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MUSIC Algorithm for DOA Estimation

This document outlines an assignment to implement the MUSIC algorithm to estimate the direction of arrivals (DOAs) of multiple narrowband signal sources using a sensor array. Students are instructed to simulate signal sources and sensor measurements, estimate the covariance matrix, recover the noise subspace to find the DOAs, and experiment with different system parameters. All code and a written report must be submitted on a CD for grading.

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Frank Nguyen
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91 views3 pages

MUSIC Algorithm for DOA Estimation

This document outlines an assignment to implement the MUSIC algorithm to estimate the direction of arrivals (DOAs) of multiple narrowband signal sources using a sensor array. Students are instructed to simulate signal sources and sensor measurements, estimate the covariance matrix, recover the noise subspace to find the DOAs, and experiment with different system parameters. All code and a written report must be submitted on a CD for grading.

Uploaded by

Frank Nguyen
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

MUSIC Algorithm Project

Dept. of Electrical engineering, Shiraz University

Instructor: Dr. Alireza Masnadi-Shirazi

Introduction
MUSIC stands for MUltiple SIgnal Classification. It is a subspace-based algorithm used for
estimating the direction of arrivals (DOA) of same-frequency narrowband sources arriving to a
sensor array. For simplicity we assume that the sensors form an array and are positioned in a
linear fashion, although more complicated array structures is possible. For additional reading
beyond what we have taught in class, you can go to the two references that comes with this
assignment.

General Assignment and Matlab Walkthrough


In this project you will do the following.

Step a: Simulate the narrowband sources

Lets assume in general there are Msensors and N sources and p being the number of time
snapshots. First you will construct the narrowband complex exponential source signals. It is
assumed that the frequency of all sources is 10^6 Hz and the sampling frequency at the sensors is
10^7 Hz. Lets for now assume each source has a random amplitude which is Gaussian
distributed with mean zero and variance 1. Also assume that all sources are independent of one
another. Lets start with M=10 and N=5 and p=100. In Matlab these N sources along with their p
snapshots can be constructed in matrix form as following.

p=100;% number of Snapshots


fs=10^7; %sampling Frequency
fc=10^6 ;%center Frequency of narrow band sources
M=10;%Number of array elements
N=5; %Number of sources
s_var=1; %variance of the amplitude of the sources
s=sqrt(svar)*randn(N,p).*exp(j*(2*pi*fc*repmat([1:p]/fs,N,1)));% p
snapshots of N narrowband sources with random amplitude of mean zero
and covariance I

Step b: Mix the sources using the Steering Matrix and get the sensor signals

Assume that the sensors are antennas and the sources travel with the speed of light. The Linear
array of antennas are each spaced 150 meters apart (you can experiment later that with increased
frequency of the sources you can afford the decrease the antenna spacing). We assume that
incident DOAs of the sources are 20,50,85,110,145 where each angle is with respect
to the reference shown below where the horizontal line is the line were are antennas are linearly
placed.

180 0

Now we can construct what is received at the antennas by multiplying the source signals by the
steering matrix. Also for now we assume that the variance of the noise is 1.

doa=[20;50;85;110;145]; % DOAs
c_speed=3*10^8 ; % speed of light
dist=150; %antenna spacing
A=zeros(M,N); %To create a matrix with M row and N column
for k=1:N
A(:,k)=exp(-j*2*pi*fc*dist*cosd(doa(k))*(1/c_speed)*[0:M-1]'); %NOTE:
cosd(.) is in angles and cos(.) is in radians!
end
noisecoeff=1; %variance of added noise
x=A*s+sqrt(noisecoeff)*randn(M,p);

Step c: Estimate the covariance matrix of the sensor array

So far from the code above we have 100 data snapshots of the 10 arrays stored as 10x100 matrix
in "x". It is expected that the columns of x have a mean of zero since it was originally
reconstructed with random variable of mean zeros. One way to estimate the covariance is
1 𝐻
through the summation 𝑅𝑥 = 100 ∑100 (𝑖) (𝑖)
𝑖=1 𝑥 𝑥 where 𝑥 (𝑖) is each snapshot data received at
the antennas and 𝑖 is the snapshot index. In other words in our code 𝑥 (𝑖) ′𝑠 are the columns of
the matrix x. instead of using the summation we can find 𝑅𝑥 in one step using the matrix x as
following

R=(x*x')/p %Empirical covariance of the antenna data

Step d: <CODE NOT PROVIDED> Find the noise subspace and estimate the DOAs

So we now have the data observed at the antennas concentrated in matrix R. The next step which
the code is not provided, is for you to perform the MUSIC algorithm in order to figure out the
DOAs. In summary here is what you need to do:

1- It is assumed that you know the number of sources, the array geometry and the center
frequency of the narrowband sources, but you do not know the DOAs and they need to be
estimated. Use the function svd or eig in matlab to find the noise subspace 𝑈2 of R. The noise
subspace is the subspace that corresponds to the M-N smallest eigen values of R.
2- Do a sweep on 𝜃 from 0 to 180 degrees with steps of 1 degree. For every 𝜃 construct a
steering vector as following 𝑎(𝜃) = [1 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)/𝑐 … 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑐(𝑀−1)𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)/𝑐 ]𝑇 . In the case
where there is no added noise, the inner product of 𝑎(𝜃) and the noise subspace is zero for the
correct DOAs. Now for the case where noise is present, the norm of the inner product of the
𝑀 × 1 steering vector 𝑎(𝜃) and the 𝑀 × (𝑀 − 𝑁) noise subspace Matrix 𝑈2 should be minimum
for the correct N DOAs. We can reformulate it into a maximum finding approach as follows

1 − 𝑑𝑜 𝑎 𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑜𝑛 𝜃

1
2 − 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝜃 ′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑁 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑠 𝑜𝑓
||𝑎(𝜃)𝐻 𝑈2 ||2

Step e: Repeat the experiment for different parameters

Repeat the experiment for different parameter sets as following

1- Repeat the experiment for noise variances being 1, 5, 10, 20, 35, 50 and answer the following.
a) How does noise effect the performance of the algorithm?
b) for low noises How can the number of Sources be estimated ? Hint: look at the eigen
values.

2- For noise variance being 5, repeat the experiment for inter-spacing between antennas of 50
100 150 200 250 meters. What do you observe?

3- For noise variance being 5, repeat the experiment for the variance of the amplitude of sources
being 0.01, 0.1, 1, 5, 10. What do you observe?

What to turn in
All code should be submitted as one single matlab file. Avoid using inter linked functions. Your
report should be typed up (in farsi or english) and in .doc or .pdf format. Everything should be
on a CD and project number written on the CD.

DO IT YOURSELF: All Codes and reports will be cross checked, any similar code or
report will be given a grade of zero for both sides :(

Common questions

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The covariance matrix in the MUSIC algorithm is crucial because it characterizes the received data at the sensor. The matrix computation reflects the energy distribution over different paths and noise levels. By performing spectral decomposition, the signal subspace, which contains significant energy, can be separated from the noise subspace. The algorithm leverages this separation to identify the DOA by minimizing the noise contribution, thereby allowing the projection of the steering vector against this noise subspace, and identifying peaks in the spectrum that correspond to the direction of the incoming signals .

In the MUSIC algorithm, the noise subspace, consisting of the eigenvectors associated with the smallest eigenvalues of the covariance matrix, is orthogonal to the signal subspace. By constructing steering vectors across potential angles and computing their projection onto this noise subspace, the algorithm can identify angles where this projection is minimal, indicating alignment with actual DOAs. This method effectively isolates signal directions from noise contributions .

Code and reports for the MUSIC algorithm should be prepared with consideration for clarity, structure, and compliance with format guidelines (e.g., MATLAB files and typed reports in English or Farsi). Originality is emphasized to ensure individual understanding and integrity of academic work, discouraging plagiarism and fostering personal development in applying algorithmic concepts—critical in engineering education .

Varying the variance of source amplitudes affects the relative strength and quality of the signals received by the sensors. A higher variance leads to more distinct signal energy levels versus noise, which can improve the algorithm's ability to separate signal and noise subspaces and identify correct DOA estimates. Lower variance may cause signal energies to be overwhelmed by noise, making estimation less reliable .

The advantage of the MUSIC algorithm over simpler DOA estimation methods is its high-resolution capability, especially in scenarios with multiple closely spaced sources. Unlike simple beamforming techniques that may fail to resolve sources that are close in angle, MUSIC excels by leveraging subspace orthogonality between signal and noise. This allows for precise detection of multiple signals even under challenging conditions, provided the assumptions (e.g., known number of sources) are met .

Repeating the experiment with varying noise variances and antenna spacings is necessary to evaluate the robustness and adaptability of the MUSIC algorithm under different conditions. Changes in noise variance help analyze sensitivity to noise levels, crucial for understanding performance in practical environments. Similarly, different antenna spacings can provide insights into spatial resolution capabilities and limitations, enabling optimization of sensor deployment for diverse applications .

The MUSIC algorithm estimates the directions of arrival (DOA) by exploiting the eigenstructure of the covariance matrix of sensor array measurements. By separating the signal and noise subspaces, the algorithm computes the pseudo-spectrum over a range of possible angles and identifies peaks corresponding to the source DOAs. The steering matrix is used to model the signal's effect at different angles, and the noise subspace, associated with the smallest eigenvalues of the covariance matrix, is used to identify the nulls. This method effectively isolates the angle of arrival for each source .

Variations in noise levels impact the MUSIC algorithm's precision in estimating the number of sources. With lower noise levels, the eigenvalues corresponding to the noise are distinguishable from those of the signal, allowing clearer separation of the signal and noise subspaces, which aids in accurately estimating the number of sources from the number of significant eigenvalues. As noise levels increase, this separation becomes less distinct, making it challenging to differentiate which eigenvalues represent true signals versus noise .

Antenna spacing influences the resolution and ambiguity in direction finding of the MUSIC algorithm. Smaller spacing increases the likelihood of mutual coupling effects but may enhance resolution within practical limits, whereas larger spacing might lead to spatial aliasing, making it difficult to accurately resolve closely spaced sources due to grating lobes. Thus, experimenting with inter-element distances, such as 50, 100, or 250 meters, can help balance these effects for optimal DOA estimation .

Key assumptions include: the sources being narrowband with known frequencies, the number of sources is known, and the signals are uncorrelated. The sensor array must also have a regular geometry, typically linear. The sources must arrive at the array from different directions, and the noise over the sensors is assumed to be uncorrelated and Gaussian. These conditions help ensure the accuracy of subspace separation .

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