Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmg~n- 1
†Kvm© †KvW: EDBN 1311
e¨v‡Pji Ae GWz‡Kkb (weGW) †cÖvMÖvg
gwWDj: 1 I 3
iPbvq
cÖ‡dmi gwbiv †nv‡mb
¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kkb, evDwe|
bvmwib RvwKqv myjZvbv
mnKvix Aa¨vcK, wUPvm© †Uªwbs K‡jR, XvKv|
mvwKev †di‡`Šmx
cÖfvlK, ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb, evDwe|
†gv: Rûiyj Bmjvg
cÖfvlK, ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb, evDwe|
m¤úv`bvq
cÖ‡dmi gwbiv †nv‡mb
¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kkb, evDwe|
W. †mwjbv Av³vi
mnKvix Aa¨vcK, ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb, evDwe|
¯ ‹j
z Ae GW‡y Kkb
evsjv‡`k D›g³
y wekwe`¨vjq
Working For Quality evsjv‡`k D›g³
y wekwe`¨vjq
Avek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmg~n- 1
†Kvm© †KvW: EDBN 1311
weGW †cÖvMÖvg
cÖKvkKvj
cÖ_g gy`ªY
†m‡Þ¤^i, 2008
cÖ_g cwigvwR©Z gy`ªY
†deªæqvwi, 2010
cyb: gy`ªY
Rvbyqvwi, 2011
Rvbyqvwi, 2012
evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq
ISBN: 984-34-0067-4
cÖKvkbvq
cÖKvkbv, gy`ªY I weZiY wefvM
evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq
MvRxcyi- 1705|
gy`ª‡Y
weR‡bm wcÖw›Us GÛ c¨v‡KwRs
14/15 cÙwbwa †jb
XvKv- 1100|
f~wgKv
Ávb I `ÿZvi cÖZxwZ-cÖc mZZ cwieZ©bkxj| AvR‡Ki Ávb I `ÿZv fwel¨‡Zi P¨v‡jÄ
†gvKv‡ejvq h‡_ó n‡e bv- GUvB ¯^vfvweK| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cÖwZwbqZ G †ÿÎmg~‡ni bevqb I
AvaywbKxKiY|
wkÿv I wkÿK cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wPi cÖvwZôvwbK aviv G Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖvq `yBkZ eQi a‡i P‡j
Avm‡Q| AZx‡Zi G wkÿv`vb c×wZ wQj A‡bKvs‡k ¸iæ Z_v wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK| wkÿv`v‡bi G aviv
Ggb Kx wesk kZvãxi †kl cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ P‡j AvmwQj| eZ©gv‡b G wPšÍvavivi e¨vcK cwieZ©b
N‡U‡Q| AvaywbK wkÿv`vb c×wZ wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK I Kg©wfwËK| GQvovI wkÿY-wkLb wel‡q
wek¦e¨vcx wbZ¨ bZzb wPšÍvavivi D™¢e NU‡Q| we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k G¸‡jv Abym„Z n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡k
Gi cÖeZ©b GLb mg‡qi `vex|
Gme AvaywbK wek¦Rbxb wPšÍvaviv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv e¨e¯’vq cÖeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿvi
gv‡bvbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ miKvi e¨vcK D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| Gi avivevwnKZvq 2005 mv‡j M„nxZ nq
Teaching Quality Improvement in Secondary Education Project (TQI-SEP)| G
cÖK‡íi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ nj gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wPi gvb Dbœqb I AvaywbKvq‡bi gva¨‡g
gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿY-wkL‡bi gv‡bvbœqb| †Kbbv GKgvÎ AvaywbK gvbm¤úbœ cÖwkwÿZ
wkÿ‡Ki gva¨‡gB gvbm¤§Z wkÿv`vb m¤¢e|
gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wPi gv‡bvbœq‡b B‡Zvc~‡e© †mwmc cÖK‡íi AvIZvq weGW wkÿvµ‡g
e¨vcK cwieZ©b mvab Kiv nq| cÖYqb Kiv nq AvaywbK I wek¦gv‡bi wkÿvµg| wUwKDAvB-†mc
cÖK‡íi D‡`¨v‡M 2006 mvj †_‡K G wkÿvµg RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi gva¨‡g mKj miKvwi I
†emiKvwi wUwUwm-†Z ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡q‡Q| miKv‡ii wm×všÍ Abymv‡i GKB mv‡_ Zv evsjv‡`k
D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vj‡q (evDwe) `~iwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡gI ev¯Íevq‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq| G j‡ÿ¨
2008 mv‡j evDwe I wUwKDAvB-†mc cÖK‡íi g‡a¨ GKwU Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq| G Pzw³ Abyhvqx
evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb 2008-2009 wkÿvel© †_‡K GKB wkÿvµ‡gi
Aax‡b weGW †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q|
eZ©gv‡b `~iwkÿ‡Y weGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi wkÿv_x©iv gy‡LvgywL weGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi wkÿv_x©‡`i mv‡_ Awfbœ
wkÿvµ‡gi gva¨‡g GKB gv‡bi weGW wWwMÖ AR©b Kivi my‡hvM cv‡”Q| G †cÖvMÖv‡gi GKwU
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask G cvVmvgMÖx| eZ©gv‡b Dfq avivq GKB cvVmvgMÖx Pvjy i‡q‡Q| ¯‹zj Ae
GWz‡Kkb Ges wUwKDAvB-†mc Gi mswkøó Rb K‡Vvi cwikª‡gi gva¨‡g G cvVmvgMÖÖx cÖYqb
K‡i‡Qb| GRb¨ Zuviv cÖksmvi `vwe`vi|
G cvVmvgMÖx‡Z wkÿY-wkL‡bi AvaywbK I wek¦gv‡bi wPšÍvavivi cÖwZdjb NUv‡bvi cÖqvm Pvjv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kiv n‡”Q Gi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡k hy‡Mvc‡hvMx gvbm¤úbœ `ÿ wkÿKgÐjx ˆZwi Kiv
m¤¢e n‡e hviv evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK wkÿvi gv‡bvbœq‡b `ÿ I BwZevPK f~wgKv ivL‡e|
cÖKí cwiPvjK Wxb
wUwKDAvB-†mc/cÖKí ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb
wkÿv gš¿Yvjq, XvKv| evsjv‡`k D›gy&³ wek¦we`¨vjq
†Kvm©eB AbymiY Kivi Kvh©Ki civgk©
wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_©x
`~iwk¶Y gva¨‡g weGW †cÖvMÖv‡g fwZ© nIqvi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K ¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kkb Avš—wiK Awfb›`b
Rvbv‡”Q| ÔAvek¨Kxq wk¶Y `¶Zvmg~n- 1Õ eBwU ¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kk‡bi weGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi GKwU
eva¨Zvg~jK †Kvm©eB| wk¶‡Ki mvnvh¨ QvovB Avcbviv hv‡Z wb‡R c‡o eBwU eyS‡Z cv‡ib ZvB
†Kvm©eBwUi Avw½K I Dc¯’vcbv cÖPwjZ cvV¨eB †_‡K wKQyUv wfbœ|
GB eBwUi cvV¨e¯‘‡K mvZwU BDwb‡U fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨KwU BDwb‡U Avevi GKvwaK Awa‡ekb
i‡q‡Q|
fwZ©i mgq Avcbviv mK‡j ÔÔQvÎ wb‡`©wkKvÕÕ msMÖn K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z Avcbv‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj
GKv‡WwgK I cÖkvmwbK Z_¨ ms‡hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| m~wPcÎ †`‡L hLb †h Ask cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Zv g‡bv‡hvM
mnKv‡i co‡eb|
EDBN 1311 †Kvm©eB
cvV I Abykxj‡bi †¶‡Î Avcbv‡`i KiYxq Kx?
¯^wkLb c×wZi g~j K_vB nj wb‡R wb‡R †kLv, wb‡Ri †Póvq †kLv| A_©vr G c×wZ‡Z wk¶v_©x wbR
`vwq‡Z¡ wb‡Ri myweav g‡Zv mg‡q †kLvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nb| ¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kkb-Gi weGW
†cÖvMÖv‡gi †Kvm©eB¸‡jv ¯^wkLb c×wZi iPbv‡KŠkj AbymiY K‡i cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z fveMZ
HK¨ i¶v K‡i cv‡Vi welqe¯‘‡K KZ¸‡jv BDwb‡U fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avevi BDwbU¸‡jv Awa‡ek‡b
fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q (G KvR¸‡jv SESIP cÖKí m¤úbœ K‡i‡Q)| cÖwZwU Awa‡ek‡b welqe¯‘ wb‡q wKQy
wkLb KvR †`Iqv n‡q‡Q hv wk¶v_©x‡K wPvv Kivi ev aviYv MV‡bi my‡hvM †`q| cÖwZwU Awa‡ekb
†k‡l ÔÔg~j wkLbxqÕÕ welq As‡k welqe¯‘‡K we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wk¶v_©xiv G Ask
cvV K‡i Zuvi c~‡e©i aviYv wgwj‡q wb‡q wb‡Ri Dbœqb Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZwU Awa‡ek‡b cÖwZwU c‡e©
K‡qKwU K‡i g~j¨vqb Kvh©vewj Av‡Q| G¸‡jv me Abykxjb Ki‡Z n‡e, GKvKx ev `jMZfv‡e|
eBwU‡Z †h mg¯Í wb‡`©kbvg~jK wPý e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv:
Avewk¨K cvV
wb‡R Kiæb/wjLyb
g~j wkLbxq welq
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
g‡b ivL‡eb, eB¸‡jv c‡o hv‡Z cÖwk¶Yv_©x Ges cÖwk¶K/wUDUi Df‡qB DcK…Z n‡Z cv‡ib †m
R‡b¨ welqe¯‘mn me BDwb‡UB cÖwZwU Awa‡ekb K‡qKwU ce© AvKv‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡R
c‡o GKvKx ev `jMZfv‡e wUDU‡ii mnvqZvq KvR Kivi Dc‡hvMx K‡i KvR mwbœ‡ek Kiv n‡q‡Q
cÖwZwU c‡e©|
cvV-mnvqK Kg©m~wP
GB eBwU QvovI ¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kkb-Gi mvwe©K ZË¡veav‡b Av‡qvwRZ weGW ÷vwW ‡m›Uv‡i Avcbvi Rb¨
cÖwZ gv‡m GKwU wbw`©ó msL¨K wUD‡Uvwiqvj Awa‡ek‡bi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| Gme Awa‡ekb †hvM w`‡q Avcwb
eBwUi †Kvb Ask ev Awa‡ekb co‡Z wM‡q †Kvb mgm¨vq co‡j †m wel‡q wUDU‡ii KvQ †_‡K
cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© I wb‡`©kbv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
m~wPcÎ
BDwbU Awa‡ek welqe¯‘ c„ôv
b
1 wk¶‡Yi Rb¨ wek¦vm I g~j¨‡eva 11
1 wk¶‡Yi Rb¨ wek¦vm I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Zvrch© e¨vL¨v, AvPiY I 13
cÖeYZvq Gi cÖfve Ges wk¶‡Y wek¦vm I g~j¨‡ev‡ai bevqb
2 gva¨wgK wk¶vµ‡gi bxwZ I j¶¨ 27
3 wk¶K †hvM¨Zv 38
4 †ckvMZ `„wófw½ I g‡bvfve 50
5 wk¶‡Y e¨w³MZ `k©b I Zvi Dbœqb 57
2 AvšÍ:e¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM `¶Zv 65
1 gv_v LvUv‡bv c×wZ 67
2 djveZ©b 76
3 wk¶Y-wkL‡b mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ wk¶v_©x‡`i‡K †evSv I Zv‡`i 87
mv‡_ wg_w¯Œqv Kivi Rb¨ f~wgKvwfbq †KŠkj
4 †kvbvi `¶Zv Abykxjb I cix¶vKiY 100
5 KÚ¯^i: D”PMÖvg, ¯^i, †Rvi cÖ`vb, weiwZi e¨envi I Abykxjb 109
6 PK‡evW© e¨env‡ii `¶Zv 119
3 †kªwYK¶ e¨e¯’vcbv 129
1 †kªwYK‡¶i web¨vm I iywUb 131
2 AskMÖnYg~jK wk¶Y-wkLb c×wZi e¨envi 142
3 cvVcwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi `¶Zv 153
4 AwfÁZv I ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g wkLb 171
1 cvV`vb Abykxjb- 1 ch©v‡jvPbv 173
2 wbR¯^ DrKl©Zvi wewfbœ av‡ci AvZ¥-g~j¨vqb 182
3 cÖwk¶‡Ki mv‡_ cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i weeiYag©x e¨w³MZ mv¶vrKvi 187
4 †ckvMZ g‡bvfve 196
5 †kªwYK¶ e¨e¯’vcbvi `¶Zv m¤cÖmviY 205
1 wk¶v_©x I wkLb e¨e¯’vcbvi bxwZgvjv, DcKi‡Yi DËg I mvejxj 207
web¨v‡mi †KŠkj wba©viY
2 †kªwYK¶ e¨e¯’vcbvq k„•Ljv I `¶Zvi e¨envi 216
6 †kªwYK‡¶i cwi‡ek 223
1 †kªwYK‡¶i cwi‡e‡ki evwn¨K I mvgvwRK w`K 225
7 AwaK msL¨K wk¶v_©xi †kªwY e¨e¯’vcbv 231
1 AwaK msL¨K wk¶v_©x m¤^wjZ †kªwYi ˆewkó¨ I wk¶v_©x‡`i mwµq 233
AskMÖnYg~jK †KŠkj
2 mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wk¶Y c×wZ 242