A Technical Seminar report on

ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
[Link], KAKINADA
Submitted by

[Link]

(17F01A0463)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

[Link]’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

CHIRALA

2017-2021
[Link]’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
CHIRALA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that the Technical Seminar Topic entitled “ZIGBEE

TECHNOLOGY” being submitted by [Link] bearing [Link]:17F01A0463
in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree Of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics & Communication Engineering is a record of bonafide work carried out
by the student.

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
Dr. KAMILI JAGADEESH BABU
Date:
Place: Chirala
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The successful completion of any task is not possible without proper suggestion,
guidance and environment. Combination of these three factors acts like backbone to my
presentation titled “ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY”.

I express my sincere thankstoourHead of theDepartment, Electronics &

Communication Engineering Dr. KAMILI JAGADEESH BABU for his valuable
suggestions during my courseperiod,timely help,guidance and providing me with the
most essential materials required for the completion of thiswork.

I would like to thank our principal,Dr. [Link] GOPALA RAO for providing support
and simulating environment. I would like to express my gratitude to the management
[Link]’sCollegeofEngineering&Technology for providing me a pleasant environment
and excellent laboratory facilities.

I am thankfultoallteachingandnon-teachingstaffoftheDepartmentofElectronics &
Communication Engineering for the cooperation given for the successful completion
of my presentation.

[Link]
17F01A0463
 CONTENTS

ii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

E
VOLUTION OF LOW-RATE WIRELESS PERSONAL AREA NETWORK

STANDARDIZATION 1
ZIGBEE AND IEEE 802.15.4 2
ZigBee Alliance 3
Why is it called Zigbee? 4

2 IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN. 5

GENERAL DESCRIPTION 5
ZIGBEE CHARACTERISTICS 6
DEVICE TYPES 7
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES 8
Star Topology 8
Peer-to-peer Topology 9
Cluster-tree Topology 10
ARCHITECTURE 12
Network and Application Support layer : 13
Physical (PHY) layer: 13
Media access control (MAC) layer: 14
3 IEEE 802.15.4 PHY 15

RECEIVER ENERGY DETECTION (ED) 17

LINK QUALITY INDICATION (LQI) 17
CLEAR CHANNEL ASSESSMENT (CCA) 18
PPDU FORMAT 18

4 IEEE 802.15.4 MAC 20

SUPERFRAME STRUCTURE 21
CSMA-CA ALGORITHM 22
TRAFFIC TYPES 23
DATA TRANSFER MODEL 23

5 ZIGBEE ROUTING LAYER 28

AODV: AD HOC ON DEMAND DISTANCE VECTOR 28

6 SUMMARY 32

TECHNOLOGY COMPARISONS 31
ZIGBEE APPLICATIONS 31
7 CONCLUSION 33

8 REFERENCE 34
 LIST OF FIGURES

Star topology Network 9

Cluster Network 10

Mesh Network 11

ZigBee Architecture 12

Phy layer Reference model 15

Operating Frequency Bands 18

Mac layer Reference model 21

Super frame structure 23

communication to a coordinator in a beacon Enabled network. 25

communication to a coordinator in a nonbeacon Enabled network. 26

communication from a coordinator in a nonbeacon Enabled network. 27

communication from a coordinator in a beacon Enabled network. 28

5.1 Reverse and forward path formation in AODV Protocol 31

 ABSTRACT

My seminar topic is “ZigBee”. ZigBee is a new wireless technology developed by the

ZigBee Alliance to overcome the limitations of BLUETOOTH and Wi-Fi. ZigBee is

developed on the top of IEEE 802.15.4 standard. It is designed for low-power

consumption allowing batteries to essentially last [Link] we have couple of

methods for multimedia applications, till now nothing has been developed for sensor

networking and control machines which require longer battery life and continuous

working without human intervention. ZigBee devices allow batteries to last up to

years using primary cells (low cost) without any chargers (low cost and easy

installation).

The ZigBee standard provides network, security, and application support services

operating on top of the IEEE [Link] 802.15.4 standard has two basic layers

medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) wireless standard. The

network layer supports various topologies such star, clustered tree topology and self

healing mesh topology. Apart from easy installation and easy implementation ZigBee

has a wide application area such as home networking, industrial networking, many

more having different profiles specified for each field. The upcoming of ZigBee will

revolutionize the home networking and rest of the wireless world.

ZigBee

1. INTRODUCTION

Evolution of Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN)

Standardization

The cellular network was a natural extension of the wired telephony network that became
persistent during the mid-20th century. As the need for mobility and the cost of laying
new wires increased, the motivation for a personal connection independent of location to
that network also increased. Coverage of large area is provided through (1-2km) cells that
co-operate with their neighbors to create a seamless network. Cellular standards basically
aimed at facilitating voice communications throughout a metropolitan area. During the
mid-1980s, it turned out that an even smaller coverage area is needed for higher user
densities and the emergent data traffic.

The IEEE 802.11 working group for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is formed,
to create a wireless local area network standard. Whereas IEEE 802.11 was concerned
with features such as Ethernet matching speed, long range(100m), complexity to handle
seamless roaming, message forwarding, and data throughput of 2-11Mbps.

Wireless personal area networks (WPANs) are used to convey information over relatively
short distances. WPANs are focused on a space around a person or object that typically
extends up to 10m in all directions. The focus of WPANs is low-cost, low power, short
range and very small size.

The IEEE 802.15 working group is formed to create WPAN standard. This group has
currently defined three classes of WPANs that are differentiated by data rate, battery
drain and quality of service (QoS).

 The high data rate WPAN (IEEE 802.15.3) is suitable for multi-media
applications that require very high quality of services.

Dept of ece,SACET 1
 Medium rate WPANs (IEEE 802.15.1/Bluetooth) will handle a variety of tasks
ranging from cell phones to PDA communications and have QoS suitable for voice
communications.
 The low rate WPANs (IEEE 802.15.4/LR-WPAN) is intended to serve a set of
industrial, residential and medical applications with very low power consumption, with
relaxed needs for data rate and QoS. The low data rate enables the LR-WPAN to
consume very little power. This feature allows small, power-efficient, inexpensive
solutions to be implemented for a wide range of devices.

Zigbee and IEEE 802.15.4

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is a simple packet data protocol for lightweight wireless
networks and specifies the Physical (PHY) and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers
for Multiple Radio Frequency (RF) bands, including 868 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2.4 GHz.

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is designed to provide reliable data transmission of modest
amounts of data up to 100 meters or more while consuming very little power. IEEE
802.15.4 is typically less than 32 kb in size, featuring a 64-bit address space, source and
destination addressing, error detection, and advanced power management.

ZigBee technology takes full advantage of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and extends the
capabilities of this new radio standard by defining a flexible and secure network layer
that supports a variety of architectures to provide highly reliable wireless communication.

ZigBee technology also offers simplicity and a cost-effective approach to building,

construction and remodeling with wireless technology. ZigBee is all set to provide the
consumers with ultimate flexibility, mobility, and ease of use by building wireless
intelligence and capabilities into every day devices.

ZigBee is expected to provide low cost and low power connectivity for equipment that
needs battery life as long as several months to several years but does not require data
transfer rates as high as those enabled by Bluetooth. This kind of network eliminates use
of physical data buses like USB and Ethernet cables. The devices could include
telephones, hand-held digital assistants, sensors and controls located within a few meters
of each other.

Thus, ZigBee technology is a low data rate, low power consumption, low cost; wireless
networking protocol targeted towards automation and remote control applications.

ZigBee Alliance

The ZigBee Alliance is an association of companies working together to enable reliable,

cost-effective, low-power, wirelessly networked, monitoring and control products based
on an open global standard.

The goal of the ZigBee Alliance is to provide the consumer with ultimate flexibility,
mobility, and ease of use by building wireless intelligence and capabilities into every day
devices. ZigBee technology will be embedded in a wide range of products and
applications across consumer, commercial, industrial and government markets
worldwide. For the first time, companies will have a standards-based wireless platform
optimized for the unique needs of remote monitoring and control applications, including
simplicity, reliability, low-cost and low-power.

Why is it called Zigbee?

It has been suggested that the name evokes the haphazard paths that bees follow as they
harvest pollen, similar to the way packets would move through a mesh network.

Using communication system, whereby the bee dances in a zig-zag pattern, worker bee is
able to share information such as the location, distance, And direction of a newly
discovered food source to her fellow colony members. Instinctively implementing the
ZigBee Principle, bees around the world actively sustain productive itchiness and
promote future generations of Colony members.
zigbe

2. IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN

General description
A LR-WPAN is a simple, low-cost communication network that allows wireless
connectivity in applications with limited power and relaxed throughput requirements. The
main objectives of an LR-WPAN are ease of installation, reliable data transfer, short-
range operation, extremely low cost, and a reasonable battery life, while maintaining a
simple and flexible protocol.

The three license-free frequencies of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard include sixteen channels
at 2.4 GHz, ten channels at 915 MHz, and one channel at 868 MHz, to support global or
regional deployment. The maximum data rates for each band are 250 kbps, 40 kbps and
20 kbps, respectively. The air interface is direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) using
binary phase shift keying (BPSK) for 868 MHz and 915 MHz and offset-quadrature
phase shift keying (OQPSK) for 2.4 GHz.

Other features of the IEEE 802.15.4 PHY include receiver energy detection, link quality
indication and clear channel assessment. Both contention-based and contention-free
channel access methods are supported. Maximum packet size is 128 bytes, including a
variable payload of up to 104 bytes. IEEE 802.15.4 employs 64-bit IEEE and 16-bit short
addresses, which supports over 65,000 nodes per network.

The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC also enables network association and disassociation, has an
optional super frame structure with beacons for time synchronization, and a guaranteed
time slot (GTS) mechanism for high priority communications. The access method is
carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA). Network routing
schemes are designed to ensure power conservation, and low latency through guaranteed
time slots. A unique feature of ZigBee network layer is communication redundancy
eliminating “single point of failure” in mesh networks.

Dept of ece,SACET 5
zigbe

IEEE and ZigBee Alliance have been working closely to specify the entire protocol stack.
IEEE 802.15.4 focuses on the specification of the lower two layers of the protocol
(physical and data link layer). On the other hand, ZigBee Alliance aims to provide the
upper layers of the protocol stack (from network to the application layer) for
interoperable data networking, security services and a range of wireless home and
building control solutions.

Zigbee characteristics

The focus of network applications under the IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee standard include the
features of low power consumption, needed for only two major modes (Tx/Rx or Sleep),
high density of nodes per network, low costs and simple implementation.

These features are enabled by the following characteristics

 2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz dual PHY modes.

 This represents three license-free bands: 2.4-2.4835 GHz, 868-870 MHz and 902-
928 MHz. The number of channels allotted to each frequency band is fixed at 16 channels
in the 2.45 GHz band, 10 channels in the 915 MHz band, and 1 channel in the 868 MHz
band
 Maximum data rates allowed for each of these frequency bands are fixed as 250
kbps @2.4 GHz, 40 kbps @ 915 MHz, and 20 kbps @868 MHz.
 Allocated 16 bit short or 64 bit extended addresses.
 Allocation of guaranteed time slots (GTSs)
 Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA) channel
access Yields high throughput and low latency for low duty cycle devices like sensors
and controls.
 Fully “hand-shake” acknowledged protocol for transfer reliability.
 Low power consumption with battery life ranging from months to years.
 Energy detection (ED).
 Link quality indication (LQI).
zigbe

 Multiple topologies : star, peer-to-peer, mesh topologies

Device Types

ZigBee devices are required to conform to the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 Low-Rate Wireless
Personal Area Network (WPAN) standard. ZigBee wireless devices are expected to
transmit 10-75 meters, depending on the RF environment and the power output
consumption required for a given application, and will operate in the unlicensed RF
worldwide (2.4GHz global, 915MHz Americas or 868 MHz Europe). The data rate is
250kbps at 2.4GHz, 40kbps at 915MHz and 20kbps at 868MHz.

There are three different ZigBee device types that operate on these layers in any self-
organizing application network. These devices have 64-bit IEEE addresses, with option
to enable shorter addresses to reduce packet size, and work in either of two addressing
modes – star and peer-to-peer.

 The ZigBee (PAN) coordinator node: The most capable device, the coordinator
forms the root of the network tree and might bridge to other networks. It is able to store
information about the [Link] is one, and only one, ZigBee coordinator in each
network to act as the router to other network. It also acts as the repository for security
keys.

 The Full Function Device (FFD): The FFD is an intermediary router transmitting
data from other devices. It needs lesser memory than the ZigBee coordinator node, and
entails lesser manufacturing costs. It can operate in all topologies and can act as a
coordinator.
zigbe

 The Reduced Function Device (RFD) : This device is just capable of talking in the
network; it cannot relay data from other devices. Requiring even less memory, (no flash,
very little ROM and RAM), an RFD will thus be cheaper than an FFD. This device talks
only to a network coordinator and can be implemented very simply in star topology.

An FFD can talk to RFDs or other FFDs, while an RFD can talk only to an FFD. An RFD
is intended for applications that are extremely simple, such as a light switch or a passive
infrared sensor; they do not have the need to send large amounts of data and may only
associate with a single FFD at a time. Consequently, the RFD can be implemented using
minimal resources and memory capacity.

Network Topologies

Figure 2.1 shows 3 types of topologies that ZigBee supports: star topology, peer-to-peer
topology and cluster tree.

Star Topology

In the star topology, the communication is established between devices and a single
central controller, called the PAN coordinator. The PAN coordinator may be mains
powered while the devices will most likely be battery powered. Applications that benefit
from this topology include home automation, personal computer (PC) peripherals, toys
and games. After an FFD is activated for the first time, it may establish its own network
and become the PAN coordinator. Each start network chooses a PAN identifier, which is
not currently used by any other network within the radio sphere of influence. This allows
each star network to operate independently.
zigbe

Figure 2.1

Peer-to-peer Topology

In peer-to-peer topology, there is also one PAN coordinator. In contrast to star topology,
any device can communicate with any other device as long as they are in range of one
another. A peer-to-peer network can be ad hoc, self-organizing and self-healing.
Applications such as industrial control and monitoring, wireless sensor networks, asset
and inventory tracking would benefit from such a topology. It also allows multiple hops
to route messages from any device to any other device in the network. It can provide
reliability by multipath routing.
zigbe

Figure 2.2

Cluster-tree Topology

Cluster-tree network is a special case of a peer-to-peer network in which most devices are
FFDs and an RFD may connect to a cluster-tree network as a leave node at the end of a
branch. Any of the FFD can act as a coordinator and provide synchronization services to
other devices and coordinators.

Only one of these coordinators however is the PAN coordinator. The PAN coordinator
forms the first cluster by establishing itself as the cluster head (CLH) with a cluster
zigbe

identifier (CID) of zero, choosing an unused PAN identifier, and broadcasting beacon
frames to neighboring devices. A candidate device receiving a beacon frame may request
to join the network at the CLH. If the PAN coordinator permits the device to join, it will
add this new device as a child device in its neighbor list. The newly joined device will
add the CLH as its parent in its neighbor list and begin transmitting periodic beacons
such that other candidate devices may then join the network at that device. Once
application or network requirements are met, the PAN coordinator may instruct a device
to become the CLH of a new cluster adjacent to the first one. The advantage of this
clustered structure is the increased coverage area at the cost of increased message latency.

Figure 2.3
zigbe

Architecture

The LR-WPAN architecture is defined in terms of a number of blocks in order to

simplify the standard. These blocks are called layers. Each layer is responsible for one
part of the standard and offers services to the higher layers. The layout of the blocks is
based on the open systems interconnection (OSI) seven-layer model. The interfaces
between the layers serve to define the logical links between layers. The LR-WPAN
architecture can be implemented either as embedded devices or as devices requiring the
support of an external device such as a PC.

An LR-WPAN device comprises a PHY, which contains the radio frequency (RF)
transceiver along with its low-level control mechanism, and a MAC sub layer that
provides access to the physical channel for all types of transfer.

ZigBee Application layer

ZigBee Network layer

802.15.4 MAC
I
E
802.15.4 PHY 868/915 Mhz
802.15.4 PHY E
zigbe

5. CONCLUSION

The ZigBee Standard enables the broad-based deployment of reliable wireless networks
with low complexity, low cost solutions and provides the ability for a product to run for
years on inexpensive primary batteries (for a typical monitoring application). It is also, of
course, capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh networking technologies ZigBee
is all set to provide the consumers with ultimate flexibility, mobility, and ease of use by
building wireless intelligence and capabilities into every day devices.

The mission of the ZigBee Working Group is to bring about the existence of a broad
range of interoperable consumer devices by establishing open industry specifications for
unlicensed, untethered peripheral, control and entertainment devices requiring the lowest
cost and lowest power consumption communications between compliant devices
anywhere in and around the home.
zigbe

6. REFERENCE

1. William stalling ,”wirless communication and netwoks”,Fourth edition

pearson publication limited,2004

2. Andrew S. Tenenbaum, “Computer Networks”, Fourth Edition

Pearson Publication, Limited, 2003

3. Behrouz A. Frouzan, “Data Communication”, Third Edition, Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing , company Limitted, 2004

4. [Link]