Q.
Why Alternator Armature Winding always connected in
STAR?
Electrical, Electrical Machine, Generators & Motors
click on the image to enlarge
Alternator armature winding always connected in STAR, not in
DELTA because of some important reasons. It is a very
important question which frequently asked in Interviews
that Why Alternator Armature Winding always connected in
STAR, not in DELTA? Today we discuss all reasons with the
explanation.
Reasons for using Star connected Armature
winding in Alternator:
We know that in three phase system there are two types of
connections, one is STAR connection and Another is DELTA
connection. Both of them have their own advantages and
disadvantages but in the case of alternator armature winding,
we always prefer STAR connection than DELTA
connection. Actually, if you have the basic knowledge of STAR
connection and DELTA connection then you can easily
understand it.
Let's know the Reasons,
Reason 1:
The reason which will come first in our mind that is Star
connection provides Neutral Point. We know that in Delta
connection there is no neutral point, but in the case of Star
connection, there is a neutral point present.
The neutral point helps to neutral grounding system for the
healthy purpose of the system. Generally, we ground the
neutral for two reasons that are,
1. The neutral grounding system helps to balance the flow of
current in each phase.
2. When a fault occurs the excessive fault current goes to the
ground through the neutral grounding system.
So as the STAR connection provides a neutral point we prefer
STAR connection for the alternator armature winding.
A simple diagram of the connection between Alternator
and Transformer in an Electrical Power generating station is
given below,
click on the image to enlarge
As you see in the above figure the neutral of the Alternator and
Transformer are grounded. The Primary winding of the
Transformer is STAR connected and the Secondary winding of
the Transformer is DELTA Connected. The output of the
Transformer is connected to the Grid.
Read Also:
Difference between Generator and Alternator Full explanation.
Can DC Motor run on AC supply and Vice-Versa? Full
Explanation.
Shaded Pole Induction Motor Working and Application -
Explained
Applications and Advantages of all types of Motor- DC
Motors, AC motors, Universal Motors
Reason 2:
We know that in Star connection,
or,
and in Delta connection,
Suppose an alternator has an output rating 11KV which
indicates the Line Voltage.
So if the armature winding is connected in STAR then the
voltage across the winding will be,
but if the armature winding is connected in DELTA then the
voltage across the winding will be,
So from the above explanation, we can say if we connect the
armature winding in Star then the voltage stress across the
winding will be less, therefore less insulation arrangement
required which reduce the cost.
This is the second important reason for use of Star connection.
Reason 3:
As the Star connection has neutral point and we ground the
neutral so there is very less harmonic, but in case of delta
connection as it has not a neutral point, the output voltage has
triple Harmonics.
So in Star connection, we get pure sinusoidal voltage but in
Delta connection, we do not get pure sinusoidal voltage.
Reason 4:
For the same Line Voltage, the star connected armature
winding required less number of turns than the delta
connected winding. So the star connected winding reduces the
cost. As less number of turns required so the weight also
decreases.
Reason 5:
In the case of Star connection, when the alternator is not
connected to any load the windings will open circuit so no
circulating current will flow through the windings.
But in the case of Delta connection, the windings of the
alternator always in the closed circuit even when the
alternator is not connected to any load. So a circulating
current always flows through the winding which causes heat.
These are the important reasons Why Alternator Armature
Winding always connected in STAR.
Q. Why Capacitor is used in Single phase Induction Motor?
Full Explanation.
Electrical, Electrical Machine, Generators & Motors
Why Capacitor is used in Single
phase Induction Motor?
Nowadays single phase motors are widely used in our house,
office and other areas. Single phase motor becomes very
popular as it is low cost.
There are three types of Single Phase motor
1. Induction motors
2. Commutator motors
3. Synchronous motors
You may notice that every single phase induction
motor (except Shaded pole Induction Motor) need one or
more capacitor. So today we are going to know Why
Capacitor is used in Single-phase Induction Motor? or Why
Capacitor is used in Fan?
Why Capacitor is used in Single-phase Induction Motor:
The answer is that as the single-phase induction motor
is not self-starting so the capacitor is used to make single
phase induction motor self-starting.
Why Single Phase Induction Motor is not self-starting?
The Single Phase Induction Motor is not self-starting
because if we give single phase AC supply to the stator
winding of the single-phase induction motor the stator
winding produces alternating flux and for the transformer
action, an alternating emf is produced on the rotor winding
which causes to flow alternating current in the rotor
winding.
So an alternating flux also produced in the rotor winding
which tried to oppose the stator emf. Therefore no torque
will develop in the rotor. So when we give single phase AC
supply the motor not start rotating it will vibrate. So for this
reason capacitor is used in Ceiling Fan as well as any single
phase induction motor.
How to start a single phase induction motor?
After giving the single phase AC supply if we push the rotor
by hand or by another means in either direction, it will pick
up the speed and continue to rotate in the same direction
developing operating torque.
How the Capacitor make the single-phase induction motor
self-starting?
To make the single phase induction motor self-starting we
need to add an extra winding which is called starting
winding. And the winding will be connected in series with a
capacitor. By using a capacitor of proper value, the starting
winding current can be made to lead the main winding
current by 90o. That means the capacitor creates a phase
difference between the two windings and the starting
winding push the rotor to start rotating.
Single Phase motor connection with Capacitor
Diagram:
The below circuit diagram is of the Permanent Capacitor
single phase Induction motor. This is also the circuit
diagram of a ceiling fan.
What type of motor used in Ceiling Fan?
Single phase squirrel cage capacitor starts capacitor run
induction motor used in Ceiling Fan.
How to connect the capacitor with the ceiling fan?
At first measure the resistance of each winding? The
starting winding has less resistance than running winding.
Then connect the capacitor according to the above circuit
diagram.
Which type of Capacitor used in Ceiling Fan?
Mainly Oil filled capacitor used in ceiling Fan. Nowadays, the
dry capacitor with high insulation used in the ceiling fan.
How to change the direction of rotation of single phase
induction motor?
To change the direction of rotation of single phase induction
motor reverse the connection of any one winding either
starting winding or running winding.
Q. Why AC needs more Insulation than DC for same Voltage
Level?
AC needs more insulation than DC for same voltage level
because the peak value of the AC is greater than DC for the
same voltage level. This is a very important and frequently
asked question is that Why AC needs more Insulation than DC
for the same Voltage Level? Sometimes this question is asked
as Why DC needs less Insulation than AC for the same Voltage
Level? The answers of both questions are the same. Read the
full Article to know the answer in detail explanation.
The Reasons Why AC needs more Insulation
than DC
The peak value of AC is greater than DC for the same
voltage level.
There is Hysteresis loss occurs in case of AC which
depends upon the frequency of the AC. But DC has not
frequency so there is no chance of hysteresis loss.
There is capacitance and inductance effect occurs in
case of AC but there is no capacitance and inductance effect
occurs in case of DC.
Detail Explanation:
(1) We all know that we generally use the RMS (Root Means
Square) value for AC. The AC voltage rating in any electrical
equipment indicates the RMS value. We use 230V single phase
AC for our domestic purpose which also indicates the RMS
value.
The RMS value and peak value of AC are different because AC
changes the magnitude of voltage.
As DC is constant, there are no changes in the magnitude of
the voltage so the RMS value and the peak value is the same.
As you see in the above figure we have taken the same AC and
DC voltage waveform that is 230V. You can see the difference
between the peak values of AC and DC.
The peak value of DC is 230V
The peak value of AC is = 230 × √2 = 325.27V
So you can see there is a very big difference between the RMS
value and the peak value of 230V AC. So naturally, the
potential stress will be high.
The more voltage level required more insulation. So as the
peak value of the AC is greater than DC for the same voltage
level, AC needs more Insulation than DC.
(2) The AC needs more insulation and different insulation
material which has high reluctance because the inductance
effect can create interference to another device or equipment.
(3) The AC also needs different insulation material than DC
because it may create a capacitance effect using the
insulation as a dielectric medium.
Why does Megger have a
DC Generator?
Megger is a brand name of Insulation Tester. Due to the popularity
of this brand, we often use this term to mean Insulation Tester and
Megger value to mean Insulation Resistance value. Today, there are
various other make of Insulation Testers available and therefore it is
better to call it Insulation Tester instead of Megger. Let us now
focus our attention to why do Megger or Insulation tester has a DC
Generator?
Insulation Test is done to find the insulation resistance (IR). During
this test, HV lead of the test kit is connected to the conductor and
LV lead is connected to the ground. For example, in case of cable,
the HV lead will be connected to conductor and LV lead to the
ground. High voltage (250 V, 500 V, 1000 V or 5 kV as per the cable
voltage rating) is injected by the kit. This high voltage causes
leakage current through the insulation. This leakage current is
measured by the kit to evaluate IR value.
As we know that a perfect insulator is nothing but a capacitor
having small capacitance. How? Due to small capacitance, the
reactance offered will be high leading to small value of leakage
current. Also, the loss in the insulator will also be zero. This is the
reason; a perfect insulator should be a perfect capacitor with small
capacitance.
Therefore, if we apply AC voltage during IR test then there will
always be a flow of current through the capacitor and thus a
leakage current to the ground. Therefore, the resistance measured
by Megger will not actually represent the Insulation Resistance.
If we apply DC voltage then as we know Capacitor blocks the flow
of DC, only leakage current due to imperfection of insulator will flow
and hence the Resistance measured by Megger will actually
represent Insulation Resistance. This is the reason, an Insulation
Tester or Megger have DC voltage generator.
