IJSART - Volume 7 Issue 7 – JULY 2021 ISSN [ONLINE]: 2395-1052

Review on Non Linear Dynamic Analysis of Precast

Retaining Wall
Miss. Gitanjali Gangadhar Ghumare1, Mr. S. N. Daule2, Mr. Jaideep Babasaheb Dangat3
1, 2
Dept of Civil Engineering
1, 2
[Link] Vikhe Patil College of Engineering, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
3
Quantity Surveyor (AIQS)/Estimator, Tandem Property Services Pvt. Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia2

Abstract- The global utilization of keeping walls has In contrast, widespread concrete is poured into
stimulated a study for suitable, clean, rapid and cost-effective website-specific forms and cured on websites online. Modular
new methods of wall creation. Mortarless technology the use creation has been broadly adopted for low-to-medium-upward
of interlocking bricks is very promising amongst many thrust homes, however pretty constrained for high rises. A
technologies. This will simplest be performed with the idea particular knowledge gap is living with the lateral force
and implementation of sustainability of wall toward the strain resistance of modular excessive-rises. Maximum such
exerted by using soil. The examination accomplished and buildings adopt solid-in-situ cores for lateral force resisting,
shown in this paper is one such paradigm closer to the which remains labour-in depth. This paper's objective is to
sustainability of the wall. They have a look at in this paper is expand a new lateral force resisting gadget the use of precast
done on the layout idea, modeling of the interlocking shear walls as a part of the modules for excessive rises.
structural block, the use of it as a keeping wall. The strength
parameters of these walls are checked via the ANSYS software A. Retaining wall
program. Similarly, observe pondered that the application of
interlocking structural block special below no longer handiest Retaining walls are exceedingly rigid walls used for
increases electricity however additionally decreases the supporting soil laterally so that they may be retained at
number of human exertions required. Those blocks can specific stages on the 2 sides. Preserving walls are systems
without difficulty switch from one region to any other. This designed to restrain soil to a slope that it'd no longer naturally
report is ready for such interlocking walling generation and preserve to (generally a steep, close to-vertical or vertical
especially: a way to improve the speed of wall construction, slope). They're used to sure soils among exceptional
the effects of brick layout on wall alignment accuracy and elevations regularly in areas of terrain owning unwanted
wall conduct (precept strain, deformation) whilst situation to slopes or in areas wherein the panorama desires to be formed
lateral forces. This research paper consists of an analytical severely and engineered for extra precise functions like
study of a keeping wall made of the interlocking precast hillside farming or roadway overpasses.
structural blocks and an assessment of the RCC wall to
precast for a few design parameters. B. Classification of retaining wall

Keywords- ANSYS, Precast Elements, Retaining Walls, • Gravity wall-Masonry or Plain concrete
Stability • Cantilever retaining wall-RCC (Inverted T and L)
• Counterfort retaining wall-RCC
I. INTRODUCTION • Buttress wall-RCC

The concept of precast construction includes those C. Methodology

buildings, in which most people of structural additives are
standardized and produced in vegetation in a region away • Study of precast system with interlocking blocks.
from the construction, and then transported to the web page • Design and analyze precast retaining walls with
for assembly. Those components are synthetic by using interlocking structural blocks in ANSYS software.
industrial methods based totally on mass manufacturing as a • Compare these walls for two cases:
way to construct a huge range of homes in a brief time at a CASE A: All sides are fixed.
low cost. Precast concrete is a production product produced by CASE B: The only bottom is fixed.
casting concrete in reusable mildew or "shape" that's then • Case A and case B analyzed with the five conditions as
cured in controlled surroundings, transported to the follows:
development website online and lifted into place. 1. Dry leveled backfill.

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2. Moist two-layered leveled backfill. same finite element software (GEO5), taking into account
3. Submerged leveled backfill. common parameters for the soil stress, the strength properties
4. Leveled backfill with uniform surcharge of the soil mass, the wall material as well as the diameter of
5. Backfill with the inclined surface the reinforcing steel bars, so that the results can be
• Compare precast retaining wall and RCC wall of height comparable. The market research that followed produced
5m to El Centro data to check the stability of wall to interesting conclusions on the comparison of the cost
earthquake forces, under dynamic loading conditions. estimates for the three retaining walls. [3]

II. STATE OF DEVELOPMENT Seungho Kim, Dong-Eun Lee, Yonggu Kim and Sangyong
Kim (2020) The construction of most apartment underground
Young Je Kim, Hyuk Sang Jung, Yong Joo Lee, Dong parking lots utilizes reinforced concrete (RC) structures
Wook Oh, Min Son and Hwan Hee Yoon (2020) These composed mainly of rebar work and formwork. RC structures
walls are advantageous because they can be used not only in lower construction efficiency and significantly delay
simple construction compared with reinforced concrete construction because they require a large number of temporary
retaining walls but also when the height of the wall needs to materials and wooden formwork. In this study, a precast
be higher. However, unlike reinforced concrete retaining concrete double-wall (PCDW) system was developed to
walls, in which the walls are integrated and resist the earth address the existing problems of RC structures and to improve
pressure on the back, the block-type reinforced earth retaining the productivity of retaining wall construction. PCDW is a
wall method secures its structural stability by the frictional precast concrete (PC) wall in which two thin concrete panels
force between the buried land and reinforcements. [1] are connected parallel to each other with truss-shaped
reinforcement between them. PCDW can contribute to
Bora Pulatsu, Seunghee Kim, Ece Erdogmus1, and Paulo securing integrity, reducing the delay in construction, and
B. Lourenço (2020) This study expands further the use of the improving quality. An overall process for the member design
mixed discrete-continuum (MDC) approach for the analysis of and construction stage of the PCDW system was proposed,
7 masonry retaining walls. Particular contributions include the and its improvement effects were examined regarding various
incorporation of soil plasticity, irregular wall 8 morphology, aspects in comparison to the RC method. [4]
and an application of the approach to a real-life scenario to
identify the causes of observed 9 damage patterns. Backfill Reza Hassanli, Md Rajibul Karim(&), Md Mizanur
soil is simulated via a deformable continuous medium, while Rahman, Arman Kamalzadeh, Julie Mills, and Mehdi
masonry units are 10 represented as polyhedral rigid blocks, Javadi (2019) This paper introduces an innovative system of
interacting with each other. Upon the validation, the MDC retaining walls named “pre-stressed segmental retaining walls
approach 11 is used to simulate the behavior of a historical (PSRWs)”. In this system, interlocking blocks are assembled
masonry retaining wall, suffering from severe cracks, large 12 together with dry joints (mortarless) and the integrity of the
deflections, and even a partial collapse due to material wall is maintained by pre-stressing forces. The proposed
degradation and differential soil settlement. [2] system has a collection of advantages over the conventional
systems for the construction of cantilever retaining walls or
Aikaterini Alexiou, Dimos Zachos, Nikolaos Alamanis, mechanically stabilized earth walls. In particular precast
Ioannis Chouliaras and Grigorios Papageorgiou concrete/masonry segments can be incorporated which
(2020) Retaining walls are considered all technical works, reduces the construction time and cost for cantilever type
which allow the implementation of a sharp change in the level structures and if combined with a mechanically stabilized
of the earth's surface, in such a way that the ground- earth wall system, it can reduce the number of layers of
construction system presents limited displacement or is reinforcement and add flexibility to the design. [5]
marginally restrained. Support structures are mainly used in
cases of disruption of soil continuity resulting from an S. S. Deshmukh, Prof. G. H. Kumbhar, Prof. M. N.
excavation, below the natural surface of the ground, such as Shirsath (2019) in this project, the attempt is made to analyze
when building roads in difficult geographical terrain with the structure when the infill wall is modeled using interlocking
steep slopes. It is also common for them to be used in the blocks. In this study building frame, wall, foundation, the soil
construction of basements in urban areas when there are other is modeled using ANSYS Civil FEM software. In analyzing
buildings or roads around the perimeter. The purpose of the the building different conditions considered are (a) Single
present work is to compare the cost of constructing three story with single-bay frame without considering the
retaining walls (gravity, cantilever, braced) subject to identical interlocking infill on well-graded soil with earthquake load
ground pressures. The retaining walls were designed using the along x-direction; (b) Single bay frame with interlocking infill

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walls built along x-direction; (c) Single bay frame with brick cantilever retaining wall from the structural point of view. It
infill walls built along x-direction; (d) Single story with has the advantages of quick and convenient construction,
single-bay frame without considering the interlocking infill controllable quality and beautiful appearance, and excellent
with earthquake load along z-direction;(e) Single story single ecological effects and other advantages. In this paper, the
bay frame with interlocking infill walls built along z-direction; finite element method is used to analyze the nonlinear contact
(f) ) Single story single bay frame with brick infill walls built stress distribution between the soil and the structure of the
along z-direction on gravel well-graded soil. The static retaining wall in honeycomb block to confirm the structural
nonlinear analysis is used to analyze the model. The stability of the ecological retaining wall. The results show that
displacement and stress results obtained along with different the soil arching phenomenon occurs in the soil pressure behind
coordinates are studied and compared. [6] the retaining wall of the honeycomb block. The soil pressure
near the height of 1/3 retaining wall is higher than the active
Ganesh C. Chikute and Ishwar P. Sonar (2019) For a earth pressure, but the combined force of the soil pressure and
particular local condition selection of inappropriate the action point and the Coulomb active earth pressure are
conventional methods used in the construction of retaining basically the same. The stress distribution of the wall is similar
wall proves not only time consuming but also costlier due to to that of the cantilever beam, and stress concentration occurs
the transportation of required materials and its associated cost. at the joint of the block. [9]
Selecting the most technically appropriate, safe and cost-
effective system out of the various available types including Mubeena Salam and S. Siva Rama Krishana (2018) In the
rubble masonry gravity wall, RCC cantilever wall, RCC soft story, columns are severely stressed and unable to provide
counterfort wall and gabion retaining wall is a rigorous task. adequate shear resistance during the earthquake. Hence a
While performing the design procedure the input data combination of two structural system components i.e., Rigid
including height, backfill, foundation strata and loading frames and RC shear walls or Rigid frames and Bracings leads
conditions are kept constant for all the four types of retaining to a highly efficient system in which shear wall and bracings
walls. From the design output in the form of section and steel, resist the majority of the lateral loads and the frame supports a
it is observed that the retaining wall of Gabion type proves majority of the gravity loads. [10]
economical and effective compared to other walls considered
for analysis. The locally available materials are the key Mohammad Vekas Wani1 and Mr. Chitranjan Kumar
elements that can be used in the construction of gabion walls (2018) the provision of affordable housing for these poor
makes the project time-bound and cost-effective. [7] people needs to be facilitated by certain provisions. This can
be possible only by introducing such technologies and
Moamen E. Abd El Raouf (2019) Structures that are built to materials that can be beneficial for building low-cost houses.
retain vertical or nearly vertical earth banks or any other Researchers worldwide have made significant efforts to find
material are called retaining walls. Retaining walls may retain sustainable and affordable technologies to arrest the situation.
water also. The earth retained may be natural soil or fill. Some The appropriate solution for affordable housing will vary from
of the purposes for which retaining walls to basements are one location to another. Some general rules, however, apply to
subject to lateral pressure from retained earth, liquids or a construction methods and housing systems. [11]
combination of soil and water. At a certain depth, the residual
lateral pressure may be high enough to cause passive failure in Aram Mohammed Raheem (2018) A numerical method
the soil behind the retaining wall. The present paper analyses through finite element(FEM) with two models: Elastic
the effect of compaction of the backfill behind the retaining &Equivalent Linear was used to investigate the seismic
walls. The values of the residual lateral earth pressure induced behavior of retaining wall supporting saturated, liquefiable,
by common compacting equipment the most parts of the world cohesionless backfill soil. Horizontal/Vertical displacement,
especially in Egypt are calculated by the classical methods pore water pressure, horizontal total stress in the soil at the
(the method of Canadian code of Practice). The study face of the wall, and Max. Shear stress in the soil at the base
compares the method of Canadian Practice results and the was measured. It was shown that the Equivalent model gives
results of the analysis using the finite element to enhance the more reasonable results and the liquefaction zones are
method of calculation the lateral earth pressure due to concentrated in the passive side more than the active side. [12]
compaction. [8]
Ryszard Chmielewski (2018) During The Second World War
Xiong Zhang, Xiaoping Zhang, Xuanbo Qi and Nansheng many of these historic buildings in Warsaw were completely
Li (2019) Retaining wall in Honeycomb block is an ecological or partially destroyed and until these days their remains
wall. It combines the advantages of gravity retaining wall and constitute elements of the existing building development of

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the capital of Poland. This may be connected with a change the bearing capacity of the constituent elements of the precast
like applied loads as well as the current functions of these nail wall, an experimental study coupled with a numerical
buildings. The results of expert opinions and investigations are simulation has been conducted in the laboratory on a single
presented, regarding the operational and technical state of two precast slab. This study allows the evaluation of the load
retaining walls submitted to an expert before the repair works. associated to crack initiation and the bearing capacity
When designing the design concept, both the historic character associated with the ultimate state, at the scale of the
of structures, the technical feasibility of performing constituent elements. Finally, to evaluate the behaviour of the
construction works in the densely urbanized area, as well as two concepts of nail walls in the case of extreme solicitation, a
determining water and ground conditions were considered. dynamic loading induced by an explosion has been conducted
The first of the analyzed cases concerns the retaining wall on the site. [15]
localized in the vicinity of Ordynacka Street and Tamka street.
After analyzing the historical aerial photographs, it was found Ashutosh Kumar and P. Roy (2017) A copula-based
that the retaining wall constitutes an underground part of the approach is presented to investigate the impact of copulas for
apartment house destroyed during the warfare. [13] modeling trivariate distributions on system reliability under
incomplete probability information. The objective of this
D.R. Dhamdhere, Dr. V. R. Rathi and Dr. P. K. Kolase study is to use the trivariate copula concept in a common
(2018) A retaining wall is a structure designed to sustain the geotechnical problem like retaining wall to make it more
earth behind it. It retains a steep faced slope of an earth mass realistic and efficient since the conventional design method
against rupture of slopes faced slopes in cuts and fills and considers only lumped factor of safety. We have treated three
against sliding down. The retained material exerts a push on parameters i.e., cohesion, internal angle of friction and unit
structures and this tends to overturn and slide it. This paper weight of soil material as random variables, other parameters
consists of analysis and design of cantilever and relieving are assumed as constant. [16]
platform retaining wall with the varying height from 3m to
10m and SBC 160KN/m2. It also shows comparative study S. K. Ghosh Ned M. Cleland Clay J. Naito (2017) This
such as cost, economy, bending moment, stability against report was produced by the Applied Technology Council
overturning &sliding between both the retaining wall. The (ATC). While endeavoring to provide practical and accurate
comparative study is carried out along with the cost and information, ATC, the authors, and the reviewers assume no
optimum or least cost estimate is chosen as the best option. In liability for, nor express or imply any warranty concerning, the
this paper, it is also shown that the relieving platform retaining information contained herein. Users of information in this
wall is economical, more stable than the cantilever retaining report assume all liability arising from such use. It intended to
wall and it also relives the bending moment of the heel imply that such software, equipment, instruments, or materials
portion. [14] are necessarily the best available for the purpose. [17]

T T Bui , H V Tran , A Limam, M Bost, Q B Bui, P Bhavani Shankar and Anusha (2016) in this study, attempt
Robit (2018) A new concept for the soil nail walls is here is made to analyze the structure when the infill wall is
proposed and validated through experimental and numerical modeled using interlocking blocks. In this study building
approaches. This process, based on the use of precast elements frame, wall, foundation, the soil is modeled using ANSYS
that are easier to install, is cheaper and more aesthetic than the civil FEM software. In analyzing the building different
classical methods, but the main advantage is reducing the conditions considered are Single story with single-bay frame
cement consumption which conducts to divided carbon without considering the interlocking infill on Gravel well-
footprint by three. To characterize the structural capacity of graded soil with earthquake load along with x-direction Single
this new process, this article presents an investigation on bay frame with interlocking infill walls built along x-direction;
two in-situ representative walls, one in shotcrete which is the Single bay frame with brick infill walls built along x-direction;
old way of construction, and the other, consisting the precast Single storey with single-bay frame without considering the
reinforced concrete slabs, which is the new process. We thus interlocking infill with earthquake load along with z-direction
have a demonstrator on a real scale, and perfectly Single story single bay frame with interlocking infill walls
representative, since the constructive modes, as well as the built along the z-direction. [18]
mechanical, thermal, and hydric loadings are the real ones
associated with the environment in situ. Substantial Machhindra S. Purkar and Sunil Kute (2015) In this paper
instrumentation has been realized over a long period (nearly 2 a rigid wall retaining a reinforced backfill with self-weights as
years), enabling to follow the evolution of the displacements well as with a uniform surcharge load has been analyzed by
of each wall and the efforts in the anchor nails. To determine finite element method. The reinforcement is assumed in the

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form of strips that are not attached to the wall. Analyses are utilizing a variable amplitude harmonic vibration using the
performed using a software code that is developed in finite element analysis package, PLAXIS V8. From the study,
FORTRAN-77 and validated for reported case histories in the it was found that there is a significant effect of seismic loading
literature. This study also can be extended to the other types of on the response of reinforced soil walls and the analyses and
reinforced earth systems like segmental walls, mechanically design of these walls are to be done only after considering the
stabilized reinforced earth walls, etc. The system is modeled dynamic earthquake loading in seismic prone areas. [23]
as a plane strain two-dimensional problem. [19]
Jiri Witzany, Tomas Cejka And Radek Zigler (2010) In
Zoran Bonic Zoran Bonic Nebojsa Davidovic, Verka particular the determination of residual strength and modulus
Prolovic, Nikola Romic (2015) in contemporary construction of elasticity in compression included research oriented
practice is increasingly being applied flexible retaining towards the effect of moisture and porosity on the respective
structures of mechanically stabilized earth, gabions and characteristics of masonry units – bricks, sandstone and
precast elements. Although widely used only recently, their arenaceous mark partial results published in and in this paper
benefits are proven and widely accepted. The first part of the testify to the need for further research into the effects of
paper provides an overview of the possible ways of using porosity, moisture and chemist on the development of
precast elements in the construction of retaining walls. The characteristics of building materials applied on historical
second part gives a detailed overview of the experimental structures. [24]
testing of the stability of retaining walls of prefabricated Beton
Blok elements. [20] E. Guler, M. Hamderi and M. M. Demirkan (2007) the
failure mechanisms of reinforced soil segmental walls with
Bindurani.P, A. Meher Prasad, Amlan K. Sengupta extensible reinforcements were studied by performing a
(2013) Precast concrete systems represent an efficient numerical analysis using the finite element method. The
alternative for building construction. The behavior of a precast numerical approach was first verified against the results of
system depends on connections and it should be modeled three instrumented full-scale structures reported in the
properly in the computational models for analysis and design. literature. Finite element models with different combinations
This study presents the modeling of connections in a wall-type of reinforcement spacing, reinforcement length and backfill
precast building system. A case study on a 23-storeyed soil were analyzed. The –c reduction method, which is a
building, made up of precast wall panels and slabs, to study special shear strength parameter reduction technique, was
the modeling of vertical joints in terms of shear transfer, is applied to simulate the failure conditions. [25]
presented in the paper. Two computational models were
investigated to find the effect of modeling the vertical joints Stefano Pampanin (2005) In this paper, an overview of
between the wall panels, on the drifts and the generated forces recent developments and on-going research on precast
in the walls. It was observed that the model, which was not concrete buildings with jointed ductile connections, relying on
considering any shear transfer through the vertical joints, tends the use of unbounded post-tensioned tendons with self-
to provide conservative results in terms of the amount of steel centering capabilities, is given. A critical discussion on the
requirement. [21] conceptual behavior, design criteria and modeling aspects is
carried out along with an update on current trends in major
Fabio Biondini, Alessandro Palermo & Giandomenico international seismic code provisions to incorporate these
Toniolo (2010) this paper aims to investigate the seismic emerging systems. Examples of existing on-site applications
performance of this type of structure considering the material based on a recently developed cable-stayed and suspended
degradation induced by the diffusive attack of aggressive solution for frame systems are provided as further
agents, like sulphate and chloride, that may lead to confirmation of the easy constructability and speed of erection
deterioration of concrete and corrosion of reinforcement. The of the overall system. [26]
time-variant structural performance of the critical cross-
sections of the columns, where plastic hinges are expected to III. CONCLUSION
occur during a seismic event, is investigated in terms of
bending moment versus curvature relationships. [22] This paper focuses only on the literature review of
previously published studies. The gap findings of this study
Anitha Nelson And P. K. Jayasree (2010) This paper the presence of masonry infill influences the overall behaviour
discusses the response of these walls in terms of lateral facing of structures when subjected to lateral forces Joint. When
deflection, reinforcement tensile force and crest surface compared the displacement result of the frame with an
settlement when subjected to seismic loading simulated interlocking block wall, brick wall, and frame without any

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infill wall (bare frame) it has been observed. Numerical [9] Xiong Zhang, Xiaoping Zhang “Safety Analysis Of
analysis based, on the one hand, on mathematical models and, Retaining Wall Structure In Honeycomb Block” Hans
on the other hand, on insufficiently accurate material and Journal of Civil Engineering 2019, pp 1-10.
physical models, may lead to erroneous conclusions, but it [10] Salam, Mubeena, and S. Siva Rama. Seismic Analysis of
may also be the cause of a faulty reconstruction concept and a Interlocking Blocks in Walls. no. 05, 2018, pp. 398–401,
subsequent appearance of structural failures and defects. The doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.15483.67363.
conceptual innovation introduced by capacity design [11] Mohammad Vekas Wani, Open, International, and Access
principles as part of the design approach for ductile systems Journal. International Journal of Trend in Scientific
has led in the mid-1970s to the revolutionary implication in Research and Development (IJTSRD) HPLC: Principle
seismic design philosophy. The future scope for the study is and Maintenance with Application. 2018, pp. 1618–26.
that one can analyze precast retaining wall built using [12] Aram Mohammed Raheem “Experimental and numerical
interlocking blocks on ANSYS software for maximum evaluations of Kirkukfield soil treated with waste
principal stress, normal stress, and deformation and compare shredded tire” International Journal of Engineering &
the results with the RCC wall to see which is more Technology 2018 pp 1-8.
economical. Further compare both walls with El Centro data [13] Ryszard Chmielewski “Analysis of retaining wall stability
to check earthquake stability, under dynamic loading in areas specified in register of objects of cultural
conditions. heritage” MATEC Web of Conferences ECCE 2018, pp
1-10.
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