Cement &

Concrete
Composites
Cement & Concrete Composites 22 (2000) 243-251
[Link]/locate/cemconcomp

Micro-mechanical analysis of splitting failure in concrete reinforced

with fiber reinforced plastic rods
J.Q. Ye *, Z.J. Wu
School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK

Abstract
The present investigation provides a micro-mechanical model for the splitting failure analysis of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP)
reinforced concrete members subjected to longitudinal tensile stresses. The model consists of three co-axial cylinders: (a) the inner
elastic FRP rod; (b) the mid cracked part of concrete; and (c) the outer elastic part of concrete. The anisotropic properties of re-
inforcement, the compatibility of longitudinal strain at interface and the effect of Poisson’s ratio of concrete are taken into account
in the analysis. The method can be used to predict the stress distributions in the hybrid structure and the relations between the
growth of cracks and the applied end forces. It is found that the number of splitting cracks and the material properties of the
anisotropic FRP rods are not the dominant factors in splitting failure. It is also observed that neglecting Poisson’s ratio of cracked
concrete may under-estimate stresses in the hybrid structure. 0 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Stress analysis; Composites; FRP/concrete hybrid structure; Splitting failure

1. Introduction fracture under tensile loading and fail or buckle under

shear or compressive stresses. Under bending moments,
Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) materials are under the structure may have flexural failure due to the action
widespread investigation as improved concrete rein- of normal stresses. In all these cases, bond failure may
forcement by virtue of their promise of improved du- occur. Generally, the bond failure can be divided into
rability in comparison with conventional steel materials. two categories: (1) pull-out failure where either the in-
These kinds of materials consist of continuous fibers of terfacial shear stress between a FRP rod and sur-
glass, aramid, or carbon embedded in a polymer resin rounding concrete exceeds its shearing strength or the
matrix such as polyester, epoxy, or vinylester. The fibers concrete around the reinforcement is crushed and the
are oriented at high volume fractions in the direction of FRP rod is pulled out; and (2) splitting failure where the
significant stress. Properties of interest to designers of- concrete cover splits by internal (radial) pressure and the
fered by composites [l] are high tensile strength, high mechanical interlocking is lost.
damping, low weight, high fatigue strength, corrosion To study the bond and simulate the failure modes in
immunity and electromagnetic neutrality. Over last few FRP/concrete hybrid systems, extensive laboratory
years, mass-produced FRP structural members, such as works have been done around the world in recent years
FRP rods, cast with conventional concrete [2], were in- [4]. One of the most commonly used methods to char-
troduced into civil engineering structures including acterize the first bond failure is the direct pull-out test
buildings, bridges and other infrastructures [3]. The (Fig. l), where a FRP rod which fully penetrates a block
safety and reliability of these FRP/concrete hybrid or cylinder of concrete is pulled out by direct tension
structures, being the new kinds of engineering struc- while applied load as well as displacement at the loaded
tures, are always concerned. It is known that under and/or free ends of the rod are recorded [5]. Some re-
different loading conditions, a hybrid FRP/concrete searchers have also measured longitudinal strain distri-
member may fail in a number of possible ways. It may bution either on or inside the rods at positions within
the embedment length, which helps to characterize the
load transfer between reinforcement and concrete dur-
* Corresponding author. Fax: +44-0113-2332265. ing pull-out [6]. Based on the results obtained from these
E-mail address: [Link]@[Link] (J.Q. Ye). experiments it has been found that under adequate

0958-9465/00/$- see front matter 0 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
PII:SO958-9465(00)00023-8
244 J. Q. Ye. 2. J. Wu I Cement & Concrete Composites 22 (2000) 243-251

Free end Crete hybrid structure under tensile stress. The new
model (Fig. 4) is based on the one used by Olofsson
et al. [lo], Tepfers [l l] and Cornelius [12] for steel
reinforcement concrete and now includes anisotropic
properties of reinforcement, the effect of Poisson’s ratio
FRI
of cracked concrete and the compatibility of longitudi-
r(>d
nal strains at interface. As a result, the present analysis
can give the stress distribution around the bond area of
Concrete Embedment the structures and establish the relationship between
cover length crack length and the applied tensile loads at the ends.
Furthermore, this research is also an extension of the
micro-mechanical models for describing the response of
plain concrete [7] and the research on interfacial prop-
erties of composites [13]. The method developed is used
1
to predict the stress distributions of a FRP reinforced
/ 1
element after the concrete around the FRP rod has
cracked.
Pull out

P ‘I 2. Splitting failure of FRPlconcrete hybrid structures

Fig. 1. Schematically shown of direct pull-out test.

2.1. Elastic analysis

When a FRP reinforced concrete structure is sub-

concrete cover, FRP rods will undergo either tensile jected to external loads, stress transfer occurs at the
failure or bond slip depending on the length of embed- interface between FRP and concrete. To analyze the
ment. However, in both cases, little or no damage to the stress transfer, a representative volume element (RVE)
concrete cover has been observed and, hence the prop- model of the structure is often chosen. The model shown
erties of the FRP reinforcement is considered as a in Fig. 2 originates from concrete beams or plates re-
dominating factor in characterizing the first type of inforced with longitudinally parallel FRP rods under
bond failure of FRP/concrete hybrid systems. The sec- uniform tension (Fig. 3). This is also the case when a
ond type of bond failure mode occurs in some FRP/ reinforced beam is subjected to bending. The RVE
concrete hybrid structures, such as those with sand shown in Fig. 2 has been successfully used by many
particle coatings and lugged FRP rods [4], subjected to researchers [14,15]. In more details the RVE consists of
longitudinal tensile forces. The failure mechanism of this a FRP rod of diameter d and a surrounding concrete
type of structures depends on the design of the FRP cylinder of diameter D. The elastic analysis of the RVE
rods. The mechanical interlock varies and may be as is carried out under the cylindrical coordinates (r, 8, z).
strong as that of steel reinforcement in typical concrete, Assuming that the FRP rod is transversely isotropic
where concrete failure occurs before debonding. Obvi- while the concrete is isotropic, the elastic analyses of the
ously, large compressive forces [7], due to the roughness model are based on following equations:
of the interface and the incompatibility between the
deformation of FRP rods and concrete, are transferred ;+ T+!$=(),
to concrete. These forces give rise to relevant stress (1)
components within concrete, which causes splitting
failure of the hybrid structures. In practical FRP/con-
Crete systems, both pull-out and splitting failures may
happen, depending on the geometry of the structures,
the design of the FRP rods, the applied forces and the
constraints imposed on the hybrid structures.
The present paper only deals with the second type of
bond failure, i.e., splitting failure [8], where the internal
pressure is the main concern (The first type of bond
failure has been dealt with separately [9].) The objectives
of the present investigation are to provide a micro-me-
chanical analysis for the splitting failure of FRP/con- Fig. 2. RVE of FRPkoncrete structure under tensile stress.
 J.Q. Ye,Z.J. Wu I Cement & ConcreteComposites22 (2000) 243-2.51 245

where Di,, Djf and D,, (i = 1,2,3) are integral con-

stants. The suffixes, f and c, denote FRP rods and
concrete cover, respectively.

2.2. Splitting analysis

As mentioned in Section 1, splitting is one of the two

failure modes that a FRP reinforced concrete may have.
This happens particularly when lugged and sand particle
coated FRP rods [4] are used as reinforcements since
they may induce large circumferential forces in concrete.
To the authors’ best knowledge, there is no exact theo-
retical model so far to predict these forces. Tepfers [ll]

J \
A typml RVE shown in Fig.2 assumed that the radial component
could be considered as hydrostatic
of bond stresses
pressure acting on
the inner surface of the concrete cover (cylinder), and
Fig. 3. Beam or plate reinforced with longitudinally parallel FRP rods
under uniform tension. the concrete would crack if the induced circumferential
stress reached its tensile capacity. Hence, when cracking
occurs the concrete cover is further considered to be a
cracked inner cylinder surrounding by an elastic outer
one (Fig. 4). Under the assumptions, the following new
features are introduced into the analysis in the paper.
First, the anisotropic properties of the FRP rod and the
deformation compatibility of the RVE in z-direction are
and included in the solution. Secondly, the Poisson’s effect of
cracked concrete and the compatibility of longitudinal
strain at interfaces are considered.
The combined co-axial cylinder of Fig. 4 can be
where u and w are respectively, the displacements in Y considered as a superimposition of the three parts
and z directions. The ci, (i,j = 1,2,3) are elastic stiffness shown in Fig. 5, i.e., (a) the elastic FRP rod; (b) the
constants. They can be expressed in terms of the mate- cracked part of concrete and; (c) the elastic part of
rial properties of the FRP rods, i.e., cl1 = ET concrete. To help the identification of the displacements
(1 - vLTvTL)/e, C12 = ET(~TT+~LT~TL)/Q, Cl3 = ET and stresses in different parts of the concrete, two su-
vLT(1 + vm)/Q and ~33 = Er(1 - vt,)/Q, where Q = perscripts, ‘i’ and ‘o’, are used, respectively, to denote the
1 - ViT - 2vrLV~r - 2VrrVrLVLr and vLTET = [Link] cracked inner concrete cylinder and the elastic outer
EL and ET are respectively, Young’s moduli in z- and one.
r-directions and the vii (i,j = T, L) are Poisson’s ratios Since parts (a) and (c) of the structure (Fig. 5) are
[16]. If the material is isotropic, cl1 = c33 = E( 1 - v)/ elastic, their analyses can be carried out directly based
((1 + v)(l - 2v)), ~12 = ~13 = vE/((l + v)(l - 2~)) and on the solutions presented in Section 2.1. As a result, the
G, = E/(2(1 + v)), w h ere E is Young’s modulus and v relevant stress expressions for parts (a) and (c) are as
the Poisson’s ratio of the material. follows:
Under generalized plane strain (if the dimension in For part (a)
z-direction of the RVE is large enough compared with
the dimensions in other two directions), the classical
Lame solution is appropriate. The following linearly (8)
independent solutions are respectively found [ 141:
For part (c)
d = Dlf r,
0,” Dl, - (1 - 2v)D2, $ + vD30
wf = D3fz 6 = E’ DI, + (1 - 2v)D2, $ + vD30 , (9)
and 11 0,” ( 2vD,, + (1 - v)Dg,

d2 where E’ = E/( (1 + v)(1 - 2~)). The unknown coeffi-

uc =D1,r+D2rr, cients Dd (i = 1,3) and Djo (j = 1,2,3) will be deter-
mined by introducing boundary conditions and the
w” = D3=z, (7) continuity conditions at interfaces. However, this can
246 J. Q. Ye, 2. J. Wu I Cement & Concrete Composites 22 (2000) 243-251

(a) (i) The total elongation in o-direction (circumferential

direction) in the cracked part is composed of IZ crack
opening displacements (6) and the elastic elongation is a
constant [17] and equals 27c~~&,, where E, is the ultimate
tensile strain of concrete, i.e.,
27CYiEc = I26 + 27CYE~.
(10)

Roughness Here EL is the elastic strain in circumferential direction of

the cracked part and is calculated by

(11)
(ii) To consider the tension-softening property of the
cracked concrete, an appropriate constitutive relation
for circumferential stress, i.e., c;(s), is assumed. In
present analysis, the following displacement-stress
constitutive relation for simple linear crack opening [lo]
(b) Elastic
is chosen.

r+fct 1 -f ) (14
( c1
where fCt is the tensile strength of concrete; 6, is the
critical length that can be calculated from the tensile
fracture energy of concrete [7,10].
(iii) A constant distribution of CJ:within the cracked
part is further assumed based on stress distributions (8)
and (9).
Substituting (11) into (10) and then taking derivation
with respect to r yield

n6’ + g [roe - v($ + wi)]’ = 0. (13)

Fig. 4. Splitting failure of bond of FRP rod and surrounding concrete: Substituting the derivation of Eq. (12) into (13) and
(a) longitudinal section with roughness; and (b) cross section indicating considering assumption (iii), i.e., r~: is a constant, one
material state.
has
(r - r,)(crs)’ = v0: - (1 + v)f_$,
only be done after considering the stress and displace-
ment distributions of the cracked part, Fig. 5(b). where r, = nE6,/(27tfct). Integrating both sides of above
The stress analysis on the splitting part (b) in Fig. 5 is equation and letting al, jr_, = fct at the interface give the
based on following assumptions: circumferential stress in the cracked part,

(a)
Fig. 5. Bond model for partly splitting of cracked FRP-concrete combined cylinder: (a) FRP rod; (b) cracked part of concrete; and (c) elastic part of
concrete.
 J. Q. Ye, Z. J. Wu I Cement & Concrete Composites 22 (2000) 243-251 241

Because of the continuity of radial displacements at

QL=l+v
JLT- (=J1’“($-&“-/“). (15) the interfaces of different parts of the concrete, the left-
hand side of (20) can be written as
Moreover, the equilibrium of the cracked part in r-
direction gives u’I,=,, - ztfl&,2 = &ri + D20 g - Off . (21)
I

The compatibility of the longitudinal displacements/

strains at interfaces requires
From (15) and (16) the radial stress in the cracked
concrete is E:lr+ = D3f (24

1 and
i
0, = ; Piri - JL
1 + v d z (I; - r) - (Yi - rc) [ 1 - (=)“I
{ & = D30. (23)

x (g&J} (17) The continuity conditions of radial stresses at Y= d/2

and r = rj give
To find the unknown constant, C$ in (15) and (17)
and also the unknown coefficients Dif (i = 1,3) and ‘&d/2 = g:ir=d,2> (24)

Djo (j= 1,2,3) in (6)-(9), the following strain-stress

relations of the cracked concrete are used so that all the aFlr,rz = OilrEr, = Pi. (25)
displacements can be represented in terms of these un-
known constants. As a criteria for crack development at r = ri, the
circumferential stress of concrete must satisfy
(18) g; L, = fct . (26)
The outer surface conditions of the cylinder can be
+T-VG-). (19) represented by either

In above equations the effect of circumferential stress is U011,D,2= %J (27)

ignored because of the presence of radial cracks. In- or
serting (15) and (17) into (18) and then integrating both
sides of the equation from r=dl2 to Y=ri, one has
depending on how the RVE is specified. u, and CJ,here
4y=rt- reflect the interactions between the RVE and its sur-
rounding materials and can be determined on the basis
of either the test results of carefully designed experi-
ments or an empirical selection of appropriate numerical
simulations.
After substituting (20) into (21), (19) into (22) and

I)
(23), (8) and (17) into (24) and (9) into (26), respectively,
Eqs. (21)<26), together with (27) or (28), give a set of
d/2 r(r - rc)’
linear equations from which the unknown constants,
(20) D, (i = 1,3), Djo (j = 1,2,3), CJ~and pi, can be solved.
For example, for a given displacement at the outer
Based on the stresses and displacements of all the three surface of the cylinder (27), the solutions are as follows:
parts of the combined cylinder, final solutions can be
found after introducing boundary conditions and the A$) = W, (29)
continuity conditions at interfaces. where

2.3. Boundary conditions {D) = [DIG D3f Dlo &o D30 g:/ht Pi/&IT>

The continuity conditions of stresses and displace- {F} = [F, F2 F3 (1 +v)(l -~v)E, (1 +v)E, 0 2~.4D]~
ments at interfaces between the cracked part and the two
adjacent parts in the RVE (Fig. 4) can be represented by (30)
Eqs. (21)-(25) shown below. and the matrix
248 J. Q. Ye, Z.J. Wu I Cement & Concrete Composites 22 (2000) 243-251

A= concrete are given [lo] by fct = 4 MPa, E = 30 GPa and

6, = 0.0725 mm. The Poisson’s ratio of the concrete is
1 0 -% -$ 0 A,6 E,%ln% assumed to be 0.15. The numerical calculation is carried
0 -1 0 0’OA*6 - 2rz
out only for the cylinder having the outer surface con-
cll+c12 u 0 0 0 vEc2z
“0 6 2 0 2v 0
A36 -&CT dition (28) specified by
- (1 +v)(l -2V)&,
0 0 0 $ 0 0 (1 + V)E, ~;/r,o,2 = 0. (32)
0 0 0 d l-E, YE,
0 0 l$OO 0 In the calculation, the number and the length of the
cracks in the concrete are used as parameters, against
(3 1) which stress distributions are shown in Figs. 6-13.
In Eqs. (30) and (31), Fig. 6 shows the changes of the internal pressure on
the inner surface of the cracked concrete (Fig. 5) against
2&c Yi - Yc
F,=--- crack radius. The results shown are for concrete having
v d different number of cracks (n = 1, 2 and 4) and no
Poisson’s effect in the cracked part of concrete. The
F

2
= 2%(C- rc) “1 FEM results shown in these figures for comparisons are
d [‘-($f$) 1’ from Olofsson et al. [lo]. In fact, letting v = 0 in (15) and
(17), the special forms of the solution for cracked con-
F

3
crete are identical to the ones given by Olofsson et al.
[lo], i.e.,

-1 -
u =o, - n=1, pest n-cm
----- n=2, - jlLm
_._._.- “=q pesent -
-m- n=i, Fmakdpis[lq
-2- -.- n=I?, FmLw+is[lq
-A- n=4, Favlindyss[lq

-3-

and E, =f,,/E is the tensile fracture strain of the con-

crete. If the boundary condition on the outer surface is
given by (28), Eq. (29) can still be used except that the
last element in Eq. (30) and the last row in matrix (31) 3
become o,/E’ and [0 0 1 - (1 - 2v)d2/D2 v 0 01, re-
spectively.
Once {D} is known, all stresses can be determined. Fig. 6. Variation of internal pressure p against crack radius (v = 0).
The pressure p on the FRP rod for a given crack radius
in concrete can then be obtained. The corresponding
loads acting on the ends of the RVE can also be calcu-
lated.
-1 .o

-1.5

3. Numerical results and discussions -4-5

1 -2.0
9.

Consider a combined cylinder with D = 80 mm and e!

-2.5

d= 16 mm (Fig. 4). The material constants of FRP rod 2

3 -3.0
are shown in Table 1 and the material properties of
lz -3.5

Table 1
II I I, I* I.1.I.
Engineering constants of FRP rod (T300 Graphite) 10 15 20 25 30 35 ’
Crack radius 5 (mm)
EL (GPa) ET (GPa) wr G, (GPa)

226 22 0.30 0.42 4.83 Fig. 7. Variation of internal pressure p against crack radius for dif-
ferent crack number (v = 0.15).
 J. Q. Ye, Z.J. Wu I Cement & Concrete Composites 22 (2000) 243-251 249

101
-.-.-._._._._.-._.
_,___._._._____
._.-. _._.L_._._._._
._._._.-.-.__._._._.-._._._._
./ ___________________________________________________.

” =0.15
-n=l u =0.15, ry=24mr
_____ "=* - n=l
__-____
"=4 _____ "=4

5 I , I
10 15 20
Crack radius 5 (mm) r(mm)
Fig. 11. Influence of crack number on (r, along r-direction of the
Fig. 8. Variation of average normal stress rr against crack radius.^
cylinder (v = 0.15).
(v=O.l5).

l-
o-

0
-1 -

-1 -
n=l, r;=24nm .I-=
. u=O.15, 5=24mn
-2 - - u =0.15
0" -2 - - n=l
---__ u=O
_____ "=4

-3 -

4’ I 1 I -41 6 I I I
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40

r0-N r (mm)
Fig. 9. Variation of or along r-direction of the cylinder with and Fig. 12. Influence of crack number on circumferential stress 00 along
without Poisson’s effect. r-direction of the cylinder (v = 0.15).

,_,_,_______
._.-.-.-.
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-
.-.-.-.-.-._._.
_._._._________._.___._._._._
1 __________--------------------____________________
1

LI 6.5
u =0.15, ,$=[Link]
n=l, q=24m 5 6.0
-n=l
_____ "=2
E 5.5
--__ "=4

g) 5.0

f
3 4.5

0 10 20 30 40 10 15 20

r(mm)
Crack radius 5 (mm)

Fig. 10. Variation of circumferential stress ~g along r-direction of the Fig. 13. The effect of longitudinal modulus of FRP rod on the vari-
cylinder with and without Poission’s effect. ation of average normal stress 0 (v = 0.15).
250 J. Q. Ye, Z.J. Wu I Cement & Concrete Composites 22 (2000) 243-251

i ri - r, ri = 24 mm for different numbers of cracks. The com-

ag=-
r - r,
fct> (33) parisons are made between the results for II = 1 and
IZ= 4. Obviously, the influence of the crack number IZis
+;p;+fct--(c - rc)
very small.
ln
~r - r,
r ri - r, . Fig. 13 presents results for the cylinder reinforced
with a FRP rod having different elastic constants. The
Consequently, Eqs. (lS)-(20) for this special case should
longitudinal elastic modulus EL used here is 10 times
also be changed accordingly. It is seen that the agree-
smaller than the one used previously. Comparing
ment between present results and the FEM ones is good
Fig. 13 with Fig. 8, the average normal stress a is de-
for small crack radius but less satisfactory in general
creased by up to 25% depending on the length of cracks.
when crack radius is large, particularly for IZ= 1. Olo-
It is also observed that the change of EL has very small
fsson et al. attributed such a disagreement to the purely
effects on the distributions of ar and aa (for which
academic nature of the splitting case and considered two
corresponding results are not presented). Since the in-
more ‘likely’ cases n = 2 and n = 4. The authors believe
ternal pressure p is the main concern in splitting anal-
that one of the main reasons for this disagreement is that
ysis, it may be concluded that unlike pull-out failure,
the effect of Poisson’s ratio and the compatibility of the
the anisotropic property of FRP reinforcement is not
longitudinal displacement at interface are not consid-
considered as a dominating factor in characterizing the
ered, which obviously affects the calculation of the in-
splitting failure.
ternal pressure p (see the comparison of Eqs. (17) and
(34)) especially when the crack number is small. It has
been observed that after considering the effect of Pois-
4. Conclusions
son’s ratio, the influence of the crack number on the
internal pressure p is reduced. Fig. 7 is the calculated
A modified theoretical model for the splitting analysis
results of the internal pressure p after considering
of FRP/concrete hybrid elements has been established in
Poisson’s ratio of the cracked part. It can be seen that
the paper. The new model enables Poisson’s effect and
although the internal pressure increases as the number
strain compatibility in longitudinal direction be included
of cracks increases, the differences in internal pressure
in the analysis.
are not significant.
Numerical results were obtained and compared with
For given crack lengths, Fig. 8 shows the average
those from the simple model [lo] where Poisson’s ratio
normal stresses on the ends of the RVE with the effect of
of cracked concrete and compatibility in longitudinal
Poisson’s ratio being considered. The average normal
direction of a RVE were ignored. It was observed that

d/2 rf D/2
stress is defined by
neglecting Poisson’s ratio of cracked concrete may yield

J J J
an underestimation of radial and circumferential stresses
2 airdr + 2 a:rdr + 2 azrdr
0 r,
and the material properties of FRP reinforcement play
d/2
an insignificant role in splitting failure of FRP/concrete
D2
= -a, hybrid structures.
4
The applied average tensile stress varies smoothly as the
growth of the crack radius. It can be observed that in Acknowledgements
general a larger applied force induces more cracks. This
is because that, as 0 increases, the circumferential stress The authors would like to acknowledge the support
o. will increase. When oa reaches the concrete strength, of EPSRC (Grant No. GR/L91450). The authors also
more cracks will be induced due to the stress redistri- wish to thank Prof. J.G. Cabrera for his invaluable
bution on the basis of the softening model (12). support during the course of this research.
Figs. 9 and 10 show the distributions of cr and 0~ on
the cross-section of the cylinder when the crack radius ri
is 24 mm and the crack number is one. The influence of References
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