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CFD Course Overview and Syllabus

This document outlines the syllabus for a course on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The objectives of the course are to provide background on mathematical modeling of fluid flow equations, discretization techniques, and solving convection and diffusion problems using CFD methods. Students will learn how to generate grids, apply explicit and implicit solution methods, and model fluid flow and heat transfer problems. The syllabus covers topics like governing equations, discretization, finite difference methods, grid generation, convection/diffusion, turbulence modeling, and contemporary CFD issues.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

17 views124 pages

CFD Course Overview and Syllabus

Uploaded by

Pradyumna Dharmadhikari

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

MEE4006: COMPUTATIONAL

FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD)

[Link]

Sivakumar, R
SMBS, VIT Chennai
Objectives

 To provide the students with sufficient

background to understand the mathematical
representation of the governing equations of fluid
flow and heat transfer.
 To enable the students to understand different
discretization techniques and solve convection,
diffusion problems.
 To help the students to understand the grid
generation.
 To teach students how to apply explicit, implicit
and semi-implicit methods to solve fluid flow
problems using CFD techniques.
Expected Outcome at the end of the course

 Student will be able to Outcome:

 Possess the knowledge of CFD techniques,
basic aspects of discretization and grid
generation
 Solve fluid flow fields using CFD methods
 Model fluid flow problems and heat transfer
Syllabus: Module-1

Introduction:
CFD overview - Applications of CFD (1 hour).
Syllabus: Module-2

Governing Equations of Fluid Dynamics and Heat

Transfer:
Models of Flow – Conservation and Non-
conservation form - Continuity, Momentum and
Energy Equation in conservation and non-
conservation form (differential equations only) -
Characteristics of PDE's - elliptic, parabolic and
hyperbolic. (6 hours)
Syllabus: Module-3

Discretization and Finite Difference method:

Discretization: Basic aspects of Discretization –
Comparison of finite difference, finite volume and
finite element techniques.
Finite Difference method: Forward, Backward and
Central difference schemes, Transient one and two
dimensional conduction - Explicit, implicit, semi-
implicit and ADI methods - Stability analysis and
error estimation.(7 hours)
Syllabus: Module-4

Grid Generation:
Choice of grid, grid oriented velocity components,
Cartesian velocity components, staggered and
collocated arrangements.(3 hours)
Syllabus: Module-5

Convection and Diffusion:

Steady one-dimensional convection and diffusion -
Central difference, upwind, quick, exponential,
hybrid and power law schemes- False diffusion,
SIMPLE – Algorithm.(7 hours)
Syllabus: Module-6

Turbulence Modeling:
Introduction – Types of Turbulence modeling –
Reynolds Time Averaging – Reynolds Time Averaged
conservation equations – Boussinesq approach –
One equation k -  model.(4 hours)
Syllabus: Module-7

Contemporary issues:
Delivered by industrial experts.(2 hours)
Lecture Plan

Lecture Plan
Module-1

CFD overview - Applications of CFD

What is Fluid Dynamics?

13
What is Fluid Dynamics?

 Science of Fluid Motion

 Fluid flow is studied by

 Experimental Fluid Dynamics

 Theoretical Fluid Dynamics

 Numerically: CFD

 Sufficient knowledge required

14
What is CFD?

15
What is CFD?

Computational
Fluid
Dynamics

16
What is CFD?

Analysis of system involving fluid flow, heat transfer and

associated phenomena such as chemical reactions by means
of
 Mathematical Modeling (Partial Differential Equations)
 Numerical Methods (Discretization & Solution Techniques)
 Software Tools (Pre, Solver & Post Processing Utilities)

Virtual Flow
Laboratory

17
What is CFD?

 High performance computing  Made CFD

possible

18
Why CFD?

19
Why CFD?

 Analysis and Design

1. Simulation-based design instead of “build & test”

 More cost effective and more rapid than EFD
 CFD provides high-fidelity database for
diagnosing flow field

20
Why CFD?

 Analysis and Design

2. Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are

difficult for experiments
 Full scale simulations (e.g., ships and
airplanes)
 Environmental effects (wind, weather, etc.)
 Hazards (e.g., explosions, radiation, pollution)

 Knowledge and exploration of flow physics

21
Why CFD?

Results of CFD Analysis used in

 Conceptual studies of new designs

 Detailed product development

 Troubleshooting

 Redesign

22
CFD Applications

23
CFD Applications – Automotive

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

24
CFD Applications – Automotive

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

25
CFD Applications – Automotive

Vehicle Aerodynamics
 Analyzing drag
 Improving fuel economy by proper external design
26
CFD Applications – Automotive

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

Underhood Thermal Management

 To predict temperature distribution on the
underhood surfaces
27
CFD Applications – Automotive

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

Passenger Comfort
 To predict the thermal distribution felt by the
passengers
 To find Footwell flow
 To find flow through compartment 28
CFD Applications – Automotive

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

Brake Cooling
 Flow rate and heat transfer characteristics
 Heat transfer coefficients are exported to ANSYS
for doing thermal stress analysis 29
CFD Applications – Automotive

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

Fog Lamp Heat Dissipation

 Automotive fog lamp generate significant amount of
heat  select suitable materials to handle high
thermal loads
 Predict radiation and convection flows in lamp’s
interior 30
CFD Applications – Aerospace & Defence

 Gas turbine engines

 Missiles
 Rocket and Scramjet
engines
 Spacecraft
 Aerodynamics
 Propulsion and
Power
 Heat Transfer
 Fluid Structure
Interaction [FSI]

31
CFD Applications – FSI

 Interaction between
complex fluid flow
and complex
structural and/or
thermal behavior

Fig. : Reed Valve

Displacement,
Temperature,
boundary velocity
Structural CFD
analysis analysis
Pressure,
Heat Flux,
HTC

32
CFD Applications – Turbo machinery

 Fan
 Blower
 Turbine

Fan hub, blade, shroud

Mini air system

simulation for room
Wind turbine – wake effect air-conditioner
33
CFD Applications – Power Generation

 Boilers
 Burners
 Coal Handling
 Combustors
 Duct flows
 Hydro power
 Silencers
 Wind boxes

34
CFD Applications – Oil and Gas

 Burners
 Furnaces
 Deep water
Technology
 Drilling
 Downhole analysis
 Emission control
 Offshore rigs
 Pipeline flow analysis
 Oil spill clean up
35
CFD Applications – Flow Assurance
 Heat transfer in Christmas tree
 Multiphase flow in long pipe
 Severe slugging in riser
 Sand transport in pipes
 Temperature effects in
transportation of viscous oil
 Hydrate formation
 Slug flow around pipe elbow
 Riser V&V
 3 phase separator
 Wave impact on platform
 Launching of lifeboat Courtesy: CD adapco
36
Deep Sea Mining System

Area of interest

• Flexible riser
– 5̴ ,000 m vertical
transport
– Nodules + water
mixture
CFD Applications – Chemical

 Combustion
 Filtration
 Fluid Handling
 Heat and Mass
Transfer
 Pumps
 Reactions
 Refining operations
 Waste handling
Fluidized bed
coater  Water treatment

38
CFD Applications – Electrical

Thermal performance of
 Electrical motors -
Brushless DC motor,
induction motors,
permanent magnet motor,
Sector model of the BrushLess DC motor etc.,
James Kuria & Pyung Hwang, Int. journal of [Link], 1(1).
 Drive and power
convertor design
 Generators
Predict flow in complex
regions – around the motor
Alternator
end windings
39
CFD Applications – Electrical

 Fan design & performance

studies
 Supporting analysis – water
flow in cooling jackets and
cooling of associated power
electronics
 Ventilation cooling in large
Generator
electrical machines

40
CFD other Applications

 Biomedical

 Healthcare and Pharmaceutical

 Electronics
 Marine
 Glass processing
 Home and Security
 Environmental and Water quality
 Metals, Minerals and Mining
 Sports Equipments
41
Work done at VIT IC Engine
 Comparison of Toroidal Combustion Chambers in a
Direct Injection Diesel Engine (Dr. Manimaran)

42
Work done at VIT IC Engine
 Flow characteristics of a Diesel Injector Throttle (Rince,
[Link])

 Automotive radiator with nano fluid (Reynold, [Link])

43
Work done at VIT Aerospace
 Double ramp for hypersonic flow (Lakshman, [Link])

 Micro ramp for hypersonic flow (Ashish, Gogoi, [Link])

44
Work done at VIT Aerospace
 Flow over a elliptic cylinder with a parabolic plate
behind it (Sagar, Rahul, [Link])

45
Work at VIT Industrial
 Optimization of centrifugal fan of an industrial travelling
cleaner (Sumedh, [Link])

 Thermal analysis of capacitor bank (Sumedh, [Link])

46
Work at VIT Subsea & Chemical
 Heat exchanger effectiveness (Anuprita, [Link])

 Heat exchanger effectiveness (Pavan, [Link])

47
Work at VIT Subsea & Chemical
 Slurry flow in a vertical riser (Rahul, [Link])

 Corrugated pipe (Rince. [Link])

48
Work at VIT Medical
 Design of Stent in the Aortic Arc Aneurysm (Reynold,
[Link])

49
Work at VIT Electrical
 Thermal analysis of electrical machines (Pavan,
[Link])

50
Consultancy – Diesel Filter
 CFD analysis of Diesel Filter

Deliverable: Pressure drop

Chennai

51
Consultancy - TEG heat exchanger
 CFD analysis of heat exchanger for TEG

Spurt innovation,
bangalore 52
Consultancy – TEG heat exchanger
 CFD analysis of heat exchanger for TEG

Deliverable: Temp. difference

Spurt innovation, across TEG, Outlet temperatures
bangalore 53
Consultancy – Space heater
Fresh air
Fresh air outlet
outlet

Bottom
view

Hot air
outlet Hot air
Hot air outlet
inlet Fresh air Hot/Fresh
inlet Existing Design air inlets
Spurt innovation,
bangalore New Design
Experiments Vs Simulations

55
Experiments Vs Simulations

 CFD gives an insight into flow patterns that are difficult,

expensive or impossible to study using Experiments
Experiments Simulations
Quantitative description of flow Quantitative Prediction of flow
phenomena using Measurements phenomena using Simulations
• for a single quantity at a time • for all desired quantities
• at a limited number of locations • with high resolution in space and
and duration time
• for a laboratory scale model • for the actual flow domain
• for a limited range of problems • for virtually any problem and
and operating conditions realistic operating conditions
Error Sources: Measurement Error Sources: Modeling,
Errors, Flow disturbances by the Discretization, Iteration,
probes Implementation

56
Experiments Vs Simulations

 CFD does not replace the measurements completely

 CFD can reduce the amount of experimentation and
the overall cost
Experiments Simulations

Expensive Cheaper
Slow Fast
Sequential Parallel
Single- Purpose Multi- Purpose

 Equipment and Personnel are difficult to transport

 CFD software is portable, easy to use and modify

57
History of CFD

58
History of CFD: 1930 to 1950s

 Earliest numerical solution: for flow past a cylinder (1933)

[Link], ‘The Flow Past Circular Cylinders at Low
Speeds’, Proc. Royal Society, A141, pp. 651-666,
London, 1933
 Kawaguti obtains a solution for flow around a cylinder, in
1953 by using a mechanical desk calculator, working 20
hours per week for 18 months

59
History of CFD: 1960 to 1970s

 During the 1960s the theoretical division at Los Alamos

contributed many numerical methods that are still in use
today, such as the following methods:
 Particle-In-Cell (PIC)
 Marker-and-Cell (MAC)
 Vorticity-Stream function Methods
 Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE)
 k- turbulence model

60
History of CFD: 1960 to 1970s

 During the 1970s a group working under D. Brian Spalding,

at Imperial College, London, develop:
 Parabolic flow codes (GENMIX)
 Vorticity-Stream function based codes
 The SIMPLE algorithm
 The form of the k- equations that are used
today
 Upwind differencing
 ‘Eddy break-up’ and ‘presumed pdf’ combustion
models

61
History of CFD: 1980 to 1990s

 In 1980 Suhas V. Patankar published “Numerical Heat

Transfer and Fluid Flow”, probably the most influential
book on CFD
 Previously, CFD was performed using academic, research
and in-house codes. When one wanted to perform a CFD
calculation, one had to write a program
 This is the period during which most commercial CFD
codes originated

62
How CFD works?

63
Steps involved in Modeling
 Creation of the geometry.
 Division of geometry into a
computational mesh
 Application of mass balance, force Cross sectional view of
the 3D Supersonic intake
balance and energy balance
principles to small computational
cells
 Solution of variables such as
velocity, pressure, density,
temperature, stresses,
displacements etc. at various
points in the geometry
64
Steps involved in Modeling

 Pre-Processing – Geometry creation, Meshing & Definition

 Analysis - Solution

 Post-Processing - Visualization

65
Pre-Processing

66
Pre-Processing

 Creation of Geometry
 Grid generation
 Selection of the physical and chemical phenomena
that need to be modeled
 Definition of fluid properties
 Specification of appropriate boundary conditions

67
Pre-Processing - Geometry

Creation of Geometry – the computational domain

 Selection of an
appropriate
Cross sectional view of the 3D
coordinate
Supersonic intake  Determine the
domain size and
shape
 Simplifications, if
any

68
Commercial Packages - Modeling

Pro-Engineer

Catia V5

69
Pre-Processing – Grid Generation

 Sub-division of the domain into a number of smaller, non-

overlapping sub-domains
 Called grid/ mesh of cells/ control volumes/ elements

Cells/ control
volumes/ elements
Grid/ Mesh

70
Pre-Processing – Grid Generation

 Selection of grid type and types of cells

tetrahedron pyramid
triangle

hexahedron
prism or wedge
quadrilateral

71
Pre-Processing – Grid Generation

 Selection of grid type and types of cells

Structured Grid

Block-Structured Grid

UnStructured Grid
72
Pre-Processing – Grid Generation

 Simple Geometries: Quad/ Hexa Meshes

 Complex Geometries: Tri/ Tetra Mesh

73
Pre-Processing – Grid Generation

 Degree of grid resolution

 Depends on the flow features to be captured
 Examples:
 Boundary layer
 Flow separation
 Recirculation

air fuel

74
Pre-Processing – Grid Generation

 Number of cells
 Computer memory tet
mesh
hex
mesh

wedge mesh

Hybrid mesh for

an IC engine
valve port

75
Commercial Packages - Meshing

GridPro

ICEM CFD
76
Pre-Processing – Selection of physical and
chemical phenomena

 Compressible/ Incompressible flow

 Laminar/ Turbulent flow

 Steady/ Unsteady

 Combustion

 Fluid Structure interaction

 Single phase/ Multiphase flow

77
Incompressible & Compressible flows

 Incompressible Flow  ρ is constant

 Compressible Flow  ρ is variable
 Incompressible flow occurs when the Mach number of the
flow is < 0.3
 If the density changes by more than 5% or more, the flow
is considered to be Compressible flow
 Pressure variation is strong in compressible flow whereas
in incompressible flow, it is very less

air

fuel

HSTDV
Flow through Backward Facing Step
78
Laminar flow

 Smooth
 Steady
 No eddies Reynold’s Experiment

 No swirl
 Layers of fluid seem to slide by one another
 Occurs at low velocities
 Solved using the conservation equations

79
Turbulent flow

 Irregular and fluctuating

 Unsteady
 Eddies are present
Reynold’s Experiment
 Eddies interact with
each other as they move around
 Occurs at high velocities
 Solved using the time averaged conservation
equations

80
Reynolds Number

 Primary parameter used to decide the flow type

 Inertia Force / Viscous Force
 Inertia Force = ρv2/D
 Viscous Force = μv/D2

81
Reynolds Number

 High Reynolds number

Transition to
Turbulent flow
occurs at Re >
2300
 Boundary layer over a flat plate

 Re = 60000 at point A
 Re = 5 x 105 at point B

82
Steady and Unsteady flow

 Defined with respect to time

Schematic of the feedback

air fuel
processes responsible for a
combustion instability

83
Combustion

 Any chemical reaction involved

 Examples:
IC Engine combustion
Gas turbine combustion

84
Single/ Multiphase flow

 Single phase: Gas phase combustion

 Multiphase:
 Droplet flow – Discrete fluid droplets in a
continuous gas
 Fluidized beds

85
Pre-processing – Selection of material
properties

Fluid/ Solid
 Density
 Specify capacity
 Thermal conductivity
 Viscosity

86
Pre-processing – Boundary conditions

OPERATING CONDITIONS

Mach No.= 2.99

Angle of attack = 0
P∞= 0.15 bar;
T∞= 135 K

87
Typical flow boundary conditions

u=0, v=0, w=0

(no slip-condition on the wall)

Far stream b.c.  u=Ua, v=0,w=0, p=pa

No-slip b.c. Exit b.c.

extrapolation
Symmetry
v=0, y-der. = 0
Inlet
b.c.

88
Governing Equations

 Represent mathematical statements of the

Conservation laws of physics

 The mass of a fluid is conserved (Continuity equation)

 The rate of change of momentum equals the sum of the

forces on a fluid particle (Newton’s second law)

 The rate of change of energy is equal to the sum of the

rate of heat addition to and the rate of work done on a
fluid particle (First law of thermodynamics)

89
Governing equations (Incompressible flow)

u v w
Continuity equation:   0
x y z

u u u u p
x-mom.: ( u v  w )     2 u  g x
t x y z x

v v v v p
y-mom.:  (  u  v  w )     2 v  g y
t x y z y

w w w w p
z-mom.: ( u v  w )     2 w  g z
t x y z z
T T T T
Heat balance: C p ( u v  w )  k 2T  Q
t x y z

90
Governing equations (Compressible flow)

Mass balance:   ( u )  ( v)  ( w)

   0
t x y z
( u ) ( u 2 ) ( uv) ( uw)  xx  xy  xz
       g x
Momentum t x y z x y z
Balance  ( v)  ( uv)  ( v 2 ) ( vw)  yx  yy  yz
       g y
(x,y,z) t x y z x y z
equations: ( w)  ( uw) ( vw)  ( w 2 )  zx  zy  zz
       g z
t x y z x y z
u 2  v 2  w v
 xx   p  2   (.V )  yy   p  2   (.V )  yz   zy   (  )
x 3 y 3 y z

w 2  u v u w
 zz   p  2  (.V )  xy   yx  (  )  xz   zx  (  )
z 3 y x z x
Energy  ( e)  ( uH )  ( vH )  ( wH )
    .(kT )    Q
equation t x y z
91
Discretization/ Modeling Method

 Finite Difference Method (FDM)

 Finite Volume Method (FVM)
 Finite Element Method (FEM)

92
Finite Difference Method (FDM)

 Oldest Method
 Easiest Method for simple Geometries
 Differential equations are converted into difference
expressions
 Not suitable for complex flows

dT Ti  Ti 1 Ti 1  Ti
 or
dx x x

i-1 i i+1

93
Finite Volume Method (FVM)

 Conservation equations in integral form

 The solution domain is subdivided into a finite number of
control volumes
 Conservation equations are applied to each control volume
 Suitable for simple and complex geometries
Boundary node
Packages:
Control volume Fluent
CFX
Computational node TASCflow

94
Finite Element Method (FEM)
 While FDM and FVM were applied for flow/ thermal
problems, FEM was initially developed for structural
problems
 In this method, a large structure is divided into small
elements and characteristic of each element is written as a
matrix contribution
 By adding contributions of all elements, we get the matrix
equation for the whole geometry

Packages:
ANSYS
ABACUS

95
Analysing

96
Analysis
 Conserved equations solved iteratively
 Convergence is reached when
 Changes in the solution variables from one iteration to
the next are negligible
 Overall property conservation is achieved
 When local and global errors are below a specified
threshold
 Accuracy depends on
 Accuracy of physical model
 Grid resolution
 Problem setup
97
Commercial Packages – CFD Solver

98
Post-Processing

99
Post-Processing

Visualization

 To see overall flow pattern

 To check separation
 Shocks location
 To identify key flow features
 To check whether boundary conditions and
physical models are appropriate

100
Post-Processing