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PCM Sampling Techniques Explained

The document discusses pulse code modulation (PCM) which is a common technique to convert an analog signal to digital data. There are three main processes: 1) Sampling which converts a continuous signal to a discrete signal by measuring the amplitude at discrete time intervals, 2) Quantization which divides the range of signal amplitudes into discrete levels, and 3) Encoding which converts each sampled and quantized amplitude level into a digital code. The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency in the signal to avoid aliasing according to the Nyquist theorem.

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Yonas D. Ebren
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14 views3 pages

PCM Sampling Techniques Explained

The document discusses pulse code modulation (PCM) which is a common technique to convert an analog signal to digital data. There are three main processes: 1) Sampling which converts a continuous signal to a discrete signal by measuring the amplitude at discrete time intervals, 2) Quantization which divides the range of signal amplitudes into discrete levels, and 3) Encoding which converts each sampled and quantized amplitude level into a digital code. The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency in the signal to avoid aliasing according to the Nyquist theorem.

Uploaded by

Yonas D. Ebren
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

a.

PULSE CODE MODULATION:

The most common technique to change an analog signal to digital data is called pulse code modulation
(PCM). A PCM encoder has the following three processes:

Sampling

Quantization

Encoding

Low pass filter :

The low pass filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the input analog signal to
ensure that the input signal to sampler is free from the unwanted frequency [Link] is done to
avoid aliasing of the message signal.

Sampling – The first step in PCM is sampling. Sampling is a process of measuring the amplitude of a
continuous-time signal at discrete instants, converting the continuous signal into a discrete signal. There
are three sampling methods:

(i) Ideal Sampling: In ideal Sampling also known as Instantaneous sampling pulses from the analog signal
are sampled. This is an ideal sampling method and cannot be easily implemented.

(ii) Natural Sampling: Natural Sampling is a practical method of sampling in which pulse have finite width
equal to [Link] result is a sequence of samples that retain the shape of the analog signal.

(iii) Flat top sampling: In comparison to natural sampling flat top sampling can be easily obtained. In this
sampling technique, the top of the samples remains constant by using a circuit. This is the most common
sampling method used.
Nyquist Theorem:

One important consideration is the sampling rate or frequency. According to the Nyquist theorem, the
sampling rate must be at least 2 times the highest frequency contained in the signal. It is also known as
the minimum sampling rate and given by:

Fs =2*fh

Quantization –

The result of sampling is a series of pulses with amplitude values between the maximum and minimum
amplitudes of the signal. The set of amplitudes can be infinite with non-integral values between two
limits.

The following are the steps in Quantization:

We assume that the signal has amplitudes between Vmax and Vmin

We divide it into L zones each of height d where,

d= (Vmax- Vmin)/ L

The value at the top of each sample in the graph shows the actual amplitude.

The normalized pulse amplitude modulation(PAM) value is calculated using the formula amplitude/d.

After this we calculate the quantized value which the process selects from the middle of each zone.
The Quantized error is given by the difference between quantised value and normalised PAM value.

The Quantization code for each sample based on quantization levels at the left of the graph.

Encoding –

The digitization of the analog signal is done by the encoder. After each sample is quantized and the
number of bits per sample is decided, each sample can be changed to an n bit code. Encoding also
minimizes the bandwidth used.

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