ad 0 a _ Chapter 1 1 Sociology ~ An Introduction a CHAPTER 1 : | Scciology - An Introduction wn CHAPTER OUTLINE Sas v etniios* On a Dewlopner af acy «Sly foe Rogue Conte = Ely Sees ¢ NNT doa ology is Knowledge »Subjectmater r Branches of Ssiobny 2 eR a sma teen Sey e+ Canit Penpn = Inacio pect + eclosion * TBS A Ses SE 1 Facer sees Sovtoy oa oer Socel Sac «Soy and Exes ¢ Sui 2 an ogy an Anopg = eco 2h chong» Sol nS * Sse CONS 1S ae Application Of Sociology * Scope and Importance of Sexology INTRODUCTION : is a branch of the social sciences that uses systematic methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop and refine a body of knowledge about human social structure and activity, sometimes with the goal of applying such knowledge to the pursuit of social 1 . Its subject matter ranges from the micro level of face-to-face interaction to the miacto level of societies at large. ") gesotogy ig a broad discipline in terms of both methodology and subject matter. Its ‘Gonal focuses have included social relations, social stratification, social interaction, culture rd ‘deviance, and’‘its approaches have included both qualitative and quantitative reseatch techniques. ‘As much of what humans do fits under the category of social structure oF social activity, sociology has gradually expanded its focus to such far-flung subjects as the study of economic: activity, health disparities, vind even the role of social activity ir: the creation of scientific knowledge. The range of social scientific methods has also been broadly expanded. The “cultural turn” of the 1970s'and 1980s brought more humanistic interpretive approaches to the study of culture in sociology: Conversely, the same decades saw the rise of new mathematically rigorous approaches, such as’ social network analysis. Hence, sociology encompasses all social aspects of human's life. Scanned with CamScannerSociology = An 4 Chapter 1 Definitions Sociology has ‘The science of socie of social phenom ons” (Durkheim). and social change” (Kovalevsky), ton defined in a number of ways by a number of people. » (Ward and Graham Sumner), wna” (F.H. Giddings). « The The science of instituti nee othe science of social organization human relationship” (Simmel). “The science of studying action” (Weber). ior” (Park). sociology in this way: «The study of social "The science of collective behar Some of the contemporaries’ define Ken Browne: sociology is the systematic (or planned and organized) study of q human groups and social life in modern societies. s William E. Cole: “sociology is the study of social systems.” Ian Robertson; “sociology is the scientific study of human society and socist behavior.” John J. Maccionis: “sociology is the systematic study of human society.” Kalhoun, Light and Keller: “sociology is the study of human society, including both social action and social organization.” Having a review of all the above definitions, it is concluded that sociol study of social relations. Ultimately it is the study of human society, To be more ope: sociology is “the scientific study of structure and function of human groups” (P: : these definitions, we conclude that sociology is the systematic study of human beh: ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY «Sociology of today is the product of man’s old experiences and observations science of society, was originated as a special discipline, in 1836 by August Com the name of ‘Social Physics’. Though it is a new discipline, its foundation was e-Khaldun (1332-1406 A.D.), a Muslim historian of Tunis. He named th Imran” — study of people and said that no historian could write the histo: studied Imul-tmran-the social life of that population. Ibn-e-Khaldun’ sociological contributions is his “Muqadamah”. ‘The old Muslim thinkers were Al-Raazi, Al-Kundi, Al-Farabi (§70-950 4D) (980-1067 A.D), Al-Mawardi (974-1058 A.D), Imam Ghazali (1058-1111 AD), Dehivi (1702-1763 A.D) and others. The European old social thinkers were B.C) the Socrates, the Plato (427-347.B.C.), Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, § of the notable thinkers of modern times are Spencer, Pareto, Durkheim Park, Burgess, Timasheff, Mead, Simmel, Maciver, Page, Ogburn, Nimi efforts of these thinkers have developed sociology as a new science. _ ‘What happens around us in our social life falls in the are2 of soso Scanned with CamScanner »Chapter 1 i i 3 tudies va . and it studies various aspects of mans life Socilogy = An Introduction aspects of social life with respect to their sty Man lives in society. He participates in a stu for the satisfaction of his needs. It meane way this social behavior grows ees his behavior is influenced by vari ; of such social events is the aim of em a All social behavior are social events of wean, Th fn is i : ciolog: e socia ‘4 st which these events happen in society. By: From these events we deduce general laws nile: Differe dy Arent sociologists have defined these different cu eel Social behavior is many sided., ne time and in another group at other time In this wi i , studies general events and not the particular on Bs sociology is generalizing, science of society. It es The knowledge of sociology i ; gy is applied in the soluti ital coniidees ahh ee eerie solution of social problems. It explains the ‘Applied Sociology. solution of the problems. This field is called pp! BY SOCIOLOGY BEFORE AUGUSTE COMTE Sociology has a 7 Bees ey i pai seta only ces history Sociology which is known as the science knowledge with its own distinct set of conce| i eee hoo ; : cepts and its own methods of inquiry. ‘en peer, is poe es she oldest a the sciences. Since the dawn of civilization, society has ct for speculati inquiry along with other phenomena which have agitated the restless and inquisitive mind of man. Even centuries ago men were thinking about society and how it should be organized, and held views on man and his destiny, the rise and fall of people and civilizations. Though they were thinking in sociological terms they were called philosophers, historians, thinkers, law-givers or seers. For thousands of years men have reflected upon societies in which they lived. In the writings of philosophers, thinkers and law-givers of various countries of various epochs we find ideas that are sociological. For instance, in the writings of Plato, Aristotle, Manu, Kautilya, Confucius, Cicero and others we find major attempts to deal methodically with the nature of society, law, religion, philosophy etc. Plato's Republic, Aristotle's Politis, Kautlya's Arthashasira the Smriti of Manu, Confucius’ Analects, Cicero's “On Justice” are some of the ancient sources of social thought. Machiavelli's “The Prince”, Thomas Hobbes’ “Leviathan”, Rosseau’s “Social Contract’, Montesquieu’s “The Spirit of Laws”, Adam Smith’s “Wealth of Nations”, Condorcet’s “Historical Sketch of the Progress of the Human mind” serve as examples of such literary works. Thinkers ” like Sir Thomas More in his “Utopia”, Thomasso Campanella in his “City of the Sun”, Sir Francis Badén in his “New Atlantis”, James Harrington in his “Common Wealth of Oceana”, H.G. Wells if’ Kis “A Modern Utopia” - had made attempts to project a picture of an ideal society free from all’shortcomings. However, it was only in the 19" century that Comte, Spencer, Durkheim, Weber and others to st society called “sociology”. It is evident that social thought and lightening of social systematic attempts were made by Auguste tuudy society and to establish a science of | life was already present in the Scanned with CamScannerChapter 1 4 Sactology = An teen contributions of Philosophers. But establishment of principles and building blocks of a discipline was | EARLY SOCIOLOGISTS social conditions that provoked their inquiry, the early sociologists focused 4, hi Given the attention on the forces that hold society together and on the forces that fragment it, AUGUSTE COMTE The title “founder of sociology” usually goes to the French philosopher Auguste Cony (1798-1857). Comte was a somewhat eccentric person (he claimed to practice “mental hyp meaning that he refused to read anyone else’s books), but was one of the most original thinkers of his time Tt was he who coined the term “sociology” and who argued, in 1838, that the methods o science should be applied to the study of society. Comte established two specific problems for sociological investigation, “social statics” and “social dynamics.” Social statics refers to the problem of order and stability—how and why do societies hold together and endure? Social dynamics refers to the problem of social change—what makes societies change and what shapes the nature and direction of the changes? Comte was so confident that the scientific method would unlock the secrets of society that he came to regard sociologists as a “priesthood of humani experts who would not only explain social events but would also guide society in the direction of greater progress. Although later sociologists have generally had more modest ambitions, they have continued to wrestle with the problems of social order and social change (see Chapter 2). ic soci 1, Khaldoon, Comte, § cology nid down by classic sociologists fe, Khaldoon, Comte, Spencer, Simon eg! HERBERT SPENCER ‘Another important nineteenth-century figure was Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), who devised a theory to explain the problems of social order and change. Spencer compared human societies to living organisms. The parts of an animal, such as the lungs and the heart, are interdependent and contribute to the survival of the total organism. Similarly, Spencer argued, the various parts of society, such as the state and the economy, are also interdependent and work to ensure the stability and survival of the entire system. This theory took care of the problem of order. To explain change, Spencer pushed his analogy even further. Applying Darwin’s theory of evolution to human societies, he argued that they gradually evolve from the forms found in the “primitive” societies of the world to the more complex forms found in the i ‘i und i t societies of his own time. Spencer believed that evolution means progress ar) Tenn emate opposed attempts at social reform on the grounds that they mig 7 ee “ and he strongly evolutionary process. Spencer's ideas seem rather strange today, but they remai ‘wich @ natal very modified form, Many sociologists still see society as a ae is remain influential in a whose various parts contribute to overall stability. Many also belie or less harmonious system tendency for societies to move from the simple to the complex, althi ve there has been a general 7 although they do not ne equate this evolution with “progress” toward something better (ace Chacter sy icessarily oy (see Chapter 2). KARL MARX ‘The third and most important of the nineteenth-centu: (1818-1883). Marx was born in Germany, but ry after being expelle a aca thinkers was Karl Marx ri ‘©M various countries for his Scanned with CamScannerChapter 1 5 Sociology ~ An Introduction and. He wrote brilliantly ot revolutionary activities, he eventually settled in typ and diverse as philosophy, economics, political sei as a sociologist, but his work is s0 rich in sociolome, the most profound pjects broad fre and history. He did not think of himself ae logical insights that he is nor and original sociological thinkers, His influence has been 1 of people accept his theories with almost religious deh 96 movements owe their inspiration directly to him (see EMILE DURKHEIM rded as one of ) immense, Millions fervor, and modern socialist and communist e Chapter 2), The French sociologist Emile Durkheim (1 s 5 rim (1858-1917) has strongly influenced the discipline. Durkheim dealt with the problem of social order; he ar ed that sets are eld together y I ‘gued that societies are held together by the shared ee and values of their members, especially as these are expressed in religious doctrine and ritual. Like Spencer, he wanted to establish how the various parts of society contribute to the maintenance of the whole. His method was to ask what function, or positive consequence for the social system, a given element has—an approach that has been highly influential in modern ‘American sociology. Durkheim also made the merican Scio’ 08 it t real breakthrough in sociological research with his painstaking statistical study of suicide in various population groups. He was able to show that suicide rates vary consistently from one group to another, proving, that the act of suicide is influenced by social forces and is not simply the individual matter that it might appear tobe (see Chapter 2). MAX WEBER The German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920), a contemporary of Durkheim, has perhaps had a stronger influence on Western sociology than any other single individual. He was a man of prodigious learning whose sociological investigations covered such diverse fields as politics, law, economics, music, cities, and the major world religions. Throughout his adult life Weber felt a great tension between his role as a scholar, dispassionately observing society, and his desire to influence events through political leadership. This tension may have contributed to a severe mental breakdown that incapacitated him for several years of his academic career. He viewed the direction of social change in industrial societies with distaste, feeling that the world was being “disenchanted” by bureaucracy, by the cold rationality of petty experts who knew no value other than efficiency (see Chapter 2). NATURE OF SOCIOLOGY The following are the main characteristics of sociology as enlisted by Robert Biersted in his book “The Social Order”. . i. Sociology is an Independent Science: Sociology has now emerged into an independent stience:'It is not treated and studied as a branch of any other science like philosophy or political hilosophy or history. As an independent science it has its own field of study, boundary and “ti, Sociology is a Social Science and not a Physical Science: Sociology belongs to the family of social sciences and not to the family of phys concentrates its attention’ on man, his social behavior, gocial activities and social life. As a member of the family of social sciences itis intimately related to other social sciences like history, ‘al_ science’ As a social science it Scanned with CamScanner6 . omics, psychology, anthropology ete. notitical scien Jotnative Discipline: poli ; is a Categorical and not a Normative Discipline: Socioiog., ‘one iii, Sociology 7 + rot what should be or ought to be”. "As a sciences _ to statements about ¢ { value, It does not make any kind of ‘lo necessarily silent about questions 0! approach is neither moral iv, Sociology is Relatively a i art and not a scie! Iy means that sociology is not interested in concrete ma .d with the form of human events and thei or immoral but amoral. It is ethically neutral. 1 Abstract Science and not a Concrete Science: Ths « race. Not does it mean, it is unnecessarily -,- mean that sociology is a and unduly difficult. It onl events. Itis more concemes eneralizing and not a Particularizing or Individualizin Sociology tries to find out the general laws or principles about human interaction and as about the nature, form, content and structure of human groups and societies It does p each and every event that takes place in society. It is not possible also. It tres tp s generalizations on the basis of the study of some selected events. vi. Sociology is a General Science and not a Special Social Science: The area o cocology is general and not specialized. It is concerned with human interaction and his in general. Other social sciences like political science, history, economics etc. also stu human interaction, but not all about human interaction. They concentrate their att certain aspects of human interaction and activities and specialize themselves in those Sociology studies human activities in a general way. vii. Finally, Sociology is Both a Rational and an Empirical Science: There are two "ways of approach to scientific knowledge. One, known as empiricism, is the appro experience and the facts that result from observation and experimentation. as rationalism, stresses reason and the theories that result from logical inference human v. Sociology is a G Theor “The empiricist collects facts; the rationalist co-ordinates and arranges the facts ‘are required in the construction of knowledge. In sociological inquiry both are unsubstantiated by hard, solid facts is nothing more than an opinion. Facts, by themselves y 8 Pi in their isolated character, are meaningless and useless. Itis clear from the above that sociology is an independent, a social, a categorical. 2; abstract, a generalizing, both a rational and an empirical and a general social science. SOCIOLOGY IS KNOWLEDGE ; Sociology being a science is fastly accumulating its knowledge. The knowles * sociology exists in the form of theories, principles and laws. This store of knowledge 8 ee social facts as an organization of parts in a machine. This organized knowl = t < erat el “Sociology has developed its methods of securing reliable facts about 2 as phenomenon. The methods advocated such are scientific in nature by which the validity ° phenomenon can be sought. jology #2 The. ite , Jig ams is the same as of biolo8Y function of sociology to the solution of social problems is the same 98 ca medicine, and mathematics and phy engineering, By doing researc ; , ysics to engineering. By doing re ee riedge information is added to the existing knowledge of the discipline. This store of Kno" Ne Scanned with CamScannerChapter 1 7 Socichogy ~ hn Introduction expanding by applying scientific tech curing of disease and for building b research in sociology, i niqu 1 rewarch. Without rese bridges would be possible. Siri lanning, and solution to social pro SUBJECT-MATTER OR BRA NCHES OF SOCIOLOGY Man's all such behaviors which are termed behaviors open vistas with variety of interest in various aspects corresponding various aspects of life, need a thorough study f sided. To study one side thoroughly, specialization of intere es subject covers a large number of areas in its study. The specialized problems, phases of social life and institutional structure. Soc Pi and delinquency, vice, sectarianism, physical and mental study. Social institutions as family, school, college, mosque interest. Mob behaviour, the crowds’ strikes and unrest among th occasions of interesting investigation to sociologist. no effective pl as ‘0 oble ai people of 2 corn: Sociology is divided into several fields of inquiry as follows: ‘1: Sociological Theory science. “Sel tions _ It analyses the principles and concepts as generalization of th approach of science is practically applied and in view of the latest investi existing knowledge is verified. It is a tug-of-war between theory and fact undeniable existence of a reality. Scientific methods used in social research 2: collecting new facts while theory is previously existing knowledge. “Circulati between classes in a society, “residues” and “derivatives” are the theories of Pareto. Durkheim's theories of “Collective representation” and “suicide” attain an important position in sociological knowledge. Sumner’s concepts of folkways and ‘mores’ are valuable inventions to the store of sociological knowledge. “Differential association”, a theory of crime ‘gaint ce not in Criminology but in Sociology also. “Frustra} in pclae by Dollard is bring applied in sociological researc lag” by Ogburn is maturing into theory by the recent verifications. “ “survival of the fittest” are the hypotheses of Charles Darwin, under hot discus sociology. Similarly, a large number of sociological theories exist today as lasting knowledge. 2: Historical Sociology “"* Primitive and pre-literate soci w ties of the recent past are the subject-matter o! the information received, an answer for origin and explanation to our present way discovered. Remote cultures of ancient societies have been studied by anthropologis a f is i ative study of cultures past and present. The stages a source of huge information for compar ly etrand eee crossed yived by a switch. The only way left to conceive about m cultures cannot be revived w : ° t vd een cultures is to study the remote cultures, existing today in primitive past stages o! societies. We study ‘culture change’ by this method. Scanned with CamScannerey Chapter 1 3. Sociology of Family and how did it How did the olde and how did it ¢ st institution originate, functions of this institution? What forms it has been adopting i recent trends of a modern family? And what are fi ma rr problems - of the institution? These and such others are the questions for i 4. Sociology of Community The organization and proble in thi: Rural and analyzed in this branch. Rural life 2000'S. criteria of differentiation the field is divided into rural and urban sociology. 2, studies rural social structure, rural problems, its -— and consequences ural sociolon, changes taking place in rural areas. On the other hand, urban sociology, is more intrested, tnrban social structure, urban problems, its causes and consequences and soci-cultsral change taking place in urban parts of society. : ms in both rural and urban types of communities I life differs from urban in impor = 2 diff 5. Sociology of Religion We study the origin and development of the institution of mosque, The institution performs certain functions for the integration of social groups. These functions and problems the institution are of equal importance in sociology. Sociology of Quran, Hadith and Fi analyses concepis, principles and generalizations in Sociology of Islam. ‘6. Educational Sociology "The aims and objects of educational institutions are studied in the field. The activities of te institutions and problems arisen and relationship with other institutions are also important toi of inquiry. The schoo! is related with community, both affecting each other in various ways. 7. Political Sociology ©The origin, development, functions and problems of the government and various sods implications in political movements are the areas of study in this field. Distribution of power ant authority, state and citizen relationship and good governances are the topics of politica 8. Sociology of Law It studies the formal social control of society. How laws regulate and systematize g% life? Conformity and non-conformity to laws and the sociological factors responsible for such behaviors are of much interest in this field. Relationship between society and law and bearing st one upon the other (change in one affecting a change in other) also falls in this category 9. The Sociology of Economic Life Neill © Economic Sociology or The Sociology of Economic Life is a new branch of sociology- As Nell Smelser defines, economic sociology is “the application of the general frame of referenc’y | a particular knowledge and some think of it as a Patticyl, § nomena. We shall consider here science both as know/ led; : as method of investigation, “a Fundamental assumptions are involved in all the investigations of knowledge which an! accepted without t ; testing. The assumptions or pre- “suppositions of science are given in th following: (a) There is an object world quite different from the subject world. (b) The truth of the object world can be explored at by an unbiased investigation by man and by employing what is known as “the scientific method”, Science. is self-critical and with this characteristic it builds its body of knowledge. Ideas come and ideas go but knowledge endures. A 00d test of reliability of knowledge is the test of Prediction. The objective of scientific method in sociology—as in other social sciences—is to discover systematic evidence of observable relationship between the phenomena under study. TYPES OF SCIENCE Broadly, science has been divided in to two types (Neuman, Ian Robertson): “i, Natural science Physics Biology Sociology Social science wv 4eANatural science: it deals with the natural phenomena of the world which includes plants, animals, moon, stars, river etc. they are regarded | more, precise, exact and less dubious. co sNatural science further has been divided into,two,types: (a) Physical sciences: this type of natural science deals with the matter and other non living material things, which include rocks, soil, moon, stars etc. It includes physics, chemistry, mathematics, geology, geography, astronomy etc. (b) Biological sciences: it is concerned with the all kinds of living organism which includes plants, animals, humans etc. biology, agriculture, human ae Soda bbe toch ect ii. Soci 2 ‘ATOM CELL INTERRELATION Scanned with CamScannerChapter 1 15 esses and human behavi 7 Sociology ~ An Introduction Pevology- history, anthro Be Ttis more concemed with the human and societf: This includes F ciology, history, anthropology, economics, poitial scence shite ey iin eae sCIENCE AS KNOWLEDGE aaa (i) Classification of Ph . fenomena: For studying the object world categories are yielded. Every science has its own categories to describe i lescribe its field of i i ' norms, group and others are the classes of social events, ie eine i) Interrelationship of és example: institutions are ad perectont New categories are framed for classification, for terrelation of norms: societal structure is interrelation of institutions. ia eer pie Object World: To explain the phenomena of the world is one of the aims ciples, laws, theories and facts are themselves an explanation of the phenomena of the world. All the principles, laws and theories are also hypotheses but of higher degree of maturity. Hypotheses are the statements of relationship presumed to exist between lasses of facts. For example, the phenomenon of crime and delinquency, in terms of sociology, may be explained by suitable hypotheses as (a) the more the interaction with anti-social associates the more the crime; and (b) the more the emotional disturbance in the child the more “the delinquency. Similarly, the phenomenon of “divorce” may be stated in a number of ways in the following, \(a),. The greater the difference of religious ideas between the spouses the more possibility of divorce. (6) The greatet the difference of cultural norms between the families of the spouses the t more the divorce. f iv: Prediction: It is concerned how a particular phenomenon occurs and changes in space | and time. In the examples explaining crime and delinquency above, if we reduce the intensity of | interaction with anti-social associates, and emotional disturbance in the child to the minimum, | the rate of crime’and delinquency comes down to the minimum, provided we are able to do so by | feforming our socializing institutions. It means control on inter-action and emotional disturbance "result in control on crime and delinquency. And, this s the prediction in sociology. ~ \There‘is a difference between foretelling and making predictions. The former describes the oécarrence of an event without considering the conditions essential for the event. Supposing, one foretells randomly without calculating the causal factors that such and such disease will spread “during such time and in such area'or foretells a war, is purely unscientific. Prediction, on the / other hand, describes the possibility of occurrence ‘of an even under specific conditions and "within a. specific limit of confidence, and never at 100 percent probability. Rainfall may be predicted by calculating, possibility of occurrence of conditions to a certain percentage within a specific space and time. Prediction is scientific and is subject to experimentation. Similarly, in ease of sociology prediction can be made in a large number of events. If a child loses his parents in early age, there is a possibility of delinquency for him (under certain conditions). As from common sense it can be predicted that if parents fail in providing food and protection to a child, it is certain that he may die. Similarly, if they deprive the same child of their affection and love, it is definite that the child may be emotionally disturbed by which he will be ee Scanned with CamScannerChiyter 1 16 Socilgy An try, 7 trustratod and frustration leads to aggression, while aggression is crime, and the child beg criminal in his life: He will turn out to be a delinquent, ™ Sociological knowledge fulfils the following conditions of science: 1, Sociology itself is a knowledge, 2. Sociology employs most of the scientific methods in its investigation of social conditions 5: Sociological knowledge has to some extent, achieved organization in its existing stor, Knowledge which we find today in the form of principles, laws, theories, ce: CepIs ay facts. ~ Hence it can be inferred that sociology is a science which develops scientific principles , the study of its subject-matter and thus deserves fully to be called a science. It studig Scientifically the relationship among the people hence called a social science. The material research is the human beings in Sociology. Human life is full of values, emotions, conventions attitude and ideas which cannot be tested and verified by the scientific method. Hence the findings of social research may not be 100% true. Prediction on social events cannot be made asis done in natural sciences, Because they deal with material objects. OBJECTIVITY Objectivity means negative of personality or brushing aside personal liking or disliking. Objectivity is to explain one thing as itis. It is one of the qualities for a discipline to be ‘Science. Values are to be controlled and the interpretation of the phenomena to be made unbiased to attain objectivity. Values and group loyalties are a part of man’s life. How is it possible to make him void of these human. traits? Let the values and loyalties remain within his self, and a training to be imparted to him so that he may control his prejudice if he wants his statements Scientific. Man can gain efficiency in interpretation of events by attaining objectivity and describe the events as they are. A sociologists required to be more objective because he deals with human relationship. Human values and personal bias are subject to intervene during his behavior and experimentation and finally the analysis of the phenomena. He is required to leave his subjectivity about his relationship with others and do the job being impersonal towards others. While analyzing the phenomena he is to consider himself out of the group which is under study, and describe the events objectively, without any value judgment, This is the chief characteristic of science and a core for social scientists to attain. None can claign to be 100% objective in his statements but a degree of objectivity can be achieved if attempted. SCIENCE AS METHOD Different sciences devised different methods of investigation for their respective nature of subjects. However, certain significant factors are common in all the sciences. Without a method of investigation no science can attain reality. A method, if it is scientific, is a technique of exploring facts. Old established theoretical knowledge (principles, laws and theories) directs research and is verified by the findings (facts). There is nothing so solid as fact. Theories, laws, principles and hypotheses lose their existence in face of facts. To approach facts, theoretical knowledge is # ‘guide and director. It can be summed up that scientific knowledge (theory) does not exis without scientific research and similarly ‘no research without theory. In another way, scientt Scanned with CamScannerChapter 1 ises i v7 Sociology - An Introduction devises its method of inqui , 8! ee cesar eee i the help of existing knowledge and then refines, develops, scienceis circular in approach, © of knowledge with the help of the scientific method. Hence SOCIOLOGY AND OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES Classed_ wi i ‘i pce wit sociology as social sciences are economics, political science, history, : rybetoatic a ustics, psychology and education. These are called social sciences due to having aise auiy in devising general laws throughout the human behavior. Sociology deals hn general processes of society hence other social sciences share certain traits with sociology. 1. SOCIOLOGY AND ECONOMICS Relationship _ Economics is concerned with the social life of people in the special field of production, distribution, and consumption of wealth, goods and services. In these three processes, social life of men iff various forms of goods and services is required. With the processes of social interaction, various functions are performed in which economic functions commonly operate. Without social contact, social groups cannot develop. Economic norms are evolved later from group. contact, These norms include the rules of business, earning trade and banking. From economic contact, the social institution of economy is developed. It is concluded that the functions, of the economic institutions are developed and governed by the norms of society. Study of society in respect of its norms, groups, ‘and institutions is sociology. The functions, conditions and problems of other economic institutions are the developments of social life dealt by sociology. . | When the laborers of a factory go om strike, the sociologist comes in and resolves the by arbitration, Here the study of economic problem falls in sociology. The study of unemployment, inflation is equally important in economics and sociology. Sociology of 'es is an area of specialization in sociology. and Economics Economics But .economics deals with only. those relationships which are economic in character. Sociology. studies “all kinds of social relationships. Sociology is a general social science. 2, Economics is a special social science. ‘The scope of sociology seems to be wir Ithhas a comprehensive viewpoint. of recent y ‘The scope of economics is narrower. It does not have a comprehensive viewpoint. Economics has attained an advanced degree of maturity. Sociology is a science emergence. Cont. Scanned with CamScannerChapter 1 18 Sociology - An Introduet 5. Sociology is abstract in nature and less | 5. Economies is concrete in nature. It is more precise also. Social variables are very precise. Economic variables can be + difficult to measure and to quantify. measured and quantified more easily and accurately. 2. SOCIOLOGY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE Relationship " Political science deals with the social life of people in their attempt to govern themselves The distribution of power and authority among individuals on the basis of social position j: society and exercising social control are the major functions of political science. Sociology als« deals with the structure and function of governing institutions and the agencies of social control Moreover, status and role are determined and distributed according to the cultural values of tha society. It is the norms of society which shape our values and institutions. The study of suck things like values, norms and the institutions is included in the major fields of sociology. Without study of these concepts, the study of the institutions of polities is not possible. Common Foci of Attention Rise and fall of the government, election, propaganda, political changé, and relationship between society and state are important in studying sociblogy and political science. There are | Some other common topics of interest for both sociologists and political scientists. Such topics as "War, mass movements, revolutions, government control, public opinion, propaganda, leadership, elections, voting, political minorities, social legislations like civil code and the like may be cited here as examples. Sociology of political science is also an area of study in sociology. Further, many of the social problems are also deep political problems. Communal riots, c (clashes between Muslims and Christians, Hindus and Muslims, Protestants and Christians etc.), racial tensions between Whites and Negroes, Asians and Europeans, etc., border disputes between > different states, caste conflicts, etc,, are problems that have political as well as social implications. It has become quite common to use political instruments to solve such social problems like Political Science as SHER of society. 1. Political Science is a science of state and pe bapa government. studies all kinds of societies, | 2. Political Science studies only the organized as well as unorganized. politically organized societies. 3. Sociology has a wider scope. » Political Science has a narrower field. 4. Sociology studies man as = Political Science studies man as a Cont Scanned with CamScannerChapter 1 fundamentally a social animal, 5, Sociology is a general social science. | 5. Hence it studies all kinds or forms of cocial relations in a general way. 6 The approach of sociology is | 6. sociological. It follows its own methods in addition to the scientific method, in its investigations. 7. Finally, sociology is quite young. It is | 7. Sociology ~ An Introduction political animal. Political Science is a special sacial science, because‘ it concentrates only on the human relationships which are political in character. The approach of political science is Political, It has its own methods of study like the historical method, philosophical method, comparative method, statistical method, etc. Political science is an older science not even two centuries old. comparatively. It has centuries of : history of its own right from days of Plato or Cicero. 3. SOCIOLOGY AND HISTORY | Relationship In history, the form of expression is often literary as well as scientific. It is based on written. records of unique events like military conflicts. Political events, economic changes, and more recently the social changes. The historical record is a source of data for-historical method, used in sociology. Past, present and future events are related to one another with one or more ‘causal factors in a certain situation. This cause and effect relationship in the stiidy ofevents is a logical method used in determining the cause of social problems in “| sociology. Historical method used in social research is itself an indication of relationship with sociology. Historical sociology is again, an area of study in sociology. || Differehces between History and Sociology esent_social_ phenomena with all Ai aren has a very short history of its eyen two centuries old. mot regu i, the recurrent and the two social sciences History and Sociology, Sociology is ibstract ih nature: It studies | 4. the activities of rulers, the are different. The points of difference History deals’ with the past events of man. Itis silent regarding the present. History is an age-old social science. It has a long story of 2000 years or even more. History is a descriptive science. History is concrete, The historian is interested in the unique, the particular Cont... Scanned with CamScannerChapter 1 universal. For example, the sociologist does not study all the wars or battles waged by the mankind. But interested in war itself as a social phenomenon, as one kind of conflict between two groups. Sociology is a generalizing science. Sociology seeks to._ establish generalizations after a careful study of the social phenomena. Sociology follows the sociological approach. It studies human events from the sociological point of view, ie., from the view point of social 2» Sociology ~ An Intretae, and the individual. For example, the historian studies all the wars waged by mankind in the past-the Wars, the World Wars, the Indo-Pak War, etc. For him, each war is unique and significant. History is an individualizing science. History rarely makes generalizations. It seeks to establish the sequence in which events occurred. History studies human events in accordance with the time order. Its approach is historical. relationships involved. 4. SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY Relationship Anthropology is ‘the study of man’. In this subject, we study (i) Pre-history, (ii) linguistics, (iii) physical anthropology, (ivy archaeology, and (v) cultural anthropology. Main aim of these areas is to study the culture of primitive societies but the recent trend is to study the modem technological changes in various cultures. In sociology, the emphasis is laid upon the study of structure, function and problems of culture in society. Study of culture is a significant part of sociology whereas culture is the subject-matter of cultural anthropology. Social and cultural anthropology is an independent branch sociology and anthropology. Difference between Sociology and Anthropology Sociology and Anthropology differ from each other in certain respects. According to Klukhon, “The sociological attitude had tended towards the practical and present, the anthropological towards the pure understanding and the past”. Differences between the two i be mentioned here. Sociology 1. Sociology studies the modem, civilized | 1. and complex societies. Anthropology _ Anthropology concerns itself with the simple, uncivilized or primitive and non- literate societies. Ahthropologists tend to study societies in all their aspects as whole. They concentrate their studies in a given culture area, such as Melanesia or 2. Sociologists more often study parts of a | 2. society and generally specialize in institutions such as family, marriage, or Processes, such as social change, social Cont...* Scanned with CamScannerChapter 1 mn a Sociology - An Introduction mobi ‘ Negaland. Y ‘small’ as well as | 3, Anthropologists usually concentrate on small societies such as those of nomads, kutchis, bakarwal ete. Sociologists. stud; ‘large’ societies, 4. ae makes lise of observation, | 4. Anthropologists directly go and live in uestionnaites sr survey,| the communities they study. They aetna es They and other | make use of direct observations and methods and techniques in its eee investigations, 5. SOCIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY “Psychology is the field which deals with human nature or human activity in general”. Mental temperament, personality traits and rising of the self are a few of the psychological areas of studying individual. Socialization process in sociology is one of the major aspects of studying human personality conforming or non-conforming to the norms of the culture, Several Psychological theories like Dollard’s— “Frustration leads to aggression”; and others are the important applications in studying deviant behavior in sociology. The common areas of study in which psychology and sociology interplay their parts is called social psychology. Common Topics of Interest for Both the Sciences Sociologists and social psychologists may have to study together certain common topics such as ~ individual disorganization, crime, juvenile delinquency, social disorganization, public opinion, propaganda, leadership, war conflicts, socialization, suggestion, imitation, fashion and soon. Differences between the two Sciences Sociology 1. Sociology studies society and_ social groups. It has no primary interest in the ‘individual, not in his personality nor in «his individual behavior. 2: Sociology analyses social processes. Social Psychology 1. Social psychology analyses mental processes of man. 2. Psychology and social psychology are primarily concerned with the behavior of individuals as such. 3. Psychology studies the individual and social psychology the individual in his social groups. 4, Social psychology studies _ the individual's behavior from the viewpoint of psychological factors 3.’ Sociology is interested in the social P<” forms and structures within which the “behavior of man takes place. 4. Sociology studies. the —_ groups themselves and the larger social tsp) Structure within which both individual Cont... Scanned with CamScannerhapter 1 » SocalOgy = AN tntradyey, oy ——<——— on and group processes occur, Involved. sernn vd, 5, Sociology studies society from the | § sociological view point Social psychology studies the behaoior of tndividual in group situation or in society, Thy focus of inte Individual and not the society as such, Nr tlle | 6. SOCIOLOGY AND STAT ICS According to Lundberg, all phenomena can be ywantified, ‘The importance of ‘numbers’ is evident from the verdict in social phenomena. Statistics provides the researcher with methods and techniques of measuring qualitative aspects of the events also, In soc ological studies, we collect data, manipulate and interpret. statistically. Hence responsible for promoting the cause of scientific approach in the subject, 7, SOCIOLOGY, CRIMINOLOGY AND EDUCATION Sociology covers the areas of criminology in which etiology (causes) of crime and methods of their removal are studied, With education, it has, again, a closer rel ionship in the sense that education is a rational method of making people useful members of society. In teaching norms of culture to individuals, education gains an important hand in the transmission of cultural values to the succeeding generation. APPLICATION OF SOCIOLOGY Sociology deals with social events. All human relations fall in the study of sociology. Sociology is the study of structure, function and problems of human groups. Therefore, all spcial Phenomena, of any nature fall in the field of sociology. $ for social scientists is Sociological knowledge is as vast as sbcial relations. We can apply this knowledge in the explanation of all social events. But there are certain very important aspects of social lie in which : sociological knowledge is applied in our society. 1. Education and Research In the field of education, sociology explains the conditions and problems of social life to the individuals. For such studerts itis an end. Those who study sociology for job it serves as means. : Sociology is taught as a subject in some colleges and universities of Pakistan. There are a few sociological research institutes in Pakistan. The Social Science Research Centre Punjab University, Rural Development Academy Peshawar, Central Statistical Office Karachi, Family Planning Association Lahore, institute of social & cultutal studies (former Department of Sociology) Punjab University, Rural Sociology Department, Agriculture University Tollabad Sociology Department at B.Z.U,, Sargodha University and Gujrat University ate well-known | institutes where sociologists are engaged in research and teaching work. 2. Agriculture Agriculture is the backbone of our economy. About 68% of our population is engsaed int id. The main cause is the ficiency i ricultural products has not been attaine se i perivaera sete thle grips ite system of land cultivation. Illiteracy, superstition, lack of of Scanned with CamScannerE FE be . Chapter 1 B information on modern methods of cultiy major barriers in agrarian progre: farmers in time. ation Sociology ~ An Introduction and non-availabili a Advent availabilty of farming machines are the OF seeds are not available to most of i The students of sociolo; 3 BY by propa; i behavioral change communication, han aa publicity, exhibitions tendency toward mechanized farming ge the traditional altitude of t the farmers. Th 5 among the farmer ‘armers. They create techniques to the students. Its main aim is to inom Fmers. Rural sociology provides such ease most crucial problem in our a ing me a Low viel d SE cablan Student of eee eh adopting modern technology, er beableto ae 1 of s0 eople in providing latest infor motivate them for sowing it on trial basis. After useful result the iia res . people can adopt the new seed social mobilization and 3. Industry ‘The industrial relations are of much importance to the students of industri i relation between the workers and the owners need urgent attention of the asic eon te workers go on strike or the mill-owners lock their mills, the social situation Bebe tenes ‘the sociologists come in and make the mills go by arbitration between the owner and the workers They also arrange social security programs for the welfare of the workers. 4. Trade and Business Sociology has its share in the field of Trade and Business also. The sociologists boost up the disposal of industrial goods by publicity measures, and raise the quality of products so that - consumption may be accelerated. A sage and rational publicity is essential for disposal of goods in this developing society. Sociologists are also involved in preparing feasibility reports and assess the need and demand of the people before lunching a new project. 5. Health ‘The sociologists are also at work in creating drug banks and blood banks for needy patients in hospitals. Those patients who show little progress in their treatment usually lose all hope of life. Sociologists, after close study of their social life and the disease, change their attitude by interaction with them till they respond to the medical treatment. The students of sociology help a lot in the treatment of neurosis, adjustment of the drug- addicts, and providing free medicine to the needy patients as workers of Medical Social Welfare. 6. Population Planning Some students of sociology are doing 1 Pakistan. Sociologists can motivate a person expansion of population. They are playing conducive r esearch in the fields of Population Planning in better than anyone else toward control in the ‘ole in adopting birth control practices. 7. Social Welfare Sociologists are Department government t-ul-Mal employed in Social Welfare, Woman Development & Bait-ul-Mal ‘of Punjab to conduct following programs. Scanned with CamScannerhapter 1 "4 Sociology ~ An tntroduct * Child Welfare Association, * Youth Clubs. Community Council for Old People. Women Associations. Industrial Home for Unemployed. * Child and Maternity Centre. © [Link]. * Orphanage centers. + Adult Education Centre. * Opening Reading Rooms. * Care of Abducted Children. Besides these, there are various other activities that are conducted during war and peace, in tural and urban areas of Pakistan by sociologists in the field pf social welfare. 8, Social Policy, Planning and Development Importance of social policy has been recognized at national and international level. Now, Govt. and international donor agencies are emphasing on making effective social policy instead of giving money only. For which, sociologist are highly demanding by these policy making organizations. On the other hand, public policy is an important field of sociology. In national planning and development schemes, the demand of sociologists is increasing In developing of cities, the services of sociologists are being required. Sociologists are working in Planning Commission, and on administrative posts in Pakistan. SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOLOGY The scope and importance of sociology is evident from its subject-matter and the application discussed already. For classification, the categorical explanation is given below: Scope of Sociology Sociology is growing popular day by day in social life. It has two aspects: Sociology as knowledge and sociology as profession. Sociology as knowledge is an end itself. Sociology explains social conditions of life and guides in all social phenomena. Therefore, sociological knowledge is a tool of life, for man. According to Shah Walli Ullah Muhaddith Delhvi, this universe is governed by certain general laws. No event can happen without cause. All the events are interrelated together in chain, Therefore, to understand and control this universe it is essential to gain its knowledge. Man seeks knowledge to understand and control this universe by prediction. Sociological knowledge provides these general laws of society. Hence sociology as knowledge is itself an aim of sociologists. Sociology as Profession Sociology as profession is becoming popular in Pakistani society. Sociologists are employed as teachers in colleges and universities of Pakistan. In the professional institutes it is Scanned with CamScannerChapter 1 25 Sociology ~ An Introduction being taught to the trainee: r He hae eae he. cine of public administration, in Rural Development Academy, ae ° ledical Sociology in medical colleges of Pakistan, Nursing, Business. Research In research, sociologists are en ii Int ists are employed in government, semi govel organizations ea famous where sociologists are employed. Social scien Deer x aon Family Planning Association (PAP), Health Education Centers, Pakistan Institu ea re Aan Economics (PIDE), Board of Economic Industry, Medical Social Research Centre, ational Institute of Population Studies (NIPS), Population Council (PC) and Social Policy Development Centre (SPDC). nment and private Research Centers of Administration On administrative jobs, a large number of sociologists a them the following are important: . Health and Social Welfare . Reclamation and Probation . Health and Labor * Town Planning re working in Pakistan. Among = Jail Department » Power & Irrigation «Urban and Rural Community Development Projects * Public Administration = Business Administration «Local goverment and community development Social Security Schemes Finance, Planning and Development * Education Importance of Sociology Due to the social changes in world societies, These problems are the product of social changes. science of society was required. The emergence of sociology, tions and discoveries, the worl to industrial revolutions, inven problems. Sociology explained such problems and solved them. © developing societies like Pakistan, this rapid social change disorganized the old customary bonds of social ligand replaced the new values and social systems instead. : Human society faces social problems as human body gets diseases. Pakistani society is ~ facing may social problems like Party faction, Illiteracy, Mass failure in examinations, Poor standurd i education, Unemployment, Pollution, Unrest among students Housing problem in cities, Crime and delinquency, Low yield per acre, Sectarianism & Terrorism, Poverty, T. the people are facing various social problems. For the solution of these problems, the new here, was at proper time when due ld societies were facing new i i ie Scanned with CamScanner26 Sociology ~ An Introductig, Labor strikes, Neurosis, and Dru, Maladjustment in family, Divorce, Suicide, Abduction, ms need research, planning and solution i the light of sociological knowledge. The more the alization, technology and education the more urbanization. The more the urbanization the more the social problems. Therefore, th f such social problems. Similarly attention of socioloy seriously required for the solution o' the importance of sociology is growing day by day in the advancing societies of the world. Addiction. ‘There are so many other problems, These proble! industri ooo SHORT QUESTIONS EXERCISES Define sociology. a 2. Whatis the subject-matter of sociology? 3. How society is related with sociology? 4. Trace out the significance of individual in society? 5. Whatdo you understand from the term social? 6 Mention a few aims of sociology. 7. Whatare the major fields of investigation in sociology? 8 A sociologist can work as social scientist as well as a social engineer in which areas 0 human life? 9. How does sociology claim to be a science? 10. Describe the techniques of research used by sociologists. 11. What is a scientific knowledge and how sociology proves its worth? 12 What do you mean by social science, and which subjects come in this category? are a common interest with economics and political science? 13. How does sociology shi 14. How does the concept ‘social’ differentiate sociology from other social sciences? Descriptive Questions How sociology is applied in social life? Explain. Discuss the application of sociology in agriculture, health and crime. What is the scope of sociology? Give examples. Explain the importance of sociology with reference to Pakistan. Write a note on major sociological perspectives. Illustrate the statement, “Sociology is related with all the social sciences and uses their da! in its researches”. 1 2 3. 4 5. 6. Scanned with CamScanner