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Synchronous Machines: Operation & Analysis

This document outlines a chapter on synchronous machines from an electrical engineering course. It begins with introductions to synchronous machine components and operating principles. It describes salient pole and cylindrical rotor features. It covers reference frame transformations used to analyze synchronous machines. It also discusses the dynamic model and transient analysis of synchronous machines. The chapter covers key topics like the d-q axis model and synchronous machine equivalent circuits.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

26 views58 pages

Synchronous Machines: Operation & Analysis

Uploaded by

Haile Hr

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ELECTRICAL MACHINE II

CHAPTER 5: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

OUTLINE

 Introduction
 Salient and non-salient pole features
 Reference frame transformation
 d-q axis theory
 Dynamic model (transient analysis)

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 2

INTRODUCTION: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

 DC field winding on the rotor, AC armature winding on the stator

 May function as a generator (MECHANICAL to ELECTRICAL) or a motor
(ELECTRICAL to MECHANICAL)
 Origin of name: syn = equal, chronos = time
 The inductance of the stator winding depends on the rotor position
 Energy is stored in the inductance as the rotor moves, there is a change in the
energy stored
 Either energy is extracted from the magnetic field (and becomes mechanical
energy – that is, its is a motor) Or energy is stored in the magnetic field and
eventually flows into the electrical circuit that powers the stator – this is a
generator.

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 3

INTRODUCTION: PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 4

INTRODUCTION: PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

 The basic expression for the voltage in the stator (armature)

is
v = r i + dλ/dt
 Where v is the stator voltage, r is the stator resistance, and
λ is the flux linkage to the field produced by the field
winding

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 5

INTRODUCTION: PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

 Basic power energy relationships are:

Torque = Power X Speed
1
Energy =2 𝐿𝐼 2
𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
Power = 𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

 Excitation methods
1. Sliprings
2. DC generator excitor
3. Brushless excitor

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 6

INTRODUCTION: PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Concept of brushless exciter

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 7

INTRODUCTION: EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

 Per-phase synchronous
machine equivalent circuit.
a) Including armature
reactance.
b) Simplified, neglecting
armature reactance.

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 8

INTRODUCTION: EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 9

INTRODUCTION: PHASOR

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 10

INTRODUCTION: PHASOR

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 11

INTRODUCTION: PHASOR

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 12

INTRODUCTION: PHASOR

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 13

INTRODUCTION: PHASOR

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 14

INTRODUCTION: PHASOR

Exercise
A four pole, three-phase synchronous generator is rated 250 MVA, its
terminal voltage is 24 kV, the synchronous reactance is: 125%.
 Calculate the synchronous reactance in ohm.
 Calculate the rated current and the line to ground terminal voltage.
 Draw the equivalent circuit.
 Calculate the induced voltage, Ef , at rated load and pf = 0.8 lag.

(Ans: Xsyn=2.88Ω, Ig=6.01∟-36.87oKA, Egn=27.93∟29.74KV)

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 15

INTRODUCTION: POWER-TORQUE
CHARACTERISTICS

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 16

INTRODUCTION: POWER-TORQUE
CHARACTERISTICS

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 17

INTRODUCTION: POWER-TORQUE
CHARACTERISTICS

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 18

INTRODUCTION: POWER-TORQUE
CHARACTERISTICS

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 19

SALIENT AND NON-SALIENT POLE FEATURES

 Salient pole rotors are large in diameter and shorter in length. They
are typically used in lower speed electrical machines (100 RPM to 1500
RPM). Salient pole rotors normally require damper windings to avoid
oscillations of rotors during operation. They are mostly used in
hydropower plants.
 Cylindrical (non-salient) pole or round-rotor or a drum rotor
usually can be found in higher speed higher power applications, such as
turbogenerators. A solid rotor is distributed over the edge of the rotor
in the rotor with cylindrical poles. However, each slot has different turns,
so that sinusoidal flux is created when excited. Though projections from
a solid cylinder rotor with the winding are located in the salient pole.
Cylindrical pole spins at 3600 or 1800 with 2 or 4 poles.

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 20

SALIENT AND NON-SALIENT POLE FEATURES

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 21

SALIENT AND NON-SALIENT POLE FEATURES

Salient pole synchronous machine (4 pole)

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 22
SALIENT AND NON-SALIENT POLE FEATURES

 In a round rotor machine, armature current in phase with

field induced emf Ef or in quadrature (at 90°) to Ef produces
the same flux linkages per ampere as the air gap is uniform
so that the armature reaction reactance offered to in-phase
or quadrature current is the same (Xa + Xl = Xs).
 In a salient pole machine air gap is non-uniform along rotor
periphery. It is the least along the axis of main poles (called
direct axis) and is the largest along the axis of the interpolar
region (called quadrature axis).

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 23

SALIENT AND NON-SALIENT POLE FEATURES

 Armature current in quadrature with Ef produces flux along the direct

axis and the reluctance of flux path being low (because of small air gap),
it produces larger flux linkages per ampere and hence the machine
presents larger armature reaction reactance Xd (called direct axis
reactance) to the flow of quadrature component Id of armature current
Ia.
 On the other hand, armature current in phase with Ef produces flux
along the quadrature axis and the reluctance of the flux path being high
(because of large interpolar air gap), it produces smaller flux linkages per
ampere and hence the machine presents smaller armature reaction
reactance Xq (quadrature axis reactance < Xd) to the flow of inphase
component Iq of armature current Ia.

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 24

PHASOR DIAGRAM OF SALIENT POLE
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
Figure: Phasor diagram of salient pole synchronous generator

AASTU _ DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 3/19/2021 25

POWER ANGLE CURVE FOR SALIENT POLE
GENERATOR
Power equation