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Surveying Concepts and Classifications

This document contains an assignment submission from a student named Maria Cassandra Kichelle P. Rodil. It addresses 6 questions about surveying topics. The questions cover definitions of surveying, distinguishing between different types of surveying like geodetic and plane surveying, explaining terms like topographical and cadastral surveying, fundamental surveying principles, classifications of surveying based on instruments and objectives, and distinguishing between plans and maps.

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28 views4 pages

Surveying Concepts and Classifications

This document contains an assignment submission from a student named Maria Cassandra Kichelle P. Rodil. It addresses 6 questions about surveying topics. The questions cover definitions of surveying, distinguishing between different types of surveying like geodetic and plane surveying, explaining terms like topographical and cadastral surveying, fundamental surveying principles, classifications of surveying based on instruments and objectives, and distinguishing between plans and maps.

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凯凯
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© All Rights Reserved
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Available Formats
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Name: Maria Cassandra Kichelle P.

Rodil
Section: BSCE(2D)
AdDU gmail address: mckprodil@[Link]

Assignment No. 1

1. What is Surveying? State its objects and uses?

- To calculate the relative positions of any objects or points on the globe. Its use is to
calculate the distance and angle between two things. A survey aims to create a plan or map
that can depict the region on a horizontal plane. A method, often known as a map, is a flat
projection of an area that solely indicates horizontal distances between points. Contour
lines, hachures, and other approaches are used to illustrate vertical distances between the
locations.

2. Distinguish between geodetic surveying and plane surveying.

- The method of surveying on the assumption that the earth is flat is known as plane
surveying, which means that the earth's curvature or spherical form is ignored in plane
surveying calculations. Geodetic surveying is a kind of surveying that takes into account the
earth's curvature or spherical shape. Geodetic provides the precise locations of points
determined by plane surveying.

3. Explain the terms topographical surveying and cadastral surveying.

- The recording of coordinates and height data for a specific survey region is known as a
topographic survey. This information may produce spot height maps, contour maps, or
more sophisticated terrain models for the area studied. To create a plan/map of a region
that incorporates both natural and artificial elements and elevation. Land surveying, also
known as property survey, boundary survey, or cadastral survey, determines the borders
and areas of land parcels.

4. What are the fundamental principles of surveying? Explain briefly.


- Working from the start to the end. The survey job must be completed from beginning to end,
as the term suggests. It implies that when a large region needs to be surveyed, first, a system of
control points is developed to ensure that the whole area is covered with greater precision. The
fundamental concept behind this approach is to avoid excessive error accumulation and hence
regulate and pinpoint small mistakes.

Measurement from two points of reference to locate a topic. According to this concept, the
relative location of the target points to be surveyed must be determined by collecting
measurements from at least two (ideally three) reference points. The reference points'
positions are already set.

Workplace Consistency. It is essential to highlight that maintaining consistency in the


technique, equipment, reading, and recording observations, among other things, aids in
achieving the required degree of accuracy.

Independent Verification. The primary idea that is commonly used to prevent errors in survey
work is a separate check. According to this concept, every measurement made in the field must
be double-checked using appropriate independent field tests and observation techniques to
avoid errors.

Precision is required. According to this surveying concept, the correct approach and equipment
for survey work must be employed based on the degree of accuracy necessary.

5. Discuss the classifications of surveying based on the following:

a. Instruments used
n alternative classification may be based upon the instruments or methods employed, the
chief types being:

1. Chain survey. Chain surveying is a type of surveying that solely takes linear
measurements in the field. This is appropriate for surveying small regions with minimal
features and a somewhat level area.

2. Theodolite survey. A theodolite is a surveying tool that uses a small low telescope to
move between the horizontal and vertical planes to detect horizontal and vertical angles.

3. Traverse survey. Traverse surveying is divided into two categories. A closed traverse
occurs when the lines create a circuit that terminates at the beginning location. An open
traversal occurs when the pipes are forming a circuit end somewhere other than the
beginning location.

4. Triangulation survey. Triangulation is a surveying technique that involves measuring the


angles created by three survey control points in a triangle. Each of the computed distances
is then used as one of the sides of a new triangle to calculate distances to a unique point,
which may then be used to start a new triangle.

5. Tacheometric survey. Tacheometry is a type of angular surveying in which the horizontal


and vertical distances are measured using optical instruments rather than the traditional
method.

6. Plane table survey. Plane table surveying is a graphical surveying approach in which field
measurements and plotting are done simultaneously. It is more practical and cheaper than
the Theodolite survey, although it is best suited to small-scale surveys.

7. Photogrammetric survey. Photogrammetry is a technique for conducting surveys and


creating maps using photos. Gathering reliable data on any entity is an art, science, and
technology. This approach entails keeping track of, measuring, and assessing both terrestrial
and aerial pictures.

8. Aerial survey. The aerial survey gathers geomatics or other imagery using planes,
helicopters, uncrewed airborne vehicles (UAVs), balloons, or different aerial approaches.
Photogrammetric technology and methodologies offer measurements on aerial pictures.
Aerial surveys can provide a lot of information that isn't apparent from the ground.

b. Objective of survey and

Engineering Survey. This is undertaken to determine quantities or to afford sufficient data


to design engineering works such as roads and reservoirs or those connected with sewage
disposal or water supply.

Military Survey. Used for determining points of strategic importance.

Mine Survey. Used for exploring mineral wealth.

Geological Survey. Used for determining different strata in the earth's crust.

Archaeological Survey. Used for unearthing relics of antiquity.

c. Methods employed
On this basis, surveying is classified as triangulation and traversing.

Triangulation: Control points are constructed using a network of triangles in this approach.

Traversing: This method of determining control points is made up of linked characteristics


based on linear and angular measurements. A closed traversal occurs when the end line hits
the beginning point. It's called an open traversal if it doesn't finish.

6. Distinguish between plans and maps


A map represents or sketches the earth's surface, or a portion of it, on a flat surface to a scale.
A plan is a representation of a small region on a large scale. In simpler terms, maps provide a
detailed description of a more extensive section of the globe, while a plan gives little
information about a specific tiny area.

Common questions

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Scale is crucial because it determines the level of detail present in the depiction: maps illustrate larger areas with more general descriptions due to a smaller scale, while plans focus on smaller regions with detailed specifications due to a larger scale. This distinction affects the utility and application of each in various surveying contexts .

Photogrammetric and aerial surveys collect data using imagery from aerial sources such as planes, UAVs, and balloons. Photogrammetry specifically uses photographs to measure and record distances, while aerial surveys gather spatial data that is difficult to capture from the ground. Both methods contrast with traditional land surveys that rely on ground-based measurements .

Independent verification enhances reliability by validating each field measurement through independent tests and observation techniques, reducing errors. This systematic check strengthens confidence in the data's accuracy and ensures any discrepancies can be identified and corrected before data compilation and analysis .

Triangulation uses a network of triangles to establish control points, leveraging angular measurements between known points, suitable for large-scale surveys. Traversing, on the other hand, involves creating a series of connected lines using linear and angular measurements, with closed traverses forming a polygon and open traverses not returning to the starting point, making it adaptable for smaller or defined areas .

Cadastral surveying defines land boundaries and marks property limits by determining and measuring land parcel areas. It encompasses both legal descriptions and physical demarcations, ensuring property lines are accurately established for ownership and development purposes .

Geodetic surveying takes into account the Earth's curvature or spherical shape, providing precise locations of points. In contrast, plane surveying assumes that the Earth is flat, ignoring this curvature, and is suitable for small areas where this assumption holds true .

The fundamental principles of surveying ensure accuracy through a systematic approach: starting from control points to avoid error accumulation, using measurements from multiple reference points for location accuracy, maintaining consistency in methodology and equipment, employing independent verification to check measurements, and selecting appropriate tools based on the required precision .

Plane table surveying offers the advantage of simultaneously conducting field measurements and plotting, which can be more efficient and cost-effective than methods like the theodolite survey that separately measure and plot. It is particularly suited for small-scale surveys where detailed visualization is less critical .

Engineering surveys are conducted to gather data for designing works like roads and reservoirs. Military surveys determine points of strategic importance. Mine surveys explore mineral resources. Geological surveys identify different layers within the earth's crust. Archaeological surveys focus on recovering historical artifacts .

Chain surveying involves taking only linear measurements, suitable for small, relatively flat areas. Tacheometric surveys measure both horizontal and vertical distances using optical instruments, providing more complexity and detail. Theodolite surveys involve measuring horizontal and vertical angles, employing a telescope to rotate between planes, which is essential for precise angle measurements .

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