1

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

The word 'shoplifting' is first heard of in England in the seventeenth century, in 1673.1

Later, in 1680, Kirkman (Head and Kirkman, 1928) uses the word, saying, 'Towards Night these

Houses are throng'd with People of all sorts of Shoplifters, Foilers, Bulkers.' The term

'shoplifting' was also used officially at this time. “The preamble to the Act of Parliament 10

William III (1698) states, 'The Crime of stealing Goods privately out of Shops and Warehouses

is commonly called shoplifting.” From these references we can confidently state that the term

'shoplifting' dates from the seventeenth century, and that by the end of that century the word was

well established in the English language. Contrary to popular supposition, the word was not

recently coined to describe a recent phenomenon. The fact that the word has been in existence

since the seventeenth century argues for the existence of the crime from this time onwards at

least, although, as has been stated above, there is every reason to suppose that shoplifting has

been in existence as a crime form as long as shops themselves.

King William's Act decreed the death penalty for shoplifting, and it was to be 122 years

before the punishment was even reduced to transportation for life. Romilly, the nineteenth-

century self appointed reformer of criminal law, set himself the task of attempting to change the

law in relation to shoplifting in 1810, and support for the existing legislation was so strong that it

was ten years before change occurred.1

Shoplifting generally refers to the theft of merchandise from a store or place of business.

Shoplifting is a type of larceny, which simply means taking the property of someone else without
1
Walsh D.P. Shoplifting In: Shoplifting (1978). Palgrave, London. [Link]
349-15955-0_2
 2

their permission, and with the intent to permanently deprive the owner of the property taken.

Shoplifting is considered a form of theft in the Philippines and is subject to prosecution. The

penalty for shoplifting varies depending on the value of what was stolen. Prison time may be

anywhere for one year to 20.2

Shoplifting occurred nationwide, but it was disproportionately a problem in the capital. A

study of a sample of the many thousand prosecutions at the Old Bailey reveals that linen drapers,

shoemakers, hosiers and haberdashers were the retailers most at risk. Over 70% of goods stolen,

particularly by women, were fabrics, clothing and trimmings. Though thefts were highly

gendered, men also stole these items far more frequently than the food, jewelry and household

goods which were largely their preserve. Yet items stolen were not predominantly the most

fashionable. Traditional linens, wool stockings and leather shoes were stolen as often as silk

handkerchiefs and cotton prints

In the United States and elsewhere, theft commonly refers to the illegal taking and

possessing of another’s property, anything of value, with the intent to permanently deprive that

person of the item or the value of the item taken. Shoplifting is a certain kind of theft (i.e.,

larceny-theft) that occurs at retail stores and commercial businesses. Theft and shoplifting are

two types of property crime. Other property crimes are burglary, motor vehicle theft, and arson.

While there are many kinds of theft, those discussed here are larceny-theft, burglary, and motor

vehicle theft. None of these crimes features the use of force against people. Common examples

of larceny-theft include stealing a bike or someone’s wallet (pick pocketing), or taking things

from a retail store, e.g., CDs or clothes.3

2
“Shoplifting,” Findlaw, February 14, 2019, [Link]
3
“Preemptive Measures against Shoplifting Incidences,” accessed July 14, 2021,
[Link]
 3

Statement of the Problem

This study generally aims to know the world biggest shoplifters and the effects of

shoplifting on the consumers. Also, the study will answer specifically the following question:

1. Who are the world biggest shoplifters?

2. How does shoplifting affect the community and consumer?

3. What are the punishments for shoplifting?

Delimitation of the Study

The study will deal about the history of shoplifting and its impact on the behavior of the

consumers. It will discuss about the biggest shoplifters of the world, how shoplifting can affect

the consumers and to know the punishments for shopliftings in some random countries including

the punishment of shoplifting in the Philippines. This study will only tackle about the three

specific questions that I have provided in the above.

Objectives of the Study

To collect information of past actions and reach in a conclusion and leave a contribution

in a field of study;

To achieve a better understanding about shoplifting and to know its impacts on the

consumers;

To collect more information about shoplifting in order to provide a better explanation that

can help the future researchers about this topic.

Definition of Terms
 4

Shoplifting- The criminal action of stealing goods from a store while pretending to be a

customer

Shoplifters- a person who steals goods from a store while pretending to be a customer

Stealing- take another person's property without permission or legal right and without intending

to return it

Kleptomania- is the recurrent inability to resist urges to steal items that you generally don't

really need and that usually have little value

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related literature and studies that are being reviewed for the

effectiveness of the study. The corresponding data are retrieved information from the online

books, online articles in the internet. The researcher acknowledges the need to arrange those

mentioned statements in the specific form.

Richard Remington and Angela Evans

On February 15 2011 the Safeway work with the authorities to arrest a 5 years old man

named Richard Remington and a 32 years old woman named Angela Evans. The grocery chain

claims Remington pulled off 103 thefts that were caught on tape at various Safeway stores while

Evans was seen 75 times stealing merchandise. The Safeway was so determined to stop the theft

so they authorized a loss prevention officer to place a tracking device on the couple’s van

according to the Oregonian. Trent Drucker, a loss prevention officer at Safeway, located

Remington's van and placed a tracking device on it. He was then able to review video of the

shoplifting and determine that they allegedly drove to pawn shops to sell stolen DVDs

Remington and Evans, who had been dating for about six months, allegedly stole about

$400,000 of merchandise a year from Safeway over the span of several years, according to an

affidavit signed by Charles Mickly, deputy district attorney for Multnomah County in Oregon.

The district attorney's office charged the two with 24 counts of theft. They have pleaded not

guilty. It wasn't clear if they had a lawyer.4

$100 Million Shoplifting Ring, Florida

4
Maxine Bernstein | The Oregonian/OregonLive, “Couple Accused of Stealing More than $5 Million from
Safeway Stores in Multnomah and Clackamas Counties,” oregonlive, February 17, 2011,
[Link]
 6

According to Bamfield the Florida ring was one of the largest thefts that he can recall. In

2008, Florida police arrested 18 people involved in a shoplifting scheme in eleven countries. The

police say that the crime ring ran over five years. The Lakeland Ledger reported that the

shoplifters allegedly stole between $60 million and $100 million of over the counter health and

beauty products from hundreds of convenience and grocery stores. Ringleaders then sold the

products at warehouses, flea markets and websites, including eBay.5

"The McGovernment" Crime Ring, Scotland: $58 million

Police estimate that members of a notorious crime family in Scotland, the McGoverns,

had 150 members steal about 100,000 pounds of merchandise daily. In one year, at the current

exchange rate, it is possible the group stole $58 million in goods. According to the BBC

Scotland investigation found that professional "steal-to-order" gangs linked with other organized

crime commit half of all shoplifting in the United Kingdom.6

John Makuch

A 60 years old man named John N. Makuch, was arrested Nov. 25 and charged with

third-degree burglary and fourth-degree grand larceny. He pleads guilty to felony grand

larceny in March. Makuch was banned from Walmart in 2000 after being arrested for

participating in a $35 million shoplifting ring operating in Onondaga, Madison, Cayuga and

5
“ABC News,” Florida Shoplifting Ring All in the Family 2008 , (ABC News Network), accessed July 14, 2021,
[Link]

6
Susanna Kim, World's Biggest Shoplifters? Pair Named in $5M Safeway Thefts 2011.  (ABC News
Network), accessed July 14, 2021, [Link]
id=12981271
 7

Oneida counties. According to the State officials Utica-based ring targeted national retail

stores such as Walmart, Ames, Sears and Office Max and hit as many as 20 stores each day,

sometimes making repeated trips to the same store. Popular items stolen included Disney

videos, Nintendo games, calculators, electric razors and camera film. 7

Junard Dula

A 21 years old man was being arrested by the police after he pretended to be a customer

and stole a can of Spam in a seven-eleven convenience store in Mandala Park, Pleasant Hills ,

Mandaluyong City. He took one piece Spam Luncheon meat worth 199 pesos from display rack

and concealed inside of his short pants and left the said store without paying at the cashier,” the

police spot report read. The clerk noticed Dula through their CCTV monitoring system and the

clerk called for help of the security guard, who accosted Dula and presented him to the cops.8

Jerremie Taghap

A 31-years old man named Jerremie Taghap entered the store and allegedly took three

pieces of chocolate bars, and placed inside his pants without paying. As the suspect was about to

leave the store, the clerk followed him to retrieve the chocolates. The clerk called members of

Tondo police, who then arrested the suspect. The suspect is facing charges for violation of

7
The Post-Standard Alaina Potrikus, “Man Banned from Walmart Stole DVDs Worth $2,700 from the
Chain's Oneida Store,” syracuse, May 6, 2010,
[Link]
8
Rambo Talabong, “21-Year-Old Nabbed for Stealing Can of Spam Worth P199,” Rappler (Rappler, December 10,
2018), [Link]
 8

Article 308 of the Revised Penal Code or theft which is filed before the Manila City Prosecutor

Office.9

Consumer and Community

Shoplifting cost stores millions of dollars every day and more than 13 billion dollars of

goods are stolen from retailers each year. Shoplifting doesn’t just make the store pay for the

stolen items, but they also have to spend more money on security. This could also hurt the

company’s business because if people find out about the problem they would all react in a

negative way. Shoplifting also affects the consumers and the community. Because of the

shoplifting, the consumers would have to pay higher prices making them want to stop shopping

there causing the community to lose a store. This doesn’t just affect the community in a shopping

matter, but also in transportation because the people would have to travel long distances to buy

the same products for a cheaper price point making them waste gas and the car would also take

more use making it weaker over time

If the a community has a high shoplifting percentage this might make some retailers

move out of the area, affecting the people of the community they just lost a store in their area

forcing them to look for another store that has what they need. Shoplifting also cost the

community’s time having to find a solution to the issue and parents would have to enforce

stricter rules for their children.

Shoplifting affects the individual the goods negatively as well. Most of the times the

individual will feel embarrassed and make them lose self-esteem by making them lose self-worth

in their own eyes. Embarrassment would come from their own family making them feel like

9
Consuelo Marquez, “'Shoplifter' Lands in Jail for Stealing Chocolate Bars,” [Link], April 2, 2020,
[Link]
 9

they’ve failed them and trust issues would also come into play. Depression could also play a role

in all this if the individual takes it in too badly.10([Link])

According to the Staff Reports (2007) Shoplifting is one of the most common non-violent

crime that the America and most of the other countries are facing today. This problem is so

widespread that most stores and shops automatically increase their prices as much as 10% to

cover their losses. Some shoplifters take things they could easily pay for and perhaps do not even

want. These offenders may suffer from kleptomania, a neurotic, irresistible impulse to steal. This

is almost never done for the purpose of acquiring the item taken. While these people may not

necessarily be considered mentally ill, generally kleptomaniacs are emotionally disturbed. These

crimes affect us all because we are being forced to pay higher prices to compensate for these

thefts.11

Punishment

Shoplifting is a type of theft crime where people steal from retail establishments. It also

happens to be one of the most common forms of property crimes in the U.S. costing businesses

an estimated $16 billion each year. According to the Law Offices of Virginia L. Landry a person

is charged in a shoplifting offense depends upon the value of the items stolen. If the value of the

goods was less than $400 it will be charged as misdemeanor petty theft, which is punishable by

up to six months in jail and fines ranging from $50 to $1000. If the value of the property stolen

was worth more than $400 the person will be charged with grand theft, which can be charged as

either a misdemeanor or a felony. The decision will be ultimately left up to the prosecution as

10
“The Effects of Shoplifting on the Community and Retailers: [Essay Example], 1561 Words,” GradesFixer,
accessed July 14, 2021, [Link]
and-retailers/.
11
“News Archives - Page 505 of 533,” InMaricopa, July 13, 2021, [Link]
1/page/505/.
 10

how to charge you. This is normally dependent upon any past convictions on your criminal

record.

The penalty for grand theft can be up to one full year in jail or state prison; a large price

to pay, especially if you had a momentary lapse in judgment. The best scenario is to be charged

with an infraction. An infraction is less serious than a misdemeanor and the penalty for infraction

petty theft is less than $250. Infraction petty theft is applied to theft cases involving merchandise

valued below $50. If you were arrested for shoplifting, your best defense is to hire a criminal

defense attorney as soon as possible. The last thing you want is to have to spend a number of

months in jail over a mistake. Any type of conviction will result in a permanent criminal record

which will haunt you for the rest of your life.12

Ewing v. California, 538 U.S. 11 (Mar. 5, 2003), concerned a man who stole three golf

clubs worth $1,200 from a pro shop by putting them down his pants. When he tried to walk out

of the store, he was caught and charged with grand theft-stealing more than $400 worth of

merchandise-and because of prior convictions was sentenced to life in prison with no possibility

of parole for twenty-five years.

Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63 (Mar. 5, 2003), involved a man who was sentenced to

life in prison, with no possibility of parole for fifty years, for stealing $153 worth of videotapes

in two separate incidents. (Note: The author represented the defendant in the U.S. Court of

Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and in the U.S. Supreme Court.) In November 1995, Leandro

Andrade, a nine-year Army veteran and father of three, was caught shoplifting five children's

videotapes ( Batman Forever, Casper, The Fox and the Hound, The Pebble and the

12
Law Offices of Virginia Landry, “[Link],” [Link], accessed July 14, 2021, [Link]
articles/shoplifting-when-it-s-a-felony-23344.
 11

Penguin, and Snow White) worth a total $84.70, from a K-Mart store in Ontario, California. Two

weeks later, Andrade went to a different K-Mart store, in Montclair, California, and was caught

shoplifting four children's videotapes ( Cinderella, Free Willy 2, Little Women, and Santa

Clause) worth $68.84.

The crime of petty theft with a prior in California is punishable by three years in prison,

and two counts of petty theft with a prior is punishable by a maximum of three years and eight

months in prison. But in 1994 California voters approved the "three strikes and you're out"

provision, Proposition 184, for which the first two felonies must be "serious" or "violent" crimes.

California law is explicit as to which crimes fit the definitions of serious and violent felonies.

Burglary is deemed a serious felony under California law, but under the three strikes provision,

the third strike is any felony, not necessarily a serious or a violent one.

Because Andrade was convicted of two counts of petty theft with a prior, he was

sentenced under the California three strikes law to two sentences of twenty-five years or life, to

run consecutively. Realistically phrased, the sentence is for life with no possibility of parole for

fifty years. Andrade was convicted in 1996 when he was thirty-seven years old.13

According to Lucy Trevelyan LLB, If you’re caught shoplifting, there are many

possible consequences some short term and others long term. There are many possible

consequences of shoplifting which is you may end up being arrested and taken into custody. If

you are convicted in court of shoplifting, you can be fined and/ or jailed for up to six months if

the goods are worth less than £200; or for a maximum of seven years if they are worth more than
13
Erwin Chemerinsky, “Life in Prison for Shoplifting: Cruel and Unusual Punishment,” American Bar
Association, accessed July 14, 2021,
[Link]
vol31_2004/winter2004/irr_hr_winter04_shoplifting/.
 12

£200. You may be offered a police caution as an alternative to prosecution. However, if you

accept, this still counts as a criminal conviction. You make a bad name for yourself and can be

banned from the particular store.14

According to Jeff Hampton in Texas you can be charged with either a misdemeanor or

felony offense depending on the value of the stolen property, and consequences may include

both jail time and fines. If the value of the property is less than $50, you can be charged with a

Class C misdemeanor punishable by fines up to $500. If the value of the property is $50-$500,

you can be charged with a Class B misdemeanor punishable by up to 180 days in jail and fines

up to $2,000. If the value of the property is $500-$1,500, you can be charged with a Class A

misdemeanor punishable by up to one year in jail and fines up to $4,000. If the value of the

property is $1,500-$20,000, you can be charged with a state jail felony punishable by 180 days to

2 years in a state penitentiary and fines up to $10,000. If the value of the property is $20,000-

$100,000, you can be charged with a third degree felony punishable by 2-10 years in jail and

fines up to $10,000. If the value of the property is $100,000-$200,000, you can be charged with a

second degree felony punishable by 2-20 years in jail and fines up to $10,000. If the value of the

property is more than $200,000, you can be charged with a first degree felony punishable by 5-

99 years in jail and fines up to $10,000.15

According to Harper Ho (Tribune News Service), a 70-year-old York County man is

facing seven years in prison after he allegedly shoplifted a $2.19 candy bar and the ACLU says

the case highlights flaws in Pennsylvania’s criminal justice system. Blaine C. Hildebrand of

14
Lucy Trevelyan LLB , “Shoplifting: What Happens If You Are Caught?,” [Link], January 31, 2017,
[Link]
15
Jeff Hampton, “What Are the Penalties for Shoplifting in Texas?,” Hampton Law Firm, March 11, 2021,
[Link]
 13

Jackson Township pocketed a Snickers bar from a West Manchester Township Rutter’s store in

January, police said. He is charged with third-degree felony retail theft, which could result in 3½

to seven years in prison and a fine of up to $15,000, according to the state crime code.16

According to the Philippine Daily Inquirer (2017), a man named Paul Mathew Tanglao, a

21 year old clerk who was arrested on Dec. 10 for flitching a can of corned beef in the

supermarket in the Sta. Ana, Manila, where he is employed. Tanglao has confessed to the crime,

saying it was hunger that drove him to sneak the canned food into his apron and later eat it in the

store warehouse. Somebody saw the theft, however, and reported him to the guards, and thence

to the police. Since Sunday, Tanglao has been detained at the Santa Ana station of the Manila

Police District, on the strength of a complaint of qualified theft. The cost of the can of corned

beef is P31.50.17

According to the Republic act no. 10344, an act penalizing the unauthorized taking, stealing,

keeping or tampering of government risk reduction and preparedness equipment, accessories and

similar facilities.

Section 6 Penalties – The following penalties are hereby imposed:

The penalty of imprisonment of not less than twelve (12) years but not more than fifteen

(15) years or a fine of not less than One million pesos (P1,000,000.00) but not more than Three

million pesos (P3,000,000.00), or both imprisonment and fine at the discretion of the court shall

be imposed upon any person found guilty of stealing or unauthorized taking or possession
16
Harper Ho, “A 70-Year-Old Man Could Get 7 Years in Prison for Shoplifting a Candy Bar, Thanks to Pa. Criminal
Justice System,” [Link] (The Morning Call, March 29, 2021), [Link]
[Link].
17
Philippine Daily Inquirer, “To Steal Food Worth P31.50,” [Link], December 16, 2017,
[Link]
 14

without authority or selling or buying with intent to gain of any stolen government risk reduction

and preparedness equipment, accessories and other vital facility items, or parts thereof;

  The penalty of imprisonment of not less than six (6) years but not more than ten (10)

years or a fine of not less than Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) but not more than

One million pesos (P1,000.000.00), or both imprisonment and fine at the discretion of the court

shall be imposed upon any person found guilty of unauthorized tampering, dismantling or

disassembling of government risk reduction and preparedness equipment. Accessories and other

vital facility items, or parts thereof;

The penalty of imprisonment of not less than six (6) years but not more than eight (8)

years or a fine of not less than Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) but not more than

One million pesos (P1,000,000.00), or both imprisonment and fine at the discretion of the court

shall be imposed upon any person who attempts to commit any of the prohibited acts provided in

Section 4 of this Act; and

The penalty of imprisonment of not less than two (2) years but not more than seven (7)

years or a fine of not less than Two hundred thousand pesos (P200,000.00) but not more than

Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00), or both imprisonment and fine at the discretion of

the court shall be imposed upon any person found guilty of unlawfully benefiting from the

proceeds or fruits of any of the prohibited acts enumerated in Section 4 of this Act knowing that

such proceeds or fruits are derived from the commission of said prohibited acts.18

18
“Republic Act No. 10344,” Republic Act No. 10344, accessed July 14, 2021,
[Link]
 15

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the techniques to produce historical work, the three basic processes:

gathering data, criticism of that data; and the presentation of his or her facts, interpretations, and

conclusions, based upon the data, in an accurate and readable form.

Data Gathering

Identify an appropriate body of sources in line with both the research interest and the

availability of evidence. In choosing the sources, the inquirer should constantly do research in

order to answer or support the research questions formulated. Since, this study will deal with

History of Shoplifting and its impact on the community and consumers. (example only) the
 16

possible primary sources in law are the Philippine Penal Codes, Online Journals, Online News,

while Secondary sources in law are Articles about law, Online Books about law, and Legal news.

Data Criticism

This is to determine the authenticity and credibility of the evidence through the process of

classifying and verifying the body of primary and secondary sources to address potential biases

the source may contain. Through external criticism, the authenticity of a source is examined;

through internal criticism, the credibility of a source is established.

In the typical case of a written document, external criticism aims to establish by whom,

when, where, how and in what situation the source was created. Through internal criticism, we

establish hypotheses about the credibility of a source or, in other words, the reliability of its

information. Most importantly, the initial analysis of a text must consider possible differences

between the literal meaning and other semantic notions such as irony, cynicism, or metaphor.

Ambiguous meanings thus require historian’s ability to read between the lines. The researcher

needs to accord a specific meaning to the fact in a broader context and place it in relation to other

facts.

Presentation and Interpretations of Data

In presenting historical material, the researcher shall read and classify first the data

gathered into two groups, (primary or secondary). Then, in organizing the materials the

researcher shall employ critical analysis which is the detailed examination and evaluation of

another person's ideas or work. This requires sorting out of the valid facts, classifying them

according to some definite scheme, whether chronological or topical or geographical grouping

them in order, unifying them into paragraphs, passages and chapters and arranging them in such

a manner as to make the narrative a thrilling story. Basically, the presentation of facts is guided

with the research questions formulated.

Another important consideration which a researcher will observe in the presentation of

facts, it must be presented in the most accurate, scientific and interesting manner. In the process,

all the isolated facts are collected into a coherent whole. It is the researcher’s duty to determine

the inclusion of facts, the order of their arrangement, and the nature of their explanation.

Historical interpretation is the process by which we describe, analyze, evaluate, and

create an explanation of past events. Examples of primary sources include letters and diaries;

government, News and business records; oral histories; photographs, motion pictures, and

videos; maps and land records. Data interpretation is the process of reviewing data through some

predefined processes which will help assign some meaning to the data and arrive at a relevant

conclusion. It involves taking the result of data analysis, making inferences on the relations

studied, and using them to conclude.

Conclusion

An inference is an idea or conclusion that's drawn from evidence and reasoning. An

inference is an educated guess. When you make an inference, you're reading between the lines or

just looking carefully at the facts and coming to conclusions. Inductive reasoning is the process

of drawing general conclusions based on many pieces of evidence. This type of reasoning is the

basis of the scientific method. In science, inductive reasoning is used to draw general

conclusions from evidence.

REFERENCES

“ABC News,” Florida Shoplifting Ring All in the Family 2008, (ABC News Network), accessed
July 14, 2021, [Link]

Alaina Potrikus, The Post-Standard. “Man Banned from Walmart Stole DVDs Worth $2,700
from the Chain's Oneida Store.” syracuse, May 6, 2010.
[Link]

Chemerinsky, Erwin. “Life in Prison for Shoplifting: Cruel and Unusual Punishment.” American
Bar Association. Accessed July 14, 2021.
[Link]
an_rights_vol31_2004/winter2004/irr_hr_winter04_shoplifting/.

Hampton, Jeff. “What Are the Penalties for Shoplifting in Texas?” Hampton Law Firm, March
11, 2021. [Link]
shoplifting-in-texas/.

Ho, Harper. “A 70-Year-Old Man Could Get 7 Years in Prison for Shoplifting a Candy Bar,
Thanks to Pa. Criminal Justice System.” [Link]. The Morning Call, March 29, 2021.
 19

[Link]
[Link].

Inquirer, Philippine Daily. “To Steal Food Worth P31.50.” [Link], December 16, 2017.
[Link]

Kim Susanna , World's Biggest Shoplifters? Pair Named in $5M Safeway Thefts 2011.  (ABC
News Network), accessed July 14, 2021, [Link]
shoplifters/story?id=12981271

Landry, Law Offices of Virginia. [Link]. Accessed July 14, 2021. [Link]
articles/shoplifting-when-it-s-a-felony-23344.

Marquez, Consuelo. “'Shoplifter' Lands in Jail for Stealing Chocolate Bars.” [Link],
April 2, 2020. [Link]
chocolate-bars.

“News Archives - Page 505 of 533.” InMaricopa, July 13, 2021.

Oregonian/OregonLive, Maxine Bernstein | The. “Couple Accused of Stealing More than $5

“Preemptive Measures against Shoplifting Incidences.” Accessed July 14, 2021.

Republic Act No. 10344. Accessed July 14, 2021.

“Shoplifting.” Findlaw, February 14, 2019. [Link]

Talabong, Rambo. “21-Year-Old Nabbed for Stealing Can of Spam Worth P199.” Rappler.
Rappler, December 10, 2018. [Link]
stealing-can-of-spam-mandaluyong.

“The Effects of Shoplifting on the Community and Retailers: [Essay Example], 1561 Words.”
GradesFixer. Accessed July 14, 2021. [Link]
effects-of-shoplifting-on-the-community-and-retailers/.

Trevelyan LLB , Lucy. “Shoplifting: What Happens If You Are Caught?” [Link], January
31, 2017. [Link]
20