Index

Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables.

A Adrenocorticosteroid hormone (ACTH),

Abdominal obesity, 415–416, 420 313–314
A Body Shape Index (ABSI), 416 Aegle marmelos (bael), 157
Abrin, 32 Aflatoxins, 453–454, 465
Abrus precatorius (rosary pea), 32, 434 Africa
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, antimalarial activity, 286–293
excretion, and toxicity (ADMET), 484 itching powder, 429
Abutilon avicennae, 538–539 traditional medicine in, 39–41
Acalypha indica, 44–45 Agricultural irrigation, 539–546
Accelerated solvent extraction, 456 Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria), 202–207t
Accidental plant skin poisoning Air conditioning devices, 562, 562f
allergic contact dermatitis, 194 Alcoholic hepatitis, 258, 262
contact dermatitis, 194, 202–207t Aliphatic glycosides, 173–174, 174f
irritant dermatitis, 194 Alkaloids, 15–16, 131–135t, 428
mechanical injury, 194, 196–201t antimalarial drug, 299
photosensitization dermatitis, 194, Gelsemium species, 334–335
208–213t khat, 130–136, 136f
phytochemicals against, 195–214, kratom, 136–138, 137f
211–213t mushroom, 138, 138f
plants against, 194–214, 195f, 196–213t sceletium, 139–140, 139f
Acetylcholine, 128–129, 446, 446f Allantoin, 163f
Acetylcholine receptor, 81–82, 82f Allergic contact dermatitis, 194–195
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, 14, Allergic rhinitis (AR), 181
72–73, 85f, 325 Allergy, 29–30t, 171–172, 275, 277
chemical allosteric modulation, 84–86 animal, 276
human, 86, 94, 99 drug, 276
rivastigmine, 78 food (see Food allergy)
Achillea millefolium (yarrow), 43, 196–201t, latex, 276
554, 559 from plants, 276–277
Acmellauliginosa (Asteraceae), 454–455 prevalence of, 171
Aconite plants (Aconitum spp.), 157 treatment strategies for, 172
Aconitine, 448–449 Allium sativum L. (garlic), 177–180t, 243
Aconitum napellus (monkshood), 20t, 32 Allosteric modulators, 84–86
Acorus calamus, 554 Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), 156, 196–210t
Activated charcoal, 481–482 Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Acute pain, 153 (alpha-MSH), 409–411
Acute watery episode, 219 Althea officinalis (marshmallow), 555
Adhatoda vasica (malabar nut tree), 160 Alyssum bertolonii, 514
Adhatoda vesicanees (vasaka), 57, 61–63t Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 72–73,
Adosa, 57, 61–63t 75–76, 78
566 Index

Amaryllidaceae, 177–180t plants with, 233

American Chemical Society (ACS), 484–485, R-group breakdown for synthesis,
486f, 487 487–490, 487–490f
American Chemical Warfare against various poisoning, 491, 492t
Service, 15–16 Antiemetic plants, 234
American Civil War, 15–16, 368, 370, 372, Antihistamines, 318
555 natural plants, 171–172, 175–180,
Amides, 56 177–180t
Amino acids clinical trials, 181, 182–183t
AChE allosteric/active sites, 86 phytoconstituents with, 172–174
peripheral anionic site, 84–86 in regular clinical setting, 316, 317f
putative active site, 96 Antiinflammatory fats, 353, 356–363t
Amygdalus webbii, 463–464 Antimalarial activity, 300–301
Amyloid precursor protein (APP), 129 in Asia, 293–294
Analgesics in Central and South America, 295
isolated bioactive compounds with, chemical structures, 299f
161–165 flavonoids, 48–49
natural sources of, 156–165 marine plants, 295–298
pathophysiology of, 151–153 phytoconstituents, 299–300, 299f
Andrographis paniculata (green chiretta), seaweeds class, 296–298t
157, 159 in sub-Saharan African medicines,
Andrographolide, 164f 286–287
Anethum graveolens (dill), 158 Central Africa, 292–293
Angelica sinensis (Dong Quai/Dang-Gui), East Africa, 291–292
196–201t South Africa, 293
Animal allergy, 276 West Africa, 287–291
Annatto (Bixa orellana L.), 176, Antinerve agent poisoning
177–180t biological approach, 91–95
Annona squamosa, 434–435 chemical approach, 72
Anthemis, 326–327, 326f. Antinutrients, 452–453
See also Chamomile (Matricaria Antioxidants plants, 356–363t
chamomilla) Anti-typhoid activity, 301
Anthocleista djalonensia (fartanlafla), 60 Antivenom, 491
Anthocyanidins, 211–213t Apigenin, 211–213t
Antianxiety, psychoactive plants, Apocynin, 211–213t
129–130 Apricot, 246
Antiaris toxicaria, 20t Aquatic sweet flag, 554
Anticancer plants, 234 Arabidopsis thaliana, 539
Anticholinergics, 29–30t Archangelicaofficinalis fruits, 456
Antidepressant activity, 129–130 Areca catechu (betel nut), 123–126t
Antidote, 230, 481 Arevasicine, 57
data analysis, 485–486, 486–487f Army
development of therapeutics against disease, applications, 430
483–490 diarrhea management (see Diarrhea)
drug development process, 483 food allergy in, 279–280
mechanisms, 481–482, 482f nutrition rules in, 388–393, 389–392t,
against nerve agents, 73–79, 82–84, 95–97, 391–392f
99 obesity in, 414–415
opportunity in data sharing, 491–493 Arnica montana, 202–207t
Index 567

Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood), B

286–287 Bacopa monnieri L., 177–180t
Artemisinin, 300 Bael (Aegle marmelos), 157
Artemisinin-based combined therapies Bait-and-switch technique, 98
(ACTs), 287 Ballota nigra (black horehound), 557
Ascending pathway of pain, 152 Banisteriopsis caapi, 123–126t
Asia Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.), 177–180t
antimalarial activity, 293–294 Bartonella quintana, 370
diets in, 386–387 Basil (Ocimum basilicum), 202–207t
medicinal plants Beach apple (Hippomane mancinella), 31
Adhatoda vesicanees, 57, 61–63t Bean of India. See Indian lotus (Nelumbo
Anthocleista djalonensia, 60 nucifera)
Azadirachta indica, 56, 61–63t Behavioral therapies (BT), 121
Carica papaya, 55–56, 61–63t Benin, antimalarial herbs, 287–288
Cochlospermum tinctorium, 58 Beniseed (Sesamum indicum L.), 208–210t
Crocus sativus, 57, 61–63t Benzodiazepines, 82–84, 83f, 121, 316–318,
Erythrina senegalensis, 58 316f
Heliotropium indicum Linn., 59 Benzo(a)pyrene, 527–528
Mentha longifolia, 56–57, 61–63t Berberis vulgaris L. (barberry), 177–180t
Moringa oleifera, 58, 61–63t β-carboline alkaloids, 450, 458–463
Ocimum sanctum, 56 β-lactam antibiotics, 171
Opilia celtidifolia Guill, 59–60 Betel nut (Areca catechu), 123–126t
Piliostigma thonningiischum, 59 Beverages, 382–383
Piper retrofractum, 56, 61–63t Bioaugmentation, 530–531
Sida acuta, 58 Bioavailability, 498–501
Trichilia emeticavahl, 59 of heavy metals, 535
Zingiber officinale, 57, 61–63t oximes, 80–81
traditional medicine in, 43–44 pollutants in soils, 526–527
Asian ginseng. See Ginseng (Panax ginseng) Biomedicines, 499
Asian mint (Mentha longifolia), 56–57, Bioremediation, 528–529
61–63t bioaugmentation, 530–531
Asthma plant (Euphorbia hirta), 196–201t, electrobioremediation, 531
434–435, 454 pollution, 528
Astragalus gossypinus, 514 in situ and ex situ, 529–530, 530t
Asystasia (Asystasia gangetica L.), 177–180t to treat wastewater, 513–515
Atopic dermatitis (AD), 181 Bioscavengers, 93t
Atropa belladonna (nightshade), 557 cholinesterases as, 94–95
Atropine, 33, 82–84, 445–447, 446f role of, 93–94
Autoimmune disease, 353–354 Biovia discovery studio, 484–485
Autumn crocus, 449 Bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids
Auxiliary neuromodulators, 81–82 (BBIQAs), 447–448
Avena sativa (oat straw), 196–207t Bixa orellana L. (annatto), 176,
Avizafone (prodiazepam), 84 177–180t
Avocado (Persea americana), 208–210t, Black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.),
240–241t, 243 177–180t
Ayurveda, 42, 44–45 Black horehound (Ballota nigra), 557
Azadirachta indica (neem), 56, 61–63t, Black mustard (Brassica nigra), 452
196–207t Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.),
Azalea. See Rhododendron species 177–180t
568 Index

Black tea (Camellia sinensis), 208–210t nanoceutical technology for treatment, 499,
Blood clotting, yarrow in, 43 501
Bloody diarrhea, 219 pain, 154–155
Blueberry, 240–241t pyrrolizidine alkaloids causes, 444
Borage oil (Borago officinalis), 208–210t risks associated with obesity, 420
Borehole drilling procedures, 431 Canelo (Drimys winteri), 158
Botulinum toxin, 21 Cannabinoids, 131–135t
Boundary tree (Newbouldia laevis), 330–331, Cannabis sativa, 123–126t, 483
331f Capsaicin, 46, 162f
Box-Behnken response surface design, 456 Capsicum annuum (chili pepper), 158
Boxwood. See Buxus sempervirens Carbamates, 73–74, 94–95, 98–99
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), 266 Carbon monoxide (CO), 314–315
Brassica juncea, 464–465 Carboxylesterases, 95
Bread seed poppy. See Opium poppy Carboxyl ester hydrolase, 95
(Papaver somniferum) Cardiac glycosides, 29–30t, 31–33, 450–451,
Broccoli sprouts (Brassica oleracea), 466
240–241t Cardiovascular disease, 314–315, 387,
Brown seaweeds, 296–298t 417–418
Brucine, 447, 458–463, 466–467 Carex hirta L. (hairy sedge), 517t
Brugmansia species, 33 Carex riparia (shore sedge), 517t
Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb., 177–180t Carica papaya, 55–56, 61–63t
Bubonic plague, 555 Carissa carandas Linn., 268t
Buffalo bean (Mucuna), 429, 431 Carline thistle (Carlina acaulis), 555
Bulrush lake (Schoenoplectus lacustris L.), Carotenoids, 379
517t Carrel–Dakin irrigation method, 368
Bunts longifolia, 157 Carrots (Daucus carota), 240–241t
Burkina Faso, antimalarial herbs, 288–289 Carvone, 165f
Bursera cuneata (Schldl.) Eng (copal tree), Cassia fistula, 268t
174, 177–180t Cassia occidentalis, 177–180t, 268t
Butterbur (Petasites hybridus L.), 177–180t, Castor bean (Ricinus communis), 31, 448
181 Catechin, 173, 173f, 211–213t
Butylcholinesterase (BChE), 78, 94–95 Catha edulis (khat), 16–17, 123–126t,
Buxus sempervirens, 157 130–136, 136f
Cayenne pepper. See Chili pepper (Capsicum
annuum)
C Ceasalpinia bonducella Linn., 177–180t
Cabbages nutritional value, 399 Cedrus deodara (devdar), 196–201t
Caffeine, 211–213t, 428, 429f Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 21,
Calabar bean (Physostigma venenosum), 14, 407–409
73, 75–76 Central Africa, antimalarial herbs, 292–293
Calcium oxalate crystals, 29–30t Central nervous system (CNS), 76, 80–81
Calendula officinalis (marigold), 196–207t clinical signs of coniine toxicity, 449
Camellia sinensis, 173, 208–210t, disorder, 121
242, 433 neuropeptide Y, 411–412
Cameroon, antimalarial herbs, 289 Central sleep apnea (CSA), 314–316
Camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora), Cerbera odollam (pong pong), 31
157, 166f Cereals, 387–388, 396–397
Cancer Ceylon cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum verum),
chemical subjection, 234 202–207t, 454
Index 569

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), Cholinesterases, 94–95

196–207t, 326–327, 326f Chondrodendron tomentosum, 20t
Chamomilla recutita, 196–201t Chronic kidney disease (CKD), 419
Chaste berry, 554 Chronic pain, 154–155
Chelating plants, 232–233, 233f Chrysanthemum, 432
Chemical allosteric modulation, 84–86 Churg-Strauss Syndrome, 353–354
Chemical subjection, 229–230 Chymopapain, 55–56
anticancer plants, 234 Cichoorium intybus (chicory), 555
antiemetic and ocular plants, 234 Cichorium glandulosum, 268t
chelating plants, 232–233, 233f Cinchona spp. (quinine), 555–556
cholinergic plants, 234 Cinchona succirubra, 286–287
decontamination, 230–231 Cinnamomum camphora (camphor tree), 157,
management and treatment guidelines for, 166f
230 Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon tree/Ceylon
plants with antidote properties, 233 cinnamon tree), 202–207t, 454
pulmonary disease, 234–235 Cinnamomum zeylanicum, 61–63t
skin and environmental decontamination Cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum verum),
activity, 231 202–207t, 454
symptoms and signs of, 233 Cissus vitiginea, 434–435
wound healing plants, 231–232 Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), 240–241t,
Chemical toxins, 27 244–245
Chemical warfare agents (CWAs), 69–72, 87, Citrus fruits (Citrus sinensis), 240–241t, 266
97 Citrus lemon (lemon), 240–241t
in conflicts, 21–22, 22t Citrus reticulate, 240–241t, 266
decontamination, 87–91 Clausena dentata, 268t
enzymatic catalysis, 96–97 Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon.,
metal-organic frameworks, 88–91 177–180t
pharmafoods (see Pharmafoods) Clostridium botulinum, 21
Chemical weapons, 229–230 Clostridium perfringes, 370–371
Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), 444 Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), 158
Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (quinoa), Coca (Erythroxylum coca), 123–126t
240–241t Coccinia barteri, 300
Chicory (Cichoorium intybus), 555 Coccinia grandis Linn. (ivy gourd), 177–180t
Childhood obesity, 409 Cochlospermum tinctorium (tiribara), 58
Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum), 158 Coconut oil (Cocos nucifera), 202–207t
China Coffee (Coffea arabica), 123–126t
antimalarial herbs, 293–294 Cola acuminata (kola nut), 159
traditional medicine in, 43–44 Colchicine, 449
Chinese cinnamon (cassia), 454 Colchicum autumnale, 449
Chinese ginseng. See Ginseng (Panax Colchicum haussknechtii, 456
ginseng) Cold war era, medicinal plant, 556–557
Chinese rhubarb (Rheum officinale), Collagen, 353–354
202–207t Commiphora myrrha (myrrha), 196–201t
Chlorophytae, 296–298t Common box. See Buxus sempervirens
Chloroquine, 285 Common lavender (Lavandula
Cholera, 46–47 angustifolia), 159, 202–207t
Cholinergic plants, 234 Common yarrow. See Yarrow (Achillea
Cholinesterase inhibitors, 72–73, 73f millefolium)
Cholinesterase reactivators, 79–81 Compound library, 490
570 Index

Computer aided drug designing (CAAD), 86 Cyanogenic compounds, 29–30t

Cone flower (Echinacea pallida), 196–201t Cyanogenic glycosides, 451, 463–464
Conflicts, 3–6 Cyclic voltammetry, 466–467
chemical warfare agents in, 21–22, 22t Cytochrome P450, 260–261
plants used during, 18–21, 19–20t
plant toxins in, 21–22, 22t
Congestive heart failure (CHF), 450–451 D
risks associated with obesity, 418–419 Da Costa’s syndrome, 370
Coniine, 30, 449 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), 242
Conium maculatum (poison hemlock), 18, 30 Daphne (Daphne retusa), 158
Connective tissue diseases, 353–354, 364 Datura (Datura stramonium) tree, 123–126t
medicinal plants, 354–363, 356–363t Daucus carota (carrots), 240–241t
symptoms, 354 Decontamination
Connective tissue restoration, 354, 355t chemical subjection, 230–231
Constipation, treatment, 559 chemical warfare agents, 87–91
Contact dermatitis, 29, 194–195, 202–207t nerve agents, 86–88
Continuous phytoextraction, 533–534 Decontamination solution number 2 (DS2),
Convulsants, 29–30t 86–87
Convulsive Antidote, Nerve Agent Defensive phytochemicals, 428
(CANA) kit, 84 alkaloids, 428
Copal tree (Bursera cuneata (Schldl.) caffeine structure, 428, 429f
Eng), 174, 177–180t flavonoids, 428, 428f
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), 202–207t, nicotine structure, 428, 429f
434 plant uses, 429–430
Coronary heart disease (CHD), 418 De Materia Medica (Dioscorides), 554
Cortex Fraxini, 465 Demography, 54
Corticosteroids, 172 Depleted uranium (DU), 538
Corynephorus canescens, 13–14 Depressive symptoms, 414
Cosmetic ethnopharmacology, 60 Dermatomyositis, 353–354
Coumarins, 453–455, 459–462t, 465 Derris elliptica, 18
COVID-19, 483–485, 490f, 491–492 Devdar (Cedrus deodara), 196–201t
Creat. See Green chiretta (Andrographis Devils trumpet. See Brugmansia species
paniculata) Diabetes mellitus (DM), 327–328, 418
Crinum glaucum, 177–180t Diarrhea, 219–220
Crocin, 57 chemotherapeutic management, 220–221
Crocus sativus (saffron), 57, 61–63t etiology, 220
Cromoglicic acid, 172 medicinal plants, 221–224, 221–225t
Crude oil, soil contamination with, 527–528 Diazepam, 84
Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Periplocaceae), Dichrostachys cinerea, 44–45
290 Dieffenbachia sp., 33, 429
Cucurbitaceae plants, 289 Dietary behaviors, 386–387
Curare alkaloids, 447–448 Dietary fat, 378–379
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn., 177–180t Dietary fiber, 244, 396–397
Curcuma longa (turmeric), 61–63t, 128, Dietary interventions, 380, 557–558
177–180t, 196–201t Dietary supplement, 379, 382–383, 396–397
Curcumin, 128, 211–213t food specifications, 396t
Curcuminoids, 266 market, 377
CWAs. See Chemical warfare agents in nutraceutical markets, 265, 265t
(CWAs) safe use, 378, 395–396, 398–399
Index 571

soldiers using, 400 Enteric fever. See Typhoid

Dietotherapy, 267–270, 269–270t Enterobacter cloacae, 539
Digitalis purpurea (foxglove), 32–33, 557 Enterobacter sp., 91–92
Dill (Anethum graveolens), 158 Environment-level interventions, 380
Diospyros (Ebenaceae), 202–207t, 331–333 Enzyme
Disaster, herbal therapy, 286, 510–511, 513 connective tissue restoration, 355t
Discrimination reversal task method, 82 immobilization, 97
Disrupter of sleep. See Stress phosphotriesterase, 91–92
Diterpene, 131–135t Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Divination, 41 (ELISA), 98–99
Dockweed (Rumex japonicus), 202–207t Ephedra, 123–126t, 398–399
Doctrine of Signatures, 555 Equilibrative nucleoside transporters
Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis), 196–201t (ENTs), 287
Dorsolateral funiculus, 153 Equisetum arvense L., 560
Dosage, forms of ethno medicines, 55 Erythrina senegalensis, 58
Dragon’s blood, 554 Erythroxylum coca (coca), 123–126t
Drimys winteri (Canelo), 158 Essential oils
Drug allergy, 171, 276 Anthemis spp., 326f
Drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera), 58, Chamaemelum nobile, 326
61–63t, 208–210t, 434 from clove, 158
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 164f Lavandula sp., 328–329
Dumb cane, 33, 429 lavender, 327–328
Dysentery, 48, 219 Melissa, 324–325
Dyslipidemia, 418 Mentha piperita, 160
Salvia sp., 336
Valeriana, 322
E Estimated average requirement (EAR),
East Indian globe thistle (Sphaeranthus 383–385
indicus Kurz), 177–180t Ethiopia, antimalarial herbs, 291
Ebenaceae (Diospyros), 202–207t, 331–333 Ethnopharmacology, 37–38, 53
Echinacea pallida (cone flower), 196–201t Asian medicinal plants, 55–60
Ecosystem cosmetic, 60
healthy soils, 546, 546f Indian plant species, 294
phytoremediation, 531–532 of medicinal plants, 39
undisturbed, 525, 526f Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA),
Edible plants, 560 529–530
Egyptian bean. See Indian lotus (Nelumbo Eugenia caryophyllata (clove), 158
nucifera) Eugenol, 56, 165f
Eichhornia crassipes, 430–432, 432f Euphorbia hirta (asthma plant), 196–201t,
Elastin, 353–354 434–435, 454
Electrobioremediation, 531 Euphorbia prostratra, 301
Elevated plus-maze (EPM) model, 335 Euphorbia virosa (spurge), 20t
Endocarditis, 370 European Action Plan on Food and Nutrition
Energy drinks, 382–383 Policy, 379–380
Energy requirements, soldiers, 388–393, European box. See Buxus sempervirens
389–392t, 391–392f, 397–398 European Charter for the Fight against
English lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), Obesity, 379
159, 202–207t European Commission White Papet,
English walnut (Juglans regia), 202–210t 379–380
572 Index

EU Scientific Committee (EU-SCF) on G

Food, 453 GABAergic pathways, 322–323
Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis), Galantamine (Nivalin), 78–79, 129
208–210t Gallic acids, 211–213t
Ex situ bioremediation, 529–530, 530t Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA),
317–318, 322–323
Gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) receptors
F type A, 321
Fabaceae, 73, 177–180t Garcinia kola, 240–241t, 299
Fartanlafla (Anthocleista djalonensia), 60 Garden lavender, 159, 202–207t
Fast food, 415–416 Garlic (Allium sativum L.), 177–180t, 243
Fatty liver, 263 Gas chromatography (GC), 457–458,
Fava bean (Vicia faba), 429 463–465
Fermented foods, 382–383, 387–388, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
393–397 (GC-MS), 328–329, 433–434
Fertilizers, 512t Gas gangrene, 368, 370–371
Ferula communis L., 455 Gasotransmitters, 314–315
Ferulenol, 453–454 Gasteria croucheri (natal gasteria), 554
First-generation H1-antihistamines, 172 Gastroenterocolitis symptoms, 449
Fish oil, 382–383 Gelsemium (Gelsemiaceae), 333–335,
Fistula in Ano, 555 334f
Five-element theory, 44 Geneva Conventions, 16
Flavobacterium sp., 91–92 Geranium robertianum, 555
Flavones, 173–174, 174f German chamomile (Matricaria recutita),
Flavonoids, 131–135t, 428 202–207t
antimalarial mechanism, 48–49, 299–300 German Federal Institute for Risk
Passiflora incarnata, 323–324 Assessment, 454
structure, 428f Ghana, antimalarial herbs, 290
Foeniculum vulgare, 61–63t Ghrelin, 409–411
Folate-rich foods, 387 Ghrit Kumari. See Aloe vera (Aloe
Food allergy, 171, 276–277, 280t, 281 barbadensis)
in army, 279–280 Giardia sp., 220
biologically active compounds, 279 Ginger (Zingiber officinale), 57, 61–63t, 158,
classification, 278f 240–241t, 246
health effects, 277–278 Ginkgo biloba (maidenhair tree), 127,
management and treatments, 278–279, 278f 196–201t, 382–383
pathophysiological mechanism, 277 Ginseng (Panax ginseng), 43, 127, 158,
phytochemicals an alternative remedy to, 211–213t
279 Ginsenoside, 165f
Food environment, obesity, 416 Gloriosasuperba tubers, 456
Food products, nutritional value, 399 Glucose-based oral rehydration salt (ORS),
Forest bulrush (Scripus silvaticus L.), 517t 220
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Glucosinolates (GSLs), 452
spectroscopy, 437 Glycoalkaloids glycosides, 451–452
Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), 32–33, 557 Glycosides, 15–16
Fruits. See also specific fruits Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice root), 160
pharmafoods, 247 Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 353–354
toxic liver disease, 264 Gray willow (Salix cinerea L.), 517t
Functional food, 239, 246–247 Green chemistry approaches, 231
Index 573

Green chiretta (Andrographis paniculata), Herbal medicine, 38, 281

157, 159 diarrhea, 221–224, 221–225t
Green remediation, 528, 533 malaria, 286–287, 288f
bioremediation, 528–531 Herbal psychotherapy, 175
phytoremediation, 531–538 Herba militaris. See Yarrow
Green seaweeds, 296–298t (Achillea millefolium)
Green tea. See Camellia sinensis Herbs, 41
Green technology, 533 in cosmetic products, 64t
Groundwater, 511, 529, 532–533, 538 Lamiaceae/mint family, 176
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor Heroin, 16–17
1α (GHS-R1α), 409–412 High-performance liquid chromatography
Guerrilla disease, 371–372 (HPLC), 434–435, 437
Guiera senegalensis, 159 Lavandula sp., 328–329
Gum Arabic, 43 toxic alkaloids analysis, 458–463
Gynecologic disorders, 420 Hippomane mancinella (beach apple), 31
Hippomane mancinella (manchineel tree), 20t
Histamine receptors, 171–172
H Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum), 56
Hairy sedge (Carex hirta L.), 517t Homeopathy, 42
Hammamelis virginiana (witch hazel bark), Honokiol, 211–213t
202–207t Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), 452
Hand dryers, 562, 562f Horseradish tree (Moringa oleifera), 58,
Hapten, 98 61–63t, 208–210t, 434
Harsingar (Nyctanthes arbor tristis Linn.), Human acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 86, 94,
177–180t 99
Harungana madagascariensis Lam., 301 Human butyrylcholinesterase (HuBChE),
Health definition, 121 94–95
Healthy diet, 257–258, 259f, 378–379 Human paraoxonase 1 (HuPON1), 96–97
Heavy metals Hydration, toxic liver disease, 264
biomass enriched in, 547 Hydrogen cyanide (HCN), 229–230, 451
environmental pollution with, 523–524 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), 314–315
phytoextraction, 533–534, 535t Hydrophytes, for water reservoirs
phytostabilization, 535–536, 536t reclamation, 516–517, 517t
pollution, 524 Hydroxylamine, 79–81
rhizofiltration, 537 Hygroscopic water, 526–527
vegetation enriched with, 547–548 Hyoscine, 81–82
Hedeoma pulegioides (pennyroyal), 555 Hyperaccumulator, 533–534
Heliotropium indicum Linn. (nonsikou), 59 Hypericum glandulosum, 159
Hellebore (Helleborus niger), 20t Hypericum montana, 196–207t, 555
Hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), 329–330 Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort),
Hemorrhage, mitigation of, 22–23 196–207t, 555
Hemp, 123–126t, 483. See also Marijuana Hypertension, 417–418
(Cannabis spp.) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis,
Hepatitis, 48 412–413, 413f
Hepatocellular jaundice, 262
Hepatoprotection
by lemon juice, 243 I
plants, 266–267, 268t Idiosyncratic reactions, 262
Herbalism, 41 Idiosyncratic toxicity (IT), 260–261
574 Index

Ilaj bil ghiza, 267–270, 269–270t Juglans regia (English walnut), 202–210t
Imaging-guided surgical procedure, 499 Juncus effusus L. (sit sieves), 517t
Immune response, 277
Immunosuppressive medicinal plants, K
356–363t
Kandelia candel, 537
India
Kanna (Sceletium tortuosum), 123–126t
antimalarial herbs, 294
Kava kava (Piper methysticum), 123–126t,
plants cultivated in, 42, 42t
318–321
traditional medicine in, 42–43
Kenya, antimalarial herbs, 291–292
Indian lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), 159
Khat (Catha edulis), 16–17, 123–126t,
Indian mustard seed (Brassica juncea L.), 456
130–136, 136f
Induced phytoextraction, 533–534
Kola nut (Cola acuminata), 159
Industrial wastewater, 512t
Kolaviron, 299
Infectious diseases, during war times,
Korean ginseng. See Ginseng
371–372
(Panax ginseng)
Infertile soils, 526
Kougoed (Sceletium tortuosum), 123–126t
Inflammation, 314–315
Krameria spp. (rhatany), 202–210t
Influenza, 368, 371
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), 123–126t,
Informant consensus factor (ICF) approach,
136–138, 137f, 160
287
Krypton, 137–138
Ingestion, 28
Kyllinga nemoralis, 268t
Inhalation, 28
In situ bioremediation, 529–530, 530t
Insomnia, 313 L
etiology of, 313–314 Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), 382–383
pathological condition, 315–316 Lactobacillus, 387–388
plants effective against, 318–336, 319t Land Condition Trend Analysis (LCTA)
position emission tomography, 313–314 program, 14
risk factors and symptoms, 315f Land degradation (LD), 525
therapeutic approaches, 316–318 Land degradation neutrality (LDN), 525
Interstitial nephritis, 445 Land reclamation, 539
Ipoh tree, 20t Latex allergy, 276
Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato), 240–241t Lauridia tetragona, 48
Ipomoea violacea (morning glory), 123–126t Lavandula angustifolia (English lavender),
Irritant contact dermatitis, 194–195 159, 202–207t
Irritants, 29–30t Lavandula officinalis, 159, 202–207t
Isomenthol, 56–57 Lavender (Lavandula), 327–330, 328f
Isomenthone, 56–57 Lectins, 131–135t, 452–453
Isothiocyanates (ITCs), 452 Leersia hexandra, 515
Ivory coast, antimalarial herbs, 290 Legionellosis, 45
Ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis Linn.), 177–180t Legumes, 265
Lemna minor L. (small eyelash), 517t
Lemna trisulca L. (three-row eyelash), 517t
J Lemon (Citrus lemon), 240–241t
Jambolan bark (Syzygium cumini), 202–207t Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), 324–325,
Jasminum amplexicaule, 159 325f
Jatropha curcas L., 452–453 Leopard’s bane. See Arnica montana
Jerne’s idiotypic network theory, 98 Leukotriene inhibitors, 172
Jimsonweed. See Brugmansia species Lignans, 131–135t
Index 575

Limit of quantitation (LOQ), 377–378 Tanzania, 292

Linalool, 329, 335 Uganda, 291
Linear sweep voltammetry, 466–467 terpenes, 300
Lipinski’s rule of five, 484–485 Malawi University of Science and
Lipophilicity, 484–485 Technology, 437
Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), 456–457 Manchineel tree (Hippomane mancinella),
Liquorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra), 160 20t
Liver diseases, toxicity. See Toxic liver Manganese, medicinal plants, 356–363t
disease Marigold (Calendula officinalis), 196–207t
Lobster, 378–379 Marijuana (Cannabis spp.), 160
Lophophora williamsii (peyote), 123–126t Marine plants, antimalarial activity, 295–298
Lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI), Marshmallow (Althea officinalis), 555
385–386 Mast cell degranulation, 195–214
Lowest observed adverse effect level Mast cell stabilizers, 172, 174
(LOAEL), 386 Matricaria (Chamomilla recutita), 196–201t
Lupeol, 163f Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile),
Lycium barbarum, 128 202–207t
Matricaria recutita (German chamomile),
202–207t
M Mechanical injury, 194–195, 196–201t
Magnesium, medicinal plants, 356–363t Medicinal foods, 239–240
Maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba), 127, Medicinal plant, 38
196–201t, 382–383 cholinergic properties, 234
Malabar nut tree (Adhatoda vasica), 160 connective tissue diseases, 354–363,
Malaria, 285–286, 372 356–363t
alkaloids, 299 decontamination in chemical subjection,
Asia 231
China, 293–294 in diarrhea therapy, 221–224, 221–225t
India, 294 military interventions, 554–557, 559–560
Vietnamese traditional medicine, 294 ocular diseases, 234
Central and South America, 295 Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), 202–210t
flavonoids, 299–300 Melissa officinalis (lemon balm), 324–325,
folk and traditional herbal medicines, 287, 325f
288f Mentha longifolia (Asian mint), 56–57,
marine plants, 295–298 61–63t
phytoconstituents, 299–300 Mentha piperita (peppermint), 160, 433
seaweeds classess, 296–298t Mentha sp., 177–180t
sub-Saharan African medicines, 286–287 Menthofuran, 56–57
Benin, 287–288 Menthol, 157, 163f
Burkina Faso, 288–289 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)
Cameroon, 289 with catalytic properties, 89–90t
Central Africa, 292–293 chemical warfare degradation, 88–91
Ethiopia, 291 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-
Ghana, 290 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 329–330
Ivory coast, 290 Methylsalicylate, 163f
Kenya, 291–292 Microbial approach, antinerve agent
Nigeria, 289 poisoning, 91–92, 92t
South Africa, 293 Microwave-assisted extraction, 456
576 Index

Military interventions nutriceuticals to, 499–500

challenges, 553 Nanomaterials, in cosmetic products, 562
cognitive capabilities during, 557–558 Nanomedicine, 499–501
medicinal plant, 554–557, 559–560 Nanoscience, 80–81, 87–88, 193, 500–501
stresses encountered in, 558 Nanotechnology, 99, 497, 501
Minerals in acute and chronic illness, 500
according to food standard, 388, 390t benefits of, 498
connective tissue restoration, 355t emergence of, 499
Minimum inhibitory concentration utilization in medicine, 501
(MIC), 46 Naphthophytes, 515–516
Mint (Mentha), 123–126t, 160, 433 NAs. See Nerve agents (NAs)
Mitigation, 513 Natal gasteria (Gasteria croucheri), 554
hemorrhage, 22–23 National Information System of Toxic
threatening diseases in battlefield, 372–374 Pharmacologic (SINITOX), 444
Mitotic inhibitors, 29–30t Natural polymers, 233
Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), 123–126t, Natural supplements, 500–501
136–138, 137f, 160 Natura 2000 network, 13–14
Mitragynine, 162f Naturopathy, 42
Mixed connective tissue disease, 353–354 Neem (Azadirachta indica), 56, 61–63t,
Modeccin, 21–22 196–207t
MOFs. See Metal-organic frameworks Neglected tropical diseases, 371–372
(MOFs) Nelumbo nucifera (Indian lotus), 159
Monkshood (Aconitum napellus), 20t, 32 Neolignans, 131–135t
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 97–99 Neomenthol, 56–57
Monoterpene phenol, 131–135t Neostigmine, 75–78
Monoterpenoid alcohol, 131–135t Nerium oleander (oleander), 31–32
Montelukast, 172 Nerve agents (NAs), 69–71, 99
Moringa oleifera (horseradish tree/drumstick acetylcholine receptor modulators, 81–82,
tree), 58, 61–63t, 208–210t, 434 82f
Morning glory (Ipomoea violacea), 123–126t antidotes against, 73–79, 82–84, 95–97, 99
Morphine, 162f atropine, 82–84
Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), attack during Iraq-Iran War, 229–230
177–180t auxiliary neuromodulators, 81–82
Mountain tobacco. See Arnica montana benzodiazepines, 82–84, 83f
Mucuna (buffalo bean), 429, 431 biochemical and immunological approach,
Mucuna pruriens (velvet beans), 431 92–95
Multi-drug resistance, 286–287 biodegradation potential, 91–92, 92t
Muscarine, 446, 446f cholinesterase reactivators, 79–81
Mushroom alkaloids, 138, 138f decontamination, 86–88
Myasthenia gravis, 74–75 direct chemical decontamination, 86–87
Myritica fragrans (nutmeg), 123–126t heterologous expression of recombinant
Myrrha (Commiphora myrrha), 196–201t molecule, 97–99
intoxication, chronic effects, 71
N mode of action, 71–72
Nanocarriers system, 501–504 pathophysiological consequences, 71–72
Nanoceuticals, 497–498 stigmines as antidotes against, 73–79
disease-preventing effects, 497–498 by terror groups, 70f
for managing critical illness, 499–504, Nettles (Urtica ferox), 429
502–504t Neurocognitive impairment, 314–315
Index 577

Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs), Nuts, 265

76–78, 448 Nyctanthes arbor tristis Linn. (harsingar),
Neuropathic pain, 154 177–180t
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), 411–413
Neuroprotective plants, 122–127
Curcuma longa, 128 O
Ginkgo biloba, 127 Oak (Quercus robur), 202–207t
Lycium barbarum, 128 Oat straw (Avena sativa), 196–207t
nootropic herbs, 128–129 Obesity, 407–409, 410f, 414
Panax ginseng, 43, 127, 158, 211–213t biochemical aspects, 409–412
spices-derived, 128 clinical aspects, 416
Neurotransmitter, connective tissue environmental aspects, 415
restoration, 355t epidemiology, 407–409
Newbouldia laevis (boundary tree), 330–331, fast food consumption, 415–416
331f food environment, 416
Niama (Piliostigma thonningiischum), 59 health risks associated with, 417, 417f
Nicotiana sp. (tobacco), 123–126t cancer, 420
Nicotine, 428, 429f chronic kidney disease, 419
Nigeria, antimalarial herbs, 289 congestive heart failure, 418–419
Nightshade (Atropa belladonna), 81–82, 557 coronary heart disease, 418
Nitrogen fertilizer, 539–546 diabetes mellitus, 418
Nivalin (galantamine), 78–79, 129 dyslipidemia, 418
Nociceptive fibers, 151–152 gynecologic disorders, 420
Nociceptive pain, 154 hypertension, 417–418
Nociceptors, 151 obstructive sleep apnea, 419
Non-communicable disease, 263 osteoarthritis, 419
Noncommunicable diseases (NCD) Risk stroke, 419
Factor Collaboration, 407–409 in military personals, 414–415
Nonsikou (Heliotropium indicum Linn.), 59 psychological aspects, 412
Nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP), 396–397 Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 314–316, 419
NO observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), Ocimum basilicum (basil, tulsi), 202–207t
386 Ocimum sanctum (holy basil), 56
Nootropic herbs, 128–129 Ocimum tenuiflorum, 61–63t
Norepinephrine (NE), 153 Ocular plants, 234
Northern Europe, traditional medicine in, 43 Oenanthejavanica, 455
Nutmeg (Myritica fragrans), 123–126t Oenothera biennis (evening primrose),
Nutraceutical food, 239 208–210t
Nutrition Oily soil, 527
in food products, 399 Oleanane type triterpene moronic acid, 174
rules in army, 388–393, 389–392t, Oleander (Nerium oleander), 31–32
391–392f Omega-3 fatty acids, 382–383
WHO global strategy on, 380–381 One-pot synthesis, 489
Nutrition interventions, 380 Opilia celtidifolia Guill, 59–60
Nutrition standards, 381–388 Opioid peptides, 156
application, 381–385 Opioids, pain relief, 155–156
history of setting, 385–388 Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum),
for land forces, 393–395 123–126t, 156, 160
for special forces, 395–397, 396t Oral allergy symptoms (OAS), 277
Nutrition supplementation plant, 377–378 Oral rehydration salt (ORS), 220–221
578 Index

Organophosphate (OP), nerve agents, 69–71, Persistent organic pollutants, 524

73–74, 79–80, 91–92, 94–95, 98 Personal protective equipment (PPE), 16, 34
Organophosphorus degrading agent (OpdA), Pesticides, 512t
92 Petasites hybridus L. (butterbur), 177–180t,
Organosphorus acid anhydrase (OPAA), 181
91–92 Petroleum compounds remediation,
Osteoarthritis, 419, 560 515–516
Ouabain, 466 Peyote (Lophophora williamsii), 123–126t
Over-the-counter medicine P-glycoprotein pump, 80–81
diarrhea, 221 Phaeophyta, 296–298t
toxic liver disease, 260 Pharmaceuticals, 4, 140, 430, 556–557
Oximes, 79–81, 80t Pharmacological treatments, 121–122, 378
Pharmafoods, 239–241, 240–241t
apple, 243–244
P avocado, 243
Pain coffee, 242
management, 154 dandelion, 242
guidelines for, 154–155 garlic, 243
pros and cons, 155–156 green tea, 242
pathophysiology of, 151–153 Hibiscus sabdariffa, 243
plants in treatment of, 160–161 lemon, 243
self-management, 155–156 modes of action, 246–248
types, 153–154 source matrix and health impact, 244–245t
Panax ginseng (ginseng), 43, 127, 158, spinach, 242
211–213t watermelon, 244–245
Papain, 55–56 Pharmanutrition interface, 240
Papaver somniferum (opium poppy), Pharyngeal anatomy, 314–315
123–126t, 156 Phenolic acids, 131–135t, 323–324
Parkinson’s disease (PD), 78 Phorbol, 31
Partial least squares (PLS) multivariate Photosensitization dermatitis, 194–195,
statistical analysis, 463 208–213t
Passion flower (Passiflora incarnata), Phragmites australis, 537
323–324, 324f Phyllanthus sp.
Pastinaca sativa fruits, 456 P. amarus, 301
Patch-clamp technique, whole-cell, 329 P. niruri, 48
PB. See Pyridostigmine bromide (PB) P. urinaria, 266
Peanuts, 247–248 Phyllostachys edulis (moso bamboo),
Peat moss (Sphagnum spp.), 557 177–180t
Penicillin, 368 Physical activity, 379–381
Pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegioides), 555 Physostigma venenosum (calabar bean), 14,
Pentacyclic triterpene, 131–135t, 174 73, 75–76
Peppermint (Mentha piperita), 160, 433 Physostigmine, 14, 73–74, 74f
Periaqueductal gray (PAG), 153 application, 75–76
Perilla frutescens, 181 scopolamine with, 82
Peripheral anionic site (PAS), 84–86 synthesis of, 75–76, 76f
Persea americana (avocado), 208–210t, Phytoaccumulation. See Phytoextraction
240–241t, 243 Phytochemical-associated nutraceuticals,
Persimmon, 202–207t 497–498
Persistent diarrhea, 219 Phytochemistry, 5–6, 6t, 39
Index 579

against accidental plant skin poisoning, Phytoplants, 430, 433

195–214, 211–213t Phytoremediation, 430, 513, 531–538,
an alternative remedy to food allergy, 279 546–548
analytical methods, 433–438 mechanisms, 514
Anthemis (chamomile), 326–327 for water pollutants, 513–517
antimalarial activity during and after Phytosestrogens, 247–248
war activity, 48–49 Phytostabilization technique, 535–536, 536t
on cognitive function well-being of Phytotherapy, 278–279, 367–369, 371, 374
military personnel, 557–559 Phytotoxins
conflicts, 4–5 effects in humans, 29, 29–30t
defensive (see Defensive phytochemicals) exposure
Diospyros sp., 332–333, 332t dermal or eye contact, 29
Gelsemium, 334–335, 334f ingestion, 28
kava kava, 319–321, 320f inhalation, 28
Lavandula sp., 328–330 toxic effects of, 29
Melissa officinalis, 324–325 Phytotransformation. See Phytodegradation
Newbouldia laevis, 330–331, 331f Phytovolalization, 536–537
Passiflora incarnata, 323–324, 324f Picrasma quassioides, 266
plants and, 4 Picrocrocin, 57
postconflict needs for, 5–7 Piliostigma thonningiischum (niama), 59
psychoactive plant Piper methysticum (kava kava), 123–126t,
khat alkaloids, 130–136, 136f 318–321
kratom alkaloids, 136–138, 137f Piper nigrum, 61–63t
mushroom alkaloids, 138, 138f Piper retrofractum, 56, 61–63t
pscychoactive diterpenes, 140–141, 140f Pkaseolus vulgaris, 452–453
sceletium alkaloids, 139–140, 139f Plant-based analgesics, 156–165
qualitative and quantitative analysis, in pain treatment, 160–161
433–438 properties of, 157–161
Salvia sp., 336, 337t Plant-based diets (PBDs), 414–415
strategic decisions in politics and military, Plant-based herbal patches, 561–562, 561f
16–18 Plants, 27
toxic against accidental skin poisoning, 194–214,
alkaloids, 445–450, 459–462t 195f, 196–213t
analysis, 457–467, 459–462t allergies from, 276–277
in biological fluids, 466–467 with antidote properties, 233
glycosides, 450–455, 459–462t conflicts, 18–21, 19–20t
sample preparation, 456–457 policy regulation, recommendations to,
Valeriana spp., 322–323 22–23
water-borne diseases, 433 toxins, 21–22, 22t
Phytocompounds, 4–5, 4f cultivated in India, 42, 42t
Phyto-contamination, water, 431–432 laced on weapons, 18–20, 20t
Phytodegradation, 537 with medicinal property, 39, 40t
Phytoestrogenic stilbenes, 247–248 military applications, 430
Phytoevaporation, 536–537 military use of, 14–15
Phytoextraction, 533–535, 535t pharmaceuticals, 430
Phytohemagglutins, 452–453 and phytochemicals, 4
Phytonutrients poisonous (see Poisonous plants)
connective tissue restoration, 355t self-defense, 429
in medicinal plants, 354 soil purification, 430
580 Index

Plants (Continued) Protein-rich food, medicinal plants, 356–363t

species in land reclamation, 539, 540–545t Protexia, 94–95
toxic classifications, 194 Pruritic mediators, 175–176
water purification, 430 Pscychoactive diterpenes, 140–141, 140f
wound healing, 231–232 Pseudocedrala kotschyi, 300–301
Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), 18, 30 Pseudomonas sp., 91–92
Poisonous plants, 444 Psidium guajava
Abrus precatorius, 32 antidiarrheal activity of, 46
Aconitum species, 32 in cholera treatment, 46
Brugmansia species, 33 Psychoactive plants, 122, 123–126t
Cerbera odollam, 31 antianxiety and antidepressant activities,
Conium maculatum, 30 129–130
Dieffenbachia species, 33 phytochemicals
Digitalis purpurea, 32–33 khat alkaloids, 130–136, 136f
Hippomane mancinella, 31 kratom alkaloids, 136–138, 137f
Nerium oleander, 31–32 mushroom alkaloids, 138, 138f
Rhododendron species, 33 pscychoactive diterpenes, 140–141, 140f
Ricinus communis, 31 sceletium alkaloids, 139–140, 139f
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Psychological aspects
524, 527–528 obesity, 412
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), 420 pain relief, 155
Polyethylene glycol (PEG), 97 Psychotria viridis, 123–126t
Polygalasaponins, 131–135t Pulmonary disease, 234–235
Polymyositis, 353–354 Pulsed amperometric detector (PAD),
Polyphenols, 247 463–464
Pomegranate (Punica granatum), 240–241t Punica granatum (pomegranate), 240–241t
Pong pong (Cerbera odollam), 31 Pyridostigmine bromide (PB), 73–75, 75f, 82
Possum apples, 202–207t Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA), 444–445, 450
Possum wood, 202–207t
Posttraumatic stress disorder, 369 Q
Potassium, 58
Qinghaosu. See Artemisinin
Pralidoxime (2-PAM), 76–81, 77f
Quercetin, 56, 172–173, 173f, 211–213t
Pre-world war era, medicinal plant, 554–556
Quercus robur (oak), 202–207t
Primary brain capillary endothelial cells
Quinine (Cinchona spp.), 555–556
(pBCEC), 80–81
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.),
Primary irritant, 194
240–241t
Primary metabolites, 443
Probiotics, 382–383, 387–388
Prodiazepam (avizafone), 84 R
Proinflammatory cytokines, 195–214 Radioactive ions, 512t
Proper nutrition, 378 Raphides, 33
need to educate soldiers about, 398–399 Rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, 327–328
strategies to improve health through, Reclamation treatments, 525, 539, 540–545t
379–380 Recommended dietary allowances (RDA),
Prophylaxes, 281 383–384, 386
Protein, 58 Red pepper. See Chili pepper (Capsicum
connective tissue restoration, 355t annuum)
prevents liver disease, 266 Red seaweeds, 296–298t
toxic, 29–30t Red wine, 240–241t, 247–248
Index 581

Reference nutrient intake (RNI), 385–386 Sceletium tortuosum (kanna/kougoed),

Remediation technologies, 513–517 123–126t
Respiratory diseases, 371 Schistosomiasis, 45
Resveratrol (3,5,40 -trihydroxy Schoenoplectus lacustris L. (bulrush
trans-stilbene), 129, 211–213t lake), 517t
Reversed-phase (RP) HPLC, 457–458 Sclerocaryabirrea (Anacardiaceae), 454–455
Reversed-phase SPE, 457 Scleroderma, 353–354
R-group analysis, 485, 487–490, 487–489f Scopolamine, 33, 79–83
Rhatany (Krameria spp.), 202–210t Scripus silvaticus L. (forest bulrush), 517t
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 353–354 Scrophulariaceae, 177–180t
Rheum officinale (Chinese rhubarb), Scutellaria baicalensis, 177–180t
202–207t Secondary metabolites, 14, 21, 129–130, 334,
Rhizodegradation, 514, 537 334f, 443
Rhizofiltration, 514, 537–538 Second-generation H1-antihistamines, 172
Rhododendron species, 33 Seed oils, 265
Rhodophytae, 296–298t Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Ricin, 21, 31 (SSRIs), 121–122
Ricinine, 448 Self-defense, 429
Ricinus communis (castor bean), 31, 448 Semisynthetic opioids, 156
Rickettsia quintana, 370 Senna occidentalis, 47
Rivastigmine, 78 Septic bacterial infections, 219
Root exudates, 535, 537 Septic wounds, 557
Rosary pea (Abrus precatorius), 32, 434 Serotonin (5HT), 153
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), 196–201t Sesamum indicum L., 208–210t
Rosmarinic acid (RA), 166f, 325, 329–330 Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Rosmarinus, 335–336 coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),
Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), 196–201t 483–485, 489, 491–493
Rumex japonicus (dockweed), 202–207t Sharp syndrome, 353–354
Shore sedge (Carex riparia), 517t
Short-chain fatty acids, 243–244
S Sida acuta, 58, 268t
Sacred lotus. See Indian lotus (Nelumbo Siddha, 42, 44–45
nucifera) Silibinin A/B, 211–213t
Saffron (Crocus sativus), 57, 61–63t Silymarin, 211–213t
Safranal, 57 Simaroubaceae, 266
Salidroside, 164f Sinigrin (allyl glucosinolate), 452
Salix aurita L. (willow willow), 517t Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), 411–412
Salix cinerea L. (gray willow), 517t Sit sieves (Juncus effusus L.), 517t
Salix viminalis L. (weeping willow), 517t Skin poisoning
Salmonella typhi, 47, 285, 368–369 accidental (see Accidental plant skin
Salvia divinorum, 123–126t, 140 poisoning)
Salvia sp., 335–336, 337t and plant poisons, 193–194
Salvinorin A. See Pscychoactive Sleep apnea, 313
diterpenes etiology, 314–315
Sambucus nigra L. (black elderberry), pathological condition, 315–316
177–180t plants effective against, 318–336, 319t
Saponins, 59–60, 131–135t risk factors and symptoms, 315f
Sarin, 229–230 Sleep deprivation (SD), 315–316
Sceletium alkaloids, 139–140, 139f Sleep disturbance, 314–315
582 Index

Sleep disturbed breathing (SDB), 313 Spinomesencephalic tract, 152–153

Sleep hygiene (SH), 121 Spinoreticular tract, 152–153
Slow pain, 151–152 Spinothalamic tract, 152–153
Slow-wave sleep (SWS), 327–328 Spiritualism, 41
Small eyelash (Lemna minor L.), 517t Sports foods, 382–383
Social Cognitive Theory, 380 Spurge (Euphorbia virosa), 20t
Sodium channel activators, 29–30t StarDropTM platform, 484–485
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 458 Statpearls platform, 492–493
Soil contamination, 523–525 Staunch weed. See Yarrow (Achillea
case studies, 538–539 millefolium)
with crude oil, 527–528 Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), 181,
heavy metals, cleaning process 202–207t
biomass enriched in, 547 St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum),
phytoextraction, 533–534, 535t 196–207t, 555
phytostabilization, 535–536, 536t Stress, 313–314, 412, 413f, 414
rhizofiltration, 537 hormonal response to, 412–413
vegetation enriched with, 547–548 in military personals, 414–415
Soil degradation, 525–526 Striga orobanchioides Benth, 177–180t
Soil erosion, 525–526, 526f Stroke, risks associated with obesity, 419
Soil pollutants, 526–527 Strophantus sp., 20t
Soil purification, 430 Strychnine, 447, 458–463, 466
Soil reclamation, 525, 539, 540–545t Strychnosnux vomica L. (Loganiaceae), 447
Soil remediation, 524–525 Strychnos toxifera, 20t
case studies, 538–539 Sub-Saharan African medicines, malaria,
promises and limitations, 539–548 286–287
Solanaceae, 81–82 Benin, 287–288
Solanum nigrum L. (black nightshade), Burkina Faso, 288–289
177–180t Cameroon, 289
Soldiers Central Africa, 292–293
energy requirements of, 388–393, Ethiopia, 291
389–392t, 391–392f, 397–398 Ghana, 290
need to educate about proper nutrition, Ivory coast, 290
398–399 Kenya, 291–292
Soldier’s woundwort. See Yarrow (Achillea Nigeria, 289
millefolium) South Africa, 293
Solid-phase extraction (SPE), 457 Tanzania, 292
Solvent extraction, 434 Uganda, 291
Soulafinzan (Trichilia emeticavahl), 59 Substantia gelatinosa, 153
South Africa, antimalarial herbs, 293 Subversive disease, 371–372
South America, traditional medicine in, 43 Sulforaphane, 211–213t
South and East Asia, traditional Sustainable agriculture, 523
medicine in, 41–42 Sustainable community, 509
Special forces, nutrition standards for, Sweet pepper. See Chili pepper (Capsicum
395–397, 396t annuum)
Sphaeranthus indicus (East Indian globe Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), 240–241t
thistle), 177–180t, 268t Sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua),
Sphagnum spp. (peat moss), 557 286–287
Spices-derived neuroprotective plants, 128 Sympathoadrenal medullary (SAM) axis, 412
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), 242 Synthetic opioids, 156
Index 583

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), cyanogenic, 451

353–354 glycoalkaloids, 451–452
Syzygium aromaticum, 61–63t lectins, 452–453
Syzygium cumini (jambolan bark), 202–207t thioglycosides, 452
Toxic hepatitis. See Toxic liver disease
T Toxic indole alkaloids, 458–463
Tanzania, antimalarial herbs, 292 Toxic liver disease, 257–258, 259f
Taraxacum officinale (dandelion), 242 chemicals and drugs causes, 258–260, 261t
Taxus spp., 20t healthy nutrition prevents, 259f, 263
T-calcium channels (TTCC), 329 nutritional element prevents
Tea leaves. See Camellia sinensis dietary supplements as antioxidants, 265,
Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia), 265t
202–210t fruits and vegetables, 264
Terpenes, 300 good hydration, 264
Terpenoids, 247–248, 335 hepatoprotective plants, 266–267, 268t
Tetanus, 368, 370–371 phytoestrogens, 265
12-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-O-acetate proteins consumption, 266
(TPA), 174 over-the-counter medicine, 260
3α,5α-Tetrahydroprogesterone (3α,5α-THP), pathophysiology, 260–261
335 prescription drugs, 260
Theanine, 211–213t preventive measures, 262–263
Theobromine, 211–213t symptoms, 261–262
Theophylline, 211–213t Unani medicine, 257–258, 266–270,
Theory of Planned Behavior, 380 269–270t
Thioglycosides, 452, 464–465 Toxic plants, 444–445
Thlaspi caerulescens, 514 Toxic proteins, 29–30t
Three-row eyelash (Lemna trisulca L.), 517t Traditional and complementary medicine
Time of flight mass spectrometry coupled (TCM), 54–55
liquid chromatography Traditional Chinese medicine, 43–44
(ToF-MS-LC), 433, 435–436, 436f Traditional Medical Practitioners (TMPs),
Tiribara (Cochlospermum tinctorium), 58 291
Tobacco (Nicotiana sp.), 123–126t Traditional medicine (TM), 37–39,
Tomatoes, 240–241t 553–554
Total glycoalkaloids (TGAs), 452 Aconitum species, 32
Total suspended solids (TSS), 525, 530 in Africa, 39–41
Toxalbumin, 29–30t, 32 divination, 41
Toxic alkaloids, 445, 459–462t herbalism, 41
aconitine, 448–449 spiritualism, 41
analysis of, 458–463 Araliaceae family, 158
atropine, 445–447, 446f in Asia, 448
colchicine, 449 Carica papaya, 55–56
coniine, 449 in China, 43–44
curare, 447–448 five-element theory, 44
ricinine, 448 Gelsemium sp., 333
strychnine, 447 in India, 42–43
Toxic glycosides, 450, 459–462t Indian theory, 44–45
analysis of, 463–465 in Northern Europe, 43
cardiac, 450–451 physicians, 55
coumarins, 453–455 in South America, 43
584 Index

Traditional medicine (TM) (Continued) Verbenaceae, 177–180t

in South and East Asia, 41–42 Vibrio cholera, 46
waterborne diseases, treatment of, 45 Vicia faba (Fava bean), 429
Yin-Yang theory, 44 Vietnamese traditional medicine, 294
Transition state analog (TSA), 98 Viola calaminaria, 514
Traveler’s diarrhea, 367 Visceral pain, 154
Trench fever, 369 Viscumin, 21–22
Trichilia emeticavahl (soulafinzan), 59 Vitamin A, 58
Trichosanthes cucumerina, 268t Vitamin C, 58, 356–363t, 379
Tricyclic antidepressants, 316–318, 317f Vitamins
Triterpenes, 174, 175f according to food standard, 388, 390t
Triterpenoid acid, 131–135t connective tissue restoration, 355t
Triterpenoids, 300 Vitex agnus-castus, 554
Tropane alkaloids (TAs), 445 Vitis vinifera, 268t
True lavender, 159, 202–207t Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 429,
Tulsi (Ocimum basilicum), 202–207t 433–434
Turmeric (Curcuma longa), 61–63t, 128, Volkensin, 21–22
177–180t, 196–201t
Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 418
Typhoid, 47, 285–286, 368–369 W
Typhus, 370 Walnut. See Juglans regia (English walnut)
Waterborne diseases, 511
U during and after war activity
cholera, 46–47
Uganda, antimalarial herbs, 291
dysentery, 48
Ultra-processed foods, 415–416
factors responsible for, 45–48
Ultrasonic-assisted extraction, 456
hepatitis, 48
Ultra-violet visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy,
treatment, 45
433, 436–438, 437–438f
typhoid, 47
Unani medicine, 42, 44–45, 257–258,
phytochemicals, 433
266–270, 269–270t
Water contamination, 511–513, 512t
United States Food and Drug Authority
Water lily. See Indian lotus (Nelumbo
(USFDA), 74–75
nucifera)
Upper tolerance levels (UL), 386
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), 240–241t,
Ursane type triterpene ursolic acid, 174
244–245
Urtica dioica (stinging nettle), 181,
Water phyto-contamination, 431
202–207t
direct, 431
Urtica ferox (nettles), 429
indirect, 432
Water purification, 430, 518–519
V Water reservoirs reclamation, 516–517
Valerenic acid, 322–323 Water resources, 510–511, 513
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis), 321–323, Water security, 510–511, 510f
322f, 557 Weeping willow (Salix viminalis L.), 517t
Vasaka (Adhatoda vesicanees), 57, 61–63t Western diet, 386–387
Vasicinone, 57 Wetlands, water purifications, 518–519
Vegetables Willow willow (Salix aurita L.), 517t
pharmafoods, 247 Winter’s bark. See Canelo (Drimys winteri)
toxic liver disease, 264 Witch hazel bark (Hammamelis virginiana),
Velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens), 431 202–207t
Index 585

Withania somnifera, 61–63t X

Wolf’s bane. See Arnica montana Xanthones-flavonoids, 131–135t
World Health Assembly (WHA), 380–381 Xenobiotics, 512t
World Health Organization (WHO), 38, Xeris Pharmaceuticals, 84
53–54, 154–155, 380–381, 553–554
World war Y
diseases
adverse conditions, 373t Yang syndrome, 44
disruption, 372, 373f Yarrow (Achillea millefolium), 43, 196–201t,
gas gangrene, 368, 370–371 554, 559
influenza, 368, 371 Yin syndrome, 44
malaria, 372 Yin-Yang theory, 44
overall effects, 372, 373f Yoga, 42
plant-based therapies, 367–368
threats, 372–374 Z
trench fever, 369 Zafirlukast, 172
typhoid, 368–369 Zanthoxylum armatum DC, 268t
typhus, 370 Zembrin, 139
medicinal plant, 556–557 Zinc supplement, 221
Wound healing, 195–214, 231–232 Zingiber officinale (ginger), 57, 61–63t, 158,
Woundwort. See Yarrow (Achillea 240–241t, 246
millefolium) Zyklon B gas, 229–230