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A concrete mix is to be designed for use in a 250 mm (10 inch) thick JPCP
([Link]
types/jointed-plain-concrete-pavement/) pavement. The desired properties are:
Slump = 25 mm (1.0 inch)
Average 28-day exural strength of at least 4.5 MPa (650 psi)
Coarse aggregate: nominal maximum size = 37.5 mm (1.5 inch), dry-rodded weight = 1600
kg/m3 (100 lb/ft3), speci c gravity = 2.68, moisture content = 1.0 percent, absorption = 0.5
percent
Fine aggregate: neness modulus = 2.80, speci c gravity = 2.64, moisture content = 5
percent, absorption = 0.7 percent
Air content: 4.5 – 6.5 percent
Maximum allowable water-cement ratio = 0.44
Minimum cement content = 335 kg (565 lb)
Density of water = 1000 kg/m3 (62.4 lb/ft3)
Speci c gravity of portland cement = 3.15 (typically assumed value)
Slump
Speci ed as 25 mm (1.0 inch). This is typical for pavement PCC.
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RELATED TOPICS
Maximum Aggregate Size ACI Mix Design
([Link]
Speci ed as 37.5 mm (1.5 inches). This is well within the general ACI recommendation that the
ence-desk/design/mix-design/aci-mix-
nominal maximum size be limited to 1/3 of slab depth. No reinforcing steel will be used so the
design/)
thumbrule pertaining to clear space between reinforcing bars is not applicable.
Batch Plant & Mix Design
([Link]
Mixing Water and Air Content Estimation ence-desk/design/mix-design/batch-
plant-mix-design/)
In order to achieve an air content above 2 – 3 percent, PCC must be air-entrained. Therefore, Fundamentals
using the mixing water and air content estimation table ([Link]
([Link] air- ence-desk/design/mix-
entrained PCC with a target 25 mm (1 inch) slump and a 37.5 mm (1.5 inch) nominal maximum design/fundamentals/)
aggregate size will require about 148 kg/m3 (250 lb/yd3) of mixing water. Enough air-entraining HMA Mix Design Fundamentals
admixture will be added to achieve a 5.5 percent air content (in the middle of the speci ed 4.5 – ([Link]
6.5 percent band). Keep in mind that water-reducing admixtures can reduce water requirements ence-desk/design/mix-design/hma-
by about 5 – 10 percent and several will also increase the entrained air content by about 0.5 – 1 mix-design-fundamentals/)
percent.
HMA Weight-Volume Terms and
Converting weight to volume, the recommended volume of mixing water in one cubic meter (one Relationships
cubic yard) of PCC is 0.148 m3 (4.00 ft3). The amount of entrained air will be 5.5 percent of the ([Link]
total volume or 0.055 m3 (1.49 ft3). ence-desk/design/mix-design/hma-
weight-volume-terms-and-
relationships/)
Hveem Method
([Link]
ence-desk/design/mix-design/hveem-
method/)
Host apps in the cloud Hveem Mix Design
([Link]
ence-desk/design/mix-design/hveem-
mix-design/)
AWS provides low-cost ways to host and build websites and web apps, using any CMS. Job Mix Formula
([Link]
ence-desk/design/mix-design/job-mix
formula/)
Laboratory vs. Field Conditions
([Link]
ence-desk/design/mix-
design/laboratory-vs- eld-conditions/
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Marshall Method
([Link]
ence-desk/design/mix-
Water-Cement Ratio design/marshall-method/)
Marshall Mix Design
([Link]
Since the speci ed strength is exural strength, a conversion factor must be used to obtain an
ence-desk/design/mix-
approximate compressive strength in order to use the water-cement ratio vs. compressive
design/marshall-mix-design/)
strength table ([Link]
design/). A good rule-of-thumb (as used in the ACI Code) is: Mix Type Selection Example
([Link]
ence-desk/design/mix-design/mix-
type-selection-example/)
PCC Admixtures
where: equals compressive strength ([Link]
ence-desk/design/mix-design/pcc-
admixtures/)
PCC Mix Design Fundamentals
Solving for compressive strength, we get about 51.7 MPa (7,500 psi). This value is not listed in ([Link]
Table 17 for determining water-cement ratios. Therefore, a more involved determination of the ence-desk/design/mix-design/pcc-mix
water-cement ratio is needed. Water-cement ratios may also be determined using local design-fundamentals/)
experience. Keep in mind that Table 4 is rarely used in pavement PCC mix design. Additionally, PCC Mix Design Testing
ACI recommends a maximum water-cement ratio for PCC exposed to freezing and thawing in ([Link]
moist conditions (such as curbs and gutters) or PCC in the presence of deicing chemicals (such as ence-desk/design/mix-design/pcc-mix
PCC pavement slabs) of 0.45. In this instance, assume that local experience dictates a water- design-testing/)
cement ratio of around 0.39. Superpave Gradation Requirements
([Link]
Cement Content ence-desk/design/mix-
design/superpave-gradation-
requirements/)
Based on the previous mixing water content and water-cement ratio, cement content is calculated
Superpave Method
to be:
([Link]
ence-desk/design/mix-
design/superpave-method/)
The recommended volume of portland cement in one cubic meter (one cubic yard) of PCC is: Superpave Mix Design
([Link]
(Metric) (English) ence-desk/design/mix-
design/superpave-mix-design/)
Superpave Overview
([Link]
ence-desk/design/mix-
design/superpave-overview/)
Coarse Aggregate Content
Using the coarse aggregate content table ([Link]
desk/design/mix-design/aci-mix-design/) with the given nominal maximum aggregate size of 37.5
mm (1.5 inches) and the given ne aggregate neness modulus of 2.80, the recommended
volume fraction of coarse aggregate is 0.71. This means that the coarse aggregate should occupy
71 percent of the total volume. However, this volume of aggregate includes the volume of air
between the aggregate particles. Therefore, this 71 percent volume must be converted to a
weight of aggregate. Given the 1600 kg/m3 (100 lb/ft3) dry-rodded unit weight, this equates to:
(Metric) (English)
([Link]
Now, the recommended volume of coarse aggregate (which is now only the solid volume of
coarse aggregate) in one cubic meter (one cubic yard) of PCC is:
(Metric) (English)
Fine Aggregate Content
The ne aggregate content can be found by subtracting the other constituent volumes from the
unit volume:
(Metric) (English)
Unit volume (1 m3 or yd3) 1.000 m3 27.00 ft3
- Volume of mixing water - 0.148 m3 4.00 ft3
- Volume of air - 0.055 m3 1.49 ft3
(Metric) (English)
- Volume of portland cement - 0.121 m3 3.26 ft3
- Volume of coarse aggregate - 0.424 m3 11.46 ft3
equals Volume of ne aggregate equals 0.252 m3 6.79 ft3
Therefore, the weight of ne aggregate per unit volume is:
(Metric) (English)
Adjustments for Aggregate Moisture
Since there is moisture in both the coarse and ne aggregate their trial batch weights must be
adjusted.
(Metric) (English)
Coarse aggregate: 1136 x 1.01 = 1147 kg/m3 1917 x 1.01 = 1936 lb/yd3
Fine aggregate: 665 x 1.05 = 698 kg/m3 1119 x 1.05 = 1175 lb/yd3
Also, the amount of mixing water needs to be adjusted because both the coarse and ne
aggregate are wet and will contribute water to the cement paste.
(Metric) (English)
Coarse aggregate: 1136 x (0.01 - 0.005) = 5.7 kg/m3 1917 x (0.01 - 0.005) = 10 lb/yd3
Fine aggregate: 665 x (0.05 - 0.007) = 28.6 kg/m3 1119 x (0.05 - 0.007) = 48 lb/yd3
Therefore, the amount of mixing water to be added is:
148 kg - 5.7 kg - 28.6 kg equals 113.7 kg
250 lb - 10 lb - 48 lb equals 192 lb
Summary
The nal trial batch amounts per unit volume (1 m3 or yd3) are:
(Metric) English)
Mixing water 114 kg 192 lb
Portland cement 380 kg 641 lb
Coarse aggregate 1147 kg 1936 lb
Fine aggregate 698 kg 1175 lb
Usually, to make trial batches, something less than the unit volume is made – a typical trial batch
size is 0.03 m3 (1 ft3). Once the trial batch is made it can be tested for slump, air content, exural
strength, compressive strength and any other required property.
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