Scribd
Upload
21 views3 pages

t-Test Analysis and Hypothesis Testing

This document describes the results of several t-tests conducted to analyze various hypotheses and data sets. Each t-test compares sample means to hypothesized population means or between two samples, and determines whether to reject the null hypothesis based on the t-statistic value and degrees of freedom. Across the different analyses and data, some null hypotheses were rejected indicating significant differences while others were not rejected, showing no significant differences.

Uploaded by

Sheryl Paja
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
21 views3 pages

t-Test Analysis and Hypothesis Testing

This document describes the results of several t-tests conducted to analyze various hypotheses and data sets. Each t-test compares sample means to hypothesized population means or between two samples, and determines whether to reject the null hypothesis based on the t-statistic value and degrees of freedom. Across the different analyses and data, some null hypotheses were rejected indicating significant differences while others were not rejected, showing no significant differences.

Uploaded by

Sheryl Paja
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ACTIVITY 1: The t-Test for Mean

1. H0: µ = 179 H1: µ ≠ 179 (claim)


2. At α = 0.01 and d.f. = 9, the critical value is = 3.250
x̄−μ 205−179
3. t-test Value = = = 3.162
s /√ n 26 /√ 10
4. Do not reject the null hypothesis since 3.162 is less than 3.250 and falls in the noncritical region.
5. There is no significant difference that supports the claim that cat owners spend an average of $179 annually in
routine veterinary visits.

1. H0: µ = 2000 H1: µ < 2000 (claim)


2. At α = 0.01 and d.f. = 4, the critical value is = -3.747
x̄−μ 1885.8−2000
3. t-test Value = = = -0.104
s /√ n 2456.2/√ 5
4. Do not reject the null hypothesis since -0.104 falls in the noncritical region.
5. There is no enough evidence to support the claim that the average number of acres on western Pennsylvania
state parks is less than 2000 acres.

1. H0: µ = 4172 H1: µ > 4172 (claim)


2. At α = 0.05 and d.f. = 19, the critical value is = 1.729
x̄−μ 4560−4172
3. t-test Value = = = 1.091
s /√ n 1590 /√ 20
4. Do not reject the null hypothesis since 1.091 is less than 1.7291 and falls in the noncritical region.
5. There is no enough evidence to support the claim that the families pay more than the national average of $4172.

1. H0: µ = 25.4 H1: µ < 25.4 (claim)


2. At α = 0.10 and d.f. = 24, the critical value is = -1.318
x̄−μ 22.1−25.4
3. t-test Value = = = -3.113
s /√ n 5.3 /√ 25
4. Reject the null hypothesis since -3.113 falls in the critical region.
5. There is enough evidence that the average commute time one way is 25.4 minutes.

1. H0: µ = 700 H1: µ < 700 (claim)


2. At α = 0.025 and d.f. = 9, the critical value is = -2.262
x̄−μ 606.5−700
3. t-test Value = = = -2.71
s /√ n 109.1/√ 10
4. Reject the null hypothesis since -2.71 falls in the critical region.
5. There is enough evidence to reject the claim that the average height of the buildings or more stories in a large
city is at least 700 feet.
ACTIVITY 2: t-Test for the Difference between Two Means

1. H0: µ1 = µ2 H1: µ1 ≠ µ2 (claim)


2. The degrees of freedom is 15-1 = 14. Hence, the critical value at α = 0.01 is 2.262.
( x̄ 1− x̄2 ) −(μ 1−μ2) ( 83256−88354 )−(0)
3. t-test Value = 2
s s 2
= 32562 23412 = -4.02
√ 1
+
n1 n2
2
√ 10
+
10
4. Reject the null hypothesis since -4.02 falls in the critical region.
5. There is enough evidence to conclude that there is difference in the values of homes from each group.

1. H0: µ1 = µ2 H1: µ1 ≠ µ2 (claim)


2. The degrees of freedom is 10-1 = 9. Hence, the critical value at α = 0.05 is 2.977.
( x̄ 1− x̄2 ) −(μ 1−μ2) ( 22.45−18.50 ) −(0)
3. t-test Value = 2
s s 2
= 16.42 18.22 = 2.60
√ 1
+
n1 n2
2
√ 15
+
15
4. Do not reject the null hypothesis since 2.60 is less than 2.977 and falls in the noncritical region.
5. There is no enough evidence to conclude a difference in average television watching times between the two
groups.

1. H0: µ1 = µ2 H1: µ1 ≠ µ2 (claim)


2. The degrees of freedom is 15-1 = 14. Hence, the critical value at α = 0.05 is 1.761.
( x̄ 1− x̄2 ) −(μ 1−μ2) ( 501580−513360 )−(0)
3. t-test Value = s21 s 22 = 200002 18 0002 = 1.696
√ +
n1 n2 √ 15
+
15
4. Do not reject the null hypothesis since 1.696 is less than 1.761 and falls in the noncritical region.
5. There is no enough evidence to conclude a difference in the pay of the safeties and linebackers in the NFL.

1. H0: µA = µB H1: µA > µB (claim)


2. The degrees of freedom is 6-1 = 5. Hence, the critical value at α = 0.01 is 3.747.
( x̄ 1− x̄2 ) −(μ 1−μ2) ( 39.66667−28.83333 ) −(0)
3. t-test Value = 2
s s 2
= 18.370272 17.127952 = 1.0565
√ 1
+
n1 n2
2
√ 6
+
6
4. Do not reject the null hypothesis since the t value falls in the noncritical region.
5. There is no enough evidence to support the claim that the average number of students in school districts in
Allegheny County who attend cyber schools is greater than those who attend cyber schools outside Allegheny
County.
1. H0: µ1 = µ2 H1: µ1 ≠ µ2 (claim)
2. The degrees of freedom is 10-1 = 9. Hence, the critical value at α = 0.02 is ±2.821.
( x̄ 1− x̄2 ) −(μ 1−μ2) ( 21−27 ) −(0)
3. t-test Value = s21 s 22 = 5.6 2 4.32 = -2.8421
√ +
n1 n2 √ +
10 14
4. Reject the null hypothesis since -2.8421 falls in the critical region.
5. There is enough evidence to conclude that there is a difference in the average time spent by the two services.

ACTIVITY 3: t-Test for the Difference between Two Independent Samples

1. H0: µ = 0 H1: µ ≠ 0 (claim)


2. The degrees of freedom is 7-1 = 6. Hence, the critical value at α = 0.05 is 2.447.
D́−μ D 6.7142
3. t-test Value = = = 2.8121
SD/ √ n 6.3170/√ 7
4. Reject the null hypothesis since 2.8121 falls in the critical region.
5. There is enough evidence that the book scores are higher than the DVD scores.

1. H0: µ = 0 H1: µ ≠ 0 (claim)


2. The degrees of freedom is 8-1 = 7. Hence, the critical value at α = 0.05 is 2.365.
D́−μ D 3.5
3. t-test Value = = = 4.2488
SD/ √ n 2.329/√ 8
4. Reject the null hypothesis since 4.2488 falls in the critical region.
5. There is enough evidence to conclude that the students did better the second time.

1. H0: µ = 0 H1: µ ≠ 0 (claim)


2. The degrees of freedom is 8-1 = 7. Hence, the critical value at α = 0.10 is -1.895.
D́−μ D −1.5625
3. t-test Value = = = -1.6582
SD/ √ n 2.6650 /√ 8
4. Do not reject the null hypothesis since -1.6582 falls in the noncritical region.
5. There is no enough evidence to conclude that there is a difference in the mean number of hours slept.

1. H0: µ = 0 H1: µ ≠ 0 (claim)


2. The degrees of freedom is 16-1 = 15. Hence, the critical value at α = 0.01 is ±2.2947.
D́−μ D −1.5625
3. t-test Value = = = -0.4999
SD/ √ n 12.500/ √ 16
4. Do not reject the null hypothesis since -0.4999 falls in the noncritical region.
5. There is no enough evidence to conclude that the average taxable assessed values have changed.

1. H0: µ = 0 H1: µ ≠ 0 (claim)


2. The degrees of freedom is 5-1 = 4. Hence, the critical value at α = 0.15 is ±1.190.
D́−μ D −201.76 279.4
3. t-test Value = = = -0.6676 ; = = 1.5348
SD/ √ n 675.77/√ 5 407.05/√ 5
4. Do not reject the null hypothesis since -6676 falls in the noncritical region.
Reject the null hypothesis since 1.5438 falls in the critical region.
5. There is no enough evidence to conclude a difference in the mean production between 2007 and 2006. On the
other hand, there is sufficient evidence to conclude a difference in the mean production between 2006 and
2005.

Common questions

Powered by AI

Valid t-test results require several assumptions: the data should be approximately normally distributed, especially in small samples; samples are drawn independently; variances of the two samples being compared should be equal (homogeneity of variance); and data must be in the interval or ratio scale. These assumptions ensure the reliability of the t-test in drawing conclusions about population means from sample data. Any violation may lead to incorrect inferences, as implied in the various t-tests across the provided sources .

Degrees of freedom, which determine the shape of the t-distribution, are crucial because they impact the critical values used to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis. More degrees of freedom typically make the t-distribution approach a normal distribution, leading to smaller critical values. In Source 1, varying degrees of freedom led to different critical values for each t-test, influencing the evaluation of test statistics and decisions on hypothesis acceptance or rejection .

Increasing the sample size can lead to a more accurate estimate of the population parameters by reducing the standard error. This increases the power of the test, making it more likely to detect a true difference between two means if it exists. In Source 2, a larger sample size would reduce the variability in the estimates of the means, potentially affecting whether the test statistic falls in the critical region and thereby increasing the likelihood of detecting a significant difference between two groups .

When the calculated t-value is less than the critical value, it falls in the noncritical region, and the null hypothesis is not rejected. This means there is not enough evidence to support the alternative hypothesis. For example, the t-test in Source 1 regarding the average cost of routine veterinary visits showed a calculated t-value of 3.162 against a critical value of 3.250, resulting in the conclusion that there is no significant difference from the claimed mean of $179 .

A paired t-test is suitable when comparing two related groups—measurements on the same subjects under different conditions or time points, capturing paired differences. It controls for individual variability, offering more statistical power. An example would be comparing test scores before and after a specific teaching intervention, as implied in the tests recording repeated measures or paired outcomes in Source 3 .

The significance level (alpha) determines the threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis. A lower alpha reduces the likelihood of Type I error (rejecting a true null hypothesis) but increases the threshold for finding significance. For instance, in Source 1, changing alpha from 0.01 to 0.05 could impact critical values, potentially affecting whether calculated t-values fall within the critical region or not, thus altering conclusions drawn from t-tests about mean differences .

Critical values define the thresholds within which the calculated t-value must fall for the null hypothesis not to be rejected. They depend on the chosen level of significance and the degrees of freedom. These values determine the regions of acceptance or rejection; if the calculated t-value is beyond the critical value, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. For instance, in Source 2, critical values played a decisive role in the decision-making process of whether observed differences in means were significant or not .

A researcher would reject the null hypothesis when the test statistic calculated from the sample data falls within the critical (rejection) region, defined by the critical value and chosen significance level. This outcome suggests sufficient evidence against the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis. For example, in Source 3, a calculated t-value of 2.8421 led to rejecting the null hypothesis for a test comparing service times, indicating enough evidence of a difference .

Directionality influences the critical region's position and range. A one-tailed test posits a specific direction of deviation and uses a single critical region, making it easier to achieve significance if the effect is in the specified direction. A two-tailed test does not specify direction, thus having two critical regions, and is used when deviations are expected in either direction. In the document, one-tailed tests were used to detect deviations in one direction, such as determining if commute time is less than a certain value, requiring a t-value to fall into a critical region defined solely in one tail of the distribution .

The t-test conducted for average commute time indicated a rejection of the null hypothesis, with a calculated t-value of -3.113 exceeding the critical value of -1.318, suggesting significant evidence that the average commute time is less than the claimed 25.4 minutes. The conclusion drawn from the analysis confirms that the commute time is indeed shorter than initially hypothesized .

You might also like