Experiment No.
: 02
Name of the Experiment: Study & Observation of Tensile Test of a Mild
Steel Specimen.
Objectives:
1. To observe a mild steel specimen till failure under load
2. To determine the tensile properties
a. Proportional limit
b. Elastic limit
c. Yield point
d. Ultimate strength
e. Rupture strength
f. Modulus of elasticity
3. To determine the percent (%)s of elongation.
4. To draw stress-strain diagram.
Theory :
When a specimen is subjected to the action of a force , it is deformed no matter
how small the force is. If the specimen is elongated due to the application of the
force, the specimen is said to be in tension and the force may be termed as
tensile force.
Stress: Stress is the internal resistance offered by the body to the external load
applied to it per unit cross sectional area. As we know that in mechanics of
deformable solids, externally applied forces acts on a body and body suffers a
deformation.
Mathematically stress is written as ζ = P/A
Where,
ζ = Stress
P = Applied load.
A = Cross sectional area.
Strain: Strain is the deformation of a material from stress. It is simply a ratio of
the change in length to the original length. Deformations that are applied
perpendicular to the cross section are normal strains, while deformations applied
parallel to the cross section are shear strains. It is denoted by ε.
Mathematically strain is written as Ɛ = δ / L
Where,
δ = Elongation strain
L = Initial length
Stress – Strain Diagram:
In engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives
the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying
load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and
strain can be determined . An example of a stress strain curve is given below :
Fig 2.1: Typical Stress - Strain diagram for mild steel
The stress strain graph has different points as follows :
Elastic limit
Proportional limit
Yield point
Ultimate strength
Fracture point
Proportional Limit :
The proportional limit is the maximum stress that a dental material sustains
without any deviation, or the magnitude of elastic stress above which
plastic deformation occurs. So, the proportional limit is defined as the
highest stress at which the stress-strain curve is a straight line.
Elastic Limit :
Elastic limit, maximum stress or force per unit area within a solid material that
can arise before the onset of permanent deformation. When stresses up to the
elastic limit are removed, the material resumes its original size and shape.
Stresses beyond the elastic limit cause a material to yield or flow.
Yield point :
The yield point, alternatively called the elastic limit, marks the end of elastic
behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. When stresses less than the
yield point are removed, the material returns to its original shape.
Ultimate Strength :
The ultimate strength is the maximum amount of stress that a material can
withstand while being stretched or pulled. The breaking strength refers to the
point on the stress-strain curve where the material can no longer withstand the
stress of the tension and it breaks.
Fructure Point :
The fracture point is the point of strain where the material physically separates.
At this point, the strain reaches its maximum value and the material actually
fractures, even though the corresponding stress may be less than the ultimate
strength at this point .
Rupture strength:
The stress at failure is called the rupture strength.
Modulus of elasticity:
The quantity E, i.e. the ratio of the unit stress to the unit strain, is the
modulus of elasticity of the material in tension, as it is often called, Young’s
modulus. E has the same units as that stress.
% of elongation = (L f – L i/ L i ) × 100 %
where,
Li = Initial length of the specimen
Lf = Final length of the specimen
Apparatus:
1. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
2. Extensometer
3. Slide Calipers
4. Scale
5. Mild Steel Sample
Working Procedure:
1. First of all, the initial diameter and gauge length of the specimen were
measured by slide calipers.
2. Then the universal testing machine was calibrated.
3. After that the extensometer constant and dial gauge constant were
recorded perfectly.
4. Then the specimen was fixed in position.
5. Again the extensometer was fixed with the specimen.
6. The load was applied and simultaneously the load-deformation data.
7. When yield point is reached, the machine was stopped, extensometer was
removed and the dial gauge in the machine was fixed , the load and take load-
deformation data at regular intervals was increased up to the tearing of the
specimen.
8. Then the maximum and the breaking load was recorded.
9. Finally the broken specimen was removed and the smallest cross
section area and deformation length was measured.
Data:
Initial diameter of the specimen D i = 7.25 mm
Final diameter of the specimen D f = 4.5 mm
Initial length of the specimen, L i = 255 mm
Final length of the specimen, L f = 309.25 mm
Initial Area, A i = 41.28 mm2
Table:
Calculations: ( From Data Table )
1. We know that,
Modulus of elasticity, E= ζ / Ɛ
From stress – strain curve the stress and strain at proportional limit,
ζ = 2.79× 108 N/m2
Ɛ = 1.9607× 10-3
E = (2.79× 108 N/m2 ) ÷ (1.9607× 10-3)
= 1.42296 × 1011 Pa
= 142.296 GPa
Graph:
STRESS VS STRAIN DIAGRAM
800000
700000 y = 4E+06x
600000
500000
STRESS
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
STRAIN
From the graph, yield strength ζ (Y) =3.92× 108 Pa
= 392 M Pa
From the graph, ultimate strength ζ(U)= 5.26× 108 Pa = 526 M Pa
Initial gauge length Li = 255 mm
Final gauge length Lf = 309.25 mm
% of Elongation = (L f – L i/ L i ) × 100 %
= {(309.25 – 255) ÷ (255)} × 100% = 21.275 %
From graph, Rapture strength ζ(R) = 3.88× 108 Pa
= 388 M Pa
Result :
For the mild steel specimen,
Proportional Limit = 279 M Pa
Elastic Limit = 332 M Pa
Yield Strength = 392 M Pa
Ultimate Strength = 526 M Pa
Rapture Strength = 388 M Pa
Modulus of Elasticity, E = 142.296 G Pa
% of elongation = 21.275%
Discussion :
From the experiment, the tensile test of a mild steel was done and it gives its
own mechanical properties measurement value. This experiment result provides
that the specimen undergoes ductile fracture since the area of specimen
gradually decreases towards the fracture point and it means that the specimen
of mild steel was ductile material, from the calculation the percentage of
elongation found 21.275%. To get better out come the experiment should be
done in proper way and carefully.
Conclusion:
From the tensile test experiment using UTM , the mechanical properties of a
material can be obtained .When the material is being stretched it experiencing
elastic and plastic deformation . The strain hardening phenomenon is occur
when the material is getting strengthened until it goes to fracture . The value
that obtained from the experiment is actually not accurate. It is because of the
approximation of plot from the raw data that generated by HV machine.
Powered by T CPDF (www.t [Link] )