rate. The regional pooled mean estimate
complete the survey were sent through social media, OHSIC leadership, and was 29.2% (95% CI: 25.6-32.8%) for HCV antibody positive prevalence and
emails. Data were exported to SPSS-PC for statistical analysis. Wordle™ as a 63.0% (95% CI: 55.4-70.3%) for viremic rate. Region within MENA, country
word cloud generator. income group, and year of data collection were associated with HCV
prevalence; year of data collection adjusted odds ratio was 0.92 (95% CI:
Results: 122 respondents participated in the survey and 72% were male.
0.90-0.95). Genotype diversity varied across countries with four genotypes
Majority (83.2%) were bachelors’ degree students, 6% diploma level, while
documented regionally: genotype 1 (68.8%), genotype 2 (9.6%), genotype
9% were post-graduate. Composition in terms of academic discipline was
3 (7.9%), and genotype 4 (13.5%). Our findings showed that one-third of HD
as follows: 38% veterinary medicine, 17% public health, 14% wildlife, 9%
patients are HCV antibody positive and one-fifth are chronic carriers and can
nursing, 5% human medicine, 3% zoology and conservation, and 5% others.
transmit the infection. However, HCV prevalence is declining. In context of
Motivation to join and participate in OHSIC activities was due to networking
growing HD patient population and increasing HCV treatment availability,
opportunities, learning opportunities, multidisciplinary collaboration benefits,
it is critical to improve standards of infection control in dialysis and expand
support received from faculty, community outreach opportunities, Clubs’
treatment coverage.
mission and vision, and potential for One Health in addressing challenges.
Discussion: OHSIC has been effective in bringing together multidisciplinary
teams of students and to build their skills in One Health. Students from non-
science based disciplines are not motivated to join and participate in the
club activities despite recent epidemics such as Ebola having highlighted
the need for involvement of such disciplines in order to successfully manage
epidemics. Understanding what motivates student participation in the club’s
activities is important in informing the nurturing of the clubs and ensuring their
sustainability.

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CHARACTERIZE THE TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF HIV INCIDENCE AMONG majority of incidence among couples was due to extramarital sex. These
STABLE COUPLES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA projections highlight that prevention approaches that target both SCs and
individuals not engaged in SCs are critical to achieve substantial reductions in
Susanne Awad1, Hiam Chemaitelly1, Laith Abu-Raddad1, 2, 3 HIV incidence.
1. 1Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
2. 2Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
3. 3Hamad bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar

Introduction: We quantified and characterized the temporal evolution of the

contribution of several types of sexual-partnership HIV statuses to total HIV
incidence in six representative countries at different HIV epidemic scales in
sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).
Methods: A pair-based deterministic compartmental mathematical model was
constructed to describe the dynamics of HIV transmission in SSA. The model
accommodated for movement of individuals between different forms of sexual
partnerships and infection statuses. Stable couples (SCs) were divided into
sero-concordant negative couples (SCNCs), sero-discordant couples (SDCs),
and sero-concordant positive couples. Throughout epidemic phases, historical
and future trends (1980 to 2030) of sources of HIV incidence by partnership
status were projected based on population-based nationally-representative
epidemiologic and demographic input data.
Results: As the epidemics emerged and peaked, HIV incidence resulting
among SDCs increased from 6%-32% to 19%-44% of total HIV incidence,
mostly due to HIV transmissions within the SDCs. As the epidemics started
their natural decline and further decline with antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale-
up, the contribution of SDCs to total HIV incidence declined in intermediate
and high HIV-prevalence countries, but increased in low HIV-prevalence
countries. As the epidemics emerged and peaked, HIV incidence resulting
among SCNCs from extramarital sex declined from 54%-80% to 35%-73% of
total HIV incidence. As the epidemics started their natural decline and further
decline with ART scale-up, this proportion increased in intermediate and
high HIV-prevalence countries, but declined in low HIV-prevalence countries.
Between 9% to 29% of total HIV incidence occurred among individuals not
engaged in SCs. This proportion was stable throughout the HIV epidemics,
but was higher with higher HIV prevalence.
Conclusion: The contribution of different forms of sexual-partnership HIV
statuses to total HIV incidence varied with time and was dependent on HIV
epidemic phase and scale. Throughout the epidemics, more than two thirds
of HIV incidence occurred among individuals engaged in SCs, however, the

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HANDLING PRACTICES, QUALITY AND SAFETY OF MILK ALONG THE The Role of ICT in Global One Health
DAIRY VALUE CHAINS IN FOUR SELECTED SUBCITES OF ADDIS ABABA,
ETHIOPIA Susan Muriithi
KEMRI, Nairobi, Kenya
Fufa Abunna, Nigus Tassew, Fikru Regassa, Dinka Ayana, Kebede Amenu
Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, P.O. Box 34,
Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
Global One Health connects Ohio State University to Health Institutions in
Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Brazil, Thailand, China, India and beyond in a
coordinated, multidisciplinary approach to improve health, build capacity, and
A cross sectional study was conducted from January 2016 to April 2017 in four provide learning opportunities for students across the globe.
selected sub cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia with the objectives of assessing
milk handling practices, determine bacterial contamination and detect
selected milk-borne zoonotic pathogens along the dairy value chain. A total
of 146 respondents were interviewed to collect the required information from
farmers, vendors and restaurants about owner and workers’ awareness about
pre and post-harvest milk handling practices. About 75.7% of farmers did not
clean their hands between milking, 25.7% did not wash cow teats (udder) and
25.7% clean animal houses three times per a week. The majority (62.86%)
of farmers were not trained on farm management and milk handling. Forty
milk samples (29 raw and 11 boiled) from different sources were analyzed for
bacterial load and the result reveals that overall mean total aerobic bacterial
counts and coliform counts were 7.17 and 4.85 log10 cfu/ml respectively, and
significantly different between sample types (raw and boiled milk), and sample
sources (farm and restaurants, and vendor and restaurants) (P<0.05). The
highest coliform (5.56log10 cfu/ml) and total aerobic bacteria counts (8.99
log10 cfu/ml) were observed at farm and vendor level respectively. A total of
248 milk and swab samples were collected for laboratory detection of [Link]
and Escherichia coli O157:H7. The overall isolation rate of [Link] and [Link]
O157:H7 were found 123(49.60%) and 17(6.85%) respectively. There were
statistically significant difference between sample sources, sample types and
districts (p><0.05) except between districts for [Link] O157:H7. All isolates of
E. coli O157:H7 were checked for their susceptibility pattern for 14 selected
antibiotics. Even though all isolates were susceptible (100%) to kanamycine
and nalidixic acid, most of the isolates showed resistance to most drugs. It
was concluded that unhygienic practices of milking and post-harvest handling
along the dairy value chain possibly contributed to microbial contamination
of milk. Detection of [Link] and [Link] O157:H7 in milk is of public health
significance due to their zoonotic potential. Public education should be given
to all stakeholders in dairy industry on milking and post-harvest handling of
milk to limit the likely losses due to rejection of spoiled milk, and milk-borne
pathogens resulting from contamination.

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Why is Environmental Risk Assessment and Environmental Risk Conclusion: EnRA provides a systematic, transparent and consistent means
Management lagging behind? to analyze potential environmental impacts. The use of EnRA in urban and
regional planning and management is fast becoming a standard practice,
Salome Margaret Molefe, Mangaka Mahlako either as a stand-alone or as a component of to EIA as modern environmental
National Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria, South Africa planning and management integrate EnRA, EIA and urban environmental
management. EnRA value lies in identifying potential environmental resources
for development and allowing decision-makers to select management options
Environmental risk assessment (EnRA) deals with the interactions of agents
with least negative effects. EnRA key products are risk management and
or hazards, human and ecological resources. It describes human population,
communication plan, therefore its positive use in EIA offers a more holistic
ecological resources and agents, analyzes agents and exposure potentials,
assessment, it enables integration of environmental, social and economic
characterizes the potential for adverse effects, defines uncertainties,
aspects and it assist to prioritize issues requiring management.
generates options to deal with the risks, and communicates information about
the risks to humans and ecosystems. EnRA has two components: Human
Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) and Ecological Risk Assessment. (EcoRA).
EnRA can also be used in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) processes.
The aim: To explore the current use of EnRA and its component EcoRA
within South Africa, evaluate its effectiveness and suggest how to make
improvement, answer the question of whether the EnRA use will add
significant value to the EIA process, and exploit its strengths and its limitations
and briefly consider the role that EnRA plays and could potentially play in the
transition to the Green Economy.
Methods: Methodology involves: reviews of chemical risk assessment and
EIA legislations, methodologies for evaluation of chemical risk assessment
of human medicines, veterinary drugs, pesticides and industrial chemicals
in South Africa, literature reviews relating to use of environmental risk
assessment in EIA processes
Results: EnRA is not developed compared to human health risk assessment.
It is not well understood how chemicals affect the environment and ecological
risk assessment and as such the EnRA was neglected in evaluations of
pharmaceuticals, veterinary drugs and pesticides. Ecotoxicological risks
of released and disposed chemicals and chemical ingredients used in
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics (e.g. plastic microbeads) and their impacts
on wildlife species, amphibian, reptile, and non-target species and their
impacts on biodiversity and the ecosystem is insufficiently considered in risk
assessment. Soil risk assessment of chemical stressors and the influence of
molecular structure on the environmental persistence of a chemicals is not
well understood. EnRA is not integrated with EIA and the risk assessment
usually focuses only on a single chemical substance at the time ignoring the
actual complexity of the world and the range of exposures and vulnerabilities.

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Review of mHealth Programs for Infectious Disease Management in Conclusion: mHealth was appreciated by all respondents. It was
Punjab - Pakistan recommended to widen the scope of mHealth projects for all categories of
health services by engaging all stakeholders.
S.M Mursalin
Lahore, Pakista

Introduction: Infectious and contagious diseases pose a severe burden

on the health care system in Pakistan as well as having a negative impact
on socio-economic growth and productivity. These are exacerbated by the
limited access to quality assured health care services in impoverished urban
and rural communities. To address this situation and to ensure real time data
collection on important infectious diseases, smart phones based simple and
easy to use tools are being used to improve infectious disease surveillance
and management
Aim: Pak One Health Alliance (NGO) was mandated for the development
and launch of a mHealth application for vector borne disease prevention and
control. This idea is based on lessons learnt during the worst outbreak of
Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in 2011 in Punjab that led to around 300
deaths and affected around 19000 patients.
Method: A baseline exercise was thus organized to determine the availability
and use of mHealth applications deployed for real time data collection for
infectious diseases. This was in turn matched with the International Best
Practices. Quantitative cum Qualitative approach was used by evolving a
structured questionnaire and semi structured interviews for information
collection from the end users, developers, program and policy managers
and community. Snowball sampling was used to collect data from relevant
stakeholders.
Results: The data obtained from 9 mHealth projects indicated that more than
50% users were trained for less than 1 week and only 10% were trained for 4
weeks for using mHealth apps. Since 77% of the surveyed mHealth projects
were owned by Govt. of Punjab, therefore, technically designed by Punjab
Information Technology Board while implemented by respective health
projects.
It was also observed that there was insufficient coordination between the
ultimate beneficiaries /users and application developers. This hindered
ownership by the end users had created a sense of alienation between
designers and implementers. One hospital based application was termed as
‘un-necessary workload on already overburdened the hospital administration.

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Prevalence of bovine subclinical mastitis and associated risk factors in Identification, selection and weighting of food safety risk factors to be
smallholder dairy farms of Mecha district, West Gojjam zone, Ethiopia considered for their inclusion in the Canadian Food Inspection Agency’s
Hatchery Risk Assessment model
Tadesse Mihret1, Seleshe Nigatu2, Araya Mengistu2, Sarah Waibel3, Shu Wang4,
Gebreyes Wondwossen5 Marie-Lou Gaucher1, Alexandre Tremblay1, Sylvain Quessy1, Alexandre Leroux2,
Sunny Ng2, Geneviève Comeau3, Pascal Moreau2, Teresa Cereno2,
1. University of Gondar, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health,
Gondar, Ethiopia Manon Racicot1, 3
2. Collage of Vet Med and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia 1. Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
3. The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, United States 2. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada
4. Associate Professor-Clinical, COPH -Division of Epidemiology, 3. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
The Ohio State University, USA., Columbus, United States
5. Global Health Programs, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University The poultry meat and egg industries represent the most important segments
and VPH-Biotec Global Consortium, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
of the food processing industry in Canada, generating more than 4 billion
dollars each year. Both the Canadian and world’s productions of these
A cross sectional study was conducted in Mecha district, west Gojam, Ethiopia commodities has kept increasing over the past 15 years, probably explaining
from December 2016 to April 2017 to estimate the prevalence of subclinical why foodstuff of poultry origin is linked to the majority of human cases of
mastitis and see associations with potential risk factors. The study was carried foodborne zoonoses. Combined with the constantly growing demand for
out using California Mastitis Test (CMT) at quarter level on a total of 344 (225 poultry meat and egg products, as well as with the Canadian national strategy
local and 119 cross breed) lactating cows. The overall prevalence of subclinical currently implemented to reduce the use of antimicrobials at the farm and
mastitis in the study area was 21.8%, with higher rate in crossbreds (31.1%) than hatchery levels, this situation reinforces the need for implementing strategies
indigenous zebu breeds (16.9%) (p < 0.05). The result at quarter level shows a to address pathogen contamination and transmission issues along the
total prevalence of 7.65% (104 out of 1360 tested quarters) and there were no poultry production chain in order to preserve the health of Canadians. For
statistically significant variation between the front quarter teats (3.75%) and pathogens such as Salmonella, epidemiological studies have clearly shown
hind quarter teats (3.89%) (p > 0.05). Based on this study among expected that the transmission, either vertical or horizontal, from the parent stocks to
potential risk factors considered, breed and stage of lactation were found to the hatching or table eggs, was contributing to the dissemination of these
have statistically significant correlation with subclinical mastitis (p < 0.05) but pathogens posing a threat to public health, given their foodborne nature and
age and parity have no statistically significant relation with the occurrence of most often, their antibiotic resistance profile. Controlling pathogens of public
subclinical mastitis. The result on the assessment of knowledge and practices health concern in poultry production is a core challenge. In the transmission
towards subclinical and clinical mastitis in the study area reveled that almost pathway of many pathogens in poultry, the hatchery represents a critical
all (99.98 %, N=89) have no idea on subclinical mastitis though 78.9 % (N= 71) juncture.
of them heard about and know major clinical signs of clinical mastitis. Majority
of the participants (81.1%, N=73) used to wash their hands before and after Various factors and measures can contribute to lowering the contamination
milking with water but not insignificant number (18.9%, N=17) didn’t wash their risk posed by a hatchery, and these elements were used as a basis for the
hands at all or use separate towels while milking the cow. Likewise 87.8% (N= development of the first steps of the new Canadian Food Inspection Agency
79) of the participants responded that they didn’t clean teats of the animal hatchery risk assessment model. By quantitatively assessing these factors in
before or after milking. Hence implementing proper sanitation in dairy farm is their relative contribution to the infectious foodborne disease risk represented
essential not only in the prevention of mastitis and financial losses due to low by each of the 96 federally-registered hatcheries in Canada, this new
milk productivity but also in the prevention of milk-borne zoonotic diseases, it inspection model will help CFIA to appropriately allocate inspection resources
is strongly recommended to implement regular awareness creation programs in its risk-based food safety continuous improvement aiming at ensuring the
regarding dairy farm management system and zoonoses to dairy farm owners best public health protection.
in the study area.
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The objective of the current study was to identify, select and weight the PREVALENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILE OF
critical food safety-related risk factors that should be included in a hatchery STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM MUTTON IN MEKELLE CITY,
risk assessment model. An initial literature review, along with advices from ETHIOPIA
an expert panel, was used to develop a comprehensive list of all potentially
contributing risk factors. A second step involved a refinement process looking Yisehak Redda1, Mukhtar Hussein1, Getachew Amede2, Nesibu Ababelgu2,
at merging risk factors with a similar focus and at redefining and clarifying Meselu Ahmed2
these factors to avoid duplication and overlap between risk factors. Among 1. Mekelle University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle Ethiopia
the 37 risk factors selected, 6 were pertaining to the global inherent risk 2. Wollo University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Wollo Ethiopia,
attributed to a hatchery facility, 17 were classified as mitigation factors and 14
were falling into the compliance factor category.
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of food poisoning resulting from
On March 22nd 2017, 11 Canadian hatchery experts, participated in a two- the consumption of contaminated food with staphylococcal enterotoxins.
round face-to-face Delphi exercise to assess the relative risk of each factor Moreover, development of drug resistant Staphylococcus strains causes
on the human food safety burden attributed to hatcheries. Results showed considerable therapeutic problems. Hence, the current cross-sectional
that there was a broad consensus among the various risk factors and clusters study was conducted from July 2016 to November 2016 in Mekelle City,
weighted, regardless of the respondent professional profile. As a result, Ethiopia to isolate and characterize S. aureus from raw mutton, to estimate its
the median values assigned to each risk factor and clusters during the prevalence and to determine its antibiogram against nine selected antibiotic
second round will be used in the new Canadian Food Inspection Agency risk discs. For this, 210 mutton samples were collected from abattoirs (n= 70),
assessment model for hatcheries. butchery shops (n=70 ), and restaurants (n= 70) and analyzed for presence of
S. aureus following the standard bacteriological techniques and procedures
in Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of College of Veterinary Medicine,
Mekelle University. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were used for
analyses. Out of the total 210 raw mutton samples 45 (21.4%) were found to
be positive for S. aureus. The sample source based prevalence of S. aureus
were 9/70 (12.9%), 20/70 (28.5%) and 16/70 (22.9%) from abattoir, retail meat
outlets, and restaurants, respectively. There was no significant difference
(p≥0.05) among the different sample sources in the prevalence of S. aureus.
All (100%) of the tested S. aureus isolates were found to be susceptible to
Gentamycin and Cefoperzone. However, all of the S. aureus isolates (100%)
were showed the highest level of resistance to Amoxicillin and Tetracycline.
The current study indicated that the existence of photogenic S. aureus in
mutton and its multidrug resistant development to many tested drugs in the
study area. Therefore, the food safety requirements should be followed strictly
in accordance with Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) at various
stages of food handling and processing and Gentamycin and Cefoperzone
should be properly used as a choice of drugs in the study area when they are
available.

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Influenza viruses in backyard poultry, pigs, and people in pig rearing Conclusions: Our study provides evidence that seasonal human influenza
communities in northwestern Bangladesh, 2014-2016 A viruses circulating in these communities were also infecting pigs during
the same time period. Further characterization of samples from this study
Shamim Sarkar1, Salah Uddin Khan1, 5, Stephen P Luby2, Emily S Gurley1, 4, will elucidate if these influenza strains have genetic changes that might
Katharine Sturm-Ramirez3, Todd Davis3, Mohammad Enayet Hossain1, Syed carry a public health risk. Continued surveillance is recommended because
Sayeem Uddin Ahmed1, Mohammed Ziaur Rahman1, Karim Uddin1, Erin D circulation of H5 influenza in poultry, cross species transmission suggests
Kennedy3 that this is a high risk setting for reassortment of strains and so emergence of
1. Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, novel potentially dangerous strains that could infect humans.
Dhaka, Bangladesh
2. Center for Innovation in Global Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
United States
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Atlanta, GA, United States
4. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
5. Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada

Background: The surveillance and detection of endemic and novel emerging

influenza viruses in poultry, pigs and humans is important for human and
animal health. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence
of influenza virus infection among sick poultry, pigs with influenza like
symptoms and people with influenza like illness (ILI) and identify cross-species
transmission in pig rearing communities in northwestern Bangladesh.
Methods: From June 2014 to August 2016, we performed surveillance in
sick poultry, pigs with influenza like symptoms, and humans with ILI in 240
pig raising households from 13 villages in northwestern Bangladesh. Once a
week, we visited the households to screen sick poultry that showed clinical
signs and symptoms of highly pathogenic avian influenza, pigs with influenza
like symptoms and humans with ILI. We collected oropharyngeal and cloacal
swabs from sick poultry, nasal swabs from pigs with influenza like symptoms
and nasopharyngeal and throat swabs from humans with ILI. We performed
real-time RT-PCR on the swab samples to identify influenza virus subtypes.
Results: We collected swab samples from 173 sick poultry, 253 pigs with
influenza like symptoms, and 146 humans with ILI. The prevalence of influenza
A virus infections was highest in poultry (32%, 95% CI: 25-39) followed by
people (23%, 95% CI: 17-30), and pigs (4%, CI: 2-7). In sick poultry, the most
common subtype identified was H5 (95%, 52/55). In people, the most common
subtype was H3 (68%, 23/34); 32% were pandemic H1. Pigs were primarily
infected with the pandemic H1 (90%, 9/10). Most influenza A virus infections
among people (31/34, 91%) and pigs (9/10, 90%) occurred during June-August.
In poultry, most of the influenza A virus infections occurred during February -
May.
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PROBIOTICS AS ALTERNATIVE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTICS FOR SMALL Sources of Professional Information for Kenyan Veterinary Surgeons and
RUMINANT MASTITIS PATHOGENS: STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND Veterinary Paraprofessionals
ESCHERICHIA COLI, ABA’ALA, AFAR, ETHIOPIA
MAURINE CHEPKWONY1, Kelvin Momanyi1, 2, Eric Fevre1, 3
Yisehak Redda , Mohamed Said Abdulle , Getachew Amede , Nesibu
1 3 2
1. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
Ababelgu2, Meselu Ahmed2
2. University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
1. 1Mekelle University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle, Ethiopia
3. University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
2. 2Wollo University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine., Wollo, Ethiopia
3. 3IGAD Sheikh Technical Veterinary School, Sheikh, Somalia
The need for evidence-based Veterinary Medicine forces Veterinary Surgeons
and para-professionals to remain in touch with latest developments in
Subclinical mastitis is well known to cause huge economic losses in the dairy the veterinary sector but the flood of irrelevant data remains a challenge.
production. Thus, the current cross sectional and experimental studies were Overcoming this needs identification of efficient information sources and
employed from July, 2016 to November, 2016 to isolate and characterize selective acquisition of scientifically valid information. This study sought
E. coli and S. aureus from mastitic lactating small ruminants and to isolate insight into the information seeking behaviour of veterinary professionals
and evaluate the indigenous beneficial lactic acid bacteria strains as a in Kenya. The objectives were to identify are accessible, reliable, relevant
potential probiotic for the prevention of small ruminant mastitis in Aba’ala and preferred sources and channels of information used by Veterinary
and its environs, Afar Region. Clinical examination of the udder, California professionals and to understand what influences their preferences. A
Mastitis Test, bacteriological characterization of the isolates were performed. survey monkey was disseminated to Kenyan Veterinary surgeons and
Biochemical and BIOLOG isolation and identification and evaluation of paraprofessionals in Kenya through recognized channels such as email, yahoo
antibacterial activities of lactic acid bacteria strains were done to identify the groups, and google groups.
potential probiotic bacteria. Descriptive statistics were used for analyses.
The overall prevalence of sub clinical mastitis was found to be 25.3%. The Majority of respondents seek extra information/training with different
prevalence of sub clinical mastitis was higher in sheep (30.8%) than goats factors motivating them. The highest ranking reason was personal interest
(20.8%). The overall prevalence of the pathogens were found to be 36.8% hence why the cost of attending most of the trainings is self-sponsored.
and 27% for S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. The highest mastitis pathogen Conferences are the largest avenue used by Kenyan veterinarians to obtain
wise prevalence was recorded for S. aureus (36.8%). From a total of 19 professional information, followed by peer reviewed journals and online
pure colonies of LAB isolates, only 10 of LAB isolates showed maximum courses. Google and yahoo groups are the biggest avenue through which the
growth of inhibition and further identified.. Two of them were identified to Kenyan veterinary professional discovers upcoming conferences. The Kenya
species level (Tetragenococcus halophilus) and three were to genus level Veterinary Journal was reported as the most read journal and the FAO the
(Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Dsygonomonas). But the remaining five most consulted website followed by Merck Veterinary Manual online mostly
LAB isolates were identified neither at genus nor species level because of to find out about disease prevention. Keeping updated with professional
their slow growth nature. Isolates 1MX (Enterococcus), 3MM (Lactobacillus), information is one of the leading reasons why the Kenyan veterinary
1M3 (Dsygonomonas), and 3M3 (Tetragenococcus halophilus) were showed professional consults their preferred sources. Electronic sources were
inhibition for both E. coli and S. aureus. Whereas isolate 372 (Tetragenococcus preferred by majority of respondents. However, the veterinary profession
halophilus) was only showed inhibition for E. coli. The current finding is a new engages quite largely in consultations among colleagues in clinical practise
insight in the use of locally isolated beneficiary probiotics. Therefore, further which shows a connection between colleagues in the field.
characterization of the promising lactic acid bacteria should be done and
before the use of the promising candidate lactic acid bacteria isolates, the
safety of the isolates should be carefully and systematically assessed.

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The Role of Soluble Adhesion Molecules in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus One Health in South Asia and Its Challenges in Implementation through
Stakeholder Perspective
Ola Al-jammal, Maryam abdel-Hady
Rojan Dahal
Qatar Uniersity, Doha, Qatar
One Health Initiative for South Asia, Kathamandu, Nepal

Abstract: One Health is a concept which fosters collaborative relationships

between human health, animal health and environmental health partners.
Diseases are emerging and remerging in South Asia due to poor sanitation,
close proximity of people to livestock, deforestation, porous borders, climate
change, changes in human behaviour and unhygienic food preparation and
consumption practices.
This review was completed in two stages. First, we conducted a review
of peer-reviewed literature and grey literature available in Google search
engine related to One Health in four countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India &
Nepal). Second, we used a structured questionnaire completed by the key
stakeholders working on One Health for the collection of information related
to the challenges in implementing One Health.
Bangladesh and India did considerable work in advancing One Health
with limited support from the government agencies. Most of the One
Health activities in South Asia are determined by donor [Link]
surveillance mechanisms, uncertain cost effectiveness of One Health
compared to the existing approach, human resources, and laboratory capacity
are some of the factors hindering implementation of the One Health concept.
Implementation of One Health is growing in the South Asia region with
limited or no government acceptance. To institutionalise it, there is a need for
leadership, government support and funding.

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Global One Health initiative (GOHi) eastern Africa Region: The Ohio State Support Eastern Africa regional Governments in activities beyond One Health
model system (National Health Research Ethics Committee, Ministerial Advisory Committee,
Drug importation Authorization Committees (FMHACA) in Ethiopia; regional
Getnet Yimer, Emia Oppenheim, Ashely Bersani, Tigist Endashaw, rabies prevention engagement workshop in Kenya and an service in PhD
Wondwossen Gebreyes external examination Muhimbili University in Tanzania and others;
Global One Health initiative: The Ohio State University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Conducted One Health leadership and communications training for the top
level managers of the Ethiopian Public Health Institute.
Cognizant of the huge gap in capability while handling One Health related
agenda in Eastern Africa and building on the longstanding fruitful partnership,
the Ohio State University established a regional Global One Health initiative
(GOHi) based at its central regional office in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. While its
office was established in Fall, 2016, a number of One health capacity building
activities had been underway since 2010 launched from the Ohio State office
based in Columbus, Ohio. The unique aspects of the GOHi include: 1) building
mutually-beneficial partnership both for the African regional as well as U.S.
partners; 2) it is centrally-anchored on capacity building across breadth of
areas including research capacity, training capacity and outreach capacity; 3)
GOHi, unlike many One Health programs addresses not only acute biological
hazards (such as zoonotic diseases) but also chronic issues as well as
chemical hazards, all at the interface of human, animal and the environment.
Using one of its model partnerships, One health Ethiopia, GOHi identified
four technical areas that must be addressed in dealing with most One Health
issues. These include: 1) surveillance and monitoring; 2) Prevention and
control in humans; 3) Prevention and control in animals (or environment) and
4) Education and advocacy to sustain success. Major achievements of the
GOHi regional office include:
Efficiently executing the CDC GHSA cooperative agreement involved from
training, field coordination, liaising with stakeholders and smoothly running
the different projects (Brucellosis, Rabies and Anti-microbial resistance)
Acquiring grant and smoothly conducting a new world-class USAID funded
project (WHIP3 TB Clinical trial): from clinical trial capacity building to actual
operation
Coordinating and conducting the 6th annual Ohio State Eastern Africa One
Health Summer Institute activities: delivery of successive trainings, running
projects and workshops;
Convened NIH-Fogarty International Center sponsored the Eastern Africa
Regional Antimicrobial resistance Workshop

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 Lead Session 3: Nicole Kraft, Clinical Assistant Professor, School of
Communication, The Ohio State University
Title: Global One (Tech) Health: How technology guides education, research
Abstracts Day 2 and outreach

Lead Session 4: Satoru Suzuki, PhD Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan

November 8, 2017 Professor of Microbiology Division of Aquatic Biosciences Center for Marine
Environmental Studies (CMES)Laboratory of Marine Molecular Ecology (MME)
Title: Aquatic environments as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)

Lead Session 5: Barbara Kowalcyk, kowalcyk.1@[Link], The Ohio State

University, Columbus, OH, | RTI International, Research Triangle Park, United
States | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Session 3: Innovative Capacity Building, e-Learning Title: Ranking food safety risks: a guided approach
and Outreach approaches.
Plenary Speaker 5: Douglas T. Shinsato, JD, MBA, Board of Regents,
Session 4: Antimicrobial Resistance and Drug University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA.
Related Issues Title: Bio-Security, Silos and Solutions

Session 5: Biosecurity, Biodefense, and Disaster

Response

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 Analysis of knowledge, attitudes and practices of the population in rural
areas of Boucle du Mouhoun region (Burkina Faso) regarding Tænia solium
life cycle.
Plenary Session 3: DAHOUROU Laibané Dieudonné1, GBATI Oubri Bassa1, MILLOGO Athanase2,
Innovative Capacity Building, e-Learning DICKO Amadou4, ROAMBA Constant Rakiswendé3, PANGUI Louis Joseph1
1. Inter-States School of Medicine and Veterinary Sciences of Dakar (Senegal), Dakar,
Senegal
2. Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sourou Sanou, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
3. Direction Générale des Services Vétérinaires, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
4. Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

The aim of that study was to analyze knowledge, habits and practices of
the populations of Boucle du Mouhoun region (Burkina Faso) in relation
with the life cycle of Tænia solium. We carried a knowledge attitudes and
practices (KAP) survey was carried with 320 people randomly chosen in four
villages. More than half of the interviewees (54.4%) were men, 89.4% had
not been to school, 82.2% were animists and 43.1 % were pig breeders. The
disease is called “Dah” or “Zah” in the area and about the three fifth (60.3%)
have already seen a swine carcass with cysts of the parasite. Regarding
the method used to recognize the disease on a living animal, only 11.9 %
know the langueyage method. Only two people (0.6%) knew that pigs are
contaminated when it eat human feaces. In addition, 32.2 % though that
they could get sick by eating infected meat. Water from wells and rivers is
consumed by respectively 62.8 % and 41.2% of the people and 75.1% of the
wells do not have edges. Furthermore, the water from the rivers is drunk
without any treatment. In addition, 84.1 % of the homes have latrines but
52.2% of people practice open defecation. Swine meat is eaten by 80.6% of
the people and 30.9% eat meat even with cysts. This study shows that the
ways of transmission of porcine cysticercosis are not well known and that the
habits and practices of the people foster the risk of remaining of cysticercosis/
taeniasis in these villages.

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The effect of negative human behavior on the environment and its role in the Bovine Tuberculosis infection in pastoral cattle and wildlife at livestock-
spread of the diseases. wildlife interface of the Greater Ruaha ecosystem, Tanzania
Thaer Elyas Julius Medardus1, Deana Clifford2, 4, Jonna Mazet2, Rudovick Kazwala1,
Harrison Sadiki2, Epaphras Muse3, Annette Roug4, Peter Copolillo5
Biology and medical super vision department /veterinary directorate, Baghdad, Iraq
1. College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture,
Morogoro, Tanzania
Conclusion objective of the research: The aim of the research is to study the
2. Ruaha Landscape Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Iringa, Tanzania
effect of the environment on human and animal health and the impact of each
of them on the environmentand the extent of the damage that may be left by 3. Ruaha National Park, Tanzania National Parks, Arusha, Tanzania
the human wrong dealing with the environment . 4. Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of California, Davis, California, United States
The study included a range of common diseases transmitted from animal to
5. Working Dogs for Conservation, 52 Eustis, Three Forks, Montana, United States
human and may adversely affect the environment causig health and economic
problems.
This is an interdisciplinary collaborative research to investigate the impact of
the research included: bovine tuberculosis (BTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis and environmental
1. Echinococcosis change resulting to diminishing of water level of the Great Ruaha River as
a result of agriculture, overgrazing and drought. We conducted a cross-
2. Toxoplasmosis sectional study to estimate the current prevalence and herd level risk factors
for BTB in pastoral cattle and wildlife inhabiting a livestock-wildlife interface
3. Brucellosis
of the Greater Ruaha ecosystem, Tanzania. A survey was conducted to
4. Tuberculosis assess the potential herd-level risk factors for BTB. A total of 1347 cattle
owned by pastoralists from 102 households were tested for BTB. Overall
The spread of these disease is affected by the health of environment due to prevalence of BTB infection in tuberculin tested cattle was 1.6% (21/1347)
thethe the negative or posative treatmentof the human towrd the environment and 1.2% (2/162) in cattle tissue culture. Prevalence of BTB in tested tissues
including animals ,plants ,soil, water and air ,all of these are very important from opportunistically sampled hunter-killed and live-captured wild animals
factors for the maintenance of human health. was 8.1% (12/149). Although the prevalence of BTB was relatively low for
The study included the spread of the diseases in different Iraqi provinces individual animals, but the herd-level prevalence was high (28.4%), indicating
through different circumstanses. that infection is widespread in the study area and a significant number of
households are at risk. This study has detected the unique strains of M.
bovis SB0133 spoligotype from wildlife inhabiting the protected area and
also from the pastoral cattle along the edges of the wildlife protected areas
hence providing evidence for livestock-wildlife pathogen transmission in
the interface. Occurrence of BTB in wildlife in the interface represents a
permanent reservoir of infection and a potential threat to public health. In
view of the fact that pastoral cattle are the largest producer of the milk and
meat in the nation, coupled with lack of knowledge of the disease among the
communities and the potential risk factors for disease transmission to people,
this study therefore, emphasizes on instilling good control measures towards
the eradication of BTB to protect health and well-being of the people.

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Need for efficient Monitoring and Evaluation systems for One Health Research Gastro-intestinal parasites infections in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei
beringei) of Rwanda Volcanoes National Park: One Health Implications
Elizabeth Alunguru, Timothy Wakabi, Winnie Bikaako, Irene Naigaga, Juvenal
Kagarama Richard Gashururu S.1, Alice Gloria Umurerwa2, Mike Tukei1
One Health Central Eastern and Central, Kampala, Uganda 1. University of Rwanda, school of veterinary medicine, Nyagatare, Rwanda
2. University of Rwanda, department of wildlife and aquatic resources management,
Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) has the potential to be a cornerstone for Huye, Rwanda
One Health (OH) research, systems strengthening and evidence-informed
implementation. In Africa, recent zoonotic out breaks have stressed the need Mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) are endangered worldwide and
for effective M&E systems as a tool which helps inform research. A well built are the best tourists’ attractions of Rwanda. Gorillas of Volcanoes National
M&E system for health research can be described as a set of institutions Park have close contact mostly with tourists, researchers, park workers
that create, manage, coordinate, demand, communicate and use knowledge and the community around the park. Foraging areas outside the park are
resulting from research to improve the population’s health and well being. crossed by village pathways or are in areas where villagers obtain firewood.
The study was conducted in the Volcanoes National Park of Rwanda,
Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) require robust sustainable
which is home to mountain gorillas, between March-June 2015. The study
M&E systems that are put in place to 1) enhance public health capacity for
assessed the prevalence of the gastro-intestinal parasites affecting the
detecting EID in a timely manner and 2) disseminate important public health
gorillas and identified parasites that can be of public health importance. 24
information for research purposes. M&E systems require streamlining existing
faecal samples were randomly collected from two gorilla families at different
communication systems for rapid reporting throughout the different sectors
intervals. The faecal samples were examined for parasites using flotation
including animal and health sectors, trained personnel and surveillance
and sedimentation methods. Of the 24 fecal samples examined, the study
systems to enable baseline surveillance data collection. This information is
revealed 5 nematodes, 1 cestode and 4 protozoa. The nematodes eggs
crucial in identifying disease events requiring further research.
found include Trichostrongyle-type (11/24), Strongylus spp (6/24), Ascaris
M&E systems which include; 1) Web-based applications with real-time spp (3/24), Hyostrongylus (2/24) and Probstmayria spp. (1/24). The cestode
access to summary reporting; 2) timely feedback of information to sites; 3) parasite recovered is Anoplocephala gorillae (5/24). The protozoa include
longitudinal tracking of programs; 4) use of routinely collected aggregate Iodamoeba buetschlii cysts and trophozoites (7/24), Entamoeba coli cysts
data for analysis and operations research; 5) geographic information systems and trophozoites (4/24), Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite (3/24) and Giardia
relevant for monitoring, evaluating, and informing one health initiatives. sp. cyst (1/24). Some of the parasites could not be identified. E. hystolytica
Although traditionally used in the context of vertical programs, these and Giardia are of zoonotic nature and could therefore be shared with
approaches can form a foundation on which data relevant to one health humans. Most of the nematode types found are also found in humans, it is
systems are layered. The availability of a legal framework, political will, skilled possible that these parasites were from daily human-gorilla interactions by
personnels, accessibility and reliability of evidence are other critical issues zoonotic, reservoir or paratenic ways. However, there is a need to make the
that influence the level of impact of good M&E systems for health research. systematic coproculture to definitely identify some parasites and determine
the transmission mode in order to confirm whether or not these are multi-host
This paper provides guiding principles for effective M&E systems for pathogens that can be shared. A similar research in the surrounding human
implementation which include country-led development and ownership, community and livestock in close contact with gorillas would identify the
support for national one health programs and policies, interoperability, and potential one health actions to be taken.
employment of an open-source approach to software development.

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The tsetse fly (Glossina) challenge at wildlife-people-livestock interface of Assessment of Public Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards Rabies
Akagera National Park, Rwanda in the Community of Kombolcha, Southern Wollo, Amhara Reginal State,
Ethiopia
Richard Gashururu S.1, Eustache Musafiri2, Severin Munyampuhwe3
Addis Gebremeskel1, Abebaw Belay2
1. University of Rwanda - School of veterinary medicine, Kigali, Rwanda
2. Rwanda Agricultural Board, Kigali, Rwanda 1. Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia

3. Animal resources officer, Bugesera district, Rwanda, Bugesera, Rwanda 2. University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

The tsetse flies (Glossina) are the only biological vectors of the trypanosomes The study was conducted from November 2016 to April 2017 in 12 kebeles
affecting humans and livestock. The Akagera National Park (ANP) and its of Kombolcha, Southern Wollo Amhara Regional state, Ethiopia. The aims of
surroundings remain the lone home to tsetse flies in Rwanda. The wild the study were assessing the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of
game-livestock interface plays an important role in the epidemiology, being Kombolcha’s community toward rabies and associated risk factors. A cross-
the reservoirs of the disease. The study was carried out in Eastern province sectional study design and multistage sampling procedures were employed
of Rwanda; at the Game/People/Livestock Interface of the Akagera National to select households for the study. Kebeles were randomly selected using
Park. The aim was to determine the trypanosomes infection rates and identify lottery method from list of kebeles in the study area, followed by selection
the pathogenic trypanosome species in field-captured tsetse flies. Tsetse flies of households from each kebele by systematic random sampling. Data were
were collected from 3 districts surrounding the park between May and July collected from 384 households through face to face interview using pretested
2015. Tsetse flies were trapped from different locations and live flies were and well-structured questionnaires. Socio-demographically out of the 384
counted, sex-determined and dissected so as to find the trypanosomes in respondents interviewed, 223 (58.1%) were males and 161 (41.9%) were
their predilection sites in the tsetse fly. The mouthparts, salivary glands and females. From 384 respondents, 345 (89.8%) had heard about rabies before
mid-guts were microscopically examined for the presence and identification and the majority of the study participants, 329 (85.7%) had good level of KAP.
of trypanosomes according to the distinct differential morphology. A There were statistically significant associations (p<0.05) between KAP scores
total of 257 flies were dissected (179 Glossina pallidipes and 78 Glossina and age, house hold size, educational status, and occupation. In conclusion,
morsitans). The study revealed an overall infection rate of 12.8% of which the study revealed that, Kombolcha’s community has good knowledge,
4.6% is for the mouthparts, 0.7% for salivary glands and 7.3% for the mid-gut. attitude and practice toward rabies. However, there are some inconsistent
Of the 33 infection cases, Trypanosoma congolense accounted for 57.5%, on mode of transmission, symptoms, appropriate prevention and treatment
Trypanosomabrucei for 6%, Trypanosomavivax for 21.2% and the mixed measures. Therefore continuous and strategic health programs are expected
infections of [Link] and T. vivax accounting for 15.1%. Both [Link] from health professionals, governmental and non-governmental organizations
and [Link] are potential vectors but G. pallidipes appears to be the to control and prevent the disease and secure rabies free zone.
most important due to its high density. The study confirmed the presence
of trypanosome infected tsetse flies and livestock infective trypanosomes.
However, a more accurate DNA based diagnosis is required to identify the
blood meal sources and definitely differentiate the species and the sub-
species or detect the new species so as to characterize even the human
infective trypanosomes as we found the T. brucei-like species.

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Socio-economic impact of environmentally persistent pharmaceuticals, water resources falls upon the state.
personal care products and agrochemicals
Conclusion: Because of the cross-cutting nature of ministries in terms of their
Salome Margaret Molefe1, 2, Cherryl McCrindle11, Christo Botha1, Vinny Naidoo1 responsibilities, the state needs to prioritize and mainstream the management
of these chemicals into the national development plans, and to develop an
1. National Department of Environmental Affairs, Directorate: Hazardous Chemicals
Management, Private Bag X447, Pretoria, South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa anticipatory, proactive and precautious preventative approach that seek
to reduce, minimize, and eliminate the threats as well as promote circular
2. Paraclinical Science: Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,, Pretoria,
South Africa economy of these chemicals.

Sustainable use of chemicals, sound management of chemicals and effective

use of chemical and environmental safety and security are the core pillars to
Sustainable Development Goals (DSGs) and One Health and Environment.
The aim of the paper is to determine how environmentally persistent
pharmaceuticals, personal care products and agrochemicals impacts on the
top priorities of the state i.e. economic growth and infrastructure development,
environmental stability, social development and security.
Methods: Interviews and literature reviews were conducted to review the
environmental and human health impact of the production, use, consumption,
imports and exports, and disposal of pharmaceutical, personal care and
agrochemicals.
Results: Adverse effects observed on environmental sustainability,
human health, water and food security, infrastructure development are
defeating national priorities for alleviation of poverty and improving the
life-expectancy of the society. Human health impacts include increased
rate of non-communicable diseases affecting the productive workforce of
the country, increased chronic diseases and infectious diseases impacting
on the vulnerable groups, and high rate of antimicrobial resistance where
microorganisms are becoming extremely resistant to available existing
antibiotics and the availability of available antibiotics becoming dry.
Environmental sustainability impacts included loss of natural resources,
degradability of land and loss of productivity of arable lands, loss of
biodiversity and beneficial microorganisms and insects like pollinators,
disruption of natural food webs and predator-prey relationships. Food security
and water quality impacts are mainly on agricultural, marine production and
freshwater productions with impacts threatening the ecology and economy of
the ocean, diminishing the economic value of fisheries and aquaculture and
creating a loss of export value and loss of jobs, increasing the vulnerability to
infectious diseases and emergence of pest resistance pests, and introduction
of invasive alien species competing with native species. All costs of inaction
to human health, remediation of lands and restoration of soils, purification of
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Human health risk of dietary intake of antibiotic residues in beef in Maroua, In vitro antimycobacterial activity and cytotoxicity of selected medicinal
Cameroon plants against pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacterial strains
Ronald Romuald Bebey Vougat Ngom1, Rebecca Garabed2, Harquin Simplice Joseph Mwanzia Nguta
Foyet1, Andre Zoli Pagnah3
Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary
1. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maroua, Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Maroua, Cameroon, P.O Box: 814 Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon
2. Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
University, Columbus, OH, USA. 1920 Coffey Rd. Columbus, OH 43210, Columbus, represents a never-ending challenge towards which drug discovery efforts
United States
are needed. Several medicinal plants are used traditionally in Ghanaian
3. School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, ethnomedicine to treat tuberculosis. In our ongoing research efforts aimed
Ngaoundéré, Cameroon, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
at drug discovery against tuberculosis, we designed the current study to
evaluate in vitro antimycobacterial activity and toxicity of eight medicinal
The contamination of food by chemical hazards is a worldwide public health plants against pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacterial strains. The
concern and is a leading cause of trade problems [Link] on study was further extended to investigate the non-pathogenic mycobacterial
former work describing the prevalent use and misuse of antibiotics in cattle strain which best predicts natural product activity against the pathogenic
in the Far North Region of Cameroon, we designed a study to evaluate the Mycobacterium bovis.
risk of antibiotic (penicillin G and oxytetracycline) intake via beef consumption
amongst population in Maroua (Far North Region of Cameroon). To determine Material and methods: The microplate alamar blue assay (MABA) was
the mean concentration of antibiotic residues in beef, each samples of used to study the anti-TB activity while the CellTiter 96® AQueous
liver and muscle were collected from 202 cattle selected randomly in all Assay, which is composed of solutions of a novel tetrazolium compound
the slaughterhouses of Maroua and Godola and analyzed using Liquid [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-
Chromatographic tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). However beef 2H-tetrazolium, inner salt; MTS] and an electron coupling reagent (phenazine
consumption patterns for different populations were determined using a methosulfate) PMS, was used for cytotoxic studies. Correlation coefficients
nutrition survey conducted in 202 households selected using a gridded map (R2) were used to compare the relationship between antimycobacterial activity
and random selection method. Results found revealed that out of 202 cattle 41 of the eight crude extracts against nonpathogenic strains and the pathogenic
(20,30%) showed positive results in one or more of their organs. The average Mycobacterium bovis.
concentration of residues in beef determined was 17.58 μg/kg for penicillin Results: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) values indicated that all the
G and 240 μg/kg for oxytetracycline. The estimated daily intakes of penicillin eight tested medicinal plant species had activity against all the three tested
and oxytetracycline through consumption of beef were 2.365 ± 0.233 µg mycobacterial strains. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of 19.5 µg/
and 32.078 ± 8.081 µg respectively. Based on the estimated intake and mL, 156.3 µg/mL and 312.5 µg/mL were observed against non-pathogenic
comparison with the acceptable daily intake, we assessed the risk in Maroua strains M. bovis BCG (ATCC® 35745™) and M. aurum (ATCC® 23366™), and
as acceptable (2.17%) for oxytetracycline and greater (9.6%) for penicillin. The the pathogenic strain, M. bovis (ATCC® 35720™) respectively, from the unripe
findings of the present study could be alarming for the legislative authorities fruits of Solanum torvum Sw. (Solanaceae). Cytotoxicity of the crude extracts
in food security and safety. This highlights a very serious problem, both for the towards human fetal lung fibroblast cell lines (ATCC® CCL-171™) varied, and the
consumers of Maroua and the herders of the region as for the whole economy unripe fruits from Solanum torvum exhibited the most promising selectivity
of Cameroon. It would therefore be important that measures be taken at index. Activity of the crude extracts against M. aurum was the best predictor
several levels by the actors of the sector (public authorities, veterinary of natural product activity against the pathogenic Mycobacterium bovis strain,
auxiliaries, etc.) to guarantee the safety of the food from animal origin. with a correlation coefficient value (R2) of 0.1371.

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Conclusions: Results obtained from the current study validates, in part, the
traditional utilization of the tested medicinal plants against tuberculosis.
Solanum torvum unripe fruits have selective efficacy against the studied Diversity and antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli strains
mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium bovis. The unripe fruits from Solanum from migratory bird (Branta leucopis) and Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
torvum are a potential source of safe and efficacious anti-TB crude drugs as reveals dissemination of multi drug resistant (MDR) E. coli to pristine arctic
well as a source for natural compounds that act as new anti-infection agents, environment
and thus deserve further investigation towards development of a new class of Mohamed Hatha Abdulla1, Faina Pinhero2, Anuvindha Unni3, Divya Sukumaran1
molecules with activity against sensitive and drug resistant strains of M. bovis..
1. Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin University of
Science and Technology, Cochin, India
2. Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER, Trivandrum), Trivandrum,
India
3. Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER, Bhopal), Bhopal, India

The short summer and long winter in Arctic region forces many animals to
be migratory. This in turn results in the increased risk that migratory birds
(and other animals) can bring pathogens or antibiotic resistant bacteria to
the Arctic environment. Migratory birds are exposed through numerous
sources, including food and water, in parts of the world where the antibiotics
are used by the people whereas Reindeer, a native species of Arctic region
is never previously exposed to antibiotics. Therefore, there is a considerable
significance in isolating Escherichia coli with public health significance from
the feces of these animals so as to do a comparative study. Drug resistant
E. coli is becoming more prevalent and is on the rise. Migratory birds have
turned out to be potential carriers of numerous E. coli strains, thereby
spreading multidrug resistant pathogens across geographical boundaries.
Barnacle goose (Branta leucopis) breeds mainly in the Arctic islands of North
Atlantic and includes three main populations with separate breeding and
wintering ranges. The population of barnacle goose studied here is from
Svalbard islands, which breeds in Svalbard with wintering on the Solway Firth
on the England/Scotland border. Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) is the
most isolated subspecies of Rangifer, endemic to Svalbard archipelago in the
High Arctic. However, contrary to other Rangifer subspecies, the Svalbard
reindeers live individually or in small groups. They have limited seasonal
migrations and are not nomadic within seasons. They only travel on an
average of less than 0.7 km per day during the whole year. Samples were
collected as part of Indian Arctic Expedition 2016. Droppings of B. leucopis
and dung of R. tarandus were collected at random from the tundra nearby
the International Arctic Research station at Ny-Alesund (79oN), Svalbard,
Norway. The samples were analyzed using standard methods and typical
E. coli like colonies picked up from Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar were
confirmed biochemically by performing IMViC test followed by molecular
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characterization. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out by multiplex PCR Bovine Tuberculosis and Associated Factors among Adult HIV Positive
method. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity testing by disk People in Woldya Town, Northeast Ethiopia
diffusion method. In order to check further similarity among the E. coli isolates
from the two sources, they were subjected to genotyping using ERIC PCR. TADESSE DELELE, OUSMAN WONDIMAGEGN
While six different phylotypes such as A, B1, B2, D, E and F ere encountered Associate Professor of Public Health, GONDAR, Ethiopia
among the E. coli strains from B. leucopis, only 4 of them (A,B2,D and E)
were seen among the isolates from R. tarandus. Prevalence of pathogenic
Bovine tuberculosis is among the seven neglected endemic zoonotic disease
phylotypes was high among the E. coli strains from B. leucopis. Another
in developing countries caused by [Link]. Currently, [Link] accounts
important observation was the difference in the prevalence of antibiotic
for only 1% of all human TB in developed countries as compared to 10% in
resistance among the E. coli strains from both the sources. While several
developing world. In Ethiopia the magnitude of bovine tuberculosis in animals
of the E. coli strains from B. leucopis were multidrug resistant, none of the
at different regions is high. Many studies also show its presence in humans.
isolates from R. tarandus were resistant to any of the 11 different antibiotics
The risk is high among HIV positive people having contact to domestic
against which they were tested. Colistin resistance was particularly high
cattle and consuming raw or undercooked milk and /or meat. Lack or
among the isolates from migratory bird, which is indeed a cause for worry.
minimum knowledge and practice about the disease exacerbate the disease
transmission to humans. The main objectives of this study were to assess
knowledge, practice and associated factors about bovine tuberculosis among
adult HIV positive people in woldya town. An Institution based cross-sectional
study was conducted from March to December 2014 in woldya town. The data
were collected by using interviewer administered questionnaire. A total of 630
HIV positive adults were selected by systematic random sampling. Descriptive
statistics and binary logistic regression were employed for the analysis of the
data. The study included 630 individuals, but twenty of them were excluded
due to different reasons. Among the 610 respondents 67.2% lives in urban
area. From the study population 58.2% were females and the mean ages were
36.5 years. The level of knowledge about bovine tuberculosis was found to
be 9.3%. A good practice for the prevention of bovine tuberculosis was 50.8%.
Women’s were less knowledgeable than men, [AOR=0.424 CI (0.223-0.805)].
Individuals who consult veterinarians and public health professionals were
more knowledgeable [AOR=9.160 CI (3.890-21.570)]. Training also had positive
association for the knowledge of bovine tuberculosis. Food consumption
habit influence preventive practice for the transmission of bovine tuberculosis.
This study had demonstrated that little knowledge about bovine TB among
adult HIV positive individuals. Men, consulting veterinarians and public health
professionals and training had positive association with knowledge about
bovine tuberculosis. Strengthening One-Health and large scale community
based cross-sectional studies are recommended.

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A One-Health Approach to Mountain Gorilla Conservation: Disease both domestic and wild. The MGVP collaborates with park authorities and
Challenges and Opportunities for Research, Training and Business other non-governmental organizations to provide employee health programs
for park staff, porters, field veterinarians, and researchers who work with the
Benard Jasper Ssebide Mountain Mountains. This is a voluntary, confidential program.
Gorilla Doctors, Kampala, Uganda
This presentation will highlight the challenges and opportunities for research
and training in a one health approach to the Mountain Gorilla Conservation at
The Importance of gorilla conservation and tourism in Uganda can not be the Human – Animal Interface.
underscored. The threat of infectious diseases currently is the main concern
to the conservation of this endangered species. The Mountain Gorilla
Veterinary Project Incorporated (MGVP, Inc.) is one of few conservation
programs in the world to provide health care and treatment to an endangered
species in its natural habitat. With teams of experienced personnel, MGVP
veterinarians track ailing gorillas, observe and treat them when needed -
inside their native habitat. The project staff works in close partnership with the
protected area authorities of Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic
of Congo (DRC), in addition to a variety of organizations dedicated to gorilla
conservation. The gorillas remain highly endangered due to threats from war,
poaching, habitat destruction and human disease. Their numbers remain
critically low, with no fallback breeding population in sanctuaries or zoos.
As part of the one-health approach, the MGVP field vets make routine health
check visits to habituated gorilla groups, in addition to visits for reported
problems. The routine health check visits give the field vets the opportunity to
observe healthy animals and establish normal parameters. Complete post-
mortem examinations (necropsies) are performed on all deceased mountain
gorillas. These exams are an important aspect of monitoring gorilla health
as they help determine the cause of death and represent an important
opportunity to collect biological samples. Other wildlife species found dead
may also be examined because the results may inform the veterinarians about
potentially problematic infectious diseases transmissible to gorillas.
Emergency veterinary care for a life threatening illness or injury in a wild
mountain gorilla remains a core function of the MGVP field veterinarians
and the park staff. The field vets are notified of mountain gorilla health
problems by park staff. The next step is a “monitoring visit” to observe the
gorilla or gorillas in question and evaluate the situation. But they intervene
with treatment or anaesthesia for examination only in cases of human-
induced or life threatening injury or illness. Samples for medical evaluation
and research are collected opportunistically when possible. While in the
field, the veterinarians collect non-invasive samples, such as faeces, urine,
saliva, and hair. While gorillas remain the focus of their work, MGVP staff also
contributes to programs designed to assess the health of the other species,

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Public Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards antibiotics use and In general, only 40.4% and 21.1% of the total respondent had adequate
resistance in human and animals in Jimma town, Ethiopia knowledge level about antibiotic use, action and safety and about antibiotics
resistance respectively. Higher education level was associated significantly
Ahmed Zeynudin Zeynudin1, 4, Mdegela Robinson3, Manishimwe Rosine2, with better knowledge (P=0.008). Nearly half (44.2%, 179) of the respondents
Kifle WoldeMichael1, Eliyas Ali Yesuf1, Daniel Dana1, Sultan Suleman Suleman1, had poor attitude towards antibiotic use and resistance.
Wieser Andreas4
Conclusion and recommendation: The survey showed a high prevalence of
1. Jimma, university, college of health sciences,, Jimma, Ethiopia
antibiotic use, inadequate knowledge and poor attitude regarding antibiotic
2. National University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda use and antimicrobial resistance. Effective public education initiatives
3. Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania targeting the households should provide practical and appropriate means to
4. Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the achieve behavioral change.
University of Munich (LMU), munich, Germany
Citation: unpublished

Background: Poor community knowledge and practices regarding prudent Antimicrobial Resistance and Drug Related Issues
use of antibiotics as well as resistance contribute to the emergence and
spread of antibiotic resistance in human and animal isolates. The objective
of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude as well as practices
regarding human and animal antibiotic use and resistance among the general
population using a one Health approach.
Methods: A population based Cross-sectional survey was conducted using a
structured questionnaire among a random sample of 443 households’ heads
representing the urban and Peri-urban community in Jimma town, Ethiopia.
Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic
regression analysis.
Results: Of the total household surveyed, 405 household heads (72.8% men)
from the urban (47.9%) and semi-urban (52.1%) areas were included and of
these, 63.7% (n=258) had at least one species of livestock at the household.
About 96.5% (n=391) of the total household heads were familiar with term
antibiotics and of these, 84.9% (n=332) reported taking antibiotics for
themselves at least once during the past 12 months prior to the study. Among
the livestock owners familiar with antibiotics (95.4%, n=246), 75.2% (n=185)
also reported providing antibiotic treatment for their livestock’s in the past
year. The human use of antibiotics was found to be more prevalent among the
respondents in the Peri-urban areas than those in the urban (90.4% vs. 79.4%,
P = 0.003, AOR, 95%CI, 2.43(1.31-4.64)) whereas, the animal use of antibiotics
is more common among farmers than other livestock keepers. (P = 0.0001,
AOR, 95%CI, 32.09 (10.08 to 102.22.) after adjusting for other variables. About
57% of the total household heads were self-medicated and 81.4% of the
livestock owners reported using non-prescribed antibiotics for their animals.
Self-medication was not significantly associated with socio-demographic,
knowledge and attitude of respondents in both humans and livestock cases.
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PREVALENCE OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS AND ASSOCIATED RISK and farms (herds) of the study area and also low knowledge level of the
FACTORS IN MECHA DISTRICT, WEST GOJAM ZONE, ETHIOPIA community regarding BTB. Although the test indicated low level problem, it
should not be taken as warranty and requires to design and implement an
Belachew Workneh1, Araya Mengistu2, Seleshe Nigatu2, Sarah Waibel3, acceptable control strategy to the disease before reaching its climax and
Wang Shu4, Gebreyes Wondwossen5 poses great socioeconomic impacts as well as public health hazard in addition
1. University of Gondar, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, to community awareness programs regarding the disease.
Gondar, Ethiopia
2. Collage of Vet Med and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia, Gondar,
Ethiopia
3. The Ohio State University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, United States
4. Associate Professor-Clinical, COPH -Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State
University, USA, Columbus, United States
5. Global Health Programs, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University
and VPH-Biotec Global Consortium, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America,
Columbus, United States

Bovine tuberculosis, which is caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a chronic

debilitating disease of animals characterized by the formation of granulomas
(tubercles) in tissues and organs. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence
of bovine tuberculosis and associated risk factors. The study used a cross
sectional study conducted from November 2016 to June 2017 on dairy
farms that are found in Mecha district, Northwestern Ethiopia. The study site
was selected purposefully and tuberculosis (TB) caudal fold tuberculin test
(TCFTT) and TB LAM AG test (TLAT) were used to investigate the diseases.
Information from owners was collected using questionnaire, to evaluate the
possible potential risk factors. Sample size was determined using single
population proportion sample size determination techniques and a total of
385 cattle were tested using TCFTT and 220 using TLAT. In this study, the
level prevalence of BTB at individual animal was 1.6% (6/385) by TCFTT, while
it was 5.9% (13/220) by TLAT. One point four percent (3/220) animals were
positive for both tests. Similarly, herd level prevalence of 3.75% (6/160), 10%
(12/120) and 2.5% (3/120) were recorded by using TCFTT, TLAT and both tests,
respectively. Based on the current finding, the Kappa test indicated that the
two tests agreement was poor (Kappa < 0.4). Herd size and management
of the farm showed a significant association for the occurrence of bovine
tuberculosis (p< 0.05); whereas, age, body condition, and breed of animals (P
< 0.05) were significant contributing factors for bovine TB occurrence at the
cow level while using TCFTT. Among the total 71 respondents 15 (21.1%) knew
about bovine tuberculosis (BTB) and 10 (14.1%) knew BTB being a zoonotic
disease with a history of at least one human TB patient. In conclusion, the
present study shows an overall low level prevalence of BTB in the dairy cattle

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Immigration and Nativism in America: Opened and Closed Doors Establishing a New Unique Partnership Between The Ohio State University
and China Global One-Health Partners
William Brustein
Shu-Hua Wang1, 2, Jordi Torrelles3, Qinghua Sun4, Kurt Stevenson1,
West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States
Wondwossen Gebreyes2, 5
1. The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus, United States
Question: Is President Trump’s anti-immigrant/nativist rhetoric a new
phenomenon in the U.S. or does it draw upon a rich history of opposition to 2. The Ohio State University, Global One Health initiative (GOHi), Columbus, United
the “other” dating back to the founding of the Republic? States
3. Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States
Answer: From its beginning the U.S. has vacillated between times of
4. The Ohio State University, College of Public Health, Columbus, United States
welcoming immigrants and fearing immigrants.
5. The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, United States
What is nativism?: The term “nativism” was coined in the U.S. in the 1840s at
the time of vast migrations from Ireland and Germany changing the nation and
transforming its port cities. Nativism would include every type and level of fear Background: Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, chronic
and antipathy toward foreign peoples and foreign religions. non-communicable disease, and other environmental hazards such as
environmental pollution and those at the interface of animal and human
Since the founding of the U.S. Republic at the end of the 18th century the U.S. health are leading causes of mortality worldwide with the potential for rapid
has experienced five separate intervals of heightened nativist eruptions each transmission across many populations. Antimicrobial resistance among
linked to moments of national insecurity. The first nativist outbursts took place tuberculosis (TB), other vector-borne and zoonotic bacterial pathogens such
in 1798 with Congress passing four bills (Alien and Sedition Acts) targeting as malaria, and viruses further complicate treatment and surveillance. Majority
opponents to Federalist policies accusing aliens in the U.S. of holding of emerging infections are known to be zoonotic and are a major threat to our
sympathies for Revolutionary France. The second major eruption of nativist food supply and natural resources and the environment. A global one health
reaction occurred in the 1850s with the large-scale flowering of the “Know multi-disciplinary interactive needs assessment is needed to identify key
Nothing” or American Party aiming to halt Catholic immigration from Ireland priority issues for China.
and Germany. The third nativist episode rose to prominence in the 1880s and
1890s at a time of labor unrest and periodic economic crises. With leadership Method: We proposed to conduct a needs assessment interactive scientific
from the American Protective Association, nativist proponents advocated for workshop bringing together The Ohio State University (OSU) faculty and key
restrictions on Asian and Southern European immigration. A fourth nativist Chinese academic, research, industry, and government regulatory partners to
reaction broke out during the 1920s at the time of the “Red Scare” and the expand our Global One Health initiative (GOHi). Networking sessions by topic
rise of the 2nd Ku Klux Klan. During this fourth interval, nativists targeted was a specific focus of the meeting to allow researchers with similar interests
principally Jews and Catholics. The fourth episode of nativism led to the to meet, discuss, and organize future research collaborations.
preferential (racially-based) immigration quota system which lasted until Result: We used a Focus Forward Format to determine top priorities for
the 1960s. The fifth and present phase of nativist reaction erupted with short and long-term engagement as well as enhance and/or establish of
the presidential campaign of Donald J. Trump and seeks to limit overall new partnerships among OSU and Chinese academic, public health, and
immigration to the U.S. with special emphasis on halting Muslim immigrants government institutions resulting in future research collaborations.
and refugees from entering the U.S. while deporting illegal immigrants from
Mexico and Central America. Specific theme tracks presented and discussed include: Antimicrobial
resistance, antimicrobial stewardship and infection control; Utilization of
new technology for diagnosis and management zoonotic diseases; Impact
of environmental and occupational hazards on health and wellness; “Farm
to table” food safety; Impact of climate on chronic diseases. Participants
with expertise in thematic areas were invited from Chinese academic
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institutions, China’s Public Health and Agricultural Ministry, Center for Disease
Control, and other key community and industry stakeholders. We had two
GOHi Workshops in China. First was in Shanghai, China in October 2016 in
collaboration with Fudan University, in Shanghai in October 2016. A second Plenary Session 4:
GOHi workshop was held June 2017 in collaboration with Shang Tong
University and Jinan Qi Lu Hospital, in Jinan, China. Antimicrobial Resistance
Conclusion: Antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial stewardship, and
and Drug Related Issues
tuberculosis were identified as key priority areas. Development of
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between OSU and participating
institutions are underway for future collaborative projects.

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Aquatic environments as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) conditions without selection pressure and with high grazing pressure in
seawater. These suggest that the ARGs can persist in marine environment
Satoru Suzuki even after the grazing or lysis of ARB. Third topic shows that the bivalves are
Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan not enhancing ARGs in coastal sea. Our aquarium experiment using clam
(Ruditapes philippinarum) indicated that the clam ingests ARB and digests.
As a result, the copy number of an ARG tet(M) in digestive tract of the clam
Background: After the G7 summit in 2013, most developed countries are was balanced. Wild mussel (Mytilus galloprovincials) monitoring also indicated
eagerly fighting against antibiotic resistance issues according to the concept that mussel did not accumulate the tet(M) from seawater. The tet(M) copy
of “One Health Approach” proposed by WHO. Heath of humans, animals numbers in seawater and mussels were stable through April to October. This
and environments should be studied by linking each other to dissolve the suggests that bivalves might not be a serious risk factor enhancing ARGs in
cross-area and cross-border problem. Reducing excess drug use, public environment.
health enlightenment, systematic monitoring and so on are generally valuable
to reduce the antibiotic resistance threat. Improvement of wastewater Risk management for natural waters: The marine bacteria possess ARGs,
treatment facility has also been tried. On the other hand, real situation of which can be transferred to human enteric/pathogenic bacteria if the case
natural environment especially aquatic environment is still a black box as a occurs. Water use, seafood and recreation are the possible cases. Freshwater
potential source of ARGs. Risk assessment of environmental ARGs based on environments should have much higher possibilities. Enteric and pathogenic
quantitative analysis of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARGs is needed ARB from animal and humans are able to survive for longer time in freshwater
to make appropriate strategy for this issue. than seawater. Use of freshwater is much frequently, which makes exposure
chance high. We should list up reasonable scenarios based on scientific
Aquatic microbial community: Aquatic environments receive ARGs from land. evidences, and develop strategies to mitigate releasing ARGs, to reduce
The origins of ARGs from land should be human and animal clinical settings, exposure risks.
effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plant and agriculture. Addition
to the effluents from land, aquaculture is also potential origin of ARGs. Acknowledgments: Grants from JSPS (A-22241014, A-25257402, A-
When bacteria are introduced to aquatic environment, bacteria are grazed 22254001, B-19405004, 16H01782, 17H04476) supported the ARGs project
by protists and infected by virus. These microbial interactions decompose in my lab, and supporting staffs, collaborators and students for their excellent
bacteria, but in the meanwhile the ARGs can be horizontally transferred to skills and team works are highly acknowledged.
sensitive bacteria by the transferable DNA elements, such as plasmids and
integrative conjugative element (ICE). The DNA elements are suspected
to stably persist in environment and environmental bacterial community.
It is known that more than 99% of marine bacteria are yet-to-be cultured.
Whether the silent majorities are reservoirs of ARGs or not is not clear. It is
hypothesized that the yet-to-be cultured bacteria (silent majorities) receive
and preserve ARGs derived from ARB.
Actual status of ARGs in aquatic environments: I would show examples of
ARGs research topics from my lab. First one is from the Philippines case.
Sulfonamide resistance genes, sul1, sul2 and sul3, were found in seawater
assemblage, but not in freshwater assemblage. Culturable bacteria possessed
sul1 and sul2, but not sul3. This suggests that seawater community is a
reservoir of all sul genes, and sul possessing culturable bacteria are not
abundant in natural freshwater. Culture method selects culturable bacteria
having sul1 and sul2. Second new evidence shows that transferable multi-
drug resistance plasmid pAQU1 is not easily decomposed under the
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Global trends in antimicrobial consumption in food animals ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERN OF COMMON BACTERIAL
PATHOGENS IN ETHIOPIA: A META-ANALYSIS
Thomas Van Boeckel
DANIEL ASRAT
ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Princeton, Princeton, United States Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, School of Medicine, College
of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, [Link]. 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Purpose: Demand for animal protein for human consumption is rising globally
at an unprecedented rate. Modern animal production practices are associated Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance is a global problem affecting both
with regular use of antimicrobials, potentially increasing selection pressure on developed and developing countries. It is one of the causes of treatment
bacteria to become resistant. Despite the significant potential consequences failure and associated with morbidity and mortality. The problem of AMR
for antimicrobial resistance, there has been no quantitative measurement of is worse especially in developing countries where there are trends of
global antimicrobial consumption by livestock. inappropriate use of antimicrobials. Although there were few studies
Method: We address this gap by employing Bayesian statistical models conducted on nation wide AMR survey in Ethiopia, this meta analysis
combining maps of livestock densities, economic projections of demand for systematically reviews published reports on AMR to common bacterial
meat products and current estimates of antimicrobial consumption in high- pathogens in Ethiopia during a period of 2009 to 2017 G.C.
income countries to map antimicrobial use in food animals for 2010 and 2030. Methods: PubMed online published and AMR survey reports were analyzed
Results: We estimate that the global average annual consumption of using combination of the following keywords, subjects and title words:
antimicrobials per kilogram of animal produced was 45, 148 and 172 milligrams ‘antimicrobial resistance’, ‘antibiotic resistance’ and ‘Ethiopia. Only major
per kilogram for cattle, chicken and pigs, respectively. Starting from this pathogenic bacterial species isolated from humans and or animals were
baseline, we estimate that between 2010 and 2030, the global consumption searched.
of antimicrobials will increase by 67%, from 63,151 ±1,560 tons to 105,596 Results: The available published reports in Ethiopia indicate that most
±3,605 tons. Up to a third of the increase in consumption in livestock between bacterial pathogens (>50%) isolated from humans/humans were resistant
2010 and 2030 will be imputable to shifting production practices in middle- to commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents such as ampicillin, amoxicillin,
income countries where extensive farming systems currently dominates. For penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamicin,
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, the increase in antimicrobial trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Resistance were also observed against
consumption will be 99%, up to seven times the projected population growth newer drugs such as methicillin, vancomycin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid,
in this group of countries. cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, monobactams, carpepenems, tigecycline
Conclusion: The rise in antimicrobial consumption in food animals is likely to and tobramycine. Among the bacterial pathogens, Staphylococcus spp.,
be driven by the growth in consumer demand for livestock products in middle- Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas
income countries and a shift to large-scale farms where antimicrobials are aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were the
used routinely. Better understanding of the consequences of the uninhibited main clinical isolates and all of them were multidrug resistance.
growth in veterinary antimicrobial consumption is needed to assess its Conclusion & Recommendations: The overall burden of methicillin
potential effects on animal and human health resistant Staphylococcus aureus is considerably high. The emergence
Relevance: Our findings call for initiatives to preserve antibiotic effectiveness of beta lactamase and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-
while simultaneously ensuring food security in low- and lower-middle income producing Enterobacteriaceae is major concern in hospitalized patients.
countries. Carbapenemase-Producing enterobacteriaceae is emerging in a country
monbactams and carbapenems prescribed less frequently. MDR and XDR-
link to publication: TB are major concern for TB control program. Based on the AMR data,
[Link] urgent implementation of Antimicrobial Stewardship program needed with
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help of concerted actions of antimicrobial stewardship team. Antimicrobial Antimycobaterial and antibacterial activities of extracts from Caesalpinia
Stewardship program is an interventional strategy for optimal selection, bonduc (L.) Roxb.
dosage, and duration of antimicrobial treatment that results in the best clinical
outcome for the treatment or prevention of infection, with minimal toxicity Stephano Mlozi
to the patient and minimal impact on subsequent resistance. In addition, Department of Chemistry, Mkwawa University College of Education,
1

periodic large-scale survey on antimicrobial resistance in Ethiopia have to be University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 2513, IRINGA, Tanzania
conducted to access trends of AMR at different time intervals.
Aim of study: The study focused on searching bioactives that can be used
to combat pathogenic microbes from leaves, stem wood and stem bark of
Caesalpinia bonduc.
Background: Many pathogenic microbes have developed resistance to most
of the recommended first line and second line drugs. Antimicrobial resistances
endanger the control of infectious diseases by increasing morbidity and
mortality and impose massive costs on societies in both developed and
developing countries. Medicinal plants used for treatment of infectious
diseases are potential of bioactives to combat this problem.
Material and Method: The plant materials of Caesalpinia bonduc were
collected from Kisakasaka mangrove reserve, Zanzibar. Microbes were
collected from Department of Microbiology at MUHAS. Methanol, chloroform
and n-hexane extracts from stem wood, stem bark and leaves of Caesalpinia
bonduc were evaluated for antimicrobials. Antibacterial activity was evaluated
against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC29953)
and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC25922). Antimycobacterial activity
was performed against two non-pathogenic mycobacteria species namely
Mycobacteria indicus pranii and Mycobacteria madagascariense. Evaluation
for antiviral activities, Newcastle diseases virus (NDV) was used for bioassay
experiments. The two-fold serial dilution method was used to evaluate MIC for
antimicrobial activities. Chromatographic techniques employed in sequential
extractions.
Results: Extracts with high activity had MIC of 2.5 mg/mL while extracts with
low activity had MIC of 5.0 mg/mL.
Conclusion: Antimicrobial activity exhibited by extracts indicated that,
Caesalpinia bonduc is a potential for bioactive metabolites which can be used
as leads for the development of broad spectrum antimicrobial agents.

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An in-vitro analysis of β-lactam combinations with aminoglycosides versus National Action Plan to Combat AMR in the State of Qatar Using “One
colistin among multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa health” Approach
Derek N. Bremmer1, Keelie Thomas2, Debra Smith2, Preeti Pancholi2, Huda Alkutheeri
Joan-Miquel Balada-Llasat2
Ministry Of public Health - Healthcare Quality and Patient safety Department, Doha,
Joan-Miquel Balada-Llasat, Derek N. Bremmer, Keelie Thomas, Debra Smith, Qatar
Preeti Pancholi
Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a multi-sectoral problem and it imposes a
Columbus, United States huge burden on human and animal health as well as the economy worldwide.
In the State of Qatar, the increasing number of antimicrobial-resistant
infections in the community and healthcare settings is alarming and mandates
Extensively-drug resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA) infections actions to be taken to monitor and control antibiotics use.
have limited treatment options available. We sought to determine the clinical
utility of a real-time checkerboard [Link] tested PsA isolates by the The Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) - HealthCare Quality and Patient Safety
checkerboard method using 9 wells for each drug combination, labeled the Department has developed national integrated multi-sectoral action plan to
serum achievable concentration (SAC) wells. The results were correlated by combat AMR in the State of Qatar. Qatar National Action Plan, using “One
time-kill assay utilizing the concentrations of drug from the fractional inhibitory Health approach”, is aligned with the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial
concentration well. Aminoglycoside-β-lactam combinations were more likely Resistance, resolution WHA 68.7 and the UNGA declaration and the GCC
to achieve synergy and showed inhibition of all P. aeruginosa SAC wells strategic plan. The action plan is particularly important for improving
compared to colistin-β-lactam combinations (115/376 (30.6%) vs 12/282 (4.3%); adherence to stringent infection control measures, applying regulations
p= 0.0001). A real time checkerboard platform for XDR PsA may have clinical controlling antimicrobial use in both human and animal sectors, implementing
and microbiologic benefit. proactive surveillance of resistance, and enhance awareness and education
about AMR among healthcare workers, public, veterinarians, and workers in
the food sectors.
Our proposed talk will help the audience to understand how the AMR
Qatar national action plan provides all the elements and rationale to justify
the choice of country Vision, mission , goals , strategic objectives and
interventions that aims to draw a road map for preventing and controlling AMR
at local, national and regional level.
Objectives: Raise awareness and orientation on the problem of AMR as a true
multi-sectoral problem and a huge burden on human and animal health as
well as the economy on national and regional level.
Share the methodology used to develop thenational action plan to combat
AMR in the State of Qatar using one health approach.
Discuss theNational Action Plan to combat AMR in the State of Qatar.
Identify interventions and priorities based on country requirements.

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Identification of potential drivers for antimicrobial resistance and screening ESBL-producers were also resistant to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. The
for genetic basis of resistance in E. coli strains obtained from people with a blaCTXM-15 was the most common ESBL gene and was closely associated
recent history of diarrhea and/or fever residing along the Lake Victoria basin with strains belonging to ST131, ST405, ST1642 clones. blaCTXM-15 was borne
of Western Kenya on incF and/or incl1 plasmids carrying a aa(6’)lb-cr-containing class 1 integron.
Resistance to clavulanic acid in these strains was mainly mediated by OXA-
John Kiiru1, Sam Kariuki1, Bruno Goddeeris3, Patrick Butaye2 1 β-lactamase. MSLT analysis revealed that most strains were not clonally
1. KEMRI. KENYA, Nairobi, Kenya related even when they shared similar antimicrobial profiles.
2. University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium Conclusions: This study reveals that antimicrobial resistance is a major
3. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium problem in community settings. Various socio-demographic and clinical
descriptors that may be potential drivers of resistance were also identified.
Background: Past studies in Kenya have concentrated on antimicrobial Since most resistances were borne on mobile elements, there is likelihood
resistance (AMR) among clinical strains but little is known regarding that the rate of spread of such resistances will increase in both hospital and
community-associated AMR. In this study, we investigated community AMR community settings. Measures to mitigate an expected rise in antimicrobial
using E. coli as an indicator species. resistance are therefore needed.

Methods: A total of 1640 people from the Lake Victoria basin from 389
households with at least one adult who had a recent history of diarrhea and/or
fever were recruited. The households were geo-mapped, and a questionnaire
used for capturing socio-demographic, sanitation and clinical data. E. coli
was isolated from the fecal samples and screened for resistance against a
panel of 14 antimicrobials. Selected strains were subjected to whole genome
sequencing and screened for genetic basis of resistance, mobile genetic
elements and clonal relatedness.
Results: Diarrhea was more common in the rural settings than in urban
settings and adults were more likely to seek medication for diarrhea than
children. Fever was treated empirically for malaria in 53% without clinical
testing. Only less than 6% of participants were requested for specimen for
culture and susceptibility testing for diarrhea compared to 41% of those who
were tested for malaria after developing fever. Those living near rice growing
areas were more likely to have been treated for a febrile illness. At least 13%
of those recruited prefer not to seek treatment for diarrhea and/or fever even
when medication was available or affordable. No association between access
to a toilet and the likelihood of a diarrhea was found. At least 27% of adults
combined herbs and antibiotics for management of diarrhea and/ or fever
but this practice was less common for children between the age of 0-16years.
More than 73% obtained antibiotics them from chemists without prescriptions.
Those in rural areas were more likely to share their antimicrobials than those
in urban areas. At least 16% of adults could identify augmentin, septrin, flagyl,
coartem as some the most common antimicrobials without assistance. Only
less than 40% of the isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, and streptomycin
and tetracyclines. Close to 11.5% of isolates obtained from people with a of
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Use of African indigenous spices supplement as alternative to antibiotic Antibiotic resistance gene transfer between marine bacteria and [Link] in
growth promoter in poultry feed starved cells and oligotrophic condition
KANA Jean Raphaël, Mube Kuetché Hervé, Ngouana Tadjong Ruben, Yoshiaki Kohyama, Satoru Suzuki
Komguep Ronald, Yangoue Antoine, Tsafong Francklin, Teguia Alexis
Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama City,
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, Ehime, Japan
University of Dschang, PO Box 70 Dschang, Cameroon, Dschang, Cameroon

Back Ground: Detection of the same antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)

Due to its side effects, antibiotic feed additives have become a real public from marine environment and clinical settings suggests that horizontal gene
health concern and trigger an explosion of interest in the use of alternatives transfer (HGT) occurs between marine bacteria and human pathogen. Most
such as plants products (phytobiotics) as supplements in animal rations. of HGT studies have been performed on the eutrophic culture condition
Phytobiotics contain active secondary plant metabolites belonging to the in laboratory. However marine environment is generally oligotrophic, thus
classes of isoprene derivatives, flavonoides and glucosinolates which bacterial physical state is different from laboratory condition. The HGT study
have been suggested to act as antibiotics or as antioxidants. Beneficial under the oligotrophic condition is needed for better understanding of HGT in
effects of these products in farm animal arises from activation of feed marine environment. In this study, we investigated i) the HGT frequency under
intake and secretion of digestive secretions, immune stimulation, anti- oligotrophic condition, ii) HGT potential of starved cell and iii) the expression
bacterial, coccidiostatic, anthelmintic, antiviral or anti-inflammatory activity of HGT elicitation gene.
and antioxidant properties. Afrostyrax lepidophyllus, Tetrapleura tetraptera,
Dichostachys glomerata are popular spices in most african countries. Method: We used marine bacterium Photobacterium damselae as ARG-donor
They contain sulfur and phenylpropanoid (eugenol) which have the ability and [Link] as ARG-recipient. Starved cells were prepared by six-day starvation
to stimulate the function of pancreatic enzymes (lipases, amylases and without organic matters in artificial seawater (ASW) for donor and in PBS for
proteases) and increase the activity of digestive enzymes of gastric mucosa. recipient E. coli. We here use abbreviations: starved cells, “d” (donor) and “r”
They are known to improve livestock performances through their anti- (recipient); vigorous cells, “D” (donor) and “R” (recipient). HGT experiment was
oxidative and antimicrobial action, improve palatability, reduce cholesterol performed as four combinations of donor and recipient including D×R, D×r,
level in eggs and meat and maintain gut equilibrium. The present study d×R and d×r. The HGT conditions were oligotrophic PBS agar and eutrophic
revealed that, supplementing a kg of broiler diet with 2g of Afrostyrax marine agar. We selected for transconjugant by addition of antibiotics and
lepidophisllus, Dichostachys glomerata and Tetrapleura tetraptera decreased high temperature. In addition, we quantitated the mRNA copy number of traI
feed intake and feed conversion ratio, improved weight gain for about when the “d” was moved to eutrophic medium.
5%, balanced physiological fluids and blood components, and led to the Result and Discussion: When HGT was performed in eutrophic condition, d×R
production of antibiotics residues free chicken carcass as demanded by showed 12 fold higher HGT rate than D×R, and the case of d×r showed 5 fold
consumers. Irrespective to the spice types, serum content in creatinine higher than D×r. Starved donors showed high HGT rate than vigorous donors.
and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) decreased significantly as compared When HGT was performed in oligotrophic condition, HGT rate decreased,
to the negative control diet. The present findings suggested that common and HGT was observed only in vigorous donors. This suggests that HGT was
indigenous spices like Afrostyrax lepidophisllus, Dichostachys glomerata enhanced when donor cells were exposed to eutrophic condition. The traI
and Tetrapleura tetraptera can be used as natural and safe alternative to the expression increased 2 fold (p <0.05) at 5 min, 5 fold (p <0.01) at 1 hr, when
antibiotic feed additives that are still commonly and very intensively used in “d” was moved to eutrophic medium. This result suggests that starved cell
animal husbandry in the tropics where climate conditions are very suitable for can recover HGT potential immediately after getting nutrient. In conclusion,
pathogens bacteria growth. HGT occurs in eutrophic environment for both starved and vigorous cells.
HGT seems to occur in organic matter rich conditions in environments (e.g.
aquaculture site and wastewater effluent site) than oligotrophic ocean.

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Increasing Multidrug and Fluoroquinolone Resistance among Salmonella Extended-spectrum β-lactamases producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella
Typhi from Sporadic Outbreaks in Kenya. pneumoniae from humans and minced meat of cattle’s in Jimma, Ethiopia
Susan Kavai1, Ronald Ng’etich1, Frida Njeru1, Celestine Wairimu1, Sam Kariuki1, 2 Mengistu Abayneh, Getnet Tesfaw Tadege, Kifle Woldemichael, Moti Yohannis,
Alemseged Abdissa
1. KEMRI, Nairobi, Kenya
2. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

Background: Typhoid fever (TF) caused by Salmonella Typhi remains a major Background: The emergence and increase in the incidence of extended-
public health problem in Kenya. A systematic surveillance in two slum areas in spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing organisms remain an important
Nairobi, revealed a crude incidence of TF of 247 cases per 100,000 person- cause of failure of therapy in human and veterinary medicine. So that
years of observation (pyo), with highest rates in children 5–9 years old (596 detecting and reporting of the ESBLs producing organisms have paramount
per 100,000 pyo). Currently over a third of S. Typhi isolates are multidrug- importance in the clinical decision making.
resistant (MDR), and show reduced susceptibility to Fluoroquinolones; Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and antibiotics
the drugs of choice for treatment of MDR cases. The situation is worrying susceptibility patterns of extended-spectrum β- lactamase (ESBLs) - producing
especially for resource-limited settings where the few remaining effective E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from outpatients in Jimma University
antimicrobials are either unavailable or too expensive to be afforded by the Specialized Hospital and from minced meat of cattle’s in Jimma town,
general public. Southwest Ethiopia.
Objectives: To determine the epidemiology and trends in Antimicrobial Method: A total of 342 outpatient urine samples and 168 minced meat of
Resistance patterns among S. Typhi isolated from patients acquiring treatment cattle’s were cultured onto MacConkey agar from March to July, 2016. Double
in four clinics in Nairobi in the last 5 years. disk synergy (DDS) methods were used for detection of ESBL-producing.
Methods: We assessed the susceptibility to commonly available antimicrobials A disc of amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (20/10µg) was placed in center of the
of 225 S. Typhi isolates from 5 years of study (2009-2014) from sporadic Mueller-Hinton agar plate, and cefotaxime (30µg), ceftazidime (30µg), and
outbreaks in clinics around Nairobi. ceftriaxone (30µg) were placed at a distance of 20 mm (center to center)
from the amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid disc. Enhanced inhibition zone any of
Results: S. Typhi outbreaks were due to a single haplotype H58, which is the cephalosporin discs on the side facing amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid was
the main cause of epidemics in South East Asia. Over last 5 years only 17.9% considered as ESBL producer.
were fully sensitive. The majority (60.5%) were multiply resistant to commonly
available drugs - Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline (Minimum Inhibition Results: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs) - producing phenotype was
Concentration (MIC) > 256µg/ml) and Co-trimoxazole (MIC > 32µg/ml). Nalidixic detected in 17 (23%) of 74 human isolates [13 (76.5%) E. coli and 4 (23.5%)
resistance was observed in 10% in 2009 to 18% in 2014 of isolates while K. pneumoniae]. From 35 cattle’s isolates of E. coli, ESBLs- production was
resistance to Ciprofloxacin susceptibility increased from 5% to 10% in 2014. detected in 7 (20.0%) of the strains. Almost all ESBLs- producing strains
isolated from human showed high resistance to cefotaxime (100%), ceftriaxone
Conclusion: The rate of increase in MDR over the last 5 years is worrying as (100%) and ceftazidime (70.6%), while fewer isolates of ESBLs- producing
more S. Typhi have become less susceptible to Fluoroquinolones. Improved and non-ESBLs- producing group showed resistance to amikacin (9.5%) and
hygiene and sanitation and use of World Health Organization-recommended no resistance was detected to imipenem. Among minced meat isolates, the
vaccines should be considered for effective management of MDR TF. majority of ESBL- producing group showed resistance to cefotaxime (85.7%),
ceftriaxone (85.7%) and ceftazidime (71.4%). But, no resistance was detected to
amikacin and imipenem.

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Conclusion: ESBL-producing strain were detected both in humans and minced ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERNS OF SALMONELLA KENTUCKY
meat of cattle’s isolates. Multi-drug resistance phenotype was common among ISOLATED FROM ANIMAL SOURCES IN THE NORTHEAST OF AFRICA
ESBLs-producers. Therefore, designing and implementation of strategies
for prevention and control of ESBLs- producing strains from spread in the Mauro Saraiva1, Alexandre de Lemos Barros Moreira Filho1, Wondwossen
community is essential. Gebreyes2, Amornthep Archawakulathep2, Celso Jose Bruno de Oliveira1
1. Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Areia, Brazil
2. Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA, Columbus, Brazil

Background: Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) is a major zoonotic agent and

responsible for a large number of human hospitalization cases and economic
losses worldwide. Among the various S. enterica serovars, S. Kentucky has
been reported mainly in cattle and poultry and rarely reported as a causative
agent of human salmonellosis. In the last years, however, S. Kentucky has
emerged as an important foodborne agent in developing countries. Recent
findings indicate a dissemination of a highly resistant clone (ST198) putatively
linked to the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials as growth promoter in
farm animals. This study assessed the antimicrobial resistance patterns of
Salmonella Kentucky isolated from animals in Ethiopia and Kenya.
Material and Methods: A total of twenty Salmonella Kentucky isolates
originated from animal fecal samples in Kenya and Ethiopia and kept at
the bacterial bank of The Infectious Diseases and Molecular Epidemiology
Laboratory (IDMEL) of The Ohio State University were assessed by Kirby
Bauer test using the following antimicrobial disks: ampicillin (A), amoxicillin/
clavulanic acid (Ax), ceftiofur (Xnl), ceftriaxone (CRO), cephalothin (Cf),
chloramphenicol (C), ciprofloxacin (CIP), gentamicin (G), kanamycin (K),
streptomycin (S), sulfisoxazole (Su) and tetracycline (Te).
Results and Discussion: The highest resistance rates were observed for
gentamicin (95%), ciprofloxacin (90%), and tetracycline (85%). All Salmonella
Kentucky isolates were phenotypic susceptible to ceftriaxone and
chloraphenicol. The most common resistant phenotype was ASSuTeGCIPCf
(40%). Ninety percent (90%) of all S. Kentucky were resistant to 3 or more
antimicrobial classes, and therefore considered multidrug resistant (MDR).
Conclusions: S. Kentucky isolates from animal fecal specimens in
Northeastern Africa showed high resistance rates against most of the tested
antimicrobials. These findings are in line with the increasing importance of S.
Kentucky to public health in those regions and reveal the need to investigate
the factors linked to the emergence of multidrug Salmonella in animals, such
as the off-label and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in animals.
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PLASMID-MEDIATED mcr-1 COLISTIN RESISTANCE GENE IN EXTENDED- Antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus
SPECTRUM b-LACTAMASE-PRODUCING Eschericia coli IN CHICKEN MEAT aureus isolated from human hospital and dairy farms in Northern Ethiopia
Priscylla Vasconcelos1, Alexandre de Lemos Barros Moreira Filho1, Nilton Alem Abrha1, Daniel Asrat2, Yimtubezinash Weldeamanuel2, Shu-Hua Wang3,
Lincopan2, Lauro Santos Filho3, Oliveiro Freitas Neto1, Celso Oliveira1 Wondwosen Gebreyes3
1. Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences (CCA/UFPB), Areia, 1. Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Brazil
2. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
2. Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB/USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
3. Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
3. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, João Pessoa, Brazil

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus can colonize and cause serious diseases

Despite the high toxicity of polymyxins, colistin (polymyxin E) has become in both human and animals. Continuous evolution of drug resistance in
a last-resort antimicrobial to treat human infections caused by multidrug both human and animals make it public health priority pathogen. Molecular
resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria. After firstly detected in China, techniques have been used successfully to study distribution, drug resistance
Enterobacteriaceae harboring the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene pattern and determine major lineages of S. aureus.
(mcr-1) has been now found in animals, environment and more sporadically
in humans from different parts of the world. Although previous studies have Objectives: to determine the drug resistance pattern and molecular
reported the occurrence of the gene mcr-1 in Enterobacteriaceae from characteristics of S. aureus isolated from hospital (human) and dairy farms in
animals sources in Brazil, this is the first inestigation to detect extended Northern Ethiopia.
spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli harboring mcr-1 gene in
Methods: we have studied 193 S. aureus isolates obtained from human
chicken carcasses in Paraiba State, Northeastern Brazil. A total of 21 ESBL-
clinical sources, nares of farm workers and milk of dairy cows from March,
producing Enterobacteriaceae cultured from 50 chicken carcasses were
2016 to March, 2017. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using
screened by PCR for the presence of the mcr-1 gene. Positive isolates (n=2)
disc diffusion technique and E-test (for vancomycin and daptomycin) at the
were whole genome sequenced (WGS). The mcr-1 gene was confirmed in an
Microbiology laboratory of Ayder Referral Hospital, Mekele following CLSI
O100:H25 E. coli strain ST359 that also harbored resistance genes against
guideline. Molecular characterization that includes; confirmation of S. aureus
β-lactams (blaTEM-1B e blaCTX-M-2), aminoglycoside (aadA1, strA, aph(3’)-
by nuc detection, MRSA by mecA/mecC detection, determination of toxin
Iia, strB, aph(6)-Ic, sulphonamides (sul1 and sul2), tetracyclines (tetB) and
genes (pvl, se, tsst-1), spa typing, and SCCmec typing was performed following
trimethoprim (dfrA1). The detection of colistin resistant E. coli from such a
established protocols at the Infectious diseases molecular epidemiology
small sample size indicates the need to further investigate the epidemiology
laboratory, Ohio State University, USA.
of mcr-1 positive Enterobacteriacea in animal production systems and the role
of the use of colistin in the veterinary practice. Colistin-resistant bacteria have Results: Out of the 193 S. aureus isolates 123 (63.7%) were from human
been emerged as major public health problem worldwide and the increasing clinical sources, 22 (11.4%) from nares of dairy farmers and 48 (24.9%) from
presence of these bacteria in foods could also pose a risk to the Brazilian milk of Dairy cows. Higher resistance was documented for Penicillin (92.7%)
poultry industry as a major player in the global market. followed by Tetracycline (38.3%) and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (31.6%).
All the isolates were susceptible for Vancomycin. Four isolates (2.1%) were
MRSA harboring mecA, 2 SCCmec III and 2 SCCmec IV. About 30% of the
isolates possessed pvl; However, pvl possession was significantly higher
among human clinical isolates than dairy farm isolates (44% vs 5.7%, P = .000).
Thirty nine percent of the isolates possessed at least one of the 5 classical
enterotoxin genes (sea-see). About 10% of the isolates were found positive
for tsst-1 where all of them were human isolates. Spa typing revealed 55 spa
types plus 11 new types clustered in 12 clonal complexes. The leading spa type

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was t042 (16.3%) followed by t355 (12.6%) and t306 (7.4%). Spa types t042, ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN ENTERIC PATHOGENS AND
t085 and t306 were found on both human and cow samples indicating cross- COMMENSALS FROM POULTRY
transmission.
Ruth Maganga1, Emmanuel Sindiyo2, Gabriel Shirima2, Kate Thomas4, Blandina
Conclusions: This study reported S. aureus molecular characteristics in the Mmbaga3, Louise Mathews1, Ruth Zadoks1
human-animal interface for the first time in Ethiopia. More than 90% of the
1. University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
human and animal S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin. This study
reported MRSA from Human but not from cow’s milk. Possession of pvl was 2. The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology,
Arusha, Tanzania
significantly higher among S. aureus isolates associated with human skin and
soft tissue infections than milk isolates. t355 was the leading spa type from 3. Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center/Kilimamjaro Clinical Research Institute,
Moshi, Tanzania
human clinical sources and t042 from cow milk. This study found spa types
t042, t085 and t306 were the adapted strains to both human and animals. 4. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Antimicrobial resistance is a threat to human and animal health. There is

a widespread, unregulated antibiotic use in Tanzania poultry production,
which may impose selective pressure on gastrointestinal commensals and
pathogens like E. coli and Salmonella, respectively. This preliminary study
is part of an ongoing project investigating the prevalence of antimicrobial
resistant Salmonella and E. coli in Tanzanian chicken production. Ten wards
were randomly chosen in the Arusha Urban District, with random selection
of one farm per ward per production system (extensive, semi-intensive,
indigenous intensive and broiler intensive). Per farm, samples were collected
from 10 chickens using cloacal swabs and the environment using boot socks.
These samples were tested for Salmonella using standard Food and Drug
Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual based culture methods and
for E. coli using MacConkey without or with added antimicrobial compounds
(tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, and Imipenem). Preliminary analysis
suggests that 270 (81.1%) of samples contain lactose fermenters that are
resistant to tetracycline (16µ/ml), 216 (64.9%) to ceftazidime (8µg/ml), 212
(63.7%) to imipenem (4µg/ml) and 190 (57.1%) to ciprofloxacin (4µg/ml). Species
identity of cultures is awaiting confirmation so these high prevalences should
be interpreted with caution. They do suggest, however, that commensal flora
of the chicken gut may be a source of AMR genes. Prevalence of Salmonella
in Arusha urban was 3% of which 8 (2%) of 392 local samples and 5 (12.5%)
of 40 environmental samples tested positive. Despite the low prevalence
of Salmonella at bird level in two wards, in intensive systems (indigenous
and broiler), Salmonella was detected in individual chickens when the
corresponding environmental samples were positive. Baseline information on
the prevalence of Salmonella and is not only paramount in establishing the
extent of the problem but can be used as a reference for developing effective
risk management strategies to safeguard public health.

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Molecular characterization of extended spectrum beta-lactmaces producing Detection of the mcr-1 Colistin Resistance Gene and Extended Spectrum
Enterobacteriaceae causing lower urinary tract infection in pediatric Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli from Poultry in Qatar
population
Nahla eltai1, Eman Wehedy Abdelsalam1, Asmaa Al Thani1, 2, Hadi Yassine1, 2,
Nahla Eltai , Eman Wehedy Abdelsalam , Asmaa Al thani , Anand Deshmuhk ,
1 1 1, 3 2
Elmoubasher Abdofarag3, Mahmoud H Mahmoud4
Hadi Yassine1, 3, Khalid Alansari2
1. Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
1. Biomedical Resarch Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar 2. College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Qatar, Doha, Qatar
2. Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar 3. Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
3. College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar 4. Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha, Qatar

Abstract: Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) continue to be the one of the most Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health concern worldwide
common cause of infections in pediatric patients in the community. It is and is one of the top health challenges facing humanity in the 21st century.
important to identify significant trend on anti-microbial resistance that may AMR among enterobacteriaceae is rapidly increasing especially to third-
influence empirical treatment & antibiotic stewardship. This study was generation cephalosporins and carbapenems. Further, strains carrying
designed with an objective of determining the prevalence of resistance mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes 1 & 2 have been isolated from
mechanisms in ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from pediatric humans, food-producing animals, and environment. Uncontrolled use of
patients attending Pediatrics clinic (PEC) Al Saad , Qatar. antibiotics in animals in large scale could be one of the major contributing
The isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF and phenotypic antimicrobial factors to generation and spread of antibiotic resistance. No studies have
susceptibility testing was performed by BD Phoenix and confirmed by double been done to evaluate antimicrobial resistance in animals in Qatar. This study
disk synergetic test (DDST). PCR and multiplex PCR-were performed for aimed at establishing a primary baseline data for prevalence of antimicrobial
molecular characterization of different groups of ESBL. Out of a total of 566 resistance among food animals in Qatar. 172 fecal samples were obtained
positive urine cultures, E. coli (84 %) was the most predominant uropathogen from two broiler farms and one live bird market in Qatar and 90 commensal
followed by K. pneumoniae (11%) and 197 (34.8 %) were found to be ESBL Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria were isolated and subjected to antimicrobial
producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Male to female ratio was 1: 4.7. susceptibility testing using Etest method. 90% (81/90) of the isolates were
resistant to at least one of 16 clinically relevant antibiotics. 15.5% (14/90) of
Of these positive ESBL isolates, 119 were included in our study with E. coli the isolates were colistin resistant, 2.2% (2/90) were extended spectrum β
being the predmajorominant isolate 104 (87.4%), followed by k. pneumonia lactamase (ESBL) producers and similar percentage were multi-drug resistant
13 (11%) then E. cloacae 1(0.8%) and C. koseri 1 (0.8%).TXM was found to be (MDR) to four antibiotic classes. ESBL-producing E. coli and colistin resistant
the most gene responsible for 63% of ESBL, followed by TEM 23.5 then a isolates were confirmed using double disc susceptibility testing and PCR,
combination of TEM and SHV 9.2% and 4.2% were due to SHV. respectively. In Summary, Our results indicates high antimicrobial resistance in
food producing animals in Qatar, including ESBL and colistin resistance. Such
In conclusion, to our knowledge, there are no published data on UTI
AMR bacteria could be easily transmitted to humans through consumption of
etiological agents and their analogues genotypic characteristics of resistant
undercooked food or noncompliance with hygiene practices, which mandates
species of bacteria among children in Qatar. Our findings generate crucial
prompt development and implementation of stewardship program to control
information about the molecular epidemiology of resistant gram-negative
and monitor the use of antimicrobial agents in community and agriculture.
bacteria in pediatric population in Qatar.
Accordingly, it will help in understanding the ESBLs dynamic and associated
risk factors. More importantly will help in establishing the anti-microbial
stewardship program in Qatar and limiting the spread of antibiotic resistant
bacteria in the community by implementing the evidence based infection
control measures.
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DETECTION OF OF BLAKPC-2 AND fosA GENES IN Enterobacteriaceae carbapenemase using the Carba NP test (Biomerieux). The identifications
ISOLATED FROM URBAN RIVER IN PARAÍBA, BRAZIL. was made by routine biochemical test and confirmed using MALDI-TOF
(Bruker). Analysis and the antimicrobial resistance patterns were determined
Lauro Santos Filho1, 2, 3, 8, Kelly Ribeiro Sá3, 7, João Carlos Miranda6, 7, by disc diffusion method using antimicrobials belonging to four different
M.R. Fernandes4, M. Munhoz4, L. Cerdeira4, Nilton Lincopan4, classes: beta-lactams (carbapenems and cephalosporins); quinolones;
Celso josé Bruno Oliveira1, 5, 8 aminoglycosides; fosfomicyn and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, according
1. Federal University of Paraiba(1), João Pessoa, Brazil EUCAST. The carbapenemase-encoding genes were screened by PCR and
2. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences(2);, João Pessoa, Brazil selected strains were analysed by Whole Genome Sequence (WGS) using
a MiSeq platform (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA). An Enterobacter cloacae
3. Tropical Medicine Centre/ Health Sciences Center/UFPB(3);, João Pessoa PB, Brazil
strain ST 1 was shown to harbor both blaKPC-2 and fosA genes, as well as
4. Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB/USP)(4), São Paulo, Brazil several other resistance genes, such asaminoglycoside-modifying enzymes
5. Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences (CCA/UFPB)(5), [aadA1, aac(6’)-Ib, aph(3’)-V], b-lactamase [blaCTX-M-8, blaCMH-3, blaTEM-1A,
Areia PB, Brazil blaOXA-9] and quinolones [qnrE, qnrB19, aac(6’)Ib-cr] encoding genes. The
6. Superintendence for Development of Environment in Paraiba - SUDEMA/PB.(6), detection of blaKPC-2 and fosA genes in a single isolate suggest that some
João Pessoa PB, Brazil commensal Gram negative strains found in the environmental might can be
7. PRODEMA/CCEN/UFPB(7)., João Pessoa PB, Brazil highly resistant to antimicrobials and pose a risk to public health. In addition,
our findings underscore the distribution of resistant bacteria and highlight
8. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa em resistência Antibacteriana (8),
Porto Alegre RS, Brazil a new possible reservoir of blakpc-2 harboring Enterobacteriaceae strains,
as well as, several other resistance genes from environmental source. In
summary, this is the first report on the occurrence of blakpc-2 and fosA in
The increased prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- enterobacteria cultured from an urban river in northeastern Brazil. Surveillance
producing Enterobacteriaceae in the environment has been activities of antimicrobial resistance in microbes from the environmental in urban
related to the overuse of antimicrobial agents. Environmental reservoirs of regions needs to be established as a priority in order to, establish strategies
ESBL-producing bacteria is a major issue in public health and currently, the to control high-risk multiresistant bacteria into the environment.
blaKPC-2 gene is no longer limited to K. pneumoniae species but has been
identified in a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria, and in regard to CTX-M
β-lactamases, isolates carrying CTX-M-8 and other genes have been found
worldwide. This study reports the occurrence of an Enterobacter cloacae
harboring blaKPC-2 gene isolated from an urban river (Jaguaribe River) in the
metropolitan area of João Pessoa city, northeastern Brazil. The isolated was
recovered in a study to monitor the occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR)
Gram-negative bacteria, the water samples were collected from different
locations along the river and filtered using a sterile filter membrane (0.45μm)
pore size. The membranes were placed in 20 ml of BHI broth, vortexed for 10
sec. and aliquots (100μl) from each samples were streaked onto McConkey
agar (McA) in paralel with McA suplemented with ceftriaxone (16μg/ml);
and also with meropenem (1 μg/ml) plus 70μg/ml ZnSO4) in order to detect
carbapenemase producing samples (KPC, Metalo) and incubated at 370C/18-
24h. The samples were also inoculated in Chomagar ESBL and Chomagar
KPC (PROBAC). Isolates grown on the selective plates with ceftriaxone were
screened for ESBL by the standardized disk approximation test and when
grown on selective plates supplemented with meropenem screened for

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Evaluating the efficacy of flukicides against Fasciola gigantica and Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ST313 isolated
paramphistomes using faecal egg count reduction tests in naturally infected from humans and poultry in Burkina Faso
cattle in Arumeru and Iringa Districts, Tanzania
Asseta KAGAMBEGA1, 2, Taru Lienemann1, Nicolas Barro2, Kaisa Haukka3
Jahashi Saidi Nzalawahe , Ayub Ahmadi Kassuku , Gerald C. Coles , Rose
1 1 2
1. Bacteriology Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control,
Hannah2, Eisler Mark2 National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki, Burkina
1. Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine Faso
University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania 2. Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, d’épidémiologie et de surveillance des
bactéries et virus transmissibles par les aliments (LaBESTA)/Université Ouaga
2. School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, I Professeur Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.,
Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
3. Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and
Fasciolosis caused by the liver fluke Fasciola gigantica and paramphistomiosis Biotechnology [Link] 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Helsinki, Burkina
are both widespread in cattle in Tanzania and the use of flukicides is Faso
encouraged by Government livestock extension officers. However, reduced
efficacy of oxyclozanide against Fasciola gigantica and paramphistomes, and Multidrug-resistant Salmonella is an important cause of morbidity and
albendazole against F. gigantica has been reported in some regions. This mortality in developing countries. Here we characterized multidrug-resistant
study was conducted to assess the efficacy of five different flukicides against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates from two patient and two
F. gigantica and paramphistomes in naturally infected cattle in Arumeru and poultry feces samples in Burkina Faso using whole genome sequencing
Iringa Districts. (WGS). These strains were tested for susceptibility to 12 different antimicrobial
agents using the disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar (Oxoid)
In each district cattle having concurrent infection of F. gigantica and
at 37°C for 24 h to confirm these antimicrobials susceptibility profile. The
paramphistomes were allocated into six experimental groups. On day 0,
ResFinder Web server were use to find the antibiotic resistance genes from
five groups were treated with one of five flukicides (albendazole, nitroxynil,
WGS data. For comparative genomics, publicly available complete and draft
oxyclozanide, closantel and triclabendazole) while a control group was left
genomes of different Salmonella Typhimurium laboratory-adapted strains
untreated. Faecal samples were collected from each animal on the day of
were downloaded from GenBank. Multilocus sequence type ST313 was
treatment and again at 7, 14 and 28 days post-treatment, processed to recover
detected from all four S. Typhimurium isolates. The S. Typhimurium isolates
and identify eggs using the Flukefinder® method. Faecal egg count reduction
described in this study were multiresistant to five commonly used antibiotics
(FECR) tests were used to assess the efficacy of the flukicides against F.
(ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide and trimethoprim).
gigantica and paramphistomes.
The use of ResFinder web server on the whole genome of the strains
The FECR results for nitroxynil, oxyclozanide, closantel and triclabendazole showed a resistance to aminoglycoside associated with carriage of the
indicate that these flukicides are effective in both districts against patent F. following resistances genes: strA, strB and aadA1; resistance to β-lactams
gigantica infection, with faecal egg counts reduced by 100% by day 14 post- was associated with carriage of a blaTEM-1B genes; resistance to phenicol
treatment. However reduced efficacy of albendazole against F. gigantica was was associated with carriage of catA1 gene, resistance to sulfonamide was
observed with faecal egg count being reduced by just 49% in Arumeru District associated with carriage of sul1 and sul2 genes, resistance to tetracycline
and 89% in Iringa District by day 14 post-treatment. The reduction in efficacy was associated with carriage of tet B gene, and resistance to trimetoprim was
was greater in Arumeru, where cattle are treated regularly with anthelmintics, associated to dfrA1 gene for all the isolates. Our finding of multi-drug resistant
than in Iringa where cattle are rarely treated. Oxyclozanide was the only S. Typhimurium ST313 in poultry feces calls for further studies to clarify the
flukicide found to be effective against paramphistomes, with FECR of 99%. potential reservoirs of this emerging pathogen.

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Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus were found to be resistant to multiple antimicrobials. This warrants a larger
isolates recovered from bovine milk in central highlands of Ethiopia representative study to fully understand the extent of the problem and design
better strategies for regulation of antimicrobial use in both the medical and
Eyasu Tigabu Seyoum1, Tesfu Kassa2, Daniel Asrat3, Thomas Sinemegn4, veterinary sectors in central Ethiopia.
Pamela Adkins5, Wondwossen Gebreyes6
1. Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
2. Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
3. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Black lion school of
Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
4. Central Statistical Agency, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
5. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Missouri, Colombia, United States
6. Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine,
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States

Antimicrobial resistance is becoming an extremely serious global problem.

The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence and phenotypic
and genotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk
and milk product samples in Ethiopia and also to determine the presence
of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). A total of 577
milk and milk product samples were collected from central Ethiopia and
Staphylococcus spp. were isolated using the method described in FDA
Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM). Resistance of S. aureus isolates to
12 antimicrobials was determined by using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion
method. PCR detection of mecA and nuc gene was also conducted. To
determine the clonal relatedness of S. aureus isolates, DNA fingerprinting of
selected isolates was performed by PFGE. Of the 577 milk and milk product
samples investigated, S. aureus isolates were recovered from 120 (21%) of
the sample. In addition, coagulase negative Staphylococcus species were
also isolated from 361/577 (63%) of the samples. The highest frequency of
resistance was observed for penicillin (83%) and the lowest was noted for
amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (3%) and gentamicin (3%). Fourteen (14) isolates
(13%) recovered from raw milk were found to be susceptible to all the tested
antimicrobials while 57% of the isolates were resistant to more than one of
the antimicrobials. All the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and none
were found to be methicillin resistant S. aureus based on mecA gene carriage.
PFGE analysis of 39 S. aureus isolates identified three separate clonal
clusters and also several sporadic isolates. S. aureus isolates in this study

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Antimicrobial suscebtibility and molecular characterization of extended Research Review and Meta-analysis on Antimicrobial Resistance of Bovine
spectrum beta lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae from pediatric unit Mastitis Bacteria in Ethiopia
in Qatar
Befekadu Urga Wakayo
Nahla Eltai1, Eman Wahedy1, Anand Deshmukh2, Khalid Alansari2, Asmaa Al
College of Veterinary Medicine Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
Thani1, Hadi Yassine1
1. Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Background and Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) problems
2. Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar emerging at the human – animal interface represent a pressing global health
and livelihood threat. This is particularly true in developing countries like
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) continue to be the one of the most common Ethiopia lacking strong appropriate drug use regulation mechanisms. AMR
cause of infections in pediatric patients in the community. It is important is a common problem in bovine mastitis (BM) pathogens including multiple
to identify significant trend on anti-microbial resistance that may influence bacteria having zoonotic transmission potential. Research knowledge on
empirical treatment & antibiotic stewardship. This study was designed with an epidemiology and potential impacts of drug resistance problems originating at
objective of determining the prevalence of resistance mechanisms in ESBL the human – livestock interface is fragmented in Ethiopia. This work explored
producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from pediatric patients attending research evidence on epidemiology of in vitro AMR challenges associated
Pediatrics clinic (PEC) Al Saad, Qatar. with BM bacterial pathogens in variable contextual settings of Ethiopia.

The isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF and phenotypic antimicrobial Methodology: Web search, critical review and meta-analysis of original
susceptibility testing was performed by BD Phoenix and confirmed by double Ethiopian research on in vitro AMR patterns of common BM bacteria, was
disk synergetic test (DDST). PCR and multiplex PCR-were performed for conducted between February and July 2017. A total of 18 original research
molecular characterization of different groups of ESBL. Out of a total of 566 reports were retrieved using Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate,
positive urine cultures, E. coli (84 %) was the most predominant uropathogen AJOL and other databases. These included 670 in vitro trials wherein 1,188
followed by K. pneumoniae (11%) and 197(34.8 %) were found to be ESBL isolates representing 16 specific BM bacteria were tested against 16 different
producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Male to female ratio was 1: 4.7. antibiotics. Occurrence pattern (% trials) and magnitude (% isolates) of AMR
against different antibiotics was estimated and contrasted relative to total and
Of these positive ESBL isolates, 117 were included in our study with E. coli specific BM bacteria tested.
being the predmajorominant isolate 102 (87.1%), followed by k. pneumonia 13
(11%) then E. cloacae 1(0.85%) and C. koseri 1 (0.85%). CTXM was found to be Results: Generally, AMR was observed in 477 (71.2 %) in vitro trials. Resistance
the most gene responsible for 55.5 % of ESBL, followed by a combination of occurred in 50 to 100 % of specific BM bacteria trials (Figure 1; a) mostly
genes 35% Then TEM 2.6 % and SHV 0 .9%. In conclusion, to our knowledge, against multiple (2 to 9) antibiotics (96.7%) and occasionally (2.2 %) a single
there are no published data on UTI etiological agents and their analogues antibiotic. Likewise, AMR was noted in 38.1% to 100 % of specific antibiotic
genotypic characteristics of resistant species of bacteria among children trials (Figure 1; b).
in Qatar. Our findings generate crucial information about the molecular Average total AMR % was lower in Gentamycin and higher against Penicillin
epidemiology of resistant gram-negative bacteria in pediatric population and Amino-Penicillin’s (Figure 2; a). Average Erythromycin (p=0.035),
in Qatar. Accordingly, it will help in understanding the ESBLs dynamic and Clindamycin (p=0.027) and Vancomycin (p=0.029) resistance was higher
associated risk factors. More importantly will help in establishing the anti- in gram negative BM bacteria (Figure 2; b). Average Cloroamphinicole
microbial stewardship program in Qatar and limiting the spread of antibiotic (p=0.025) AMR % was higher in A. pyogenes, gram negative bacilli (other
resistant bacteria in the community by implementing the evidence based than E. coli) and Bacillus spp., but lower in coagulase negative Staphylococci
infection control measures. and St. uberis. Clindamycin (p=0.049) AMR % was lower in Streptococcus,
Micrococcus and Bacillus spp. compared to other BM bacteria (Figure 3).

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Average Trimethoprim/Sulpha drug (p=0.000), Penicillin G (p=0.031) and Comparative Genotypic Analysis of Major Virulence Factors of Salmonella
Gentamycin (p=0.017) resistance was higher in south-eastern, southern, Strains Isolated Along the Beef Chain in Mexico
central and northern Ethiopia, respectively (Figure 4; a). Average Gentamycin
(p=0.000), Clindamycin (p=0.009) and Cephalosporin (p=0.050) AMR Enrique Delgado Suárez1, María Salud Rubio Lozano1, Rocío Ortíz López2,
% increased from 2003/8 to 2011/16 (Figure 4; b). Meanwhile, average Wondwossen Gebreyes3, Marc Allard4, Nelly Selem Mojica5, Francisco Barona
Tetracycline (p=0.037), Trimethoprim/Sulpha drug (p=0.000), Pencilline Gómez5
(p=0.019), Amoxacillin (p=0.049), Chloramphenicol (p=0.015), Erythromycin • 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous
(p=0.000) and Clindamycine (p=0.030) AMR % varied in different farm types. University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Higher AMR % was usually noted in large commercial dairy farms than small
holder (SH) dairy and/or extensive farms (Figure 5). • 2Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Autonomous
University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
Conclusion: In vitro resistance against multiple 1st line antibiotics was a
common feature of bacteria isolated from BM cases in Ethiopia. Potential • 3College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,
threats of in vivo treatment failure in corresponding livestock and zoonotic United States
infections demand serious evaluation. In many cases, BM bacteria AMR • 4Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug
problems showed higher frequency in large commercial dairy farms and a Administration, College Park , Maryland, United States
temporally escalating tendency. These probably reflect effects of increasing
veterinary antibiotic misuse practices emphasizing need for systematic • 5Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, CINVESTAV-IPN, Irapuato,
regulatory consideration. Mexico
Biosecurity, Biodefense and Disaster Response
Background: Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) is a common
contaminant in food animals including beef cattle and a leading cause of
foodborne illnesses worldwide. Various NTS serovars may be present in
apparently healthy animals. This could result in contamination during the
slaughter process, resulting in human exposure. This study is aimed at
comparing the genomes of 59 NTS serovars isolated from non-clinical beef
cattle sources to identify genetic differences related to variations in virulence,
host adaptability and overall pathogenicity.
Methodology/Principal Finding: We sequenced the genomes of 59 NTS
isolates from beef cattle feces (n=34), carcass swabs (n=3), primal cut swabs
(n=2), and ground beef (n=20). WGS data of these genomes were used to
conduct comparative genomics and strain typing. The predicted serovars
were Montevideo (n=29), Give (n=8), Muenster (n=6), Newport (n=4), Derby
(n=4), Reading (n=2), Senftenberg (n=2), Roodepoort (n=2), London (n=1),
and Bergen (n=1). Isolates from the same serovar clustered together in
well supported clades, except for Newport strains. Likewise, samples from
feces, carcasses and cuts were highly clonal. None of the isolates carried
spvRABCD, pefABCD, rcK or mig-5, which are typically present in highly
virulent strains. Pathogenicity islands (SPIs) were generally conserved, with
minor variations in SPIs 1 and 3.

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Conclusions/Significance: This study shows major NTS serovars circulating in Antimicrobial and Molecular Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum Beta-
apparently healthy beef cattle of the studied region harbor genes encoding lactamases Producing Enterobacteriaceae from Intensive Care Units, at
several factors associated with colonization and persistence. These isolates Hamad Medical Corporation in Qatar.
have a conserved repertoire of virulence genes and occasionally reach
carcasses and cuts, posing a food safety risk to consumers. Emad Ibrahim1, Mazen Sid Ahmed1, Anand Deshmukh1, Ali Sultan2, Devendra
Bansal2
1. Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
2. Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Doha, Qatar

Background: Emergence of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)-

producing isolates has important clinical and therapeutic impli- cations. A
high prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae has been reported
in literature from various clinical samples. Aim(s)/Objective(s): The present
study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of ESBL-producing
Enterobacteriaceae, as well as the molecular characterization and the
antimicrobial susceptibilities in patients admitted in Intensive Care Units (ICUs)
at Hamad Medical Corporations (HMC), Doha, Qatar from November 2012 to
October 2013.
Method(s): A total of 629 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were included in
the study. Identification and susceptibility was done by Phoenix (Becton
Dickinson) and the ESBL-producers were confirmed by double disk
potentiation as recommended by CLSI. Molecular analysis for the ESBL-
producers was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results: 109 isolates (17.3%) were confirmed as ESBL-producers and all
were sensitive to meropenem in routine susceptibility assay. Most of ESBL
producers (99.1%) were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone
and 93.6% to cefepime. Among ESBL producing genes, prevalence of
blaCTX-M (66.1%) was highest, followed by blaSHV (53.2%) and blaTEM
(40.4%).
Discussion and/or Conclusion(s): Present study shows high preva- lence of
ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae within the ICU facilities at HMC, Qatar
and emphasizes the need for judicious use of antibiotics and implementation
of strict infection control measures.

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Risk factors for rotavirus infection in smallholder pigs in Western Kenya Antimicrobial resistance profile of foodborne Cronobacter sakazakii and
Salmonella in Lebanon
Joshua Amimo1, 2, Edward Okoth2, Joshua Onono1, Benard Bett2
Mohamad Abiad, Tsolaire Sourenian, Zeinab Hmede, Issmat Kassem
1. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
2. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food
Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon

We analyzed data that were previously collected for molecular

characterization of rotavirus (RV) groups A and C in pigs from Teso and Antimicrobial resistance (AR) is a complex problem that poses a significant
Busia subcounties in Kenya to determine risk factors for its infection. The risk to public health globally. If uncontrolled, AR can limit the efficacy of
data included records from 239 randomly selected piglets aged between clinically important antibiotics against common infectious diseases. Many
1 and 6 months raised in free range and backyard production systems. developed countries have established guidelines and monitoring systems to
RV infection was confirmed by screening of fresh faecal samples by using track and control the use of antibiotics and the proliferation of AR bacterial
reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); selected positive pathogens. However, in developing countries, AR might be exacerbated
samples were subsequently sequenced and used for phylogenetic analysis. by several critical problems, including 1) the lack of stewardship and
In this analysis, RV infection status was used as outcome variable, while awareness of proper applications of antimicrobials in human medicine and
the metadata collected at the time of sampling were used as predictors. food production, 2) a debilitated infrastructure that facilitates the spread
A Bayesian hierarchical model which used integrated nested Laplace of antibiotics to natural resources (e.g. surface and ground water), and 3)
approximation (INLA) method was then fitted to the data. The model scant data on AR, especially in non-clinical settings. In the case of Lebanon,
accounted for the spatial effect by using stochastic partial differential the latter is clearly evident when considering food production from farm to
equations (SPDEs). Of the 239 samples screened, 206 were available for the fork. This implies that the contribution of foodborne AR bacterial pathogens
analysis. Descriptive analyses showed that 27.7 % (57/206) of the samples (ARFB) to the overall disease burden in Lebanon remains precariously unclear.
were positive for rotaviruses groups A and C, 18.5 % were positive for Furthermore, since the Lebanese economy relies greatly on tourism and the
group A rotaviruses, 5.3 % were positive for group C rotaviruses, while 3.9 foodservice sector, ARFB might negatively impact the Lebanese economy
% had co-infections from both groups of rotaviruses. The spatial effect was and affect public health in other countries. Spurred by the gap in data, we
insignificant, and a simple (non-spatial) model showed that piglets (≤4 months) initiated a concentrated effort to profile AR in foodborne bacterial pathogens
and those pigs kept in free range systems had higher risk of exposure to in Lebanon. While our long-term objective is to establish a base-line for ARFB
rotavirus infection as compared to older pigs (>4 months) and those tethered in Lebanon, we started by targeting two foodborne bacterial pathogens,
or housed, respectively. Intervention measures that will target these high-risk Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella, that were known to have occurred
groups of pigs will be beneficial to farmers. in popular Lebanese food products (sesame seed paste). For this purpose,
we isolated 54 C. sakazakii and 31 Salmonella spp. from various foods and
cognate production environment using selective media. The identity of the
isolates was confirmed using API® strips and genus and species specific
PCR. All isolates were then tested for AR using the disk diffusion method.
Our results showed that the C. sakazakii isolates exhibited resistance to
chloramphenicol (96.3% of the isolates), ciprofloxacin (63%), trimethoprim
sulfamethoxazole (44.5%), gentamicin (100%), cephalexin (96.3%), cefotaxime
(68.5%), cefepime (100%), and ampicillin (70%). The Salmonella isolates were
resistant to chloramphenicol (74.2% of the isolates), ciprofloxacin (45.2%),
trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (6.5%), gentamicin (68%), erythromycin (90.5%),
tetracycline (22.6%), cephalexin (64.5%), cefotaxime (22.5 %), cefepime
(100%), and ampicillin (26%). In survival studies, our results showed that AR

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did not adversely impact the fitness of isolates in the food matrix of origin.
Taken together, our results clearly highlight that the pathogens that occur in
Lebanese foods can exhibit resistance to diverse and important antibiotics.
Additionally, the occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) was notable. Our Plenary Session 5:
results emphasize the need to establish a monitoring system that can track
the prevalence and emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacterial pathogens Biosecurity, Biodefense
in Lebanese food. and Disaster Response

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Ranking food safety risks: a guided approach Bio-Security, Silos and Solutions
Barbara Kowalcyk1, Juliana Ruzante2, Sarah Cahill3 Doug Shinsato
1. The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States Anthill Ventures, Kamuela, United States
2. RTI International, Research Triangle Park, United States
3. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy Germ warfare is not an invention of modern civilization. There are records
from thousands of years ago that describe how warring tribes contaminated
Efforts to improve food safety to protect public health from microbial and their enemy’s water supply with animal carcasses.
chemical foodborne hazards remain a significant challenge globally. Food The Mongols learned that a disease stricken carcass—thrown in a water
safety is complex discipline encompassing a wide range of potential foods supply or catapulted over tower walls--was even more effective.
and hazards and a multitude of production and processing systems, and must,
in addition, adapt to constant changes in food consumption patterns. With Today, we use the term “biological warfare”. Over the past two centuries,
limited human and financial resources, it is impossible to efficiently address warring armies have inflicted bubonic plague, hepatitis, and parasitic
all food safety threats. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to pathogens on their opponents. Over the past century, 500 million people
prioritize food safety efforts so that resources can be allocated to most have died of infectious disease. Do not be fooled into thinking that military
efficiently minimize foodborne illness risks. However, risk management planners—and bio-terrorists—are not aware of this.
decisions are often undertaken in an ad hoc and subjective manner. Without
Pathogens—especially emerging ones—pose a great danger to all 9 billion
an objective, structured, and scientific approach to analyzing food safety
people on our planet—not only the herders and farmers who raise animals in
issues, policy decisions can be difficult to effectively justify and communicate.
remote parts of the world.
Food safety risk ranking is the systematic analysis and ordering of foodborne
Too often, we become aware of a new pathogen after the virus or bacteria has
hazards and/or foods in terms of the likelihood and severity of adverse
“broken out” and threatens to become a pandemic.
impacts on human health in a target population. Risk ranking provides national
food safety authorities with the scientific basis to make informed regulatory Today, we have the technology to provide us with early warning tools. The
decisions, enhance disease surveillance, determine how food inspections are problem is that many of the technologies are stuck in silos. The solution is
allocated, oversee inspection and enforcement food safety efforts, inform the simple: integrate, integrate, integrate. The problem is that this is not an easy
public of food safety threats, and continue to improve the safety of the foods solution.
produced and consumed in the country. There are a number of methods for
ranking food safety risks but these vary widely in terms of methodology, data Much of the research and many of the monitoring tools come from
needs and required expertise. As a result, developing and implementing a universities, which are organized along departmental lines—silos. Most of the
country specific risk ranking approach remains a challenge for many. This technologies that can help pathogens early in their life cycle are packaged
presentation will provide direction on how to start ranking the public health and sold separately—in silos.
risk posed by foodborne hazards. While the focus of this presentation will be Look at what is available:
on public health risks it does not preclude the risk-ranking approach being
applied to other endpoints. - Cheap and improved sensors and actuators
- Low cost micro-processors
- High bandwidth cellular communication
- Cloud-based ICT systems
-Big data analytics
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And much of the date required for precision farming and herd monitoring can Do Retreatment Tuberculosis Patients Need Special Treatment Response
be collected through Unmanned Aerial Vehicles—drones. There are a number Follow-up beyond the Standard Regimen? A Finding of Five-Year
of regulatory and commercial issues that needto be resolved, but let’s return Retrospective Study in a Pastoralist Setting, Ethiopia
to pathogens.
Fentabil Yimer1, Abere Alemu2, Henok Asfaw1
In our world of technology-based terrorism, have you thought about the use
1. Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jigjiga
of drones to infect large populations or their drinking water with pathogens University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
carried by a swarm of drones?
2. Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medical and Health Sciences,
During this plenary session, I will discuss the promise--and the dangers-- of Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
integrating the silos of medical device diagnostics, patient medical data
protection, bio-hazardous material chain of custody and pathogen monitoring. Background: Treatment outcomes serve as proxy measures of the quality
of tuberculosis treatment provided by the health care system. Hence,
assessment of treatment outcomes is essential to evaluate the effectiveness
of the Directly Observed Therapy-Short course program in controlling the
disease, and reducing treatment failure, death and default. However, TB
treatment outcomes and the underlying factors related to poor treatment
outcomes, to our knowledge, have not been studied in Ethiopian Somali
region where 85% of its population is pastoralist.
Methods: A retrospective review of five years (September 2009 to August
2014) data was conducted to evaluate the treatment outcome of 1378
randomly selected tuberculosis patients treated in Kharamara, Dege-habour
and Gode hospitals. We extracted data on socio-demographics, HIV Sero-
status, tuberculosis type, treatment outcome and year using a prepared
checklist. Tuberculosis treatment outcomes were categorized into successful
(cured/completed) and unsuccessful (died/failed/default) according to the
national tuberculosis guideline. Data was entered using EpiData 3.1 and
analyzed using SPSS 20. Chi-square test (χ2) and logistic regression model
were used to reveal the predictors of unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment
outcome and a P-value of ≤0.05 was considered as a cutoff point for statistical
significance.
Result: Out of the 1378 tuberculosis patients, majorities were male (59.1%),
pulmonary smear negative (49.2%) and new cases (90.6%), and HIV co-
infection rate was 4.6%. The median age (inter quartile range) was 26 (18 - 40)
years. Overall, tuberculosis treatment success rate was 86.8%, 95%CI (84.9%
- 88.5%), across the five years, however, 4.8%, 7.6% and 0.7% of patients died,
default treatment and failed to cure respectively. Treatment success rate
fluctuated across the years and ranged from 76.9% to 94% [p<0.001]. The
odds of death/failure was considerably higher among retreatment tuberculosis
patients [AOR =2.4; 95%CI =1.4 – 3.9] compared to new counterparts,
and pulmonary smear positivity was higher among retreatment (53.8%)

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patients compared to new (22.8%) counterparts [AOR= 2.3; 95% CI= 1.6-3.5]. Study on Seroprevalence of Bovine Brucellosis and Its Zoonotic Importacne
Tuberculosis treatment success rate had no significant difference between in Yabello District of Borana Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia
age groups, genders, tuberculosis types and HIV status (P>0.05).
Hailelule Aleme Yizengaw, Taddesse Debele Beshah
Conclusion: This study revealed that the overall tuberculosis treatment
Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
success rate has realized the global target for 2011 - 2015. However, it does
not guarantee its continuity as the trend showed that adverse treatment
outcomes might sporadically occur. Therefore, continual effort to effectively A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of bovine
execute DOTS should be strengthen and special follow-up mechanism should brucellosis and its zoonotic significance in Southern Ethiopia of Borana
be in place to monitor the treatment response of retreatment tuberculosis Zone (Yabello district) from December, 2015 to March, 2016. Blood samples
cases and to take early actions accordingly. were collected from randomly selected 424 cattle and 95 human beings.
Questionnaire was administered to assess the risk factors associated with
the prevalence and zoonotic importance of bovine brucellosis. Rose Bengal
Plate Test (RBPT) was utilized as a screening test for Brucella agglutinins at
Yabello Regional Veterinary Laboratory while Complement Fixation Test (CFT)
was used to confirm the reactors by RBPT at the National Veterinary Institute,
Debre-Zeit. A total of 424 blood samples were collected from cattle in study
area where 100, 300 and 24 samples from Ranch, Pastoral and agro pastoral
PA, and Yabello town, respectively. The overall seroprevalence was 12 (2.83%)
and 5(1.18%) by using RBPT and CFT, respectively. All seropositive result found
in this study was from female cattle serum which collected from Pastoral
and agro pastoral settings. From the studied risk factors, age category, herd
size, abortion history, physiological, status PA and parity were associated
to seropositivity of bovine brucellosis (P value < 0.05). A total of 95 human
blood samples were collected from 9 animal health worker, 10 butchers, 11
abattoir workers and 65 cattle owners, over all prevalence of 17 (17.90%) and
10(10.53%) was observed using agglutination test and CFT, respectively. All
seropositive serum samples were from cattle owners 10(15.39%). Being female
2.513 times more likely to be infected with brucella organisms than male (OR =
2.513, CI = 0.684, 9.979). However, except age category (X2 = 7.99, P = 0.045)
the association of risk factors (age, sex, risk groups and cattle owners with
their respective herd) were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Current study
showed that bovine brucellosis was prevalent in the study area for both cattle
and human beings. It had also potential to cause enormous economic as well
as public health impacts. Generally, to control the disease test and slaughter
with reimbursement and calf vaccination is better option in cattle where as
effective diagnosis and treatment of patients with brucellosis is recommended
for the control of the disease in human.
Pathogenesis, vaccine development and new Metagenomic Technologies

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The role of domestic cavies (Cavia porcellus) in the transmission of ISOLATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI FROM POULTRY LIVER AND ITS
Staphylococcus aureus and salmonella spp in the western highland of ANTIBIOGRAM PROFILE
Cameroon.
Mohammad Ilyas Khan
Marc K Kouam, Felix Meutchieye, Terence T Nguafack, Bridget Katte
Veterinary Research Institute, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan, Peshawar, Pakistan
University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
Abstract: Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacteria
Living and/ or working in Staphylococcus aureus infected farms, close contact which cause serious threat to poultry industry by causing high morbidity and
with or eating meat from Salmonella infected animals are general conditions mortality. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of
for transmission of S. aureus and or Salmonella from animal to human and E. coli in recent years (2014-2016) and antibiogram profile of E. coli isolates.
vice versa. In rural areas, domestic cavies mostly share their living area with Liver samples from different poultry farms were collected and processed for
humans (kitchen, bedroom, court yard), which could result in the transmission the confirmation of E. coli colonies. Antibiogram profile was also estimated
of these bacteria from cavy to human or from human to cavy. The objective for E. coli isolates by placing antibiotics disc and measuring zone of
of this study was twofold: 1) to investigate the cause of mortalities in domestic inhibition. Overall prevalence of E. coli was recorded as 35.1% while year
cavies in rural areas, and 2) to investigate the occurrence of pathogenic wise prevalence was 29.2, 29.88 and 41.05% for year 2014, 2015 and 2016,
bacteria of animals and human in domestic cavies in order to draw attention respectively. Antibiogram profile of E. coli isolates showed that Gentamicin
on the possible role of cavies in the transmission of these bacteria to humans. was highly sensitive in year 2014 and 2015 while ampicillin was least sensitive
Two clinically sick and agonizing cavies brought from two different farms in these years while Colistin with 60% sensitivity was recorded highly sensitive
to our laboratory were examined for bacterial and gastrointestinal parasitic in 2016 and Oxytetracyclin was highly resistant. Antibiogram profile of E. coli
infection at necropsy, soon after their death. Coprological examination using isolates showed that resistance developed to some antibacterial with passage
the flotation technique did not show any sign of parasitic infection. Culture of time while sensitivity of some antibacterial increased. Development of
from internal organs, as well as feces using selective media revealed the resistance might be due to the vigorous use of these for control of diseases
presence of S. aureus and Salmonella spp infection, as evidenced by the in poultry and also due to use of antibacterials as feed additives. Due to
heavy growth of bacteria on the selective growth media. These bacterial growing resistance to antibiotics it is highly recommended to decrease the
infections in the two dying cavies suggest that the bacteria are associated unethical use of antibiotics to minimize the development of resistance strain
with cavy mortalities reported by farmers. Due to interaction between cavies of microbes in future.
and human in the kitchen, we suggest that these animals can play a role in the
transmission of staphylococcosis and salmonellosis in humans in rural areas
with such a cavy breeding system.

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Rapid Assessment Of Bio-Risk Management; Knowledge & Practice in Promoting “One Health” approach implementation governance and
Tertiary Care Hospital Laboratories In Lahore, Pakistan. response capacity approaches against emerging zoonotic threats and
outbreaks in Africa
Syed Mursalin, Asad Zaheer
Olalubi A Oluwasogo2, Christopher K Wandabwa3, Adedeji A Ahmed4, Jeanne
Dr. Syed Mohammad Mursalin CEO Pak One Health Alliance, Islamabad, Pakistan
Y Ngogang5, Ernest Tambo1, 5
1. Africa Disease Intelligence and Surveillance, Communication and Response
Introduction: Laboratory services are essential to identify and confirm the Institute, Yaounde, Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
agents involved in important public health events, including those which
2. Kwara State University,School of Public health,Nigeria, Ilorin, Nigeria
may cause public health emergencies of national/ international concerns.
Ideally laboratory services should rely on adequate sample collection, sample 3. Africa Population Health Reserach ( APHRC),Niarobi,Kenya, Niarobi, Kenya
examination and transport systems. Strong laboratory biorisk management 4. Habib Medical School Islamic University In Uganda Kibuul,Kampala,Uganda,
measures and laboratory quality systems should ensure that laboratories kampala, Uganda
release results in a safe, secure, timely and reliable manner. These range from 5. Higher Institute fr Health sciences,Universite des Montagnes,Bangangte,Cameroon,
applying standard operating procedures to functional specimen transport bangangte, Cameroon
system, combined with strong laboratory biorisk management and quality
systems. Mainly to ensure that laboratories document results in a safe, secure, Introduction: Increasing urbanization, globalization and climate changes
timely and reliable manner. have been linked to natural and man-made development and needs
Aim: Given the recent international and national emphasis on improvement resulting on increased communities natural and man-made health threats
Biorisk and Biosafety management (BRM) specially under Global Health and crises threats and disasters vulnerabilities. The degree, nature and
Security Initiative, Pak One Health Alliance (an NGO) in coordination with extent national, community and household preparedness and response
Ministry of Health Services and University of Health Sciences decided to programs and activities defined the robustness and effectiveness of local,
perform a ‘Rapid Assessment of Biorisk Management and Safety Measures in national to regional preparedness and timely decision-making policy,
30- leading tertiary care hospitals of second largest city of the country- Lahore resources mobilization and stakeholder’s partnerships and response actions
city. from policy makers to health planners and implementers. Methods: The
paper-based close-ended questionnaire and focal group discussions was
Methods: This study was a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative used to assess existing “One Health” approach governance and response
assessment organized in the wake of standard principles of Biorisk capacity implementation approaches in strengthening community and
Management and safety A multi-prong approach was adopted to finalize national preparedness and emergency response and resilience in exploring
the results. This snap-shot focused on in-depth review of nine major critical translation bottlenecks and opportunities against emerging natural and
Bio-risk areas including; a) An overall status of Biorisk Management b) Status man-made threats and epidemics disasters in Africa. Results: A response
Biorisk Assessment during last 5 Years c) Status of Hand Hygiene d) Status of rate of 97% was recorded of the 134 respondents that participated and
Physical Security e) Chemical Safety Measures f) Biological Security Mesaures performed 4 focal group discussions during the conference. 26% of
g) Data Security Arrangments h) Waste Management i) Training in Biorisk respondent disagreed whereas 74% agreed to the leading role of data-
Management driven One Health governance and programs in Africa. 64% had a common
perception that One health data governance is all about policies whereas
Conclusion: Based on this assessment the participating hospitals were
36% agreed that it is about collaborative and engaged all in one health data
ranked according to the existing international standards of Bio Risk safety and
accountability and transparency, compliance and quality control activities. 96%
Security. A set of recommendations and need based Bio Risk Management
of respondents agreed that adopting and integrating a robust One Health’
Program was suggested for the adoption by the Provincial Health Department
data governance model is crucial to gain access to quality, trustworthy data
and participating hospitals. Pak One Health Alliance is working with partners
they can use to make proactive and efficient health decisions policy and
to organize similar studies in other major cities of the country to promote the
programs effectiveness and outcomes. Our results showed that inadequacies
case of One Health in general and Bio Risk Management in particular.
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in effective knowledge and access of and uses of data and information POTENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH RISKS FROM BRUCELLA SPP. ALONG THE
gaps in local community and national levels to strengthen “One health” INFORMAL DAIRY VALUE CHAIN IN DODOMA MUNICIPALITY AND
approach educational and campaigns programs, preparedness and timely CHAMWINO DISTRICT, TANZANIA
response activities. We also documented that inefficient of public health
laboratory, veterinary and environmental skills and knowledge resource Edith Mukantwari1, Erick Komba1, George Makingi1, Germinus Tungu3, Dominic
capacity to identify, understand and map potential risks/threats coupled with Kambarage2, Rudovick Kazwala1
lack or weak community early alarm and surveillance systems in threats or
disaster occurrence remain of concern. Promoting strategic programs and
activities such as “One Health” approach value public awareness campaigns, 1. Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences,
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health. P.O. Box 3021., Morogoro,
mitigation strategies and recovery measures against man-made and natural Tanzania
disasters included biological, chemical and ecological, events, flooding
2. Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere University of Agriculture and Technology (MJNUAT). P.O.
and globalization is crucial. We advocate on the urgency in strengthening Box 976, Musoma, Tanzania
a comprehensive evidence-based “One Health” approach surveillance in
public health threats and disasters preparedness and response priorities 3. Tanzania Livestock Research Institute (TALIRI) P.O. Box 202., Mpwapwa, Tanzania
and programs including environmental and climate changes mitigation and
adaptation strategies that support more healthier and prosperous lives. Brucellosis is a serious zoonotic illness caused by Brucella spp. It is endemic
Conclusion: Promoting “One Health” implementation governance and to Sub Saharan Africa and to many other developing nations; and poses dire
response capacity approaches at local, national and regional is crucial in in implications to animal health, livelihoods, economies, and insidiously, to public
revamping public health resilience and actions including integrated field and health; to largely variable extents.
laboratory surveillance-response system in community-based preparedness
and resilient response programs against emerging zoonotic threats and OBJECTIVES: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Dodoma Municipal
outbreaks across Africa. and Chamwino districts of Dodoma region in central Tanzania in March-
April, 2016, to determine; (i) the prevalence of brucellosis amongst cattle; (ii)
presence of Brucella spp. in milk and sour milk sold along the informal dairy
value chain; and (iii) to determine the socio-demographic factors associated
with brucellosis in animals and in retail milk and sour milk.
METHODS: Blood samples were collected from a total of 422 cattle of all
breeds and sexes; excluding animals younger than 4 months. Serum was
collected aseptically and stored appropriately till tested. Milk samples were
collected from the lactating animals (n=176), and from retailers selling milk
(n=16) and sour milk (n=6). Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) was administered to
serum as a screening test, and Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent
Assay (c-ELISA) for confirmation. The milk and sour milk samples were
subjected to conventional single Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) targeting
the BCSP-31kDA protein gene. All farmers and retailers had questionnaires
administered with the aim of finding out their knowledge levels, attitudes and
practices associated with brucellosis.
RESULTS: The sero-prevalence of brucellosis in the study area was 0.47%
and 0.95% using RBPT and c-ELISA respectively, with good agreement using
kappa statistic at κ=0.66. All serology positive cases originated from the rural
areas of Chamwino district. PCR indicated that 8.52% of lactating animals shed
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Brucella spp. pathogens into their milk with the prevalence being higher in Tick-Borne Diseases-Possible Threat to Humans-Dog Interspecie Bond
rural areas (10.8%) than urban areas (6.9%). Of the milk samples from retailers,
12.5% were positive for Brucella spp. with 24.3% of the respondents reporting Mohammad Ilyas Khan
consumption of raw milk products. Herd size was found to be associated with Veterinary Research Institute, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan, Peshawar, Pakistan
brucellosis in the herd (p=0.038; 95% CI). Animal breed (p=0.000) and herd
size (p=0.014) were also found to be significantly associated with the shedding
Abstract: Dog (Canine lupus familiaris) is one of the most neglected specie
of Brucella spp. in milk from lactating cows at individual and herd level
in the research institutes in Pakistan. Humans are at great risk of zoonotic
respectively. Residence in rural Chamwino was significantly associated with
diseases due to close association with dogs and humans-dog interspecies
low brucellosis knowledge levels (p=0.033), which may affect infection levels
bond is at danger due to these diseases. The aim of the study was to
in both cattle and humans either directly or indirectly.
determine the haemo-parasitic diseases of dogs, its effect on hematological
CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that brucellosis is prevalent in cattle profile and to correlate it with general health status of dogs. Total of 121 blood
which may expose other animals in the herds as well as their human handlers samples were collected from district Peshawar and Charsadda from public
to infection. Brucella spp. pathogens were also detected in raw milk sold and private sectors including armed forces. Microscopic results showed 34
along the informal dairy value chain in Dodoma Municipal and Chamwino and 19% prevalence of anaplasmosis and canine babesiosis, respectively.
District, thereby indicating a risk to milk consumers thus inadvertently Prevalence of haemo-parasitic diseases in dogs were studied with respect
jeopardising public health. Both these scenarios call for interventions such to different risk factors i.e. season, location, breed, owner, sex and age.
as, vaccination of animals, screening of fresh and sour milk along the informal Statistically significant (P<0.05) relation
dairy value chain for Brucella spp. and public health sensitization campaigns
was recorded with respect to season, breed, ownership and age while no
targeting farmers, retailers and milk consumers on brucellosis transmission
significant (P>0.05) relation was observed with respect to location and sex.
and prevention strategies, with concentrated focus on large herd owners as
Anemia was striking feature in hematological parameters with significant
well as cattle keepers and dairy consumers living in rural areas.
(P<0.01) decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit values and
can be classified as normocytic hypochromic with significant decrease (P<0.01)
in Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Ticks are important
vector for the transmission of the haemo-parasites and ticks infestation is
favored by hot and humid environment, the reason for higher prevalence of
haemo-parasites in the summer season. Awareness among the community
should be initiated through media talks, print and electronic media for
periodical screening of their dogs for haemo-parasitic diseases and along with
that control strategies should be designed.

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Antibiotic resistant airborne bacteria and their multidrug resistance pattern High Mortality from Blood Stream Infection in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Is Due
at University teaching referral Hospital in South Ethiopia to Antimicrobial Resistance
Fiseha Wadilo Tewodros Ayele
Medical microbiologist and PhD candidate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia
Addisababa University, Addisababa, Ethiopia
Background: Hospitals provide a reservoir of microorganisms, many of which University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
are multi-resistant to antibiotics. Emergence of multi-drug resistant strains in
a hospital environment, particularly in developing countries is an increasing
Background: Managing blood stream infection in Africa is hampered by
problem to infection treatment. This study aims at assessing antibiotic
lack of bacteriological support needed for antimicrobial stewardship, and
resistant airborne bacterial isolates.
background data needed for empirical treatment. A combined pro- and
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Wolaita Sodo university retrospective approach was used to overcome thresholds in clinical research
teaching and referral Hospital. Indoor air samples were collected by in Africa.
using passive air sampling method. Sample processing and antimicrobial
Methods: Outcome and characteristics including age, HIV infection,
susceptibility testing were done following standard bacteriological techniques.
pancytopenia and bacteriological results were studied in 292 adult patients
The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.
with two or more SIRS criteria using univariate and confirming multivariate
Results: Medically important bacterial pathogens, Coagulase negative logistic regression models. Expected randomly distributed resistance
staphylococci (29.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (26.3%), Enterococci species, covariation was compared with observed co-resistance among gram-
Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium (16.5%), Acinetobacter negative enteric bacteria in 92 paediatric blood culture isolates that had been
species (9.5%), Escherichia coli (5.8%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa harvested in the same hospital during the same period of time.
(5.3%) were isolated. Antibiotic resistance rate ranging from 7.5 to 87.5%
Results: Mortality was fivefold increased among patients with positive
was detected for all isolates. Acinetobacter species showed a high rate
blood culture results [50.0% vs. 9.8%; OR 11.24 (4.38–25.88), p < 0.0001],
of resistance for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin (78.2%) and
and for this group of patients mortality was significantly associated with
ciprofloxacin (82.6%), 28 (38.9%) of S. aureus isolates were meticillin resistant,
antimicrobial resistance [OR 23.28 (3.3–164.4), p = 0.002]. All 11 patients with
and 7.5% Enterococci isolates of were vancomycin resistant. 75.3% of all
Enterobacteriaceae resistant to 3rd. generation cephalosporins died. Eighty-
bacterial pathogen were multi-drug resistant. Among them, 74.6% were gram
nine patients had pancytopenia grade 3–4. Among patients with negative
positive and 84% were gram negative. Multi-drug resistance were observed
blood culture results, mortality was significantly associated with pancytopenia
among 84.6% of P. aeruginosa, of 82.5% Enterococcii, E. coli 78.6%, S. aureus
[OR 3.12 (1.32–7.39), p = 0.01]. HIV positivity was not associated with increased
76.6%, and Coagulase negative staphylococci of 73.6%.
mortality. Antimicrobial resistance that concerned gram-negative enteric
Conclusions: Indoor environment of the hospital was contaminated with bacteria, regardless of species, was characterized by co-resistance between
airborne microbiotas, which are common cause of post-surgical site infection third generation cephalosporins, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and co-
in the study area. Bacterial isolates were highly resistant to commonly used trimoxazole.
antibiotics with high multi-drug resistance percentage. So air quality of
Conclusion: Mortality was strongly associated with growth of bacteria
hospital environment, in restricted settings deserves attention, and requires
resistant to empirical treatment, and these patients were dead or
long-term surveillance to protect both patients and healthcare workers.
dying when bacteriological reports arrived. Because of co-resistance,
alternative efficient antibiotics would not have been available in Ethiopia
for 8/11Enterobacteriaceae-infected patients with isolates resistant to third
generation cephalosporins. Strong and significant resistance covariation
between 3rd. generation cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and

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co-trimoxazole was identified. Pronounced pancytopenia was common and How South Africa respond to environmental risks of concern with acute and
associated with increased mortality. HIV positive patients had no excess long-term chronic risks
mortality.
Salome Margaret Molefe1, 2, C.M.E. McCrindle2, C.J Botha2, V. Naidoo2
1. National Department of Environmental Affairs, Directorate: Hazardous Chemicals
Management, Private Bag X447, Pretoria, South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
2. Paraclinical Science: Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,, Pretoria,
South Africa

Environmental risk refers to the combination of the probability and

consequences of adverse environmental outcomes for event or activity
which is induced by natural cause or human activities. Chemicals can enter
air, water and soil when they are produced, used or disposed. Their impacts
is determined by the amount of chemical that is released, the type of the
concentration, and where it is found. Some chemicals can be harmful if
released to the environment even when there is not an immediate visible
impact and some can work their way into the food chain and accumulate and/
or persist in the environment for many years.
The aim is to investigate sudden and accumulative risks induced by chemicals
and their long term effects in soil, water, air, biodiversity and human health.
Methods: Interviews and literature reviews conducted to review
environmental risk sources and their impact on receptors including entities
such as humans, ecosystem and socioeconomic infrastructure that will suffer
from risk consequences.
Results: Sources of sudden acute risks included the acute poisoning and
leakages, fires and explosions from production, transportation, utilization, and
storage of flammable and explosive materials or toxic chemical hazardous
materials and treatment of wastes. Long-term and chronic risks and
accidental environmental risks are due to industrial layout, mainly because
many chemical production enterprises are located in densely populated
areas, either on or near important water sources, rivers, lakes, wetlands
and ecological protection areas. Sources included long existing polluting
media such as emissions yielding chronic air pollution, ozone layer depletion
and increased UV radiation; contamination of soil and water pollution at
contaminated sites like eutrophication due to runoff of agrochemicals,
livestock manure; mechanical failures (i.e. equipment failures such as wear,
corrosion, ageing, or extended use), and human failure due to violation of the
law, non-compliance of operations, operational error, inadequate management
and weak capacity.

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Conclusion: Natural resource contamination is correlated with the degree Assessment of KAP, economic and public health burden of Anthrax in
of industrialization and intensity of chemical usage. Acute responses to selected outbreak hit areas of Jimma zone
environmental accidents is weak and lacks effective emergency response
plan. Long-term and chronic environmental risks have been neglected, and Feyissa Begna Deressa
the social and economic impact of adverse environmental and human health Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma, Ethiopia
is devastating with high costs of inaction for human and occupational health,
purification of water resources, clean-ups and remediation falling upon the
Anthrax is zoonotic disease and typically a disease of domestic and wild
public sector and individuals.
herbivores causing tremendous economic loss due to its high fatality rate.
One time survey was conducted to assess economic and public health
burden and communities’ knowledge, attitudes and practices on Anthrax in
outbreak hit districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia from August, 2015 to May, 2016.
A structured questionnaire was used where households were selected based
on anthrax outbreak history and subsequent were identified using snowball
sampling. About 193 respondents were included in the study. Appropriate
statistical, economic and DALYs models were used for analysis. From the
respondents about 17.3% mentioned that they eat the meat of diseased
animal, and do not burn the body of the dead animal and slaughtered
moribund animals and partitions its meat among their neighbors. About 22.2%
of the respondents didn’t know anthrax is zoonotic and 18.6% of them have no
clue that vaccination is preventive. An estimated 25 human cases from which
6 died were reported and all of them were by eating meat of diseased animals
or becoming in contact during slaughtering. An estimated monetary loss
attributed to Anthrax outbreak was about 30,569,893ETB (($1,421,855.49).
Public health burden of about 133.55 DALYs was estimated. The cumulative
incidence was 36.69% in cattle, 16.162% in sheep, 2.632% in goats and
41.935% in Equines. The case fatality was highest in cattle (94.224%) lowest
(37.5%) in sheep. A gap has been identified that the communities’ knowledge
and practice towards anthrax was/is poor. The outbreak had caused a
significant economic and public health burden. Public education and putting in
place proactive vaccination strategy and identification of endemic foci could
help prevent nest anthrax outbreaks and its losses.

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Epidemiological survey on diarrheal diseases in the arid region of Morocco: Screening of antivenom activity of Lavandula sto echas and Aristolochia
case of Marrakesh [Link] survey on diarrheal diseases in the longa plant extracts against Buthus occitanus venom
arid region of Morocco: case of Marrakesh city
Btissam BOUIMEJA1, Abdelmonaim ELhidan1, Oulaid Touloun1, 3, Mehdi Ait
Sana Chaoua , Samia Boussaa , Redouane Moutaj , Ali Boumezzough
1, 2 1, 2 3 1
laaradia1, 2, Hicham Berrougui3, Abderrahmane Chait2, Ali Boumezzough1
1. 1Laboratory Ecology and Environment (L2E), (URAC 32), Cadi Ayyad University, 1. 1Laboratoire Ecologie et Environnement(L2E), (URAC 32), Université Cadi Ayyad,
Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 2390-4008, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Marrakech, Marrakech, Morocco
Marrakesh, Morocco, Marrakesh, Morocco
2. 2Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Neurobiologie et Comportement, Faculté des
2. 2ISPITS-Higher Institute of Nursing and Health Techniques, Marrakech, Morocco, Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad Marrakech., Marrakech, Morocco
Marrakech, Morocco
3. 3Laboratoire Polyvalent en Recherche & Développement LPVRD, Département de
3. 3Department of parasitology-mycology, Avicenne military hospital, Biologie, Faculté Polydisciplinaire, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal.,
CHU Mohamed VI, Marrakech, Morocco, Marrakesh, Morocco Beni Mellal, Morocco

Introduction: Diarrheal diseases are one of the major public health problems. The scorpion envenomation is a major public health problem in Morocco. It is
In developing countries, diarrhea is among the leading causes of childhood a real concern for citizens and for the health personnel. The main cause of this
morbidity and mortality. These infections occur most frequently under scourge is the presence of a rich and diverse scorpion fauna characterized by
circumstances of poor environmental sanitation and hygiene, inadequate the presence of dangerous scorpion species.
water supplies, and poverty. Wastewater is an important vehicle of biological
agents responsible for millions of estimated cases of diarrheal disease. In Morocco, scorpion envenomation is the leading cause of intoxication with
Therefore the reuse of wastewater without any treatment in agriculture a rate 30%–50% of all the poisoning cases reported to the Moroccan Poison
constitutes a risk to the natural resources and also to the populations that are Control Center (PCCM). The major causative species belongs to Androctonus
in permanent contact or consuming the agricultural products irrigated with and Buthus genus, of these, Buthus occitanus causes severe envenomation
these waters. In Morocco, Various epidemiological surveys have been carried (Ismail, 1995).
out in parts of the kingdom, including the Marrakech region, showing the In this context this study aims to assess on the one hand the Buthus occitanus
prevalence of certain diseases, such as ascariasis, hookworm, anguillulose venom effects. On the other hand, the possible neutralizing effects of some
and trichocephalosis. species of medicinal plants extract: Aristolochia longa, Lavandula stoechas.
Materials and methods: The present study aimed to evaluate the risk of The venom is extracted by the electrical method. In order to determine the
intestinal parasitosis from the use of wastewater in agriculture through an LD50 of the B. occitanus scorpion venom we injected increasing doses of the
epidemiological survey carried out in the region of Marrakech, Morocco. The venom subcutaneously to Swiss mice. We evaluated the histological alteration
subjects are of different sexes, ages, and often consuming the products of of the vital organs (heart, kidneys, liver and lungs) and changes in biochemical
the region that are irrigated by the untreated wastewater discharged from the parameters (ALT, AST, LDH, CPK, and Creatinine) after subcutaneous injection
sewage treatment plant of Marrakech city. We have also taken the samples of the venom in the mouse. After calculating the LD99 of scorpion venom,
of wastewater. The parasitological analyzes were carried out according to the the venom-neutralizing ability of plants extract was determined using in vivo
standard diphasic method Bailenger method modified by Ayres & Mara (1996), methods. The alleviation in the mean survival time of the animals was used
recommended by WHO. to infer the antivenom property of the extracts after challenging with LD99 of
Results and Discussion: As results, a large number of infectious agents were scorpion venom.
identified, with a high risk of diarrheal diseases for the local population. The LD50 of B. occitanus scorpion venom was found to be 0.53 mg/kg
According to WHO, these diseases are the second leading cause of death by subcutaneous injection route. Venom produced focal fragmentation of
in children, so, preventive measures are needed, with emphasis on health myocardial fibers, while lungs showed rupture of the alveolar structure.
education and adequate treatment of wastewater. Concomitantly, there was a significant rise in the serum enzymes levels. The

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study of venom-neutralizing ability of plants extract showed that the ethanolic Biosecurity – The cornerstone for preventing spread of highly infectious agents
extract of A. longa (24.5 mg/kg) significantly increases mean survival time and
the protection fold, but could not protect animals when used in the higher Manon Racicot1, Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt1, Daniel Venne2, André Durivage3
dose 30 mg/kg. However, the other extract tested: Lavandula stoechas 1. Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
showed no antivenom activity. 2. Couvoir Scott ltée, Quebec, Canada
The present study provides strong evidence that support the use of 3. University of Quebec in Outaouais, Outaouais, Canada
Aristolochia longa as anti-scorpion venom in traditional medicine in Morocco
with a low dose. The social concerns for food safety, the growing demand for organic farms
and the problematic of antimicrobial resistance make biosecurity the
cornerstone for preventing spread of highly infectious agents. In addition,
imports of live animals and animal by-products, international human travel,
illegal traffic of potentially hazardous materials and fears of bioterrorism (e.g.
anthrax) or agroterrorism (e.g. foot and mouth disease) require the constant
application of biosecurity measures at several levels, including on-farm level.
To prevent, minimize and control cross-contamination between animals,
environment and humans, biosecurity protocols are implemented. The main
challenge with biosecurity is maintaining compliance.
Several reasons are given to explain the lack of compliance of biosecurity
measures. The lack of knowledge or understanding is the traditional reason
explaining why compliance is low. Based on videosurveillance, we were able
to detail what is misunderstood by listing frequently observed biosecurity
errors at the entrance and exit of barns. Forty four different biosecurity
errors were observed. The nature and frequency of the errors suggest a
lack of understanding of biosecurity principles. In addition, determinants of
compliance were identified: length and time of visit, presence of the grower
or any other farm personnel accompanying visitors, entrance design, number
of barns, number of biosecurity measures required, type of boots, gender
and being a family member of the grower. Three personality traits were also
associated with compliance: responsibility, action-oriented and complexity, as
well as years of experience and education.
There is more than one solution to develop an effective on-farm biosecurity
program and to address the potential lack of biosecurity compliance. Several
elements are necessary. Of primary importance are the farm and barn designs
(or adjustments for existing facilities) in order to facilitate implementation
of the measures included in the program. Equally important are the
communication efforts aimed at informing all personnel and visitors about
biosecurity. It is particularly important to have in place a training program
explaining why biosecurity is important, which measures are needed, and
how to best implement them. Finally, maintaining a biosecurity program active
requires feedback mechanisms keeping farm personnel and visitors aware of
the importance of preserving the integrity of the biosecurity program.
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 Lead Session 6: Barney S. Graham, M.D., Ph.D. Vaccine Research Center,
Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory and Translational Science Core, The National
Institutes of Health, USA
Abstracts Day 3 Title: Anti-Viral Vaccine Development: Preparing for the Next Pandemic

Lead Session 7: Manon Racicot DVM, PhD; Adjunct Professor, University of

November 9, 2017 Montreal, St. Hyacinth, Canada.
Title: Food Safety from Farm to Fork: A Behavioral Perspective

Session 6: Pathogenesis, Vaccine Development

and metagenomic Technologies

Session 7: Food-borne and Water-borne Diseases

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 ANTI-VIRAL VACCINE DEVELOPMENT: PREPARING FOR THE NEXT
PANDEMIC
Barney S. Graham
Session 6:
Deputy Director, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA

Pathogenesis, Vaccine Development Infectious diseases pose the greatest threat to public health than any other
and metagenomic Technologies process. Sir William Osler noted that “Humanity has but three great enemies:
fever, famine, and war; of these by far the greatest, by far the most terrible, is
fever.” This remains true despite advances in sanitation, antimicrobials, and
vaccines. Sustained by increasing global commerce and travel, disruption
of ecologies from conflict or economic development, and many people
living with immune deficiencies, we are faced with a continuous microbial
challenge. Most emerging infectious diseases are caused by viruses and are
either zoonotic or vector-borne. AIDS began as a zoonotic transmission that
circulated in humans for decades before evolving to the current pandemic.
The HIV pandemic along with subsequent threats from avian influenza,
SARS, MERS, Ebola, and Zika illustrate the disruptive impact of infectious
diseases on economies and social stability, and have helped clarify the
importance of taking a more global view towards building research capacity
and infrastructure. Working towards the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals
will help achieve the “One Health” agenda and allow us to reach the level of
surveillance and advanced preparation necessary to reduce the public health
burden of emerging viral diseases.
The talk will review lessons learned from the response to pandemic threats
over the last 3 decades, and discuss currently available technology options
for designing and delivering vaccines against viral diseases that may become
future global public health concerns, with an emphasis on respiratory viruses
including MERS CoV. There are 23 virus families associated with human
infection from which the next pandemic threat could arise. Within each
relevant virus family a database of information with accompanying reagents,
assays, and animal models could be developed for prototypic viruses based
on properties of tropism, transmission routes, and other distinguishing
features of pathogenesis. Candidate vaccine approaches could be designed
based on virus structure, transmission dynamics, entry requirements, tropism,
and replication strategy. Rapid isolation of human mAbs, structure-based
antigen design, next-generation sequencing, nanoparticle technology, and
chemical synthesis are key tools for rapid vaccine development, but advanced
preparation will be critical for rapid vaccine deployment during future
pandemics.

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POINT-OF-CARE LIONEX AND LIPOARABINOMANNAN (LAM) ANTIGEN were compared to culture/PCR and histology/necropsy using Cohen’s kappa
TESTS FOR RAPID TUBERCULOSIS DETECTION IN CATTLE USING NON- statistic and Pearson’s p-values. The Lionex-test vs. histology/necropsy and
INVASIVE SAMPLES Lionex-test vs. culture/PCR presented the most promising results with k=
0.2851 (p= 0.0107) and k= 0.3478 (p= 0.0547) respectively. To account for the
Sarah Waibel1, Sabeen Sidiki2, Holden Kelley2, Cristina Tomatis Sourverbielle3, low sample size of negative controls for culture/PCR, a theoretical kappa was
Rick Smith5, James Averill5, Susan Baer6, Janet Hengesbach6, also calculated. This produced a k = 0.8335 which is more consistent with
Wondwossen Gebreyes1, Shu-Hau Wang8, Jordi Torrelles2 the results. Meanwhile LAM-test vs. culture/PCR and LAM-test vs. histology/
1. Department of Preventative Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine The Ohio necropsy were k= 0.0132 (p= 0.9304) and k= 0.0984 (p= 0.5482), respectively.
State University, Columbus, United States These findings suggest that performing the Lionex-test in milk samples could
2. Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity College of Medicine The Ohio State be an effective and new screening method for BTB in the field.
University, Columbus, United States
3. Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus,
United States
4. Division of Hospital Infectious Diseases Nationwide Hospital, Columbus, United
States
5. Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Lansing, United States
6. Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health Michigan State University,
Lansing, United States
7. Center for Biostatistics College of Medicine The Ohio State University, Columbus,
United States
8. Internal Medicine Division of Infectious Disease College of Medicine The Ohio State
University, Columbus, United States

Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis. BTB

has devastating consequences on animal and human health. Currently,
testing BTB in cattle requires a significant investment of time, equipment,
and labor to determine the disease status of an animal. Effective surveillance
protocols are often non-existent in high BTB burden countries, which further
hamper control measures. This has created a drive to find novel and cheaper
methods for rapid BTB testing. The Lionex Animal Tuberculosis (TB) Rapid
Test® (Lionex-test) is a novel TB test that uses serum or plasma to detect three
unique mycobacterial antigens. The Alere Determine TB lipoarabinomannan
(LAM) antigen (LAM-test) is a World Health Organization supported point-
of-care test that uses urine to detect active TB disease in humans. Here we
determined the efficacy of the Lionex-test and LAM-test in milk and urine
samples, respectively, from dairy cattle, and compare their results to accepted
gold standards. Using milk samples (n=25) from M. bovis suspected infected
cattle from a recent BTB outbreak in Michigan, the Lionex-test was positive
in 23/25 milk samples and was negative 34/37 for the controls. Using urine
samples (n=21) from the same cattle, the LAM-test detected M. bovis antigen
in 6/21 samples tested and was negative 12/13 for the controls. These results
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IN VITRO ANTIBIOGRAM OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY CHICKS Evaluation of the agreement between comparative intra-dermal tuberculin
MORTALITY IN POULTRY CHICKS and gamma interferon tests for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in
Ethiopia
Mohammad Ilyas Khan
Yewubdar Gulelat1, Gobena Ameni2, Markos Abebe3, Mulalem Ambaw4
Veterinary Research Institute, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan, Peshawar, Pakistan
1. Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted for the isolation of bacterial 2. Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
agents and in vitro antibiogram of the isolates from the yolk and visceral 3. Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
organs of up to one week old broiler and layer chicks. Samples from
4. JImma University, Jima, Ethiopia
the yolk and visceral organs were aseptically collected and cultured on
various selective and differential media. The isolated organisms were
identified and subjected to commonly used antibiotics for determination The control of bovine tuberculosis is difficult in developing countries because
of antibiogram. 330 samples from yolk and visceral organs were taken of the high cost of a sustainable testing program and the lack of a diagnostic
from those chicks which were not medicated with antibiotics, as per history assay with high sensitivity and specificity to detect animals at all stages
provided by the poultry farmers. Among these, 223(68%) showed bacterial of infection. A cross- sectional study was conducted to evaluate the test
growth. Various bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli (47.93%), proteus agreement between comparative intra-dermal tuberculin test (CIDT) and
(5.87%), mixed infection (3.59%), streptococci (2.89%), klebsiella (1.79%), Interferon gamma (INF-γ) tests for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) at
salmonella (0.5%), staphylococci (0.5%), pseudomonas (0.5%), pasteurella Holeta, Ethiopia from December, 2012 to May, 2013. In this study, a total of
(0.5%) and yarseinia (0.5%). The antibiotics found most effective were 114 cattle were tested both by CIDT and INF-γ tests. The agreement between
ciprofloxacin (60.5%), Norfloxacin (45.3%), Enrofloxacin (36.81%), Gentamicin INF-γ (PPDB-PPDA) and CIDT tests was fair (k=0.288). On the other hand, a
(33.21%), Chloramphenicol (33.21%), Cephradin (25.1%), Augmentine (24.7%), moderate agreement (k= 0.44) was observed between INF-γ test (PPDB-PPDA)
Kanammycin (17.5%) and Ampicillin (12.1%). and INF-γ test (ESAT6/ CFP10 - Nil). The differences between reaction sizes at
the bovine PPD injection site and the avian PPD injection site was significant (t
test; P<0.001). INF-γ response was stronger to ESAT6-CFP10 protein cocktails
compared to its response to PPD (B-A). Logistic regression analysis showed
a significant association of animal age group with the responses of CIDT and
INFγ tests. In conclusion, the fair agreement between the CIDT and INF-γ tests
could indicate that the two tests are not completely overlapping and thus in
addition to detecting a similar stage of the disease they do also detects the
different stages of the disease. Hence, it is `advisable to use the two tests in
combination.

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Characterization of diverse novel porcine astroviruses in East African Tumer Necrosis factor -308 gene polymorphism and risk of Plasmodium
smallholder piglets Falcifarum malaria infection among poeple living in Denbia wereda,
Northwest Ethiopia
Joshua Amimo1, 2, Joyce Njuguna2, Roger Pelle2
NEGA BERHANE TESSEMMA1, Kibernesh Tegenaw1, Nega Berhane1,
1. 1University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
Wagaw Sendeku1, Mulugeta Aemero2, Desalgne Menegesha 3, 1
2. 2Biosciences east and central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute
(BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya 1. Department of Biotechnology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences,
University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
2. Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University
Astroviruses (AstV) is widely distributed and is associated with gastroenteritis of Gondar
in human and animals. Its prevalence among pigs with or without diarrhea
is reported to be high; however, our knowledge of the diversity and 3. Department of vetrenary public health, College of Vetrenary Medicine, University of
epidemiology of AstV in East Africa is limited. The current study was Gondar
conducted genetically characterize astroviruses in asymptomatic smallholder
piglets in western Kenya and eastern Uganda using viral metagenomic Abstract Background: Plasmodium falciparum is the most dangerous species
approach. Twenty four (24) samples were randomly selected from a total of plasmodium parasites in terms of lethality and morbidity. In different studies,
of 446 piglets aged below 6 months that was initially collected to study polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) gene have been
rotaviruses distribution and diversity in the same region. Sequence- associated with increased susceptibility to mild malaria infection and severe
independent amplification and high throughput sequencing were applied to malaria. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of TNF-α-308
the metagenomics analysis of viruses in sample selected. Thirteen (13) out of G > A gene polymorphism in P. falciparum malaria infected patients that live in
the 24 samples analyzed had contigs with high identity to mamastroviruses. Denbia woreda, North Gondar, North West Ethiopia and to assess the effect
Phlyogenetic analysis of the detected mamastroviruses revealed genetic of TNF-α-308 gene polymorphism and different demographic factors on the
heterogeneity with four distinct genetic lineages OF porcine astrovirus risk of malaria infection. Methods and Results: Two hundred blood samples
(PoAstV) detected (PoAstV2, PoAstV3 PoAstV4 and PoAstV5). Nine fecal were collected from November to December, 2014 from clinically confirmed
samples were having contigs that were not assigned to any genetic lineage P. falciparum malaria patients (n=100) and from P. falciparum sero-negative
of Known AstV in the GenBank. In-depth characterization of 5 strains with individuals (n=100) that live in the study area. TNF-α-308 G > A polymorphism
complete (or nearly) genome revealed diverse nucleotide sequence identities was detected using PCR- RFLP techniques. The mean age of P. falciparum
(49–96 %) with known PoAstV strains, indicating novel types or genotypes malaria patient study subjects was 23.2 ± 8.36 years old. Age (P=0.000) and
of PoAstV. This study concluded that genetic diversity among PoAstV strains occupation (P=0.046) were associated risk factors for malaria infection at 95%
reported here may presents a challenge for disease prevention, development CI. The allele frequency in malaria patient study subjects was 0.92 for TNF-α-
of accurate diagnostic tools and even vaccine development. These findings 308G (TNF-1) and 0.08 for TNF-α-308A (TNF-2). The distribution of TNF-α-308
provide new insights into the molecular epidemiology and prevalence genotypes in cases (P=0.065) and controls (P=0.677) were consistent with the
of astroviruses in East African Swine population. Further research and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Conclusion: There was no statistically significant
investigation into the pathogenesis of AstV would benefit both veterinary and association between TNF-α-308 genotypes and malaria infection (P=0.616).
human medicine Further studies with large number of sample size and assessment in different
malaria endemic areas of the country are warranted for generalization. Key
words: Cytokine, Endothelial receptors, Sequestration, Single Nucleotide
Polymorphism, TNF-α-308 gene variants

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Seroprevalence of Camel Brucellosis in Mogadishu, Somalia a coordinated national epidemiological surveillance in camel and other
ruminants and isolation of the causative agent and identification of Brucella
Ahmed A. H. Kadle1, Shadia A. Mohamed2, Abdalla M. Ibrahim3, biotypes of the country. Thus, enabling the selection of the best option of
Mihad F. Alawad4 brucellosis control strategy for the country to reduce the socio-economic
1. International Committee of the Red Cross, Somalia Delegation, Mogadishu, Somalia consequences of the disease and initiating public health education.
2. College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bahri, Khartoum, Sudan ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Abrar University for funding this research.
3. Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia
4. Central Veterinary Research Laboratories, Khartoum, Sudan

BACKGROUND: Camels play an important socio-economic role within the

livestock dependent Somali communities with an estimated population over
6 million heads. Limited scientific information about foodborne pathogens
contaminating camel milk together with the prevailing tradition of raw camel
milk consumption are the main encouraging points to the present study.
OBJECTIVES: To investigate Brucella antibodies in camel serum as well as
to evaluate the knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP) among camel owners in
Mogadishu city of Somalia.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried-out from December 2015
to March 2016 on sera of 180 randomly selected camels using Rose Bengal
Plate Test (RBPT), Modified RBPT (mRBPT), Serum Agglutination Test (SAT)
and Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (cELISA). A structured
questionnaire was administered to sixteen herders whose camels were
investigated in this study.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The overall seroprevalence rate of brucellosis
in the current study was 4.4% and 31.3% at individual and herd levels
respectively. The level of agreement between mRBPT, SAT and cELISA was
found to be perfect using Kappa statistic (0.841) with high sensitivity of (85.7%)
of all tests except standard RBPT which have a sensitivity of (42.9%) and
Kappa value of (0.589) when compared to the cELISA. Interestingly, 77% of the
interviewed camel farmers send camels with verified reproductive problems
to slaughterhouses. This is a good management practice that might have
contributed to the low prevalence reported in the present study. However,
lack of awareness among the herders and their close contact to animals as
well as consumption of raw camel milk reported in this study, can play an
important role of distribution of this zoonotic disease between Somali people
and his animals, particularly camels.
CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicates that Brucella infection exists
in the camels reared in Mogadishu, Somalia. This directs the need for

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COMPARISON OF CELL SURFACE MARKER AND CYTOKINE EXPRESSION Genetic diversity, Virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of
ACROSS STAGES OF LYMPH NODE GRANULOMA IN BCG VACCINATED Staphylococcus aureus colonizing Abattoir workers in Western Kenya.
AND NON-VACCINATED CALVES OF BCG VACCINE EFFICACY TRIAL
Benear Obanda1, 2, 4, Annie Cook5, Ewan Harrision6, Andrew Thaiyah4, Eric
Fekadu Destqa Tona , Gobena Ameni Chimdi , Rawleigh Howe Craig ,
1, 2 1 2
Fevre5, Shu Wang3, Lilly Bebora4, Roland Ngetich1, Wondwossen Gebreyes2,
Javier Salguero Bodes3 William Ogara4, Samuel Kariuki1
1. Aklilu Lema Institute of Phatobiology, Addis Ababa University/AAU, Addis Ababa, 1. Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Microbiology Research Nairobi, Kenya,,
Ethiopia Nairobi, Kenya
2. Armaure Hansen Research Institute(AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2. The Ohio State University , College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of
Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA., columbus, United States
3. Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, Lodon, United Kingdom 3. The Ohio State University, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious
Disease,, Columbus, United States

Development of necrotic granulomas in response to Mycobacterium bovis 4. University of Nairobi, Department Of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and
Parasitology, Nairobi, Kenya
infection in cattle is pathognomonic for bovine tuberculosis (bTB). There is
a direct relationship between diseases severity and granuloma score, one 5. International Livestock Research Institute,, Nairobi, Kenya
of the parameter used to measure vaccine efficacy. Our hypothesis is that 6. University of Cambridge, London, United Kingdom
early vaccination of calves with BCG is effective in reducing the number
and severity of microscopic lesions and also help in developing protective
Background: HIV-infected outpatient’s clinics, cattle and abattoirs provide an
immunity. The objective of this study was, therefore, to compare the cell
environment that promotes acquisition and spread of Staphylococcus aureus
surface and cytokine differential expression across different stages of
increasing risk of colonization and infection in the communities.
granuloma in (Bacillus Calmette–Guerin) BCG vaccinated and non-vaccinated
calves. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was done Methods: Eighty nine HIV + VE and 649 VE - Abattoir workers nasal swabs
on a total of 45 lymph node tissue block, from which a total of 122 (29 stage-I, were tested for S. aureus followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing,
27 stage-II, 30 stage-III and 36 stage-IV) granulomas were considered for virulence genes were screened and multi-locus sequence typing conducted.
analysis. Polyclonal rabbit anti-human CD3 and anti-iNOS and monoclonal
mouse anti-human CD68, anti-bovine IFN-γ, anti-bovine TNF-α antibodies Results: Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from 16.6 %(126 isolates)
were used. BCG vaccination was found to significantly reduce microscopic of the 738 samples, 23 isolates from HIV + VE Abattoir workers and 103
granuloma score within bTB affected lymph nodes. IHC staining for cell from HIV - VE Abattoir workers . Gentamycin, Linezolid and Clindamycin
surface markers revealed proportion of CD68+ (macrophages) and CD3+ and Ciprofloxacin were the most effective antibiotic 92.7% isolates
(T-lymphocytes) to be significantly reduced in lymph node granulomas of susceptible,97.7%, of this isolates were resistance to penicillin-G , 65.1 % to
BCG-vaccinated animals, when compared to non-vaccinated animals (Mann Trimethoprim and 25.6 % to Tetracycline respectively , six isolates were multi-
Whitney Test, P<0.05). Similarly, iNOS was highly expressed in granulomas drug resistance to >4 antibiotics.
from BCG-vaccinated animals compared to non-vaccinated animals for all Seventeen different sequence types were identified, ST 152 being the most
stages, being statistically significant in stages I and IV (P<0.05). Furthermore, prevalent (35.0%), followed by ST 8 (13%) and was highly associated with HIV
IHC staining for IFN-γ and TNF-α demonstrated significantly increased + VE Abattoir workers -Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance P > 0.0001.
expression within the lymph node granulomas of BCG-vaccinated cattle Fifty five Panton Valentine Leukocidin gene were detected, majority from ST
compared to non-vaccinated group (P<0.05). Findings shown in this study 152 strains (67.3%) , tst gene were detected in 15 strains of ST 72strains (60%),
suggest that the use of BCG vaccine can reduce the number and diseases 5 new Sequence types and a novel clonal complex was identified.
severity and induce protective cellular immune response in neonate calves.

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Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Echinops Kebericho Mesfin showed toxic effects; revealing that the LD50 of the methanolic crude extract of the
antiplasmodial activities against Plasmodium berghei in dose - dependent plant could go beyond the dose level.
manner in Ethiopia.
Conclusions: The extracts of the two herbal plants have shown antiplasmodial
Abdissa Biruksew Hordofa1, Ahmed Zeynudin1, Yonas Alemu1, Lemu Golassa5, activities against P. berghei in a dose - dependent manner and further
Moti Yohannes2, Asfaw Debella3, Sultan Suleman4 studies to identify the active ingredient(s) responsible for these activities are
warranted. Results indicated that both plants have promising dose-dependent
1. School of Medical Laboratory Sciences. Jimma Institute of Health,College of Health
Sciences,Jimma University., Jimma, Ethiopia antiplasmodial activities against P. berghei, indicating that the result confirmed
literature findings and the traditional use.
2. School of Veterinary Medicine,College of Agriculture, Jimma University., Jimma,
Ethiopia
3. Department of Traditional and Modern Drug Research, Ethiopian Public Health
Institute., Addis ababa, Ethiopia
4. School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma Institute of Health,Jimma
University., Jimma, Ethiopia
5. Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University., Addis ababa,
Ethiopia

Background: The emergence and spread of Plasmodium falciparum

resistance to the commonly available antimalarial drugs necessitated the
search for new drugs from natural products. Zingiber officinal Roscoe and
Echinops Kebericho Mesfin are traditional herbal medicines widely used
for the treatment of malaria in Ethiopia. Objective: The aim of the study was
to assess the toxicity profiles and in vivo antiplasmodial activities of 70 %
methanol crude extracts of both plant materials against Plasmodium berghei.
P. berghei was used to infect healthy male Swiss Albino mice of age 4-5
weeks and weight 25-36 g.
Methods: The extracts were administered orally at different doses 5000,
2500 and 1250 mg/kg for acute toxicity study of E. kebericho Mesfin and
1000, 500 and 250 mg/kg for four days suppressive studies of both plant
materials. Parameters like parasitemia, body weight, packed cell volume (PCV)
and survival time were determined.
Results: In vivo antiplasmodial activity studies of the crude extracts showed
substantial parasitaemia suppression at dose levels of 500 and 1000 mg/kg
in dose-dependent manner compared with the negative control. The highest
chemo- suppressions of the 1000 mg/kg of E. kebericho and Z. officinale
extracts were found to be 49.53 ± 1.90% and 32.83 ± 1.03%, respectively. The
study further revealed that the survival times of P. berghei infected mice were
also a dose - dependent; however, the extracts failed to prevent weight loss.
The extracts also prevented loss in PCV in infected mice in a dose dependent
manner. At the dose level of 5000 mg/kg, E. kebericho Mesfin showed no
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Sero-prevalence of Brucella abortus and antibiotic residues in raw milk in Estimating the Burden of Viral Gastroenteritis and Effectiveness of Rotavirus
Bukombe district Tanzania Vaccine in Young Children in Qatar
Hezron Emmanuel Nonga, Makoye Muhozya Shilu Mathew
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Qatar, Doha, Qatar
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences,
P. O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
Objective: Acute gastroenteritis remains a major cause of morbidity and
mortality of young children worldwide. It accounts for approximately 1.34
A cross sectional study was carried out in January 2017 with the aim of million deaths annually in children younger than 5 years, or roughly 15% of all
estimating the sero-prevalence of Brucella abortus, assess the risk factors child fatalities. Viruses remain by far the major cause of acute gastroenteritis
for infection and establish the presence and levels of antibiotic residues in in children, both in developed and developing nations. They are most
raw cow milk in Bukombe district Tanzania. A total of 221 blood samples from often transmitted via the fecal-oral route and some enteric viruses, notably
purposively selected lactating cows in 17 villages were collected and analysed noroviruses, are highly infectious and may be easily spread in aerosols.
for antibodies of B. abortus using Rose Bengal Plate Test and c-ELISA. Also The aim of this study is to determine the etiology of diseases in children
221 raw cow milk samples were collected from the same cows and analysed hospitalized with gastroenteritis to the Pediatric Emergency Center in Doha,
for antimicrobial residues using Delvo SP® test and subsequent quantification Qatar.
of Tetracyclines in milk samples using HPLC. A total of 54 cattle owners were
interviewed on animal management practices, uses of antimicrobials in cattle Methods: A total of 320 fecal samples were collected from Pediatric
and a tendency of drinking raw milk. Milk samples of sero-positive animals Emergency Center, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) during the period
were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction to detect bcsp31 gene of B. between June 2016 and February 2017. The ages of the subjects ranged
abortus using B4/B5 primer sets. It was found that the animal management between 4 months to 12 years, with a median of 20 months. Samples
practices were poor and there was no diseases control programmes like were screened for 6 viral infections (group A rotavirus (RV), astrovirus,
vaccinations. All the respondents admitted to use tetracyclines, penicillin and adenovirus, norovirus, sapovirus, and parechovirus), 4 bacterial infections
tylosin antibiotics as prophylactics and treatment of diseases of cattle and (Enteropathogenic E. coli, Clostridium difficle, Campylobacter and Shigella)
farmers themselves used to buy and treat their animals without prescription and parasitic pathogens using The FilmArray Gastrointestinal (GI) Panel kit.
from veterinarians. All of them did not know anything on drug withdrawal Viral RNA was extracted from 60 stool samples and were characterized by
period and the effects caused by antibiotic residues in humans. The sero- conventional RT-PCR assays and nucleotide sequencing for their phylogenetic
prevalence of brucellosis was 1.4% and cattle herd sero-prevalence was grouping.
3.8%. Presence of bcsp31 gene was confirmed in one milk which suggested
Results: Out of 320 tested samples, 268 were positive to at least one
that B. abortus was species infecting cattle in the district. The prevalence of
pathogen. RV, were mostly detected in 55.4% of samples, norovirus in
antimicrobial residues in raw milk was 11.6%. Tetracyclines were identified in
33%, adenovirus in 19%, sapovirus (15%), astrovirus in 9%. Mixed infections
9/10 analysed raw milk samples and the levels were 6.1 (±5.8) ug/l which is
represented about 63% of all AGE cases. The mean and median ages of
below the MRL of 100 µg/l. It is concluded that B. abortus infection in cattle
children with RV gastroenteritis were significantly higher than those of
exists in Bukombe district which is may be a significant cause of burucellosis
children with other viruses (p = 0.0002), followed by higher median ages
in humans. Lack of awareness and negligence of drug withdraw period post
being found in norovirus-infected children. Diarrhea and vomiting were more
cattle treatment could be the factors for antimicrobial residues in milk in
frequent among children with coinfection (p < 0.005), and the severity score
Bukombe district.
was significantly higher for children infected with RV group A or norovirus (p
< 0.002). The majority (56%) of the viral AGE occurred in children between
the age group 5 months to 12 months. The prevalence of AGE infections were
observed significantly higher in the month of September (p=0.005). About 39%
of subjects had the vaccine but still got infected and the ratio of RV-vaccinated

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for each RV1-vaccinated subject was 19%. No parasitic infections were CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT SALMONELLA
diagnosed from the admitted patients. More-frequent dehydration observed KENTUCKY FROM ANIMAL SOURCES IN ETHIOPIA AND KENYA USING
among children with mixed infections compared with coinfection (P=0.01). WHOLE GENOME SEQUENCING
Among the 60 stool samples extracted, 26 (43%) positive for group A RV, 23
(88%) were identified as P genotype and 7 (2.6%) had G and P combinations. Mauro Saraiva1, Amornthep Archawakulathep2, Alexandre Lemos Moreira
Of 19 (31.6%) norovirus-positive specimens, 1 (0.5%) was identified as Filho1, Wondwossen Gebreyes2, Celso Jose Bruno de Oliveira1
genogroups GI and 17 (89%) as GII. 1. 1Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences (CCA/UFPB), Brazil,
Areia, United States
2. 2Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine,
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA, Columbus, United States

Background: Foodborne infection caused by Salmonella enterica represents

a major public health burden worldwide and animals play a key role as
important reservoirs of different Salmonella serovars. S. enterica serovar
Kentucky has emerged as one of main serovars associated with foodborne
diseases in humans in Africa. In addition, there is a high incidence of human
clinical cases associated with multidrug resistant (MDR) S. Kentucky, posing
a serious threat to public health. This study assessed the existence of strains
multidrug resistant (MDR) S. Kentucky using whole genome sequencing
(WGS).
Material and Methods: A total of twenty Salmonella Kentucky isolates
originated from animal fecal samples in Kenya and Ethiopia and kept at
the bacterial bank of The Infectious Diseases and Molecular Epidemiology
Laboratory (IDMEL) Ohio State were submitted to whole genome sequencing
using the Illumina Miseq next-generation sequencing platform.
Results and Discussion: Based on the WGS analysis 90% of all S. Kentucky
were characterized as multidrug resistant (MDR). The gene blaTEM-1B which
confers resistance against β-lactams was found in 85% of the isolates. The
genes aac(3)-Id, aadA7, strA, and strB associated with resistance against
aminoglycosides were identified in 60% of the isolates. A high numebr of
isolates (85%) also harbored genes confering resistance against tetracycline
(tet(A)) and sulfonamide (sul1). Only 2 (10%) S. Kentucky didn’t harbor any
known resistance genes.
Conclusions: This study confirmed a high rate of antimicrobial resistance
among S. Kentucky isolates originated from animal fecal samples in Kenya
and Ethiopia and identified the major antimicrobial resistance mechanisms
by means of whole genome sequencing (WGS). The results presented herein
reinforce the need to understand the drivers involved in the emergence
of antimicrobial resistance in animal production in order to prevent human
infections by MDR Salmonella. In this sense, in parallel to the high capacity to
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identify antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, WGS has also a great potential Detection and Phylogenetic Genotyping of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) Among
to generate valuable information on the epidemiology of MDR Salmonella in Blood Donors in Qatar
developing regions.
Maria Khalid Smatti
Biomedical Research Center,Qatar University, Doha, Qatar

Background: The Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a causative agent of infectious

mononucleosis. EBV is highly prevalent lymphotropic herpesvirus and
had been linked to several malignancies. Transmission is generally by oral
secretions, but can be through blood transfusions and transplantations. This
study aimed to determine the seroprevalence, viremia rates, and circulating
genotypes of EBV in healthy blood donors in Qatar.
Methods: Blood samples from 673 blood donors of different nationalities
residing in Qatar (mainly Qatar, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Pakistan, and India)
were collected and tested for anti-EBV capsid (VCA; IgG & IgM), nuclear
(EBNA; IgG), and early (EA-D; IgG) antigens. Avidity testing was determined
when active infection was suspected. DNA was extracted from the buffy coat
and subjected to EBV-DNA quantification using qRT-PCR. Genotyping was
performed using nested-PCR targeting EBV-EBNA2 gene, and phylogeny by
sequence analysis of the LMP-1 gene.
Results: 97.9% (673/659) of the samples were seropositive as indicated by the
presence VCA-IgG while and 52.6 % (354/673) had detectible EBV-DNA. EBV
seroprevalence and viremia rates increased significantly with age. Genotyping
of 51 randomly selected samples showed predominance of Genotype 1
(72.5%, 37/51) as compared to genotype 2 (3.5%), and mixed infections were
detected in 4% of the samples. Sub-genotyping for these samples revealed
that the Mediterranean strain was predominant (65.3%), followed by B95.8
prototype and North Carolina strains (12.2% each), and China1 strain (6%).
Conclusion: As a first study to evaluate EBV infection in highly diverse
population in Qatar, where expatriates represent more than 85% of the
population, our results indicated high seroprevalence and viremia rate of
EBV in different nationalities, with genotype 1 and Mediterranean strain being
predominant. Clinical significance of these finding have not been investigated
and shall be evaluated in future studies.

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No genomic determinant could explain persistence of some Listeria Molecular and Genomics Based Approaches to Assess Public Health Risks
monocytogenes isolates in slaughterhouse and cutting facility environments. Associated with Bushmeat Consumption in Tanzania
Tamazight Cherifi1,2, Catherine Carrillo3, Dominic Lambert3, Burton Blais3, Robab Katani1, 2, Beatus Lyimo3, Andimile Martin3, Ernest Eblate3, 4, Anna Estes2,
Ilhem Miniai1, Philippe Fravalo1,2 3
, Francesca Stomeo5, Teresia Buza2, Paul Gwakisa6, Fausta Mosha7,
Joram Buza3, Vivek Kapur1, 2, 3
1. Chaire de recherché en salubrité des viandes, Faculté de médecine vétèrinaire,
Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Qc, Canada, Saint-hyacinthe, Canada 1. Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
2. Centre de Recherche sur les maladies Infectieuses Porcine et Avicole, Faculté de United States
médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Qc, Canada, Saint- 2. The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University
Hyacinthe, Canada Park, United States
3. Food Microbiology Research Team, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa (Qc), 3. Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
Canada, Ottawa, Canada
4. Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
5. Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute
The ability of L. monocytogenes to colonize and persist in food processing (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
plants increases food contamination risks. Persistent contamination occurs
6. Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
when a sporadic strain becomes a resident of specific niches in manufacturing
environments. The ability to distinguish between resident and sporadic 7. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, National Health Laboratory and Quality
Assurance and Training Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
strains would support risk based management of Listeria concern in industry.
The aim of this work was to assess relationships among L. monocytogenes
isolates based on the occurrence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) Bushmeat, the meat and organs derived from wildlife species, is the common
in resident and sporadic strains isolated from a cutting facility environment source of animal protein for human consumption in many parts of Africa,
collected during three visits, over a period of two months. A total of 29 strains including Tanzania. Given the documented evidence of the presence of
were recovered: 23 strains belonged to strains that were present at each visit dangerous zoonotic pathogens amongst wildlife harvested for bushmeat
and were considered persistent contamination since all of the sampling was in Tanzania, our study was designed to assess the biological risk and
done after cleaning and sanitation. An additional six different PFGE types potential for impact on human health from fresh and processed bushmeat.
isolates were sporadically isolated during the sampling. A comprehensive stratified random sampling approach was used to map
the prevalence and the distribution of anthrax, Brucella and Coxiella during
The 29 isolates were sequenced and comparatively analyzed using WGS- rainy and dry seasons in villages and surrounding markets in three targeted
based tools. Sequencing was performed on the Illumina Miseq technology. ecosystems (Serengeti, Ruaha-Rungwa, and Selous). Preliminary results of
High quality SNPs were identified and analyzed with SNVphyl. Logistic real time PCR analysis of more than 1800 samples collected from more than
regression was used to compare the relatedness between SNPs occurrence 140 villages across the three ecosystems identified signatures of Bacillus
and period of sampling. The affected functions were identified in these anthracis (1.2%), Brucella (0.80%), and Coxiella (0.57%) in bushmeat harvested
isolates as well. Results showed that there were no significant SNPs and sold in this region. The data also reveal a higher abundance of anthrax
differences in the clonally-related isolates during our sampling period, this in fresh versus dry samples. Microbiome sequencing analyses of the V3-V5
suggest that genome rearrangements are not common in L. monocytogenes region of the 16S rRNA gene was performed on a subset of 30 fresh and
strains in such a short period of time in these industrial conditions. The processed bushmeat samples recovered from the Serengeti ecosystem,
phylogeny tree confirmed the clonally-related resident isolates defined by and provide further evidence for the presence of nucleic acid signatures of
PFGE. This result meant there was clearly an unresolved contamination in the genera representing these three select pathogens as well as other dangerous
plan due to either the ability of L. monocytogenes to form biofilm which confer pathogens. Additional studies were performed to determine the species of
resistance to disinfectants or a mechanical protection for the bacteria in the origin of the bushmeat samples with PCR-based amplification and molecular
case of hard-to-clean areas. These results provide important information to characterization of the cytochrome B and cytochrome C oxidase I genes
food manufacturers on the adaptation of cleaning and sanitation methods for sequences, and our preliminary results suggest that the species of origin
persistent strains to avoid the recurrent food contamination.
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a large fraction (~ 50%) of bushmeat samples is misrepresented when sold Silencing of IL-21 on HT29 and HCT116 Cells and Determining its Possible
in the markets. Taken together, the results of our investigations provide role in the Proliferation of Colorectal Cancer Associated with Schistosoma
evidence of the presence of DNA signatures of especially dangerous zoonotic Mansoni Infection
pathogens in bushmeat sold or prepared for consumption in Tanzania. In the
long-term, our research will provide a rational basis for defining and mitigating Eshtiyag Abdalkareem
the public health risks associated with the harvesting, trade, and consumption Tropical Medicine Research Institute, National Centre for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
of bushmeat.
Background: Interleukin (IL)-21 is a cytokine produced by activated CD4 T-cells
and natural killer T (NKT) cells. It is recognized for its anti-tumour effects and
association with the development of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
However, the role of IL-21 in the progression of pathogen-induced T-helper
type 2 (Th2) responses, such as Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infection
in colorectal tumourigenesis, remains unclear. Objective: The objective of
this study was to determine the role of IL-21 in the proliferation of HT29 and
HCT116 colorectal cancer cells after IL-21 is silenced. The proliferative effect
of specific gene silencing may then correlate with colorectal cancer and
S. mansoni infection. Results: The detection of IL-21 by ELISA and Western
Blotting revealed that colorectal cancer patients infected with S. mansoni
produced a high level of IL-21 in the serum compared to the serum of patients
diagnosed with colorectal cancer only and the serum of patients infected
with S. mansoni only. Moreover, the silencing of IL-21 in HT29 and HCT116
cells caused a significant reduction in the proliferation of cancer cells as
determined by a Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Conclusion:
This study provides useful information indicating that IL-21 may be a potential
target for the regulation, staging and surveillance of colorectal cancer caused
by S. mansoni infection.

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Eukaryote-like serine/threonine kinase (StkP)- and phosphatase (PhpP)- Frequency of anti-nuclear antibody and anti dsDNA antibodies in subjects of
mediated modulation of the S. pneumoniae virulence oral addictive habits
Preeti Pancholi, Sashi Kant, Vijay Pancholi Authors: Muhammad Kashif1, Nadeem Afzal1, Sadia Minhas2, Malik Adeel
Anwar3, Faheem Shahzad1, Afia Abbas1, Shah Jahan1
The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, United States
Mohammad Kashif1, Nadeem Afzal1, Nadeem Afzal1
S. pneumoniae is the main cause of community acquired pneumonia and 1. 1Department of Immunology University of Health Sciences Lahore Pakistan,
meningitis in children and the elderly. Disease occurs around the world Lahore, Pakistan
but it is more common in developing countries. Travelers may be at higher 2. 2Department of Dentistry, Akhtar Saeed Medical & Dental College Lahore Pakistan,
risk if spending time in crowded settings or in close contact with children Lahore, Pakistan
in countries where pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is not routinely used. 3. 3Department of Dentistry, Fatima Memorial Medical & Dental College Lahore
Pneumococcal Ser/Thr kinase (StkP) and its cognate phosphatase (PhpP) Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
play a crucial role in bacterial cytokinesis. Unlike homologs of PhpP in
other gram-positive pathogens, the precise role of PhpP in pneumococcal
virulence is presently unknown since most available studies on these Background: People with addictive habits are prone to both infectious
proteins are carried out using unencapsulated pneumococcal strains. Here, and non-infectious diseases. Conflicting results have been reported about
we demonstrate that the encapsulated pneumococcal strain D39-derived propensity of these individuals for development of autoimmune diseases.
ΔPhpP and ΔStkP mutants grow differentially in the presence of different Therefore, a study was planned to determine the frequency of anti-nuclear
non-glucose carbohydrate sources. Microscopic analysis and RNA-seq-based antibody (ANA) and anti-dsDNA (dsDNA) antibody in the serum of habitual
Global transcriptome analysis including virulence genes-specific transcript smokers, paan (areca nut) chewers and other oral addictive habits as
abundance displayed significantly down- and up-regulation of the capsule in compared to subjects without such addictive habits. Methods: Blood samples
D39ΔPhpP and D39ΔStkP mutants respectively. This reciprocal regulation was from 90 subjects (45 with addictive habits and 45 without any addiction) were
not observed with several other genes indicating that kinase and phosphatase taken by random sampling after getting written informed consent. Enzyme
activity of StkP and PhpP act both cognately with as well as independent linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to test the sera for ANA and
of each other. Along with these results, the attenuation of virulence in the anti dsDNA. Results: One subject in the addictive group had ANA and dsDNA
ΔPhpP mutant as compared to the wild-type strain corroborated with several antibodies, whereas in the control group, two subjects had anti dsDNA while
downregulated virulence-related genes. Despite the upregulation of capsule none of them had ANA. No significant association of these antibodies was
related genes and increased capsule production, the mutants lacking StkP observed between the two groups. Conclusions: Addictive habits do not
displayed significantly decreased virulence or delayed onset of infection in predispose the subjects to develop autoimmune diseases.
mice. The wild-type phpP- as well as stkP-gene complemented respective
mutant strains displayed restoration of these lost functions. Our results thus
revealed that both PhpP, as well as StkP, play a crucial role in the modulation
of pneumococcal metabolic fitness and virulence.

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Conclusions: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, is an important antibiotic Prevalence of Autoantibodies in Healthy Adults in Pakistani Population
used for treating and preventing Opportunistic infection among HIV + Ve Authors: Ashraf S1, Afzal N1, Kashif M1, Shazad F1, Abbas A1
population, it has broad spectrum of activity against Pneumocystis jiroveci,
toxoplasmosis, and bacterial infections making it lifesaving antibiotic. The Nadeem Afzal, sara ashraf, kashif azam, faheem shahzad, afia abbas
presence of Panton Valentine Leukocidin combined with Trimethoprim/ Department of Immunology University of Health Sciences Lahore Pakistan, Lahore,
sulfamethoxazole in HIV/AIDS patients may complicate treatment of Pakistan
suspected necrotizing pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals in
this population and community at [Link] diversity, Virulence and Abstract Introduction: Autoimmune phenomenon is attributed to a number
antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus colonizing of diseases which were once considered idiopathic. In humans, production of
Abattoir workers in Western Kenya. auto antibodies (a-Abs) against self-antigens is quite frequent but earlier their
presence was associated with autoimmune diseases, however a-Abs have
been documented in non-autoimmune disorders i.e. complicated pregnancy,
cancer, stroke etc. In Pakistan, limited data is available on frequency of a-Abs,
therefore this study was designed to determine serum level of antinuclear
antibody (ANA), Rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti dsDNA antibodies in
apparently healthy population. Materials and methods: After written informed
consent, blood sample of 256 subjects was obtained by random sampling.
Participants of established autoimmune diseases were excluded. Enzyme
linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine ANA, RF and anti-
dsDNA antibody. Categorical variables were compared by using χ2 test. A p
value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Rheumatoid factor
was the most frequent a-Ab (18%), followed by anti dsDNA (7.4%), while ANA
was the lowest (0.4%) antibody detected. Only RF had a statistically significant
association with gender (p=0.047). No association of these antibodies with
age was detected. Conclusion: Rheumatoid factor auto antibody was more
prevalent as compared to ANA and dsDNA antibody in healthy adults.

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Targeting Bacterial Histone Deacetylase-Like Enzymes for Antibiotic selectively target bacterial HDAC-like enzymes and less active against human
Adjuvants Discovery HDACs is highly desirable. Therefore, GC-HDAC enzyme which is absent in
most gut microbiota, is a highly druggable target that can be utilized for novel
Susu Zughaier adjuvant antibiotic discovery.
Qatar University College of Medicine, Doha, Qatar
Food-borne and Water-borne Diseases

The emerging threat of untreatable bacterial infections to public health is

prompting a global action to combat antibiotic resistance. There is a dire
need for novel antibiotics and antibiotic adjuvants that can reduce the burden
and threat of emerging antibiotic resistance. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a
strict human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted infection termed
gonorrhea. Importantly, > 100 million cases of gonorrhea occur worldwide
each year and the gonococcus is noted for its capacity to develop resistance
to antibiotics used in therapy. In 2013 the Center for Disease Control declared
antibiotic resistant N. gonorrhoeae as urgent threat to public health. Recently,
the World Health Organization placed N. gonorrhoeae on the high priority
pathogen list for developing new antibiotics. I identified a gene that encodes
a histone deacetylase-like enzyme (GC-HDAC) that shares high 3D-homology
to human HDAC2 and HDAC8 . I employed computational modeling to predict
GC-HDAC-like protein structure-function and found that it has an active
catalytic pocket containing the highly conserved zinc-binding constellation,
suggesting an HDAC-like activity. Indeed, HDAC inhibitors TSA and valproic
acid can inhibit the growth of live gonococci. GC-HDAC gene is constrictively
expressed during growth phases as well as during infection. Gonococci
mutant lacking GC-HDAC enzyme showed moderate growth defect in vitro
and in vivo. Furthermore, proteomic studies revealed that GC-HDAC enzyme
affect bacterial growth by deacetylating membrane proteins, transcription and
growth elongation factors. These findings suggest that this HDAC-like enzyme
is a potential drug target for antibiotic adjuvant discovery.
Bacterial HDAC-like enzymes are ancient and found in many bacterial
species. An extensive bioinformatics blast search for an HDAC-like homolog
in clinically relevant bacteria showed that this gene is absent in most gut
microbiota species including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Bacteroides,
Clostridium and many E. coli strains. In contrast, an HDAC-like homolog
is predicted to be produced by many pathogens that cause healthcare-
associated infections, namely MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus), Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. These pathogens usually carry and spread multidrug resistance
in healthcare settings as well as in community acquired infections. Due to
the emergence of antibiotic resistance in N. gonorrhoeae and the potential
for untreatable gonorrhea, developing novel class of antibiotic adjuvants that
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 Food Safety from Farm to Fork: a Behavioral perspective
Manon Racicot
Session 7: Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada

Campylobacter is one of the most common causes of foodborne diseases

Food-borne and Water-borne Diseases around the world. Even if the burden (in terms of Disability Adjusted Life
Year (DALY)) associated to a single Campylobacter case is low (average
DALY per case at 0.041; Havelaar et al., 2012), the number of cases per year
is significantly high. The estimated annual number of cases of domestically
acquired campylobacteriosis in Canada is 213,749 (Thomas et al., 2013). Based
on Butler et al., 2015, 62.3% of these cases are attributed to the foodborne
route. Campylobacter in food represents 30% of the total burden associated
with microbial hazards in Canada. When looking at the source attribution
at the commodity level, 60 to 70% of Campylobacter cases are attributed
to poultry products (Davidson et al., 2011; Batz et al., 2012). There is a need
to enhance efforts throughout the poultry production chain to reduce the
incidence in the human population. Reducing the contamination rates early in
the poultry production chain would have a major impact on the entire industry.
Several studies have identified risk factors at the farm level for Campylobacter.
The lack of a hygiene barrier in broiler barn entrance increases the chances
of Campylobacter contamination by more than 3 times (Hald et al., 2000). Van
de Giessen and colleagues (1996) reported that chances of Campylobacter
contamination are reduced by 5 times when people wash their hands, change
farm boots and use footbath. However, these simple preventive measures are
unfortunately not followed. Our team evaluated hygienic behavior compliance
on poultry farms using hidden cameras (Racicot et al., 2011). We noticed
that when the barn entrance design is difficult to comply with, there are 13
times fewer chances to comply with the hygiene barrier. The type of hygiene
barrier has also a significant impact on compliance. Furthermore, boot and
handwashing compliance are only at 53% and 36%, respectively (Racicot et
al., 2013). These failures to prevent the contamination by Campylobacter at
the farm level pose a significant risk for the entire poultry production chain,
and ultimately to consumers. The impact of these behavioral failures was
evaluated in an experimental study where we used a phage and genetically
modified bacteria (detectable by bioluminescence) to assess the level of
floor and boot contamination. Results show that when performing the right
behavior, contamination is prevented (Huard et al., 2017).
Most food safety issues from farm to fork are related to human behaviors.
Understanding the connection between environment, behavior and personal

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factors affecting safety is the basis of a system-based approach to food safety. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Temporally Related Non-
All personnel involved in the production chain needs to be educated and Typhoidal Salmonella Isolated from Humans and Food Animals in Central
trained using a simple, visual and risk-based approach. To significantly reduce Ethiopia
the number of Campylobacter infections in the poultry and human population,
there is a need to set goals, measure performance against those and pair Tadesse Eguale1, Josephine Birungi2, Daniel Asrat3, Moses Njahira Njahira4,
them with consequences, either positively or negatively. All these system Haile Alemayehu1, Ismael Nana5, Wondwossen Gebreyes5, John Gunn6,
components are the foundation of a food safety culture (Yiannas, 2009). Appolinaire Djikeng2 Djikeng2, Ephrem Engidawork7
1. Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa,
References Ethiopia
Batz M.B., S. Hoffmann and J.G. Morris. 2012. Ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in 2. Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa (BecA),
food sources in the United States using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi,, Nairobi, Kenya
elicitation. Journal of Food Protection, 75 (7), 1278-1291.
3. Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology,
Butler A. J., K. Pintar, and K. Thomas. 2016. Estimating the Relative Role of Various Subcategories
of Food, Water, and Animal Contact Transmission of 28 Enteric Diseases in Canada, Foodborne College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Pathogens and Disease, 13(2): 57-64. 4. ICIPE-African Insect Science for Food and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
Davidson V.J., A. Ravel, T.N. Nguyen, A. Fazil, and J.M. Ruzante. 2011. Food-Specific Attribution 5. Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine,
of Selected Gastrointestinal Illnesses: Estimates from a Canadian Expert Elicitation Survey.
The Ohio State University, Ohio USA., Columbus,OH, United States
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 8(9), 983-995.
Hald B., Wedderkopp A., Madsen M. 2000. Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in Danish broiler 6. Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface
production: a cross-sectional survey and a retrospective analysis of risk factors for occurrence in Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
broiler flocks. Avian Pathology, 29(2), 123-131. 7. Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences,
Havelaar A.H., J.A. Haagsma, M-J. J. Mangen, J.M. Kemmeren, L.P.B. Verhoef, S.M.C. Vijgen, M. Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Wilson, I.H.M. Friesema, L.M. Kortbeek, Y.T.H.P. van Duynhoven, W. van Pelt. 2012. Disease burden
of foodborne pathogens in the Netherlands, 2009. International Journal of Food Microbiology,
156, 231-238. *Corresponding Author Email: [Link]@[Link]
Huard G, Griffiths M, Racicot M, Anany H, Harel J, Guerin M, Vaillancourt J-P. Contamination
assessment of barn entrance when biosecurity breaches occur. Poster presented at: AAAP/AVMA Abstract: Salmonella is one of the most commonly isolated pathogens and
Annual Convention; 2017 July 21-25; Indianapolis, IN
is consistently among the top cause of foodborne bacterial illnesses. The
Racicot M., Venne D., Durivage A. and J.P. Vaillancourt (2011). Description of 44 biosecurity primary sources of human non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection are
errors while entering and exiting poultry barns based on video surveillance in Quebec, Canada.
Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 100 (3-4): 193-199. food producing animals such as cattle, poultry and swine. The objective of
the current study was to characterize and compare temporally and spatially
Racicot M., Venne D., Durivage A. and J.P. Vaillancourt (2012). Evaluation of the relationship
between personality traits, experience, education and biosecurity compliance on poultry farms in related Salmonella isolates from humans and food animals and to determine
Quebec, Canada, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 103 (2-3): 201-207. their phenotypic and genotypic relatedness. Isolation and identification of
Racicot M., Venne D., Durivage A. and J.P. Vaillancourt (2012). Evaluation of strategies to enhance Salmonella species was conducted according to WHO Global Foodborne
biosecurity compliance on poultry farms in Quebec: effect of audits and cameras, Preventive Infections Network laboratory protocol. Salmonella serotyping was conducted
Veterinary Medicine, 103 (2-3): 208-218.
using slide and microplate agglutination techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility
Thomas M.K.,R. Murray,L. Flockhart, K. Pintar, F. Pollari, A. Fazil, A. Nesbitt, and B. Marshall. testing was performed using disk diffusion method according to Clinical and
2013. Estimates of the Burden of Foodborne Illness in Canada for 30 Specified Pathogens and
Unspecified Agents, Circa 2006. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 10(7), 639-648. Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Genotyping of Salmonella isolates
was conducted by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus
Van de Giessen A.W., Tilburg J.J.H.C., Ritmeester W.S., Plas J.V.D. 1998. Reduction of
Campylobacter infections in broiler Flocks by application of hygiene measures. Epidemiology and sequence typing (MLST). The dominant serovars frequently isolated from
Infection, 121(1), 57-66. food animals and humans were [Link], S. Virchow, S. Kentucky
Yiannas F., Food safety culture: Creating a behavioral-based food safety management system. and S. Saintpaul. Frequency of resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin and
Springer, 2009, 95 pages. cephalothin in Salmonella isolates from humans was relatively low compared
to that seen in animals and the level of MDR was significantly higher in
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Salmonella isolates obtained from slaughtered cattle, dairy cattle and poultry Antimicrobial Resistant Listeria Monocytogenes and Source of
compared to those obtained from humans (p < 0.05). All S. Kentucky isolated Contamination in Retail Meat in Eastern Ethiopia.
from animals and humans were MDR with shared resistance phenotype
(AmpAmcCfCipGmTeSuSNa). MLST analysis demonstrated 3 novel alleles Sisay Girma
and 5 novel sequence types. Despite wide diversity, PFGE analysis revealed Bule Hora University, bule hora, Ethiopia
clonal or closely related genotypes of S. Virchow, S. Typhimurium, S. Kentucky,
S. Braendurp and S. Miami circulating among humans and animals. Of
Identification of antibiotic resistant L. monocytogenes in Retail Meat of
particular concern is isolation of clonally related MDR S. Kentucky from dairy,
Eastern Ethiopia was conducted; to determine presences and level of
slaughtered cattle, poultry and humans; MDR S. Virchow from dairy cattle,
L. monocytogenes in retail meat, to assess the potential risk factors to
slaughtered cattle and humans. Detection of clonally related Salmonella
contamination of raw meat by L. monocytogenes, to determine sensitivities
isolates from humans and animals, the high MDR status of isolates from
of L. monocytogenes isolates to different antimicrobial agents. A total of 318
animals, and close proximity of farms and human residential area presents
raw meat were collected using a cross-sectional study from September 2013
major public health problem. Therefore, integrated surveillance of Salmonella
to December 2013. A descriptive survey was also used to answer questions
serovars in humans and animals and implementation of appropriate pathogen
concerning the status of food hygiene and sanitation practice. For the isolation
control strategy along critical points in food animal production from farm to
and identification of Listeria species in the food samples, the techniques
bench is recommended.
recommended by the International Standards Organization (ISO 11290-1) and
the French Association for Standardization was employed (AFNOR, 1993; ISO,
2004).The dominant Listeria species isolated in the present study was L. grayi
(20.12%). L. monocytogenes was the third most frequently detected Listeria
species (7.86%). Among the study sites included in the study, a frequency of
L. monocytogenes was high in meat samples from Dire Dawa (14.00%). The
results of antibiotic susceptibility test were revealed that above 50% of the
isolates were resistant. On the other hand, some isolates were susceptible to
Erythromycin (32.00%), oxacillin (28.00%), tetracycline (40.00), cephalosporin
(28.00%), ampicillin (28.00%) and penicillin G (16.00 %). All of the meat
samples plate count was below 30 colonies for the quantitative analysis of
L. monocytogenes. The result of coliform count was demonstrate that the
level of coliform contamination were at an average level of 34.53 MPN with
standard deviations of 136.83. From total of 168 abattoirs and butcher house
workers interviewed, 72.73% of them practice hand washing before starting
of work. The entire respondent in all sites wash their hand after visiting the
toilet and 54.17% of them used detergent. Regarding training background of
workers, 76.78% did not take any training regarding meat hygiene and 80.95%
respondents have no regular health check. In conclusion, L. monocytogenes
was widely distributed in retail meat in eastern Ethiopia. And many of the
strain were develop antibiotic resistance. Mainly the unhygienic status of
abattoirs, butcher and abattoir workers were the source of contamination.

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Systemic Patterns and Predictive Trends of Multidrug Resistant Salmonella Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among HIV-positive and HIV-
typhi Isolated from Sudan negative Subjects in the Khartoum State, Sudan
Ayman Elshayeb, Abdelazim Ahmed, Marmar Elsiddig, Adil EL Hussien Abdalla Ibrahim
University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan 1. *Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Abrar
University, Mogadishu, Somalia
Background: Enteric fever has persistence of great impact in Sudanese public 2. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Laboratory Sciences
health especially during rainy season when the causative agent Salmonella Programme, Gharb-Elneil College, Khartoum, Sudan
enterica serovar Typhi possesses pan endemic patterns in most regions of
Sudan.
Introduction: Toxoplasma gondii infection has become a major public health
Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the recent state of antibiotics concern in recent years due to the ravaging HIV/AIDS pandemic. Information
susceptibility of Salmonella typhi with special concern to multidrug resistance about human toxoplasmosis and detailed demographic data of groups
strains and predict the emergence of new resistant patterns and outbreaks. at risk are missing in the Sudan. Most of the available reports on human
Methods: Salmonella typhi were isolated and identified according to toxoplasmosis in the Sudan are in pregnant women. However, nowadays
World Health Organization and International Standardization Organization toxoplasmosis in man becomes a serious infection with the emerging of
guidelines. Antibiotics susceptibilities tested using Clinical Laboratories several causes of immunosuppression, particularly HIV/AIDS.
Standards Institute recommendations. The predictions of resistance Objectives: In order to increase the awareness in the recent public health
emergence were done using logistic regression, forecasting linear equations importance of Toxoplasmosis, the present study was planned to assess the
and in silico simulations models for predicting patterns of outbreaks in Sudan. seroprevalence of the disease in HIV-positive and HIV-negative people in the
Results: A total of 124antibiotics resistant Salmonella typhi strains categorized Khartoum State, Sudan.
in 12 average groups were isolated, different patterns of resistance statistically Methods: Patients enrolled in the HIV/AIDS treatment and follow up
calculated by (y = ax - b). Minimum bactericidal concentration’s predication programme at Bashayer University hospital during September 2014 - February
of resistance was given the exponential trend (y = n ex) and the predictive 2015 were freely asked to participate in this study as study group. The control
coefficient R² > 0 <1 are approximately alike. It was assumed that resistant group was consisting of apparently healthy people (workers and visitors)
bacteria occurred with a constant rate of antibiotics doses during the whole present in the same hospital at the same time. After a verbal consent, a short
experimental period. Thus, the number of sensitive bacteria decreases at the interview containing history of HIV infection, AIDS treatment, health status,
same rate as resistant occur following term to the modified predictive model sex, age and social status (marriage) as well as history of abortion for women.
which solved computationally. Then blood for serum was collected for laboratory work including LAT and IgM
Conclusion: This study assesses the prediction of multi-drug resistance ELISA tests.
among S. typhi isolates by applying low cost materials and simple statistical Results: The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 43.9%. Twenty-
methods suitable for the most commonly used antibiotics as empirical therapy. two percent were seropositive for IgM and 31.7% were seropositive for the
Therefore, bacterial surveillance systems should be implemented to provide screening test (LAT). The prevalence rate in HIV-positive and HIV-negative
data on the aetiology and prevailing antimicrobial drug resistance patterns of people was found to be 42.0% and 46.9 % respectively. Most of the samples
community-acquired agents causing outbreaks (62.5%) reacted positive for both LAT and ELISA-IgM were HIV-Positive.
The highest levels of antibody titrations (1:32 and 1:64) were reported in the
HIV-positive group, while the rate (IgM Index) of anti-T. gondii IgM was found
to be higher in the control group (HIV-Negative), but without statistically
significant differences (p=0.710) between the two groups. HIV-seropositive
was significantly (p=0.044) associated with higher seroprevalence of T. gondii
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(40.0% vs. 18.8%) using Latex Agglutination Test (LAT). However, anti-T. gondii MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL QUALITY OF DRINKING
IgM was significantly (p=0.007) more prevalent in HIV-negative people than WATER IN NORTH GONDAR ZONE: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
the immunocompromised group (37.5% vs. 12.0%). The risk factors were
analyzed, discussed and published elsewhere. Debasu Damtie Gella1, Mengistu Endris1, Yifokir Tefera1, 2, Yabutani Tomoki3,
Yohei Yamada3, Afework Kassu4
Conclusion: the present study demonstrates the importance of screening and
1. 1University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
treatment of T. gondii during HIV consultation. Specific measures must be
taken by the HIV-patients and their health-care providers to decrease the risk 2. 2Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
of accruing infection or reactivate a latent one. 3. 3Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
4. 4Ministry of Science and technology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Statement of objective: Assessing the microbiological and physico-chemical

quality of drinking water sources is important to protect public health.
Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the microbiological and physico-
chemical quality of drinking water sources in North Gondar Zone, Northwest
Ethiopia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April-May 2014
in seven districts in North Gondar zone. The physico-chemical and
microbiological quality of 71 drinking water samples were determined
following the standard procedure. Turbidity, pH, and temperature were
measured using turbidity meter, pH meter and thermometer respectively.
Arsenic, Cr6+, NO2, NO3 and residual chlorine were determined by the
colorimetric methods and rapid kits using DPM apparatus (Kyoritsu chemical-
check Lab., Corp. Japan). Coliforms and Vibrio parahemolyticus were tested
by rapid microbiological test strips (Sankori coliform and SankoriVibrio
parahaemolyticus) following appropriate standard procedure. Consumers
assessment was also conducted using questionnaire about the water sources.
Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software.
Results: The physico-chemical and microbiological quality of 71 water samples
(tap n=29, spring n=15 and well n=27) were assessed. The mean turbidity
of water samples was 19.35 + 5.75SD nephlometric turbidity unit (NTU),
temperature 21.34+3.68 oc, pH 6.88+0.6, nitrate 10.02 + 8.72 mg/l, nitrite
0.33+0.64 mg/l, residual chlorine 0.01 + 0.06 mg/l, arsenic 0.2+0.00 mg/l
and chromium 0.51+0.01 mg/l. Almost all samples were complying with the
WHO acceptable range for nitrate arsenic and chromium among the physico-
chemical parameters. However, turbidity was found to be unacceptably high
in 21 (29.6%) samples, pH was unacceptably low in 26 (36.6%) of the samples
and residual chlorine was unacceptably low in 69 (97.2%) of the samples. The
majority of samples (n=46; 64.8%) had coliforms and 12 (16.9%) had Vibrio
parahemolyticus.

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Conclusion: Most of the physical and chemical parameters measured were EVALUATION OF EQAS RESULTS, ON SEROTYPING AND ANTIMICROBIAL
within the recommended range except turbidity and residual chlorine. SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING OF SALMONELLA AND SHIGELLA SPP.
However, the majorities of drinking water samples were found to be RETROSPECTIVE STUDY.
contaminated and are potential risk to public health. Therefore, regular quality
monitoring and frequent water treatment in the study area is mandatory. Firehiwot Derra
Microbiologist/ EPHI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Firehiwot A, Bisrat H, Tekilil B, Tesfaye L, Redwan M, Samson G, Yosef B,
Almaz G, Gonfa A, and Eshetu L.

Background: External Quality assurance scheme (EQAS) is the system which

allows each laboratory to compare its overall performance with other internal
and external existing laboratories, which are working in similar disciplines. Its
comparative nature of participation, also engage the laboratories to work hard
and minimize possible occurring errors, through time. A number of progresses
were reported in different laboratories and countries after attending in one or
more of such programs.
Objective: To evaluate EQAS results of Salmonella and Shigella species, that
had been checked for the last five to six years under WHO- AFRO GSS EQAS
program
Methods: Samples received for Salmonella and Shigella species serogrouping
and/or for other enteric pathogens identifications in this EQAS program,
were directly inoculated to the suitable and selective media according to
the type of organisms. Serogroups were reported using terms according to
Kauffmann-White-Le Minor procedures. For antimicrobial susceptibility testing
drug diffusion method and CLSI interpretation guideline were used. Ampicillin,
cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin,
gentamicin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline,
trimethoprim and trimethoprim + sulphonamides antimicrobials were used for
AST of Salmonella and Shigella strains.
Results: From all six years participation (2008-2013), the serogrouping
results were correctly reported as 88.6% that was 62 out of 70. None
of the deviations were recorded for Shigella species. Participation for
Campylobacter species were done only twice per six years, only at 2009
and 2010; which the results of agreement from expected values were ½
(50%) and 2/2 (100%) respectively. From the overall results of antimicrobial
susceptibility participation, 320 were correctly reported out of 356 antibiotics
which accounts for 89.9%. In relation with this, the highest major discrepancy
was observed on ciprofloxacin which was 6X, followed by tetracycline (5X),
nalidixic acid (3X). The deviation on serogrouping, at each participation years
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is less than 10 % except, for the first year of participation (2008), which was VIROLOGICAL and BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY of DRINKING WATER in
12.5% (1/8). In similar manner, the requirement of critical deviation, criteria ETHIOPIA
were obtained at 2008 (2.5%), 2009 (3.7%) and at 2012 (4.8%), except at the
year 2010 which was (8.3%).The detection power for serogrouping had shown Tesfaye Legesse Bedada1, Walelign Dessie2, Firehiwot Abera Dera1, Waktole
slight progress from 87.5% at the year 2008 to 91.7% at consecutive years Gobena Sima1, Samson Girma Gebre1, Redwan Muzeyin Edicho1, Almaz Gonfa
up to last year of participation that was 2013. In contrast, to serogrouping, Biegna1, Kassu Desta Tullu2
antimicrobial susceptibility participation was dropped down slightly from 91% 1. Public Health Microbiology Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute,
of the previous years to 85.7 % at the last participation year of 2012. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, B. O. B: 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
2. Public Health Microbiology Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute,
Conclusion: Even though, everyone has got a knowledge and awareness Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, B. O. B: 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
about the benefits of EQAS by default, its acceptance and implementation
in developing countries is less communicated and exercised. The final
recommendation in this project will be, all higher officials and policy makers in Background: Since unsafe water is responsible for serious illness, deaths due
the field have to give attention for this and other similar EQAS program, and to highest burdens of diseases and greatest economic failure, monitoring
have to allocate adequate budget in a continuous basis. the quality of water is essential. Water Quality monitoring is assessed widely
using different indicators. Bacterial and viral indicators provide more complete
picture of water quality. Virological quality of water hasn’t been assessed
in most countries including Ethiopia. The use of E. coli CB390 minimizes
resource and time to perform the tests in simultaneous detection of somatic
and male-specific coliphages.
Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted on 218 drinking waters
samples collected from various regions of Ethiopia from February to June
2016 to assess water quality using coliphages by the help of CB390 E. coli
host, plaque assay; Multiple tube fermentation method for coliforms and pour
plate technique for counting heterotrophic bacteria at Ethiopian Public Health
Institute. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20.
Results: Heterotrophic bacteria, total and thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli
and phages were detected in 72.9 %, 51.8%, 38.5%, 23.9% and 2.3 % of the
total samples respectively. Heterotrophic plate count greater than 100 CFU/ml
were noted in 41 (18.8%) samples and detections of total and thermotolerant
coliforms and E. coli in 38 (17.4%), 24 (11.0%) and 10 (4.6%) samples respectively
and no detection of phages in chlorinated waters. While, Heterotrophic plate
count greater than 100 CFU/mL were observed in 100 (45.9%) samples and
detections of total and thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli and coliphages in 75
(34.4%), 60 (27.5%), 42 (19.3%) and 5 (2.3%) samples respectively for untreated
waters.
Conclusion: Majority of the waters contained indicators above standard limits.
This indicates that the sources are contaminated with environmental and
fecal contaminants signifying poor quality and it is a potential threat to human
and animals health. Hence regular water monitoring using various indicators
should be a priority agenda by all stake holders.
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MYCOLOGICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY and SAFETY of SEROPREVALENCE AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF BRUCELLOSIS IN
BOTTLED WATER IN ETHIOPIA GOATS MOROGORO, TANZANIA
Tesfaye Legesse Bedada1, Firehiwot Abera1, Redwan Muzeyin1, Samson Girma1, Isaac Kashoma, Husna Kassuku
Yosef Beyene2, Waktole Gobena1, Rahel Fekade1, Tigist Yohannis1, Almaz
Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
Gonfa1
1. Public Health Microbiology Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia, B. O. B: 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Brucellosis is a re-emerging zoonotic disease that causes a great socio-
economic as well as a public health concern. Limited studies have been
2. Nutrition Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia B. conducted to determine prevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants kept in a
O. B: 1242., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
free range grazing systems of Tanzania. The present study was performed to
establish the prevalence of anti-Brucella antibodies and molecular prevalence
Background: Safe water supply is vital and can result in significant benefits to of Brucella spp. in goats in nine wards of three districts of Morogoro region.
health. However, contaminated bottled water poses a great health risk due to Blood samples from 478 goats were collected by venipuncture into vacutainer
poor microbiological quality of water. tubes. All samples were screened by Rose Bengal plate Test (RBPT) and a
subset of 92 samples including the RBPT positive was further subjected to
Methods and Materials: A retrospective study was conducted on 222 Bottled
indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA). All samples were PCR
water samples collected from various regions of Ethiopia from January 2008
screened using real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) for presence
to December 2015, tested and recorded in Ethiopian Public Health Institute
of Brucella DNA. Structured questioners were administered to collect
to determine heterotrophic plate count and Staphylococcus aureus by the
information on goat health, management, and determine the risk factors for
help of pour plate method; for coliforms using multiple tubes fermentation
Brucellosis in the community. Out of 478 goat sera, one (0.2%) serum showed
techniques; for mould and yeast count using spread method, and for
positive reaction to both RBT and iELISA. Eighteen (3.8%) of all samples were
Salmonellae and Shigella spp. using ES ISO 6579. The data was analyzed
positive for Brucella spp on qPCR, and Brucella abortus was the only species
using SPSS 20 statistical package.
detected in all goat sera. Minority (2.2 %; one out of 46) of interviewees were
Results: Among the total samples examined from 44 brands, detections of aware of the human brucellosis whereas 15.2% (n=7) were aware of livestock
heterotrophic plate count, mould, yeast, total and thermotolerant coliforms, brucellosis. Twenty six percent admitted to consume raw milk, 11 % consume
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were observed in 114 (51.4%), 33 raw blood, 80.4% reported to see goat abortion cases in their herds, 28.3 %
(14.9%). 5(2.3%), 2(0.9%), 1(0.5%), 1(0.5%) and 1(0.5%) samples respectively, but observed cases of retained fetal membranes, and 42 % had no proper means
there were no detections of Salmonellae nor Shigellae species. of handling and disposal of animal fetal membranes. This study has indicated
the presence of Brucella abortus in goats in Morogoro region. Transmission
Conclusion: More than one-third of bottled water samples were mycologically of the infection between animals and human is likely to occur due to low
and bacteriologically unsafe for human consumption. To prevent public health awareness of people toward the transmission, prevention and control means
hazards, regular monitoring of bottled water using quality indicators should be of the disease. Therefore, there is a need for implementing control measures
a priority agenda. and raising public health awareness in prevention of brucellosis in Tanzania.

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Sero-prevalence of bovine brucellosis and its associated risk factors in large regarding bovine brucellosis and implementation of proper hygienic
Western Gojjam zone, Mecha district, North Western Ethiopia. practices in dairy farm management is crucial to minimize the diseases
burden.
Endalkachew Eniy Eniy1, Seleshe Nigatu2, Araya Mengistu2, Sarah Waibel3,
Shu Wang4, Gebreyes Wondwossen5
1. University of Gondar, Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health,
Gondar, Ethiopia
2. Collage of Vet Med and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
3. The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, United States
4. Associate Professor-Clinical, COPH -Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State
University, USA, wang.1055@[Link], Columbus, United States
5. Global Health Programs, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University
and VPH-Biotec Global Consortium, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America,
Columbus, United States

A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to April 2017

to determine the sero-prevalence of bovine brucellosis and to identify the
potential risk factors in Mecha district, western Gojjam zone, Ethiopia. A total
of 320 sera samples were collected from cows with more than six month of
age and have no history of previous vaccination against brucellosis. Rose
Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) were used for screening purpose while Complement
Fixation Test (CFT) as confirmatory test at National Veterinary Institute (NVI),
Ethiopia. Out of the 320 sera samples collected, 5% (N=16) were positive
using RBPT of which 2.2% (N= 7) were confirmed positive by CFT. In this study,
though statistically not significant, higher prevalence were found in cows
with age group between 3 to 6 years (3%, N=5) than other age group and in
cross breeds (2.6%, N=3) than local breeds (1.0%, N=4) (p>0.05). Among the
expected risk factors, pregnant cows showed higher prevalence within the
group (5.4%) than not pregnant (1.9%) and heifers (0%); cows with pluri-parous
history than primi-parous and no parity cows (2.4%, 2% and 0% respectively);
intensive farms (2.8%) than semi-intensive farms (1.7%) (p>0.05). On the other
hand, using univariate logistic regression analysis, cows that have abortion
history after 5 months pregnancy showed statistically significant Brucella sero-
positivity than cows that abort at less than 5 months pregnancy period (p<0.05
and Odds Ratio =17.11). Assessment of knowledge and practices of animal
owners on brucellosis in the study area shows that only 37.2% (N=51) knows
brucellosis as a disease and 0.7% (N=1) used to wear protective materials
during cows parturition support. In conclusion, the prevailing Brucella sero-
positivity and weak prevention practices in the study area signifies double
burden of the disease which affects both dairy cattle industry and public
health. Therefore, awareness creation to animal owners and to the public at

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The Canadian Food Inspection Agency Establishment-based Risk each food safety hazard yearly, their association to specific food commodities
Assessment model: How to allocate inspection resources to highest-risk and products, and the health impact per case of illness for each hazard.
areas? The health impact is initially allocated to individual establishments based
on the volume of each product type they manufacture. The establishment-
Sylvain Quessy4, Manon Racicot1, 4, Alexandre Leroux2, Romina Zanabria3, Rick level health impact is then adjusted considering the presence or absence of
Holley6, Tom Gill7, Mansel Griffiths5, Julie Arsenault4, Cécile Ferrouillet4, Marie- specific food safety risk factors and their relative weights.
Lou Gaucher4, Sylvain Charlebois7
The model has been tested in meat/poultry, dairy and fish/seafood
1. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, St-Hyacinthe, Canada establishments and is currently being piloted in maple, honey and egg
2. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada products. The model performance is being assessed by comparing the
model outputs with the scores given by senior inspectors to establishments
3. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Guelph, Canada that participate in the pilot projects. Data analysis showed the Spearman
4. Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, correlation coefficient to be positive for meat/poultry and dairy establishments
Canada (r=0.64; p<0.001) and moderately positive for fish/seafood establishments
(r=0.44; p=0.004). Few discrepancies were observed when considering the
5. University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada facility type, volume/type of product, and the inspection compliance results.
Pilots with other food commodities will further help enhance the CFIA risk
6. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada assessment model that will be implemented as part of the regulatory oversight
7. Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada activities of the Agency.

The transmission of zoonotic pathogens to humans via the foodborne route

no longer has to be proven. With the constantly growing demand for safe
food products, this situation reinforces the need for implementing focused
and innovative control and risk management strategies to address pathogen
contamination and transmission issues along the food supply chain, in order
to preserve the health of Canadians. Despite regulatory, monitoring and
surveillance programs, about 4 million Canadians are affected by foodborne
illnesses each year. Risk assessment models facilitate decisions on the
allocation of inspection resources and provide decision makers with a
justifiable basis for determining risk acceptability. As part of its risk-based food
safety continuous improvement, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)
developed a new inspection model to help allocate inspection resources
and support public health protection. This will be achieved by quantitatively
assessing factors that contribute to the infectious foodborne disease risk
represented by over 3,000 federally-registered food establishments in
Canada.
The model concept is based on the allocation of risks to food establishments
based on their impact upon the consumers’ health in Canada. The underlying
principle is that the total impact expressed as Disability Adjusted Life Years
(DALYs) remains constant, but the proportion allocated to individual facilities
is fluid. This value takes into consideration the number of cases attributed to
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Antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic Campylobacter isolated from informal A one year study of diversity/evolution of Listeria monocytogenes strains
settlements in Nairobi. in slaughterhouses and meat facilities in province of Quebec: genomic
characterization of virulence and resistance.
MAURINE CHEPKWONY1, 2, Erastus Kang’ethe1, Eric Fevre2, 3, Gabriel Aboge1
Tamazight Cherifi1,2*, Kersti dina Neira1,2, Franco Pagotto3, 4, Ilhem Miniai1,
1. University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
Sylvain Quessy1,2, Philippe Fravalo1,2
2. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
3. University of Liverpool, Nairobi, Kenya 1. Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes, Faculté de médecine
vétèrinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Qc, Canada, Saint-
hyacinthe, Canada
Abstract: Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter shows
important levels of resistance globally. One cause of the high level of 2. Centre de Recherche sur les maladies Infectieuses Porcine et Avicole,
resistance is the use of these drugs in livestock treatment. Resistance Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe,
prevalence data are an important starting-point for assessing the risk Qc, Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
associated with antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed at investigating the 3. Microbiology Research Division, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food
antimicrobial resistance of zoonotic Campylobacter isolated from livestock Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa,
in Korogocho and Viwandani informal settlements. The objectives were to Canada
investigate antimicrobial usage in the community, to identify phenotypic
4. Listeriosis Reference Service, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food
antimicrobial resistance and resistance genes present in the isolates. This
Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada
was a cross sectional study with questionnaires to livestock keepers and
livestock sampling and laboratory investigation of antimicrobial resistance in
the confirmed zoonotic Campylobacter isolates. The occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in the upstream of meat
production environment is often unknown in many countries including
Zoonotic Campylobacter are important pathogens in livestock in Korogocho Canada. Previous studies have demonstrated that environmental
and Viwandani informal settlements in Nairobi. The high resistance pattern to contamination is an important source of foodborne pathogen gaining
antimicrobials especially the first line of treatment of Campylobacter infections entry into food processing plants. The aim of this study was to investigate
in humans (macrolides and quinolones) seen in the results of this study may L. monocytogenes genetic diversity throughout the meat processing
be explained by lack of prudent usage of antimicrobial usage on livestock environment and to describe evolution of genomic supported virulence
at farm level in the study area. Seventy percent of livestock were treated by and antibiotic resistance determinants. Four slaughterhouses and cutting
owners compared to 5.1% treated by professional veterinarians. The trend facilities were sampled after cleaning and sanitation at four different
seen in this study agrees with reports of rampant use of antimicrobials in periods of sampling with a minimum interval of three months between
livestock in Kenya. This situation is further emphasized by the 63.8% who buy each sampling. A total of 2496 samples was collected over one year and
the antibiotics from agro vets compared to only 2.7% of the households that analyzed for the presence of L. monocytogenes followed by phenotypic
get their livestock examined and medication prescribed by a veterinarian. and genotypic characterization using serology, ribotyping and pulsed-field
This study recommends education of the public on zoonoses, antimicrobial gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The whole genome of forty different? PFGE
resistance and prudent use of antimicrobials. profiled strained sequenced with MiSeq Illumina technology and analyzed
for virulence factors and antibiotic resistance attributes. A total of 57 PFGE
profiles were found in all facilities which indicate an important diversity of
strains in this environment. Among these strains a group of eleven strains
emerged and interestingly, five out of them presented the same PFGE profile
as those frequently isolated from food and those occasionally causing
human listeriosis. The genomic analysis for presence and composition of
particular virulence and antibiotic resistance factors will be shown during the
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presentation. These results strongly highlight the importance to consider the Non sorbitol fermenting Escherichia coli as indicator organism of microbial
surveillance of L. monocytogenes in the upstream of food production in order health risks associated with urban integrated farming in Dar es salaam,
to contribute to the reduction of food contamination and public health risks. Tanzania
Francis Mwanza1, ERICK KOMBA1, Dominic Kambarage2
1. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary
Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture,
Morogoro, Tanzania
2. Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere University of Agriculture and Technology,
Butiama Campus, Musoma, Tanzania

Escherichia coli such as E. coli O157:H7 are important human pathogens

among other common zoonotic pathogens carried by animals especially
cattle. They are discharged through their faeces into the environment. With
the increasing practice of urban farming, livestock manure is used as organic
fertiliser in either fish ponds or vegetable gardens. This practice increases
the risk of transmission of such pathogens to humans. This study aimed at
determining the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance profiles and genetic
relatedness of Non-Sorbitol Fermenting (NSF) [Link] isolates from manure,
vegetables and fish. Microbiological standard methods were used to isolate
and identify E. coli isolates from manure, vegetables and fish samples.
Confirmed isolates on biochemical tests were tested for resistance against
six antimicrobial agents using the disc diffusion method. Enterobacterial
repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR)
typing method was used to generate fingerprints and determine the genetic
relatedness of the E. coli isolates. Out of 156 samples including 89 manure,
53 vegetables and 16 fish, 36 (23.1%) samples were positive for NSF E. coli
from where a total of 48 E. coli different isolates were recovered that were
subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and genetic relatedness. Of
these isolates, 25 (52.1%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent
and 12 (48.0%) showed Multidrug Resistance. ERIC-PCR profiles of E. coli
isolates from manure, vegetables and fish showed genetic diversity with
genetic relatedness ranging from 74.5% - 100%. Nine phylogenetic clusters (I
- IX) determined at 90% threshold level of genetic relatedness were identified
among the isolates. These results show potential health risk urban integrated
farming pose, in the transmission of antimicrobial resistant pathogens with
genetic diversity to humans and hence the need to monitor and improve
husbandry practices in urban farming.

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Detection of mecA Gene in Methicillin Resistant and Sensitive methicillin resistant and sensitive. 93.75% MRSA were found in the subclinical
Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Dairy Cattle Milk mastitis milk.
A.E.T.H Wahyuni1, Rini Widayanti2, Fx. Satria Pinanditya3, Lalita Prasiddhanti3, Parasitic and Environmental Zoonoses
Bagus Brahmanto Ajiguno3
1. Departement Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gadjah
Mada, Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2. Departement Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gadjah
Mada, Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
3. Magister Sain Veteriner, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gadjah Mada,
Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Staphylococcus aureus is the main cause for clinical and subclinical mastitis in
dairy cattle. Until recently, mastitis has only been medicated with antibiotics,
despite the fact that misuse of antibiotics can cause S. aureus resistance from
antibiotics. Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the
strains of S. aureus which is resistant to methicillin. MRSA was detected for
the first time in cattle milk with mastitis and it was a pathogenic bacterium to
humans. While mecA gene is responsible for the resistance from beta-lactam
antibiotics such as methicillin, it was also reported to be found in methicillin
sensitive S. aureus. The objective of this research is to detect the existence of
mecA gene in methicillin resistant and sensitive S. aureus which are isolated
from dairy cattle milk.
MecA gene were detected from 32 methicillin resistant and sensitive S.
aureus isolate from cattle milk from Boyolali, Pacitan, and Ponorogo. In those
32 S. aureus isolate, 28 are from subclinical mastitis cattle milk, 3 from normal
cattle milk, and 1 from clinical mastitis milk. Reidentification of S. aureus
was done by culture process on blood agar plate, gram stain, catalase test,
coagulase test, mannitol fermentation ability with Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA),
and voges proskauer test. Identification of S. aureus in a molecular level was
done by detecting 23S rRNA gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The
determination of resistant and sensitive S. aureus by testing the bacterium
on Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) using methicillin disc was done subsequently.
PCR molecular detection was used to identify mecA gene as the target gene.
PCR product of mecA gene was then sequenced to determine whether the
amplified DNA fragment was actually mecA gene or not.
The result of this research showed that all of the S. aureus isolates (100%)
could be indentified conventionally as well as molecularly. 16 (50%) methicillin
resistant and 16 (50%) methicillin sensitive were identified from the S. aureus
isolates. MecA gene cannot be identified in all of the S. aureus isolates, both

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Developing sustainable food value chains – The Gulf Challege – in the control programs with anti-helminth drugs and also consider other
complementary measures including sanitation, provision of clean water
Ioannis Savvaidis supply, and snail control.
Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina
Ioannina 45110 Greece
Email:isavvaid@[Link]

ABSTRACT: The development of sustainable food value chains can offer

important pathways out of poverty for the millions of poor households in
developing countries. Food value chains are complex systems. The real
causes for their observed underperformance may not always be obvious.
Typically, multiple challenges have to be tackled simul- taneously in order
to truly break poverty cycles. This in turn implies the need for collaboration
among the various stakeholders in a value chain, including farmers,
agribusinesses, governments and civil society. Further compounding the
challenge, improvements to the value chain must be economically, socially
and environmentally sustainable: the so-called triple bottom line of profit,
people and planet. Around the world, development practitioners in public,
private and non-governmen- tal organizations are constantly designing
and implementing innovative solutions to address these challenges. These
practitioners facilitate the upgrading of products, technologies, business
models, policy environments and so on. Some of these solu- tions fail to have
a lasting impact, while others succeed in improving the system at scale and in
a sustainable manner. Either way, valuable lessons are learned. In its role as a
global knowledge broker aiming to enable the development of inclusive and
efficient agricultural and food systems, the Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations (FAO) has initiated a new set of lessons. The first in the
set contributes to the achievement of FAO’s Strategic Objective Four: Enable
inclusive and efficient agricultural and food systems. It sets out the overall
framework and a set of principles to guide sustainable food value chain
development in practice. It is expected such lessons will facilitate the spread
among practitioners of new ideas and knowledge related to the development
of sustainable food value chains. If successful, it is hoped that this will lead
to greater, faster and more lasting impacts in terms of growth in profitability
of agribusiness and farming, creation of decent employment, generation of
public revenue, strengthening of the food supply and improvement in the
natural environment. Various successful examples of‘Developing sustainable
food value chains’ will be presented, including: The potato value chain in
India, the pineapple value chain in Ghana, the tea value chain in Kenya, the
rice value chain in Senegal, the coffee value chain in Central America. The
challenge for the Gulf countries, would be to explore the potentia role of local
traditional foods, such as dates, camel meat or even seafood.
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A comparative study for cultural, serological and Molecular characterization For conduction of serological investigations three tests were used which were
of brucellosis in camel (Camelus dromedaries) in the Sudan the Rose Bengal Pate Test (RBPT), Serum Agglutination test (SAT), Competitive
Enzyme Linked immunoSorbent Assay (cELISA), Milk Ring Test (MRT) and
Enaam M. ElSanousi1, Maha I. Khogali2, Elamir Gafar Saad3, Lorraine Perrett4 Milk ELISA. All the five tests were performed for detection of anti-brucella
1. University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan antibodies.
2. Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Khartoum, Sudan Of the 345 milk samples, 20 (5.8%) samples were bacteriologically proven and
3. Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangeland, Khartoum, Sudan 68 (19.7%) samples were found to be serologically positive by modified MRT
4. Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey, United Kingdom and 23 (6.7%) were positive by milk ELISA.
The results of the 345 serum samples revealed 82 (23.8%) positive with RBPT,
Sudan has the second largest camel population in the world, estimated at 58 (16.8%) positive with SAT and 62 (18%) positive with cELISA.
nearly 4,500,000, and the country is home to some of the most well-known
camel herds, the Kababish, Shukria, Hadendowa and others. Tribal groups in This study ascertains the existence of brucella spp. in dairy camel and in
Sudan breed distinctive types of camels; Well-known among these are the their milk which is usually consumed as raw unpasteurized. Infected camels
Anafi and Bishareen, prized for their racing and riding capacities, the Rashaidi, constitute one of the main sources of public health and animal health potential
a powerful transport camel with superior drought resistance and high meat hazards.
yields. It is highly recommended that integrated efforts should be taken to control
Brucellosis in camels can be encountered in different camel breeds in this important disease in camel herds and to eliminate the potential public
different states in Sudan. High animal and herd prevalence have been health threat from their marketed milk and other dairy products by proper
reported from different localities, which not only cause a continuous risk for pasteurization techniques and other proper implementation of hygenic
human infection, but also increase the spread of infection regularly to all other measures.
animal species. This research aims at providing information on diagnostic
tools on diagnoses of brucellosis in camel milk in Sudan.
A Prospective study was conducted from January to May 2015 for diagnosis
of brucellosis from dairy camel herds in Khartoum State in Sudan. This work
aimed to elucidate the disease sero-prevalence in these dairy farms and to
isolate Brucella spp. from camels’ milk.
Three hundred and forty-five both milk and blood samples were collected
from dairy camels in sterile containers. All milk samples were subjected
to conventional bacteriological standard methods for brucella isolation,
characterization and typing. Brucella abortus biovar 6 was isolated from 20
samples from camel’s milk.
Molecular characterization of all the isolates using a multiplex PCR assay
(Bruce-ladder), using IS711 primers revealed that all the 20 brucella isolates
were Brucella abortus biovar 6. The PCR used for confirmation of camel milk
isolates was found to be in 100% agreement with the conventional biotyping
methods.

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Phenotypic and genomic characterization of antimicrobial resistance of resistance. Remarkably, all the isolates encoded efflux pumps of the ABC,
Salmonella enterica strains isolated along the beef chain in Mexico MFS, RND, and MATE families, which could also contribute to the observed
AMR phenotypes. There was intra-serovar variation in both phenotypic and
Enrique Jesús Delgado Suárez1, María Salud Rubio Lozano1, Rocío Ortíz genotypic results. For instance, there were two distinguishable groups of
López2, Wondwossen Gebreyes3, Marc Allard4 Montevideo strains, one with an MDR profile (n=16) and another (n=10) that
1. Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Producción y de la Salud Animal. showed resistance only to tetracycline and had a single resistance gene
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de against aminoglycosides (aadA). In silico plasmid profiling showed these
México., Mexico City, Mexico mobile elements contribute mostly with resistance genes and integrons.
2. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad
Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico Conclusions/Significance: This study shows beef cattle is a significant source
of MDRS. The concordance between phenotypic and genotypic results
3. The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary
Preventive Medicine, Columbus, United States indicate resistance genes may be subjected to positive selection in the
studied niche. Moreover, results suggest plasmids are likely to play a major
4. Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and
Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, United States role in the dissemination and transfer of AMR determinants among beef cattle-
associated Salmonella in Mexico.

Background: Multidrug resistant Salmonella (MDRS) strains of different

serovars are increasingly common worldwide. Food animals are recognized
as a source of MDRS. Hence, it is important to address both phenotypic and
genotypic characterization of food-associated strains, which can vary in a
location-dependent fashion. The latter could help in determining factors
involved in antimicrobial resistance dissemination and the potential transfer
mechanisms of resistance genes. The purpose of this study is to identify
and compare predominant strains isolated along the beef chain in Mexico
regarding their phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
profiles.
Methodology/Principal Finding:The study involved 43 Salmonella isolates
from beef cattle feces, carcass swabs, primal cut swabs, and ground beef,
corresponding to serovars Montevideo (n=26), Give (n=6), Derby (n=4),
Muenster (n=3), Senftenberg (n=2), London and Roodepoort (n=1, each). The
strains were subjected to whole genome sequencing (WGS) and antibiotic
susceptibility testing (AST). The most frequent AMR phenotypes included
tetracycline (37/43), sulfonamides (33/43), aminoglycosides (29/43), phenicols
(19/43), and extended spectrum betalactams (17/43). Additionally, about 60%
of the strains were MDRS, showing resistance to ≥3 antibiotic classes. These
results were in line with the observed AMR genotypes, which included a
widespread distribution across isolates of resistance genes for the above-
mentioned phenotypes (tetA, aadA, aadA2, aph(3”)-lb), dfrA12, dfrA17, sul1,
sul2, bla-TEM-1, blaCARB-2). Moreover, all strains from serovars Give carried
class-1 integrons (1014 bp) that harbored one cassette (aminoglycoside
resistance). Strains of Muenster and one Derby isolate also carried a similar
class-1 integron, which included an additional cassette for sulfonamide
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Clinical Data and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Multidrug-Resistant INTERRUPTION OF TRANSMISSION OF Onchocerca volvulus IN GALABAT
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates in Qatar SUB-FOCUS
Mazen Sid Ahmed1, 2, Emad Ibrahim1, Bo Soderquist2, Jana Jass2 Asam Zroug
1. 1Laboratory Medicine & Pathology Department, Microbiology Division, Ministry of Health., Khartoum, Sudan
Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
2. 2The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Back ground and Objective: Control of Onckocercasis in galabt focus
Orebro, Sweden at Gedaref state started in 2007 by adopting of strategy of mass drug
administration (MDA).The drug distributed once per year. In 2010 Federal
Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the 2nd most frequent pathogen Ministry of Health shifted the MDA to biannual treatments in order to eliminate
isolated from health care associated pneumonia, skin and soft tissue the disease. As a base line the in 2007 assessment of transmission of the
infection. There is insufficient data on epidemiology of multidrug resistance P. disease carried out to detect the infective stage of O.V. the head capsules of
aeruginosa (MDR-PA) available in Qatar. Aim(s)/Objective(s): The present study the vector [Link] s.l by method of 0-150 PCRshowing 6.9 ( cl1.1-1.64)
aiming to determine anti- microbial susceptibilities, molecular epidemiology infective flies per 10 000 with moderate transmission. The objective of this
and risk factors of MDR-PA from patients, Hamad Medical Corporations (HMC), work is to evaluate the effect of the Ivermectin against O.V. after three years of
Doha, Qatar. annual treatments and five years of biannual treatments.

Method(s): Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: By Phoenix and results were Materials and Methods: In this study [Link] s.l collected from three
confirmed by E-test. Descriptive analysis of the risk factors and clinical sentential villages , flies preserved in Isopropanol for further studies. The flies
outcome of every file of MDR-PA positive patients were collected. divided into pools of 100 or less. DNA from head was extracted .Purification
of DNA done by 0-150 PCR followed by PCR-based Eliza. Serological studies
Results: Overall prevalence of MDR-PA was 8% (205/2552). Majority 74.6% which used to determine transmission activity and the samples required is
were male, age range 1.5–90 years with a mean age of 45.75 years (SD = 3000 dry blood spots(DPS)from children >3years and <10 years. The OV
62.58). 64% of patients >50 years, 68% patients non-Qatari, and majority 16 Eliza assay use recombinant antigen of O.V. to measure prevalent of
74.0% were inpatient. immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) antibodies. Parasitological studies, which done
Among the infected patients within last 90 days, 85% exposure to antibiotics, from adults more than 20 years. The three sentinels villages and another
and 67% have history of MDR. 97% were hospital acquired. Among the seven villages were selected five of them previously studied skin microfilaria,
patients of MDR-PA, 56% were colonization and 44% were infection. and the other two near Ethiopian borders.

The overall, 96.6% MDR-PA isolates shown resistance to cefepime, 91.2% Results: 0 - 150 PCR screening analysis showed no evidence of [Link] L3
ciprofloxacin, 90.7% piperacillin/tazobactam, 90.2% meropenem, 73.2% larvae, this indicate zero prevalence of infective black flies. Serological results
gentamicin, 58% amikacin, 54.6% tobramycin, and only 3.4% to colistin. from 4244 DPS were all negative. Results of parasitological studies among
1046 skin snip with zero infection.
Clinical outcome: Overall 60% were cured, 36% died and 4% relapsed.
Discussion and/or Conclusion(s): Our study showed a relatively low Conclusion: It is clear that from all these results the Onchocerciasis had been
prevalence (8%), but there were five isolates resistant to all antibiotics tested interrupted from Galabat focus –Gedref State.
in Qatar (Pandrug-resistance). Colistin shows high sensitivity (96.6%) and can
be used for managing severe patients with suspected infections with MDR-PA.

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Executive Body
Wondwossen Gebreyes (Ohio State University) Local Organizing Committee
ICOPHAI 2017 Co-chair
Asma Al Thani Sanjay H Doiphode
Asmaa Al-Thani (Qatar University Qatar)
Hamad Eid Al-Romaihi Elmoubasher Abu Baker Abd Farag
ICOPHAI 2017 Co-chair
Hamad Eid Al-Romaihi Paul Amuna
Walid Alali (UAE)
Secretary General Walid Alali Farhoud Hadi al Hajri
Hadi Yassine (Qatar University) Hayat Salahaldin Khogali Naiema Al-Meer
Co-chair, International Organizing committee Hisham M B Ziglam
Celso J B Oliveira (Federal Univ. Paraiba, UFPB Brazil)
Co-chair, International Organizing committee
Sylvain Quessy (University of Montreal, Canada)
Co-chair, Scientific Program committee Scientific Program Committee
Laith Abu-Raddad (Weill Cornell) Sylvain Quessy Michael Bisesi
Co-chair, Scientific Program committee
Laith Abu Raddad Thiravat Hemachudha
Christopher Carey (Global Gateways, Ohio State University)
Scott McNabb Joshua Amimo
Member, Secretariat officer for U.S.
Sam Kariuki Basirou Bonfoh
Shu-Hua Wang Emad Bashier Ibrahim
Secretariat
Satoro Suzuki Hisham Ziglam
Walid Alali (United Arab Emerites University)
Ashley Behrendt (Ohio State University)
Ashley Bersani (Ohio State University)
Christopher Carey (Ohio State University)
Tunu Okatcha (Ohio State University)
Hadi Yassine (Qatar University)

International Organizing Committee

Mohamed M. El-Gazzar Hadi Mohamad Yassine
Celso José Bruno de Oliveira Scott McNabb
Armando Hoet Kelvin Lim
Appolinaire Djikeng Tahra Abdelkhalig
Laith Abu Raddad Yukio Morta
Sylvain Quessy Muna Al Maslamani
Hassan Zaraket

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 Fogarty International Center
Advancing Science for Global Health

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