Republic of the Philippines Nat. Sci.
2
CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Tangaro, Catarman, Camiguin
Founded in 1995
Tel/Fax: (088) 387- 0044
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 8.1 Acids and Base Theories
CHAPTER 8
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS Acids (release H+)
WEEK 16 *taste sour, are corrosive to metals, change litmus (a dye extracted from lichens) red, and
become less acidic when mixed with bases.
Learning Objectives: *is a compound that furnishes hydrogen ions, H+, to an aqueous solution (Arrhenius).
*Proton donors (Brønsted–Lowry theory).
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to:
*an electron pair acceptor (Lewis theory).
A. Compare and contrast acids and bases as defined by the theories of: a)
Arrhenius, b) Brønsted-Lowry, and c) Lewis;
B. Describe the difference between strong and weak acids and bases;
C. Know the effects of the ionization of water;
D. Calculate the pH and pOH of a solution;
E. Explain the function and composition of a buffer and indicator;
An acid is a chemical substance or molecule that can:
F. Explain the formation of acid salts and their effects on a solution’s pH; and
Neutralize alkalis
G. Define neutralizations reaction.
Neutralize bases to produce salt and water
React with carbonates to produce a salt, water and CO2
Lesson Overview: React with active metals to produce hydrogen
Turn blue litmus to red
Since acids and bases were first labeled and described in the 17th century, their Turn methyl orange to red
definition has been refined over the centuries to reflect an increased understanding of Increase H+ ion concentration in a solution
their chemical properties. This module introduces the fundamentals of acid/base
chemistry. The relationship between hydrogen ion concentration [H+] and pH is shown Bases (release OH-)
alongside everyday examples of acids and bases. *feel slippery, change litmus blue, and become less basic when mixed with acids.
*is a compound that furnishes hydroxide ions, OH -, to an aqueous solution (Arrhenius).
Science Quotation:
* Proton acceptors, react with H+ (Brønsted–Lowry).
“The mind that opens to a new idea never returns to its original size.” *an electron pair donor (Lewis)
-Albert Einstein
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Republic of the Philippines Nat. Sci. 2
CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Tangaro, Catarman, Camiguin
Founded in 1995
Tel/Fax: (088) 387- 0044
A base is a chemical substance or molecule that can: 8.2 Strength of Acids and Bases
React with and neutralize acids to form salt and water Acids and bases do not all demonstrate the same degree of chemical activity in solution.
Turn red litmus to blue Different acids and bases have different strengths.
Turn methyl orange to yellow
Turn phenolphthalein to purple Strong acid- an acid that reacts completely with water to from ions in solution.
Accept and neutralize hydrogen ions Strong base- a base that is fully ionized in water solution.
Increase OH- ion concentration in a solution
Weak acid- an acid that reacts only partially with water to form ions.
The Brønsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases Weak base- a base that reacts only partially with water to form ions.
*took the Arrhenius definition one step further, as a substance no longer needed to be Common Strong Acids and Bases
composed of hydrogen (H+) or hydroxide (OH-) ions in order to be classified as an acid or
base. For example, consider the following chemical equation:
HCl(aq)+NH3(aq)→NH4+(aq)+Cl−(aq)
Here, hydrochloric acid (HCl) "donates" a proton (H+) to ammonia (NH3) which "accepts"
it, forming a positively charged ammonium ion (NH 4+) and a negatively charged chloride
ion (Cl-). Therefore, HCl is a Brønsted-Lowry acid (donates a proton) while the ammonia is
a Brønsted-Lowry base (accepts a proton). Also, Cl- is called the conjugate base of the acid
HCl and NH4+ is called the conjugate acid of the base NH3.
Household Acids and Bases
Many household products are acids or bases. For example, the owner of a
Acid-Base Reaction
swimming pool may use muriatic acid to clean the pool. Muriatic acid is another
Acid–base reaction a type of chemical process typified by the exchange of one or more
hydrogen ions, H+, between species that may be neutral (molecules, such as water, H2O; name for hydrochloric acid [HCl(aq)]. Vinegar has already been mentioned as a
or acetic acid, CH3CO2H) or electrically charged (ions, such as ammonium, NH4+; hydroxide, dilute solution of acetic acid [HC 2H3O2 (aq)]. In a medicine chest, one may find a
OH−; or carbonate, CO32−). bottle of vitamin C tablets; the chemical name of vitamin C is ascorbic acid
(HC6H7O6).
Salts
*Salt is a compound, which is an acid and a base combined. 8.3 Ionization of Water
*is any compound of a cation other than H + with an anion other than OH- or O2-
*everyday conversation means sodium chloride, as an example. *water molecules have a tendency to “fall apart” or “dissociate”
Basic salt: the product of the neutralization of a strong base and a weak acid; its anion is *usually written in simplified chemical equation:
the conjugate base of the weak acid
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CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Tangaro, Catarman, Camiguin
Founded in 1995
Tel/Fax: (088) 387- 0044
Likewise, the hydroxide ion molarity may be expressed as a p-function, or pOH:
pOH = −log[OH−]
or [OH−] = 10−pOH
The relation between these two ion concentration expressed as p-functions is
How often does water disassociate to form ions? easily derived from the Kw expression:
In pure water, about one water molecule in 550 million naturally disassociates into
Hydrogen ion (H+) and a Hydroxide ion (OH-).
At 25 °C, the value of Kw is 1.0 × 10−14, and so:
Because the number of positive hydrogen ions (H+)is equal to the number of negative 14.00 = pH + pOH
hydroxide ions(OH-) produced, water is neutral.
The hydronium ion molarity in pure water (or any neutral solution) is 1.0 × 10−7
8.4 pH and pOH Concepts M at 25 °C. The pH and pOH of a neutral solution at this temperature are
pH = -log [H+] therefore:
Note: Concentration is commonly abbreviated by using square brackets, thus [H+] =
hydrogen ion concentration. When measuring pH, [H+] is in units of moles of H+ per liter
of solution.
pH is a figure or unit that expresses the acidity or alkalinity of a solution using a
scale with values from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral, anything under 7 being an
Neutral describes a solution in which [H3O+] = [OH−]
acid, and anything above 7 being a base/alkaline.
pOH is fairly similar to pH, except instead of measuring the hydrogen ion
concentration in moles per liter, it measures the hydroxide ion concentration in Classification Relative Ion Concentrations pH at 25 °C
moles per liter. acidic [H3O+ ] > [OH− ] pH < 7
The pH of a solution is therefore defined as shown here, where [H 3O +] is the neutral [H3O+ ] = [OH− ] pH = 7
molar concentration of hydronium ion in the solution: basic [H3O+ ] < [OH− ] pH > 7
pH = −log[H3O +]
Rearranging this equation to isolate the hydronium ion molarity yields the
equivalent expression:
[H3O +] = 10−pH
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Republic of the Philippines Nat. Sci. 2
CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Tangaro, Catarman, Camiguin
Founded in 1995
Tel/Fax: (088) 387- 0044
From these 2 pH scales, you can conclude a few things: *does not change color from pure acid to pure base/alkaline at a specific hydrogen ion
pH of 1-3 is a strong acid concentration, but instead changes over a range of hydrogen ion concentrations. This
pH of 4-6 is a weak acid specific range is called the color change interval, and is expressed as a pH range.
pH of 7 is neutral
pH of 8-10 is a weak base/alkali Some common indicators
pH of 11-14 is strong base/alkali
Acids have more H+ ions Universal Indicator/pH Paper - will turn a color that corresponds to the same ranges of the
Bases have more OH- ions pH scale, meaning you will immediately know the pH from using this indicator (smooth
color change); consists of water, sodium hydroxide, methyl red, etc. Also comes in drops.
8.5 Indicators and Buffers Litmus Paper - tests whether something is an acid or a base (also referred to as the litmus
*Buffers are a type of solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added test). Wet litmus paper is also used to test water-soluble gases, as the gas will dissolve in
to it. Buffer solutions usually contain a weak acid or base combined with its conjugate acid water and what color the solution turns will tell you the pH. If the pH is below 4.5, the
or base. litmus paper will turn red (it's an acid). If the pH is above 8.3, the litmus paper will turn
*able to neutralize fairly small amounts of added acid and base, which results in it being blue (it's a base).
able to maintain a stable pH in a solution. Phenolphthalein - a chemical compound with the formula C 20H14O4 that is commonly used
in titrations. It will turn colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions. Sometimes
Buffers can also be found in many of the things that we use in everyday life: if the concentration of the indicator is really strong, it will appear to be purple.
Methyl Orange - frequently used in titrations as it has a very clear and distinct color
The blood in our bodies has a constant pH of 7.4 thanks to buffers in our bodies change. It will typically change color when it's at the pH of a mid-strength acid, so it's
Buffers are also used in our bodies in the hemoglobin complex, which helps the usually used for titrations of acids. Does not have a range of color changes like universal
body utilize oxygen better indicator.
The making of many alcoholic beverages requires buffers (related to Thymol Blue - an indicator made up of a brownish-green and reddish-brown crystalline
fermentation) powder. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and dilutes alkali solutions. Is red
Buffers are used in the production of shampoos (examples include citric acid and with a pH below 1.2, yellow with a pH between 2.8 and 9.6, then blue above 9.6
sodium hydroxide)
Buffers are used in baby powder, which helps inhibit the growth of bacteria by
maintaining a pH of 6. 8.6 Neutralization
An indicator is a compound that has the ability to change color at a specific pH value or in * The Arrhenius definition also explains Boyle's observation that acids and bases
the presence of a particular substance. Indicators can be used to monitor the acidity or counteract each other. This idea, that a base can make an acid weaker, and vice versa, is
called neutralization.
alkalinity of a solution and the progress of a reaction. The indicator itself is typically a
* is the act of making an acidic or basic substance chemically neutral, meaning a pH of 7.
weak acid or base. *Mixing an acid with substances that are bases are examples of neutralization reactions.
Neutralization reactions can make salts along with some other products, for example:
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CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Tangaro, Catarman, Camiguin
Founded in 1995
Tel/Fax: (088) 387- 0044
1. Acid + Metal → Salt + H2 (hydrogen gas) For better understanding regarding the lessons, please watch the YouTube links on our
Facebook group (CPCS-CAS1 GENERAL CHEMISTRY).
2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2
2 HNO3 + Mg → Mg(NO3)2 + H2
2. Acid + Carbonate → Salt + H2O (water) + CO2 (carbon dioxide gas)
HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
2
H2CO4 + MgCO3 → MgCO4 + H2O +CO2
3. Acid + Base → Salt + H2O (water)
HCl (Hydrochloric acid) + NaOH → NaCl + H 2O References
1. Chang, R. (2003). Acids and Bases. General Chemistry (3 rd ed./pp. 523-524).
H2SO4 (Sulfuric acid) + Ca(OH) 2 → CaSO4 + 2H2O
HNO3 (Nitric acid) + KOH → KNO3 + H2O 2. Flowers, P., Theopold, K., Langley, R. and Robinson, W.R. (2019). Chemistry 2e.
Rice University. PDF File.
4. Acid + Alkali → Salt + H2O (water)
3. Goldberg, D. E. (2004).Acid-Base Theory. Fundamentals of Chemistry (4th ed./pp
There are four main families of salts: chlorides, carbonates, sulfates, and nitrates. 477).
All of these except for carbonates are commonly used in acid-base reactions.
Titration -another type of neutralization reaction 4. Acids and Bases 101: The Basics of Chemistry. Retrieved on January 31, 2021
-method used in order to find out the amount of constituent in a solution by from [Link]
measuring the volume of a known concentration of reagent required to complete
a reaction with it. 5. Alfredo, D. Ionization of Water. PowerPoint PPT Presentation. Retrieved on
January 31, 2021 from [Link]
6. Bell, R. P. (2020). Acid–base reaction. Encyclopedia Britannica.
[Link]
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Republic of the Philippines Nat. Sci. 2
CAMIGUIN POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Tangaro, Catarman, Camiguin
Founded in 1995
Tel/Fax: (088) 387- 0044
7. Carpi, A(2003). Acids and Bases (Previous Version). Visionlearning.
[Link]
8. Miller, R. (2018). Characteristics of Acids, Bases & Salts. Sciencing.
[Link]
9. Rundle, S, (2020). Brønsted Concept of Acids and Bases. LibreTexts Chemistry.
[Link]
extbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/
Acids_and_Bases/Acid/Bronsted_Concept_of_Acids_and_Bases
*Assessment will be found on the last pages of this module.
Prepared by:
Ms. REYGEMAE Q. OBSID
Instructor
“Forget the mistake. Remember the lesson.”
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