Project: Mile End E1 4NS
Structural Calculations of Scaffolding Ramp
By: Luali Sidi
BEng (hons) Civil Engineering.
GMICE 74099270.
Loading:
For the structural analysis and design of the proposed structure. The following loads have been
taking into account:
Dead Load : (side protection, fittings and scaffolding boards) assuming 0.5 KN/m2
Self-Weight of the Scaffolding tubes.
Service Load 1KN/m2
Wind 0.22 KN/m2
Material Requirement:
Tubes of external nominal diameter of 48,3 mm, other than side protection, shall have the following
nominal characteristics:
- Wall thickness ≥ 2,0 mm - yield stress , ReH ≥ 235 N/mm2 - elongation, A ≥ 17 %.
1. Table of contents
1. Table of contents 1
2. Structural Model 1
3. Simplfy Structural Model 1
4. Cross-sections 1
5. Materials 2
6. Nodes 2
7. Load cases 3
8. Load groups 3
9. Combinations 3
10. Line force 3
11. Internal forces on member 3
12. Internal forces on member; My 4
13. Reactions 4
14. Reactions; Rz 4
15. Steel slenderness 5
16. ULS design check 5
17. SLS design check 8
2. Structural Model
Z
Y
X
3. Simplfy Structural Model
X Y
4. Cross-sections
P1
Type CHS48.3/3.2
Formcode 3 - Circular hollow section
Shape type Thin-walled
Item material S275
Fabrication rolled
Colour
A [m2] 4.5300e-04
Ay [m2], Az [m2] 2.8864e-04 2.8864e-04
AL [m2/m], AD [m2/m] 1.5200e-01 2.8336e-01
[Link] [mm], [Link] [mm] 24 24
α [deg] 0.00
Iy [m4], Iz [m4] 1.1600e-07 1.1600e-07
iy [mm], iz [mm] 16 16
Wel.y [m3], Wel.z [m3] 4.8000e-06 4.8000e-06
Wpl.y [m3], Wpl.z [m3] 6.4169e-06 6.4169e-06
Mpl.y.+ [Nm], Mpl.y.- [Nm] 1.53e+03 1.53e+03
Mpl.z.+ [Nm], Mpl.z.- [Nm] 1.53e+03 1.53e+03
dy [mm], dz [mm] 0 0
It [m4], Iw [m6] 2.3200e-07 1.7457e-43
βy [mm], βz [mm] 0 0
Picture
Explanations of symbols Explanations of symbols
Formcode d - Diameter iz Radius of gyration about the
w - Thickness principal z-axis
A Area Wel.y Elastic section modulus about the
Ay Shear Area in principal y-direction principal y-axis
Az Shear Area in principal z-direction Wel.z Elastic section modulus about the
AL Circumference per unit length principal z-axis
AD Drying surface per unit length Wpl.y Plastic section modulus about the
[Link] Centroid coordinate in Y-direction of principal y-axis
Input axis system Wpl.z Plastic section modulus about the
[Link] Centroid coordinate in Z-direction of principal z-axis
Input axis system Mpl.y.+ Plastic moment about the principal
[Link] Second moment of area about the y-axis for a positive My moment
YLCS axis Mpl.y.- Plastic moment about the principal
[Link] Second moment of area about the y-axis for a negative My moment
ZLCS axis Mpl.z.+ Plastic moment about the principal
[Link] Product moment of area in the LCS z-axis for a positive Mz moment
system Mpl.z.- Plastic moment about the principal
α Rotation angle of the principal axis z-axis for a negative Mz moment
system dy Shear center coordinate in principal
Iy Second moment of area about the y-direction measured from the
principal y-axis centroid
Iz Second moment of area about the dz Shear center coordinate in principal
principal z-axis z-direction measured from the
iy Radius of gyration about the centroid
principal y-axis It Torsional constant
Iw Warping constant
βy Mono-symmetry constant about the
principal y-axis
βz Mono-symmetry constant about the
principal z-axis
5. Materials
Steel BS 5950
Name E mod Poisson - nu G mod Fu Fy
[MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa]
Type
S275 2.0500e+05 0.3 7.8846e+04 410.0 275.0
Steel
6. Nodes
Name Coord X Coord Y Coord Z Name Coord X Coord Y Coord Z Name Coord X Coord Y Coord Z
[m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m]
N1 3.219 0.017 0.000 N6 3.219 2.017 1.200 N9 3.219 0.017 2.400
N5 3.219 0.017 1.200 N7 3.219 2.017 0.000 N10 3.219 2.017 2.400
Name Coord X Coord Y Coord Z Name Coord X Coord Y Coord Z Name Coord X Coord Y Coord Z
[m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m]
N11 3.219 2.017 0.200 N16 4.919 2.017 0.000 N20 4.919 0.017 1.200
N12 3.219 0.017 1.100 N17 4.919 2.017 2.400 N21 4.919 2.017 1.200
N13 3.219 2.017 0.800 N18 4.919 0.017 0.000
N15 3.219 3.000 0.800 N19 4.919 0.017 2.400
7. Load cases
Name Description Action type LoadGroup Direction Duration Master load
case
Spec Load type
Self-weight Permanent LG1 -Z
Self weight
DL Permanent LG1
Standard
Service Load Variable LG2 Medium None
Standard Static
Wind Load Variable LG2 Medium None
Standard Static
Snow Variable LG2 Medium None
Standard Static
8. Load groups
Name Load Relation Type
LG1 Permanent
LG2 Variable Standard I - imposed load
9. Combinations
Name Description Type Load cases Coeff.
[-]
ULS-1 Linear - ultimate Self-weight 1.00
DL 1.00
Service Load 1.00
Wind Load 1.00
ULS-2 Linear - ultimate Self-weight 1.00
DL 1.00
Wind Load 1.00
Snow 1.00
ULS-3 Linear - ultimate Self-weight 1.00
DL 1.00
Wind Load 1.00
SLS Linear - serviceability Self-weight 1.00
DL 1.00
Service Load 1.00
Wind Load 1.00
10. Line force
Name Member Type Dir Value - P1 Pos x1 Coor Orig Ecc ey
[kN/m] [m]
Load case System Distribution Value - P2 Pos x2 Loc Ecc ez
[kN/m] [m]
LF1 B9 Force Z -1.70 0.000 Rela From start 0.000
Service Load LCS Uniform 1.000 Length 0.000
LF3 B3 Force Z -1.70 0.000 Rela From start 0.000
Service Load LCS Uniform 1.000 Length 0.000
LF5 B3 Force Z -0.50 0.000 Rela From start 0.000
DL LCS Uniform 1.000 Length 0.000
LF8 B9 Force Z -0.50 0.000 Rela From start 0.000
DL LCS Uniform 1.000 Length 0.000
LF9 B4 Force Y -0.34 1.400 Abso From start 0.000
Wind Load LCS Uniform 2.400 Length 0.000
11. Internal forces on member
Linear calculation, Extreme : Global, System : Principal
Selection : All
Combinations : ULS-1
Member css dx Case N Vy Vz Mx My Mz
[m] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kNm] [kNm] [kNm]
B1 P1 - CHS48.3/3.2 0.000 ULS-1/1 -3.44 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
B5 P1 - CHS48.3/3.2 2.193 ULS-1/1 2.67 0.00 -0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00
B4 P1 - CHS48.3/3.2 0.800 ULS-1/1 -2.35 -2.38 -0.01 0.00 0.00 0.05
B1 P1 - CHS48.3/3.2 1.100 ULS-1/1 -2.28 2.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32
Member css dx Case N Vy Vz Mx My Mz
[m] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kNm] [kNm] [kNm]
B3 P1 - CHS48.3/3.2 2.000 ULS-1/1 -2.72 0.00 -2.27 0.00 -0.63 0.00
B9 P1 - CHS48.3/3.2 0.000 ULS-1/1 -0.43 0.00 2.23 0.00 -0.54 0.00
B10 P1 - CHS48.3/3.2 0.000 ULS-1/1 -0.01 0.00 0.03 -0.03 -0.01 0.00
B11 P1 - CHS48.3/3.2 0.000 ULS-1/1 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.00
B9 P1 - CHS48.3/3.2 1.000 ULS-1/1 -0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.00
B4 P1 - CHS48.3/3.2 1.200 ULS-1/1 -2.34 -2.38 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 -0.91
B1 P1 - CHS48.3/3.2 1.200 ULS-1/1 -2.27 2.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.60
12. Internal forces on member; My
Y
X
13. Reactions
Linear calculation, Extreme : Node
Selection : All
Combinations : ULS-1
Support Case Rx Ry Rz Mx My Mz
[kN] [kN] [kN] [kNm] [kNm] [kNm]
Sn1/N15 ULS-1/1 0.00 -1.68 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sn2/N7 ULS-1/1 0.01 1.72 1.22 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sn3/N1 ULS-1/1 0.00 0.30 3.44 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sn4/N16 ULS-1/1 0.00 -0.42 2.35 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sn5/N18 ULS-1/1 -0.01 0.43 2.35 0.00 0.00 0.00
14. Reactions; Rz
X Y
15. Steel slenderness
Linear calculation
Member CS Name Part Sway y Ly ky ly Lam y lyz l LTB
[m] [-] [m] [-] [m] [m]
Sway z Lz kz lz Lam z
[m] [-] [m] [-]
B1 P1 1 Yes 1.200 2.61 3.134 195.86 1.100 1.100
No 1.100 0.83 0.914 57.10
B1 P1 2 Yes 1.200 2.61 3.134 195.86 0.100 0.100
No 0.100 0.95 0.095 5.94
B1 P1 3 Yes 1.200 3.87 4.649 290.54 1.200 1.200
No 1.200 0.83 0.993 62.05
B3 P1 1 Yes 2.000 1.35 2.702 168.86 2.000 2.000
No 2.000 0.82 1.641 102.52
B4 P1 1 Yes 1.200 2.81 3.375 210.93 0.200 0.200
No 0.200 0.85 0.171 10.68
B4 P1 2 Yes 1.200 2.81 3.375 210.93 0.600 0.600
No 0.600 0.57 0.342 21.37
B4 P1 3 Yes 1.200 2.81 3.375 210.93 0.400 0.400
No 0.400 0.70 0.280 17.50
B4 P1 4 Yes 1.200 3.36 4.038 252.33 1.200 1.200
No 1.200 0.81 0.978 61.10
B5 P1 1 Yes 2.193 1.00 2.193 137.05 2.193 2.193
No 2.193 0.88 1.933 120.82
B6 P1 1 Yes 0.983 2.70 2.651 165.69 0.983 0.983
No 0.983 0.95 0.933 58.33
B7 P1 1 Yes 1.200 2.80 3.361 210.01 1.200 1.200
No 1.200 0.85 1.020 63.73
B7 P1 2 Yes 1.200 3.28 3.930 245.60 1.200 1.200
No 1.200 0.90 1.078 67.34
B8 P1 1 Yes 1.200 2.61 3.135 195.88 1.200 1.200
No 1.200 0.85 1.021 63.81
B8 P1 2 Yes 1.200 3.90 4.678 292.30 1.200 1.200
No 1.200 0.90 1.078 67.37
B9 P1 1 Yes 2.000 1.35 2.702 168.87 2.000 2.000
No 2.000 0.81 1.619 101.18
B10 P1 1 Yes 1.700 1.35 2.298 143.60 1.700 1.700
No 1.700 0.85 1.443 90.17
B11 P1 1 Yes 1.700 1.35 2.298 143.61 1.700 1.700
No 1.700 0.80 1.364 85.26
16. ULS design check
Linear calculation, Extreme : Global
Selection : All
Combinations : ULS-1
Steel code check to BS 5950-1:2000
Member name Case
B4 ULS-1/1
Results at position 1.200m
Cross_section: CHS48.3/3.2
Steel grade: S275
Member length: 2.400m
Force effects
Description Values Units
Axial force 2.34 kN
Normal shear -0.01 kN
Lateral shear -2.38 kN
Torsion 0.00 kNm
Normal moment -0.01 kNm
Lateral moment -0.91 kNm
Torsion capacity results [SCI-057]
Description Values Units
Shear stress due to pure torsion {eq. 2.11} 0.0 MPa
Warping shear stress {eq. 2.13} 0.0 MPa
Limiting shear stress 165.0 MPa
Utilization ratio for Torsion 0.00
Classification of cross section
{Clause 3.5, Table 11 and 12}
Description Normal Lateral
Flange slenderness
Flange class
Web slenderness 15.09 15.09
Web class plastic plastic
Web axial class nonslender nonslender
Cross-section class plastic plastic
Axial compression capacity check
Description Alone In Combination Units
Axial force 2.34 2.34 kN
Compression capacity 124.58 124.58 kN
Utilization ratio for compression 0.02 0.02 -
Effective properties
{Clause 3}
Description Normal Lateral Units
Design strength 275.0 275.0 MPa
Reduced design strength Pyr for 275.0 275.0 MPa
axial
Reduced design strength Pyr for 275.0 275.0 MPa
bending
Effective area 4.5300e-04 4.5300e-04 m2
Effective plastic modulus 6.4169e-06 6.4169e-06 m3
Effective elastic modulus n/a n/a m3
Shear capacity check
{Clause 4.2.3}
Description Normal Lateral Units
Shear -0.01 -2.38 kN
Shear capacity 44.85 44.85 kN
Utilisation ratio 0.00 0.05
Moment capacity check
{Clause 4.2.5}
Description Normal Lateral Units
Moment -0.01 -0.91 kNm
Moment capacity 1.76 1.76 kNm
Utilisation ratio 0.00 0.51
Combined axial and bending capacity check\B
{Clause [Link] or [Link] or [Link]}
Description Values Units
Simple method
Axial utilisation 0.02
Normal moment utilisation 0.00
Lateral moment utilisation 0.51
Simple utilisation ratio 0.54
More exact method
Reduced normal moment capacity 1.76 kNm
Reduced lateral moment capacity 1.76 kNm
More exact utilisation ratio 0.26
Governing utilisation ratio 0.26
Combined axial bending and torsion check: {SCI p 057 - Equation 2.24}
Description Values Units
Normal stress due to normal moment (Sigma 1.3 MPa
bx)
Normal stress due to lateral moment (Sigma 188.6 MPa
by)
Normal stress due to secondary (combined twist and normal
moment)
lateral moment (Sigma byt) 0.0 MPa
Normal stress due to warping (Sigma w) 0.0 MPa
Normal stress due to axial force 5.2 MPa
Combined normal stress 195.1 MPa
Utilisation ratio 0.71
Note: Since section is a closed section, warping effects are neglected
Resultant strength utilisation 0.71
Buckling due to axial compression alone
{Clause 4.7}
Normal stability segment 0.000m to 1.200m
Lateral stability segment 0.800m to 1.200m
Description Normal Lateral Units
Effective length 3.375 0.280 m
Slenderness 210.93 17.50
Maximum slenderness utilisation 0.21 0.02
ratio
Strut curve {ref. Table 23} strut curve A strut curve A
Axial strength 42.3 274.8 MPa
Axial force 2.34 2.34 kN
Axial buckling resistance 19.15 124.49 kN
Utilisation ratio 0.12 0.02
Stability properties for lateral-torsional buckling
{Annex B}
Description Values Units
Torsional index x 0.00
Gamma 0.00
Distance between shear centre of the flanges 45 mm
hs
Buckling parameter u 0.00
Ratio Beta w normal 1.00
Ratio Beta w lateral 1.00
Monosymmetry index Psi normal 0.00
Monosymmetry index Psi lateral 0.00
Flange ratio Eta normal 0.50
Flange ratio Eta lateral 0.50
Parameter Phi 1.00
Lateral-torsional buckling in lateral direction
{Clause 4.3.6}
Lateral buckling segment 0.800m to 1.200m
Description Values Units
Buckling resistance moment 1.76 kNm
Equivalent uniform moment 0.01 kNm
Utilisation ratio 0.00
Note: Resistance to lateral-torsional buckling need not be checked separately as LambdaLT 0.00 doesn't exceed Lambda_L0 34.31 (as per section
[Link]). So buckling resistance moment is taken as moment capacity in normal direction.
Axial compression components of axial/moment interaction
Normal stability segment 0.000m to 1.200m
Lateral stability segment 0.800m to 1.200m
Description Normal Lateral Units
Effective length 3.375 0.280 m
Slenderness 210.93 17.50
Maximum slenderness utilisation 0.21 0.02
ratio
Strut curve {ref. Table 23} strut curve A strut curve A
Axial strength 42.3 274.8 MPa
Axial force 2.34 2.34 kN
Axial buckling resistance 19.15 124.49 kN
Utilisation ratio 0.12 0.02
Combined-Axial moment buckling check
{Clause [Link]}
Lateral buckling segment 0.800m to 1.200m
combined with critical normal buckling segment 0.000m to 1.200 m
Description Values Units
Equivalent uniform moment factor [mLT] 0.82
Equivalent uniform moment factor [mx] 0.50
Equivalent uniform moment factor [my] 0.59
Equivalent uniform moment factor [myx] 0.25
Maximum normal moment -0.01 kNm
Maximum lateral moment -0.91 kNm
Yield moment py*Z in normal direction 1.32 kNm
Yield moment py*Z in lateral direction 1.32 kNm
Simple method interaction formulae
First utilisation ratio 0.53
Second utilisation ratio 0.43
Governing simple interaction 0.53
More exact method
Utilisation ratio for inplane buckling 0.19
Utilisation ratio for out of plane buckling 0.33
Utilisation ratio for interactive buckling 0.31
Governing exact interaction 0.33
Resultant interaction 0.33
Results for buckling under combined axial force, bending and torsion moments [SCI-P057]
Description Values Units
Shear stress due to pure torsion {eq. 2.11} 0.0 MPa
Shear stress in web due to bending {eq. 2.15} 0.1 MPa
Shear stress in flange due to bending {eq. 2.16} 0.0 MPa
Warping shear stress {eq. 2.13} 0.0 MPa
Combined shear stress 0.1 MPa
Axial, bending and torsion utilisation {eq. 2.23} 0.43
Combined shear utilisation {eq. 2.25} 0.00
Note: Since section is a closed section, warping effects are neglected
Resultant stability utilisation 0.43
Status - Pass
17. SLS design check
Linear calculation, Extreme : Member
Selection : All
Combinations : SLS
Steel code check to BS 5950-1:2000
Member name Case
B1 SLS/1
Deflection check at 2.400 m
Description Actual Limit Utilisation Status
Normal deflection [mm] -0.2 6.0 0.03 Pass
Lateral deflection [mm] 7.6 6.0 1.26 Fail
Twist [mrad] 0.0 0.0 0.00 Pass
Flexural + torsional 0.0 0.0 0.00 Pass
deflection [mm]
Member name Case
B3 SLS/1
Deflection check at 1.000 m
Description Actual Limit Utilisation Status
Normal deflection [mm] -7.0 10.0 0.70 Pass
Lateral deflection [mm] 0.0 10.0 0.00 Pass
Twist [mrad] 0.0 0.0 0.00 Pass
Flexural + torsional 0.0 0.0 0.00 Pass
deflection [mm]
Member name Case
B4 SLS/1
Deflection check at 2.400 m
Description Actual Limit Utilisation Status
Normal deflection [mm] -0.1 6.0 0.02 Pass
Lateral deflection [mm] -10.5 6.0 1.75 Fail
Twist [mrad] 0.0 0.0 0.00 Pass
Flexural + torsional 0.0 0.0 0.00 Pass
deflection [mm]
Member name Case
B5 SLS/1
Deflection check at 1.154 m
Description Actual Limit Utilisation Status
Normal deflection [mm] -0.7 11.0 0.06 Pass
Lateral deflection [mm] 0.0 11.0 0.00 Pass
Twist [mrad] 0.0 0.0 0.00 Pass
Flexural + torsional 0.0 0.0 0.00 Pass
deflection [mm]
Member name Case
B6 SLS/1
Deflection check at 0.369 m
Description Actual Limit Utilisation Status
Normal deflection [mm] -0.3 4.9 0.07 Pass
Lateral deflection [mm] 0.0 4.9 0.00 Pass
Twist [mrad] 0.0 0.0 0.00 Pass
Flexural + torsional 0.0 0.0 0.00 Pass
deflection [mm]
Member name Case
B7 SLS/1
Deflection check at 2.400 m
Description Actual Limit Utilisation Status
Normal deflection [mm] 0.1 6.0 0.02 Pass
Lateral deflection [mm] -10.3 6.0 1.72 Fail
Twist [mrad] 0.0 0.0 0.00 Pass
Flexural + torsional 0.0 0.0 0.00 Pass
deflection [mm]
Member name Case
B8 SLS/1
Deflection check at 2.400 m
Description Actual Limit Utilisation Status
Normal deflection [mm] 0.1 6.0 0.01 Pass
Lateral deflection [mm] 10.4 6.0 1.73 Fail
Twist [mrad] 0.0 0.0 0.00 Pass
Flexural + torsional 0.0 0.0 0.00 Pass
deflection [mm]
Member name Case
B9 SLS/1
Deflection check at 1.000 m
Description Actual Limit Utilisation Status
Normal deflection [mm] -8.3 10.0 0.83 Pass
Lateral deflection [mm] 0.0 10.0 0.00 Pass
Twist [mrad] 0.0 0.0 0.00 Pass
Flexural + torsional 0.0 0.0 0.00 Pass
deflection [mm]
Member name Case
B10 SLS/1
Deflection check at 0.850 m
Description Actual Limit Utilisation Status
Normal deflection [mm] -0.1 8.5 0.01 Pass
Lateral deflection [mm] -0.1 8.5 0.01 Pass
Twist [mrad] 7.1 20.0 0.35 Pass
Flexural + torsional 0.1 8.5 0.01 Pass
deflection [mm]
Member name Case
B11 SLS/1
Deflection check at 0.850 m
Description Actual Limit Utilisation Status
Normal deflection [mm] -0.1 8.5 0.01 Pass
Lateral deflection [mm] -0.1 8.5 0.01 Pass
Twist [mrad] -7.5 20.0 0.38 Pass
Flexural + torsional 0.1 8.5 0.01 Pass
deflection [mm]