5/13/2020
Pharmacognosy IB (Basic)
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PHARM-D, PHD
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, LAHORE, PAKISTAN
2
Biologics
What are biologics?
Antigens
Physical properties of antigens
What is the chemical nature of antigens?
What are their biological actions?
Antibodies
Types (IgA, IgE, IgM, IgG, IgD)
PHARMACOGNOSY (BASIC) IB
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PhD
1
5/13/2020
3
What is immunity?
Types of immunity
Natural
Acquired
Active
Passive
PHARMACOGNOSY (BASIC) IB
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PhD
4
What are vaccines?
A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide
immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from the causative
agent of a disease.
Vaccines usually contain living, attenuated or killed viruses, killed
rickettsiae.
Remember! Vaccines do not guarantee complete protection from a
disease
PHARMACOGNOSY (BASIC) IB
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PhD
2
5/13/2020
5
Vaccines
Living vs non-living vaccines (which one is preferred and why?)
Viral vaccines
contain either inactivated viruses, or attenuated (not capable of causing
disease) viruses.
Difficulties in manufacture included viral culture.
PHARMACOGNOSY (BASIC) IB
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PhD
6
Small pox vaccine
Is the living virus of vaccinia (cowpox)
1796 – Edward Jenner should ring some bells!
How is it prepared?
Belly of a calf is shaved and washed
Cuts are made in the epidermis
Seed virus inoculated by hand rubbing
Vesicles develop, which are removed and a suspension of these is prepared
Use: prophylactic (mostly for individuals working on the disease)
PHARMACOGNOSY (BASIC) IB
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PhD
3
5/13/2020
7
Rabies Vaccine
Human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV)
Whole virion or subvirion rabies vaccine
Obtained by culturing the rabies virus in human diploid embryo lung
tissues or in human diploid cell cultures
Uses: preventive
Dosing schedule
Dose 1 – Day 0
Dose 2 – 7 days after dose 1
Dose 3 – 21 days or 28 days after dose 1
PHARMACOGNOSY (BASIC) IB
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PhD
What role did Louis Pasteur played in development of rabies vaccine?
Attenuated virulence of virus
Rabies vaccine is among the very few that can be used even after the
infection occurs because?
PHARMACOGNOSY (BASIC) IB
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PhD
4
5/13/2020
9
Influenza Vaccine
Commonly known as the “flu shots” or flu vaccine
Contains influenza viruses (type A and/or B) which have been inactivated
by UV radiation
Given intramuscularly
Requires continuous reevaluation
PHARMACOGNOSY (BASIC) IB
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PhD
10
Poliomyelitis vaccine
Polio virus vaccine inactivated (IPV) also known as Salk vaccine
Different types of polio viruses (1, 2, or 3) are grown in Rhesus Monkey
kidney tissues
Virus is harvested and killed with formaldehyde
All 3 types of viruses are pooled together to prepare trivalent vaccine
Dose: The usual dose, given subcutaneously, is 3 injections of 1 ml, 4 or
more weeks apart, and a fourth reinforcing dose of 1 ml, 6 to 12 months
later.
PHARMACOGNOSY (BASIC) IB
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PhD
5
5/13/2020
11
Poliovirus vaccine live oral: has longer lasting immunity that IPV
Lower cost of production than Salk’s polio vaccine
For oral live polio vaccine production, viruses are not killed by
formaldehyde
Oral vaccine contains attenuated viruses (and therefore, should never be
administered parentally)
The usual administration schedule involves an initial administration of 2 doses at
not less than 8-week intervals. A third, reinforcing dose is administered 8 to 12
months later.
PHARMACOGNOSY (BASIC) IB
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PhD
12
Hepatitis vaccine
Contains chemically inactivated hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
Specific antibody (anti-HBs) develops in 75 to 90% of healthy adults after
the first 2 doses of vaccine and in 85 to 90% after the third dose.
Those at high risk of HBV infection should get vaccinated
PHARMACOGNOSY (BASIC) IB
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PhD
6
5/13/2020
13
Rickettsial vaccines
Methods of preparation are similar to those for viruses
Not available commercially
PHARMACOGNOSY (BASIC) IB
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PhD
14
Bacterial Vaccines
Suspensions of attenuated/ killed pathogenic bacteria
Typhoid vaccine: killed typhoid bacilli (Salmonella typhi)
Recommended for persons who have had household contact with a known ,
typhoid carrier or for travelers going to areas of the world where typhoid fever is
endemic.
Cholera vaccine: is a sterile suspension of killed cholera vibrios (Vibrio
cholerae)
The usual adult dose, given subcutaneously or intramuscularly, is 0.5 ml, and
then 0.5 ml 1 to 4 weeks later; and a 0.5-ml dose repeated every 6 months, if
necessary.
PHARMACOGNOSY (BASIC) IB
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PhD
7
5/13/2020
15
Bacterial vaccines
BCG Vaccine: living culture of the bacillus Calmette-Guérin strain of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
It should be used only with individuals who have a negative tuberculin skin test
administered intradermally
Haemophilus Vaccine: composed of the purified, capsular polysaccharide
of Hactnophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
PHARMACOGNOSY (BASIC) IB
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PhD
16
Questions!
PHARMACOGNOSY (BASIC) IB
DR. ADEEL MASOOD BUTT, PhD