A
MAJOR PROJECT REPORT
On
WATER ABSORBING PAVEMENTS BY
USING POROUS CONCRETE
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Under The Esteemed Guidance
Of
Mr. Ajay Sharma
(HOD)
Submitted By
BHARAT BHARDWAJ (00255307918)
KHUSHBOO SINGH (00455307918)
SHRUTI (40455303416)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
B.M. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SONIPAT, HARYANA
(AFFILIATED TO GGSIP UNIVERSITY, DELHI)
MAY 2021
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project has been carried out by the students of 8th semester,
KHUSHBOO SINGH (00455307918), BHARAT BHARDWAJ (00255307918) and
SHRUTI (40455303416) under the guidance of Civil Department.
The project report is complete in all respects. It shall be possible for the next batch of the
students to take up further work after consulting this report.
[Link] SHARMA Mr. VIJAY ROHILLA Mr. RAHUL KUMAR RAJ
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFEESOR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
CIVIL DEPARTMENT CIVIL DEPARTMENT CIVIL DEPARTMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our deep gratitude to Mr. AJAY SHARMA (HOD), Department of Civil
Engineering, for his valuable guidance and timely suggestions during the entire duration of the
Project work, without which this work would not have been possible. We would also like to
convey our deep regards to all other faculty members of college of Civil Engineering, who
have bestowed their great effort and guidance at appropriate times without which it would have
been very difficult on us part to finish this work. Finally we would also like to thank friends
for their advice and support.
ABSTRACT
Water Absorbing pavement is a new technique in Pavement construction. Through this
technique we can find a solution for the low ground water level, effective management of
storm water runoff, Agricultural problems, etc. Pervious concrete can be introduced in low
traffic volume areas, walk ways, sub base for concrete pavements, inter locking material etc.
Pervious concrete as a paving material have the ability to allow water to flow through itself
to recharge ground water level and minimize surface storm water runoff. This property of
porous concrete reviews its applications and engineering properties, including environmental
benefits, strength and durability. By replacing a part of cement with conplast SP430, then it
results the more strength to the concrete. Hence it acts as an eco-friendly paving material.
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-2
1.1 Introduction on porous concrete
1.2 History of porous concrete
1.3 What is porous concrete
1.4 Methodology
1.5 Literature review
Chapter 2 BENEFITS 3-4
2.1 Benefits of Pervious Concrete
2.2 Environmental Benefits
2.3 Major applications of pervious concrete
2.4 Advantages & Disadvantages
Chapter-3 MATERIALS USED 5-6
3.1 Cement
3.2 Coarse Aggregate
3.3 Water
3.4 conplast SP430
Chapter 4 EXPERIMENTAL WORK 7-10
4.1 Mix design of porous concrete
4.2 Preparation of Cube Specimens
4.3 Testing
Chapter 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 11-12
5.1 Compressive strength Results
5.2 Test results
5.3 Scope for Future Work
5.4 Conclusion
5.5 References
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction on Porous Concrete
Porous pavement is a storm water drainage system that allows rain water and runoff to move
through the pavements surface to storage layer below, with the eventually seeping into the
underlying soil. Permeable pavement is beneficial to the environment because it can reduce
storm water volume, treat the storm water quality, and replenish the ground water supply and
lower air temperatures on hot days. Due to increased void ratio, water conveyed through the
surface and allowed to infiltrate and evaporate, whereas conventional surfaces will not do so.
A porous pavement surface therefore becomes an active participant in hydrological cycle: rain
fall and snow melt are conveyed back through soil into ground water. And also this pavement
technology creates more efficient land use by eliminating the need for retention ponds, swales,
and other storm water management devices. In doing so, pervious concrete has the Ability to
lower overall project costs on a first-cost basis. In previous concrete, carefully controlled
amounts of water and cementitious materials are used to create a paste that forms a thick
coating around aggregate particles. A pervious concrete mixture contains little or no sand,
creating a substantial void content. And that’s why it is also known as No fines Concrete.
Using sufficient paste to coat and bind the aggregate particles together creates a system of
highly permeable, Interconnected voids that drain quickly. For porous concrete, water
permeability is the main specification requirement instead of its strength and continuity of the
open pores is the main concern in the production of porous concrete. The high water
permeability of porous concrete makes it to be considered as an environmentally friendly
concrete. When the component materials of porous concrete, environmentally unfriendly
Portland cement is partially replaced by supplementary cementitious materials, such as fly ash,
ground granulated blast furnace slag and coarse aggregates by recycled concrete aggregate,
then the porous concrete could be considered as environmentally concrete for sustainable
construction.
1.2 History of Porous Concrete
Within the UK in 1852, the primary use of permeable concrete was with the growth of two
homes that are residential and an ocean barrier. Price potency appears to possess the first
motive for its original practice because of the restricted cement quantity used. Absolutely, it
was not until 1923 once permeable concrete resurfaced as a feasible structure material. Now
it absolutely was restricted to the development of two storey households in areas like European
country, London, Liverpool and Manchester. Porous concrete usage in Europe redoubled
steady, particularly within the war II generation. As permeable concrete utilize fewer cement
than typical concrete for cement was scarce at this point. It appeared that porous concrete was
the simplest suites material for that amount. Thus, it gained continued quality and it unfold to
areas like West Africa, Australia, Venezuela, Russia and the geographical region.
1.3 What is Porous Concrete?
Porous concrete is a performance-engineered concrete made with controlled amounts of
cement, coarse aggregates, water, and admixtures to create a mass of aggregate particles
covered with a thin coating of paste. A pervious concrete mixture contains little or no sand,
creating a substantial void content. Using sufficient paste to coat and bind the aggregate
particles together creates a system of highly permeable, interconnected voids that drains
quickly. For strength, and to keep the paste from flowing and filling the voids, a low
water/cementitious material (w/c) ratio is required. The w/c ratio is critical for the successful
production.
A typical w/c ratio of about 0.4 is often employed. Both the low mortar content and high
porosity also reduce strength compared to conventional concrete mixtures, but sufficient
strength for many applications is readily achieved. “ Porous concrete has also been referred to
as Pervious concrete, permeable concrete, no-fines concrete, gap-graded concrete, and
enhanced- porosity concrete”.
1.3.1 Texture and Pattern
Pervious concrete has a rough, open texture that has been compared to a rice cake. Color may
be more pronounced because the rough texture reduces the glare associated with conventional
concrete pavement. The size and shape (round or angular) of the coarse aggregate in a mixture
are significant visual design variables.
1.3.2 What is a no-fine concrete
Pervious concrete is a structural concrete pavement with a large volume (15 to 35percent) of
interconnected voids. Like conventional concrete, its made from a mixture of cement, coarse
aggregates, and water. However, it contains little or no sand, which results in a porous open-
cell structure that water passes through readily.
1.3.3 Basic Principle of Pervious Concrete
Pervious concrete by virtue of its nature of lay connected voids facilitates straightforward and
water unfold of the natural resources becomes straightforward and easy as against PCC, RCC.
1.4 Methodology
A laboratory study evaluating strength and infiltration, concrete mix was performed. The
experiments included compressive strength tests, infiltration rate test on clean specimens. For
experimentation M-25 controlled concrete using locally available building materials and OPC-
53 grade cement is used with suitable dose of admixture (conplast SP430). Grade 53 OPC
cement was used with aggregate size retain on the 4.75mm sieve and passing through 10 mm
seive. A steel tamping rod with 16mm diameter and 0.6m length and having bullet ends was
used for compacting the concrete. The fine fractions in the concrete is reduced from 5%, 10%,
15%, 20% for that fine fractions of 4 cubes are prepares (1 fine fraction >2 cubes, for 0% fines
by reducing the cement content to in the actual) Mix designing of M-25 controlled concrete is
done and results are validated by casting 4 cube samples (150cm×150cm×150cm) and
subsequently testing infiltration rate and compressive strength after 7 days and 28 days.
1.5 Literature Review
Many research works have been done on pervious concrete since 18th century. These
researches have been proved to be helpful in understanding the behavior of pervious concrete.
From these papers, this can be summarized that Europeans first used the porous concrete in
1800s for pavement surfacing and load bearing walls. It has been in use in United States since
1970s (Malhotra 1976), in India it became popular in 2000. Its popularity has increased
significantly since last 10 years since its usefulness in managing storm water runoff is realized.
At present research works are going on comparison of pervious concrete and porous asphalt
pervious concrete mix design for wearing coarse applications and performance of pervious
concrete pavement in cold weather climate serviceability of pervious concrete pavements and
increasing exfiltration from pervious concrete into the underlying clay soil etc. Future research
needs on porous concrete are research on more applications and case studies of porous concrete
such as on low volume streets, highway shoulders, medians and swales research on
construction techniques to standardize the most effective placement technique (plate
compactor, vibratory screed, roller, high density paver); methods to reduce ground water
pollution durability and maintenance.
CHAPTER 2
BENEFITS
2.1 Benefits of Pervious Concrete
Benefits of pervious concrete include:
1. Reducing the rate of runoff
2. Filtering pollutants out of runoff
3. Infiltrating runoff into the ground, and
4. Maintaining the natural hydrologic function of the site
Pervious pavement is designed primarily to promote storm water infiltration and improve the
quality of storm water runoff. It is typically designed to capture rainfall on the pavement surface
area, but may also accept run-on from adjacent impervious areas and other hardscapes
(sidewalks), rooftops, or gutters. Another benefit of pervious pavement is the reduction of
pollutants that enter storm water runoff by reducing the amount of splash and spray that wash
pollutants from the underside of vehicles. This would be considered a form of source control
and a useful component of storm water compliance. Pervious concrete infiltrate the water below
the pavement surface and eliminate standing water issues. This will help to eliminate concerns
of mosquito breeding. Some recent studies have also found that pervious pavement can help
reduce temperatures on and around concrete which helps reduce urban heat island effect.
2.2 Environmental Benefits
• Native formation recharge.
• Pollution removal and water budget retention.
• Fewer would like for storm drain.
• Green edifice different appropriate for several applications.
• Normal run-off permits rain to empty on to sub surface.
• Decreased edifice needs for voidance buildings.
• Reduce contamination avoids conservational harm.
• Defends lakes and streams and permits native foliage to flourish.
2.3 Major applications of pervious concrete
• Low-volume pavements
• Residential roads, alleys, and driveways
• Sidewalks and pathways
• Parking areas
• Low water crossings
• Tennis courts
• Sub base for conventional concrete pavements
• Slope stabilization
• Well linings
• Hydraulic structures
• Swimming pool decks
• Pavement edge drains and Tree grates in sidewalks
• Groins and seawalls
• Noise barriers
• Walls (including load-bearing)
2.4 Advantages & Disadvantages
2.4.1 Advantages
[Link] Surface Runoff Management
Permeable paving surface allows water to percolate though itself. They are effective in
managing runoff from paved surfaces, thus providing local flood control.
2. Control over Pollutants
Permeable paving surfaces keep the pollutants in place in the soil or other material underlying
the roadway, and allow water seepage to groundwater recharge while preventing the stream
erosion problems.
3. Ground Water Recharge
Permeable pavement contributes a lot in to ground water recharge.
4. Reduction in Cost
It reduces the need for traditional storm water infrastructure, which may reduce the overall.
2.4.2 Disadvantages
1. Traffic Loads and Volumes
Observations differ on whether low or medium traffic volumes and weights are appropriate for
porous pavements.
2. Lack of Standard Test Method
This subject is a matter of research over the past time, and hence, it does not still have a standard
method for testing.
CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS USED
3 MATERIALS
3.1 Cement
53 Grade OPC provides high strength and durability to structure because of its optimum particle
size distribution and superior crystalized structure. Being a high strength cement, it provides
numerous advantages wherever concrete for special high strength application is required, such
as in the construction of skyscrapers, bridges, flyovers, chimneys, runways, concrete roads and
other heavy load bearing structures.
Table 1: Physical Properties of Cement
S. No Property of ement Value
1 Fineness of cement(m2/kg) 320
2 Specific gravity of cement 3.15
3 Standard consistency of cement 35%
4 Initial setting time 90 mins
5 Final setting time 265 mins
6 Grade of cement(OPC) 53 grade opc
3.2. Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregate was used as a primary ingredient in making the permeable concrete. Larger
aggregates provide a rougher surface. Recent uses for pervious concrete have focused on
parking lots, low-traffic pavements, and pedestrian walkways. For these applications, the
smallest sized aggregate feasible is used for aesthetic reasons. Coarse Aggregates are those
that are retained on the sieve of mesh size 4.75 mm. Their upper size is generally around 7.5
mm. Gravels from river bed are the best coarse aggregates in the making of Common
Concrete.
3.3 Water
Water to cementitious materials ratios between 0.34 and 0.40 are used routinely with proper
inclusion of chemical admixtures, and those as high as 0.45 and 0.52 have been used
successfully. The relation between strength and water to cementitious materials ratio is not
clear for pervious concrete because unlike conventional concrete, the total paste content is
less than the voids content between the aggregates.
3.4 Admixture
Chemical admixtures are used in pervious concrete to obtain special properties, as in
conventional concrete. Because of the rapid setting time associated with pervious concrete,
retarders or hydration-stabilizing admixtures are used commonly. Here we used conplast
SP430. Conplast SP430 complies with IS: 9103:1999 and BS: 5075 Part 3 .Conplast SP430
conforms to ASTM-C-494 Type 'G. It is the high performance water reducing and super
plasticizing admixture. Conplast SP430 is based on Sulphonated Naphthalene Polymers and
is supplied as a brown liquid instantly dispersible in water. Conplast SP430 has been specially
formulated to give high water reductions upto 25% without loss of workability or to produce
high quality concrete. The main advantages of this admixture are improved workability,
increased strength, improved quality, higher cohesion and chloride free.
3.4.1 Uses of conplast SP430
1. To produce pumpable concrete
2. To produce high strength, high grade concrete by substantial reduction in water
resulting in low permeability and high early strength.
3. To produce high workability concrete requiring little or no vibration during
placing.
3.4.2 Advantages of conplast SP430
1. Improved workability - Easier, quicker placing and compaction.
2. Increased strength - Provides high early strength for precast concrete if water
reduction is taken advantage of.
3. Improved quality - Denser, close textured concrete with reduced porosity and
hence more durable.
4. Higher cohesion - Risk of segregation and bleeding minimised; thus aids pumping
of concrete• Chloride free - Safe in prestressed concrete and with sulphate resisting
cements and marine aggregates.
3.4.3 Properties
Specific gravity 1.250 - 1.270 at 27 °C*
pH at 27 °C Minimum 6*
Chloride content Nil toIS:456*
*The uniformity parameters like specific gravity, pH, chloride content etc. will vary for
specific customer requirements and mix design. Please refer our MTC issued for specific
product configuration for measuring our product parameters that will be constantly and
consistently administered.
CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
4.1 Mix design of porous concrete
4.1.1 Void Content
At a void content lower than 15%, there is no significant percolation through the concrete due
to insufficient interconnectivity between the voids to allow for rapid percolation. So, concrete
mixtures are typically designed for 20% void content in order to attain sufficient strength and
infiltration rate.
4.1.2 Water – Cement Ratio
The water-cementitious material ratio (w/cm) is an important consideration for obtaining
desired strength and void structure in pervious concrete. A high w/cm reduces the adhesion of
the paste to the aggregate and causes the paste to flow and fill the voids even when lightly
compacted. A low w/cm will prevent good mixing and tend to cause balling in the mixer,
prevent an even distribution of cement paste, and therefore reduce the ultimate strength and
durability of the concrete. w/cm in the range of 0.26 to 0.40 provides the best aggregate coating
and paste stability. The conventional w/cm-versus-compressive strength relationship for
normal concrete does not apply to pervious concrete. Careful control of aggregate moisture and
w/cm is important to produce consistent pervious concrete.
4.1.3 Cement Content
The total cementitious material content of a pervious concrete mixture is important for the
development of compressive strength and void structure. An insufficient cementitious content
can result in reduced paste coating of the aggregate and reduced compressive strength. The
optimum cementitious material content is strongly dependent on aggregate size and gradation
but is typically between 267 and 415 kg/m3. The above guidelines can be used to develop
trial batches.
ASTM C1688
provides the tests to be conducted in the laboratory to observe if the target void contents are
attained.
4.2 Preparation of Cube Specimens
4.2.1 Mixing
➔ Mix the cement and coarse aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform until the
mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform colour
➔ Add the conplast SP430 in water and stir properly and pour into cement and coarse
aggregate mixture.
➔ Mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the desired consistency.
4.2.2 Sampling
➔ Clean the moulds and apply grease.
➔ Fill the concrete in the moulds in 3 equal layers
➔ Compact each layer with not less than 35strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel bar
16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end) ➔ Level the top surface and
smoothen it with a trowel.
Compaction of Pervious Concrete with Tamping Rod
4.2.3 Curing of the Specimens
The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24 hours and after this period the specimens are
marked and removed from the moulds and kept submerged in clear fresh water until taken out
prior to test.
4.3 Testing
4.3.1 Infiltration Test
Infiltration test was carried out with reference of the test procedure given in ASTM C1701.
Infiltration test was used for finding the water passing ability of pervious concrete panel which
was casted and placed in field. Infiltration test has been carried out manually. The test consists
of four main components: Installing the infiltration ring, prewetting the concrete, testing the
concrete and calculating the results. For infiltration rate test of pervious concrete panel of
150mm x 150mm x 150mm were casted. The ring is then placed on the cleaned surface and
secured in place with plumber’s putty. Then water is poured onto the surface and measuring
the time for the free water to disperse. With the help of measured volume of water, time
required for draining out all the water and cross sectional area of cube Infiltration rate of
Pervious Concrete is found out.
In this experiment study infiltration rate carried out on panel with mud operation and without
it.
4.3.2 Compression Testing Machine
Generally the compressive strength of the pervious concrete is less the conventional concrete
to justify the various compressive strength of cube with different fine fractions this test is
conducted. Compressive strength is the resistance of a material to breaking under compression.
1. Remove the specimen from water after 7 days curing time and wipe out excess
water from the surface
2. Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine.
3. Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied
to the opposite sides of the cube cast.
4. Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
5. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the
specimen.
6. Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140 kg/cm 2
/minute till the specimen fails.
7. Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Compressive Strength Results
% of Material 7 Days (Mpa)
0 20.32
5 23.73
10 25.20
15 19.02
5.2 Test results
As the percentage of fly ash increases the compressive strength of concrete tends to increase
up to certain percentage and then start’s decreasing with the increase of ash content. The
strength of 10% fly ash concrete is more than 5% fly ash concrete and strength of 5% fly ash
concrete is more than normal concrete. This shows that till 10% fly ash concrete the strength
increases while percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash increases.
5.3 Scope for Future Work
1. In the past due to the scarcity of cement, the pervious concrete has been used
extensively.
2. The pervious concrete has lost its importance after successful production of cement
in large quantities.
3. But now-a-days, the usage pervious concrete has gained its popularity due to many
advantages.
4. By using the pervious concrete we can able to recharge the ground water table and
the stormwater disposal can also be done.
5. So, in future to tackle aforesaid problems and to protect people from flood prone
areas, the pervious concrete is one effective solution.
5.4 Conclusion
From the experimental results of investigation, Porous concrete allows water passes through it.
It is not composed of fine aggregates. Aggregate having size more than 20mm cannot be used,
because of larger voids cause settle down of cement slurry. And aggregates having size less
than 10mm can give better results. Effective utilization of waste product (fly ash ),and making
it as a eco-friendly concrete. Lesser percentage of fly ash gives high strength than higher
percentage. Higher percentage of fly ash weaker in cement bonding. Conplast Sp430 is good
admixture, and it increases the strength and bonding between cement and aggregates.
5.5 References
1. James, Bob.( (2010) "Pervious Concrete–When it Rains, it Drains!” Directory of
Marketing and Technical Standards.
2. Jeet Yadu,( 2016 ),"Permeable Pavement & its Application-A Case Study"
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-7, ISSN: 2454-
1362
3. H. M. Imran, Shatirah Akib and Mohamed Rehan Karim , (2013) “Permeable
Pavement and Stormwater Management System : A Review.” In Environmental
Technology”
4. M. Admute , A. V. Gandhi , S. S. Adsul , A. A. Agarkar , G. S. Bhor and G . P.
Kolte,(|Apr-2017)"Permeable Pavements: New Technique For Construction Of
Road Pavements in India", International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET) Volume: 04 Issue: 04