SPRINGS
are used as cushions to absorb shock as in machine supports.
are used as a source of power as in clocks and trigger mechanism.
are used to maintain contact between machine members by exerting a direct force as in
clutches, brakes, valve springs and cam followers.
G = modulus of rigidity
Ss = Shearing stress K = wahl' sconstant which consider
F.L = free length of spring the bending and wire curvature.
C.L = compressed length
4C −1 0.615
S.L = solid length K= +
4C −4 C
F = axial load to cause deflection y
y = deflection
Fs = axial load to compressed the spring to its solid length
Dm = mean diameter of coil
d = wire diameter
C = spring index = Dm/d
n = number of active coils
K 8 F Dm K F Dm KFDm ( 3b +1.8 t)
Ss = π d3
Ss = Ss =
0.416 b3 2 b2 t2
2.4 F Dm When long dimension is parallel
Ss = K
b3 to axis
8 FDm3 n 5.575 F Dm3 n 2.45 FDm2 n
y= y= y=
d4 G b4 G G t3 ( b −0.56t)
Dm Dm ��
C= d
C= b
�= ��������� ������������� �� ������ ����
In rectangular cross section spring, when the short dimension is parallel to the spring
axis, the shearing stress (Ss) is 20% higher as compared to Ss if long dimension is parallel
to axis.
K depends on spring index C. If Dm and d are unknown, a value of C can be assumed.
C = 8 to 10 for general industrial uses
C=5 for clutch and valve springs
C=3 value to be used only in extreme cases.
No. of effective coils (n) may be less than the actual number of coils in the spring.
Spring Rate ( spring scale) – Spring constant;
� ����� ����
= =
� ����������
Fig. 13-3 (pp 314) Different types of spring ends. Values of actual no. coils, solid length
and free length can be solved using the formulas below figure 13- 4.
Units:
K F Dm K lbs (in.) lbs
Ss = π d3
= π (in3 )
= in2 = psi
K N (mm) N
= = = MPa
π (mm3 ) mm2
8 F Dm3 n 8 lbs (in3 )n
y= = = inches
d4 G in4 (lbs 2 )
in
8 N (mm)3 n
= = mm
(mm)4 (N )
mm2
Dm inches mm
C= = = → unitless
d inches mm
IMPACT LOAD ON SPRINGS:
y
A. W h + y = Fi ( )
2
Fi = impact load
(when a mass falls on spring)
W (h + y) = potential energy
B. K.E = Kinetic energy
1 y
2
mv2 = Fi( 2)
Fi = impact load
Semielliptical Leaf Spring:
16 FL
Sf = bt2 ( 2ng +3nf)
18 N (mm) N
= = = MPa
mm mm2 2ng +3nf mm2
18 lbs (in) lbs
= = = psi
in (in)2 2ng +3nf in2
12FL3 12 N (mm)3
y= = N = mm
bt3 E (2ng +3nf) mm (mm)3 (
mm 2 ) 2ng +3nf
Where:
ng = no. of graduated leaves
nf = no. of full length leaves
Sf = flexural stress
F = load at the supports
L = distance of force to produce maximum moment
b = width of plate
t = thickness of plate
y = deflection
E = modulus of elasticity
For steel E = 30 × 106 psi
E = 207 MPa
12FL3
C = clearance = n = total number of leaves
nbt3 E
Fb = the force required to close the gap
2 ng nf F
Fb =
n (2ng +3nf)
Example: 1
A 275 kg weight falls a distance of 1.0 meter and strikes a coil compression spring which
absorbs the blow with a deflection of 305 mm. The mean diameter of the coils is to be 8 times
the wire diameter. If the allowable stress is 415 MPa and G = 80 GPa, find the diameter of the
wire and the number of effective coils.
Solution:
y
w h + y = Fi ( 2)
m 305 mm
275 kg 9.807 1000 mm + 305 mm = Fi( )
s2 2
Fi = 23078.6 N
K 8 F Dm Dm 8d
Ss = C= = =8
πd3 d d
4 8 −1 0.615
K= 4 8 −4
+ 8
= 1.184
K8FC k 8 F (C)
Ss = πd2
d= π (Ss)
(1.1840 8 23078.6 N (8)
d=
π 415 N
mm2
d = 36.62 mm
8 F Dm3 n 8 F C3 n 8 23078.6 N (83 )(n)
y= = =
d4 G Gd 80×103 � (36.62 ��)
��2
305 mm = 32.267 mm (n)
n = 9.45
∴ n = 10 coils
Example: 2
A loaded carriage weighing 1800 kg is moving at a velocity of 73 m/min. It was brought
to rest by a bumper consisting of two special steel (C = 6, spring index). The springs are
compressed to 20 cm. If the allowable stress is 598 MPa,
Determine:
a. the maximum load on each spring
b. the wire diameter
c. the mean diameter of the coils
d. the effective number of coils, take (G = 80 GPa)
Solution:
y
K. E = Fi ( 2) �����:
1 y kg−m
2
mv2 = Fi( 2 ) sec2
m = m
1 73 m 2 0.200 m
1800 kg ( ) = Fi ( )
2 60 sec 2
Fi = 13322.5 N
Fi 13322.5 N
a. max. load on each spring = 2
= 2
= 6661.25 N
K8 FDm K8FC
b. Ss = =
πd3 πd2
1.2525 8 6661.25 (6) 4 6 −1 0.615
d= �=46 + = 1.2525
π 548 N −4 6
mm2
d = 14.6 mm
c. Dm = C d = 6 14.6 mm = 87.6 mm
d.
8 F Dm3 n 8 FC3 n yGd
y= = n=
d4 G Gd 8 FC3
N
200 mm 80×103 (14.6 mm)
mm2
n=
8 6661.25 N (6)3
n = 20.3
∴ � = 21 �����
Example: 3
A spring has an over – all length of 112 cm and a load of 7260 kg at its center. The spring
has three full-length leaves and fifteen graduated leaves with a central bend of 100 mm wide.
All leaves are to be stressed to 415 MPa when fully loaded. The ratio of the spring depth to
width is to be approximately 2. Determine:
a. the width and thickness of leaves
b. the initial space that must be provided between full length and graduated leaves before the
band is applied.
c. the load exerted on the band after the spring is assembled.
Solution:
18 3630 kg ×9.807 m (0.51 m)
sec2
Sf = 2F = 7260 kg
bt2 (2×15 +3 ×3)
F = 3630 kg
N ( 326802.58 N−m) ( 112 cm−10 cm)
a. 415 mm2
= b t2 (39)
L=
2
N ( 326802580 N−mm)
415 = L = 51 cm = 0.51 m
mm2 b t2 (39)
N ( 326802580 N−mm)
415 mm2
= 9t t2 (39)
3 ( 326802580)
t=
415 9 (39)
t = 12.74 mm
b = 9 t = 9 12.74 mm = 114.66 mm
b.
2 FL3 2 (3630 kg ×9.807 m )(0.51 m)3
sec2
C= = N 1000 mm
n b t3 E 18 0.11466 m (0.01274 m)3 207 2 (mm m
)
C = 6.67 mm
c.
2 ng nf (F) 2 15 3 3630 ×9.807 N
Fb = =
n (2ng +3nf) (18) 2 ×15 +3 ×3
Fb = 3042.68 N