John Keats was born in Moorgate, London, on 31 October 1795 to Thomas Keats and his wife, Frances

Jennings. There is little evidence of his exact birthplace. Although Keats and his family seem to have
marked his birthday on 29 October, baptism records give the date as the 31st.[4][5] He was the eldest of
four surviving children; his younger siblings were George (1797–1841), Thomas (1799–1818), and
Frances Mary "Fanny" (1803–1889) who eventually married Spanish author Valentín Llanos Gutiérrez.[6]
Another son was lost in infancy. His father first worked as a hostler[7] at the stables attached to the Swan
and Hoop Inn, an establishment he later managed, and where the growing family lived for some years.
Keats believed that he was born at the inn, a birthplace of humble origins, but there is no evidence to
support his belief.[5] The Globe pub now occupies the site (2012), a few yards from the modern-day
Moorgate station.[8] He was baptised at St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate, and sent to a local dame
school as a child.[4][9]

Life mask of Keats by Benjamin Haydon, 1816

His parents wished to send their sons to Eton or Harrow, but the family decided they could not afford the
fees.[10][11][12] In the summer of 1803, John was sent to board at John Clarke's school in Enfield, close
to his grandparents' house. The small school had a liberal outlook and a progressive curriculum more
modern than the larger, more prestigious schools.[13] In the family atmosphere at Clarke's, Keats
developed an interest in classics and history, which would stay with him throughout his short life. The
headmaster's son, Charles Cowden Clarke, also became an important mentor and friend, introducing
Keats to Renaissance literature, including Tasso, Spenser, and Chapman's translations. The young Keats
was described by his friend Edward Holmes as a volatile character, "always in extremes", given to
indolence and fighting. However, at 13 he began focusing his energy on reading and study, winning his
first academic prize in midsummer 1809.[13]

In April 1804, when Keats was aged eight, his father died from a skull fracture after falling from his horse,
while returning from a visit to Keats and his brother George at school.[14] Thomas Keats died intestate.
Frances remarried two months later, but left her new husband soon afterwards, and the four children
went to live with their grandmother, Alice Jennings, in the village of Edmonton.[15]

In March 1810, when Keats was 14, his mother died of tuberculosis, leaving the children in the custody
of their grandmother. She appointed two guardians, Richard Abbey and John Sandell, to take care of
them. That autumn, Keats left Clarke's school to apprentice with Thomas Hammond, a surgeon and
apothecary who was a neighbour and the doctor of the Jennings family. Keats lodged in the attic above
the surgery at 7 Church Street until 1813.[5] Cowden Clarke, who remained a close friend of Keats,
described this period as "the most placid time in Keats' life."[16]
Early career

From 1814 Keats had two bequests, held in trust for him until his 21st birthday. £800 was willed by his
grandfather John Jennings. Also Keats' mother left a legacy of £8000 to be equally divided between her
living children.[nb 1] [17] [5]It seems he was not told of the £800, and probably knew nothing of it since
he never applied for it. Historically, blame has often been laid on Abbey as legal guardian, but he may
also have been unaware.[18] William Walton, solicitor for Keats' mother and grandmother, definitely did
know and had a duty of care to relay the information to Keats. It seems he did not. The money would
have made a critical difference to the poet's expectations. Money was always a great concern and
difficulty for him, as he struggled to stay out of debt and make his way in the world independently.[5]

On First Looking into Chapman's Homer

Much have I travell'd in the realms of gold,

And many goodly states and kingdoms seen;

Round many western islands have I been

Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold.

Oft of one wide expanse had I been told

That deep-browed Homer ruled as his demesne;

Yet did I never breathe its pure serene

Till I heard Chapman speak out loud and bold:

Then felt I like some watcher of the skies

When a new planet swims into his ken;

Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes

He star'd at the Pacific – and all his men

Look'd at each other with a wild surmise –

Silent, upon a peak in Darien.

October 1816

Having finished his apprenticeship with Hammond, Keats registered as a medical student at Guy's
Hospital (now part of King's College London) and began studying there in October 1815. Within a month
of starting, he was accepted as a dresser at the hospital, assisting surgeons during operations, the
equivalent of a junior house surgeon today. It was a significant promotion, that marked a distinct
aptitude for medicine; it brought greater responsibility and a heavier workload.[5] Keats' long and
expensive medical training with Hammond and at Guy's Hospital led his family to assume he would
pursue a lifelong career in medicine, assuring financial security, and it seems that at this point Keats had
a genuine desire to become a doctor.[5][13] He lodged near the hospital, at 28 St Thomas's Street in
Southwark, with other medical students, including Henry Stephens who became a famous inventor and
ink magnate.[19]

However, Keats' training took up increasing amounts of his writing time, and he was increasingly
ambivalent about his medical career. He felt that he faced a stark choice.[13][20] He had written his first
extant poem, "An Imitation of Spenser," in 1814, when he was 19. Now, strongly drawn by ambition,
inspired by fellow poets such as Leigh Hunt and Lord Byron, and beleaguered by family financial crises,
he suffered periods of depression. His brother George wrote that John "feared that he should never be a
poet, & if he was not he would destroy himself."[21] In 1816, Keats received his apothecary's licence,
which made him eligible to practise as an apothecary, physician, and surgeon, but before the end of the
year he announced to his guardian that he was resolved to be a poet, not a surgeon.[5]

Although he continued his work and training at Guy's, Keats devoted more and more time to the study of
literature, experimenting with verse forms, particularly the sonnet.[5] In May 1816, Leigh Hunt agreed to
publish the sonnet "O Solitude" in his magazine, The Examiner, a leading liberal magazine of the day.[22]
It was the first appearance in print of Keats' poetry, and Charles Cowden Clarke described it as his
friend's red letter day,[23] the first proof that Keats' ambitions were valid. Among his poems of 1816 was
To My Brothers.[24] In the summer of that year, Keats went with Clarke to the seaside town of Margate
to write. There he began "Calidore" and initiated the era of his great letter writing. On his return to
London, he took lodgings at 8 Dean Street, Southwark, and braced himself for further study in order to
become a member of the Royal College of Surgeons.[25]

In October 1816, Clarke introduced Keats to the influential Leigh Hunt, a close friend of Byron and
Shelley. Five months later came the publication of Poems, the first volume of Keats' verse, which
included "I stood tiptoe" and "Sleep and Poetry," both strongly influenced by Hunt.[22] The book was a
critical failure, arousing little interest, although Reynolds reviewed it favourably in The Champion.[13]
Clarke commented that the book "might have emerged in Timbuctoo."[5] Keats' publishers, Charles and
James Ollier, felt ashamed of the book. Keats immediately changed publishers to Taylor and Hessey on
Fleet Street.[26] Unlike the Olliers, Keats' new publishers were enthusiastic about his work. Within a
month of the publication of Poems they were planning a new Keats volume and had paid him an
advance. Hessey became a steady friend to Keats and made the company's rooms available for young
writers to meet. Their publishing lists eventually included Coleridge, Hazlitt, Clare, Hogg, Carlyle and
Lamb.[27]

Through Taylor and Hessey, Keats met their Eton-educated lawyer, Richard Woodhouse, who advised
them on literary as well as legal matters and was deeply impressed by Poems. Although he noted that
Keats could be "wayward, trembling, easily daunted," Woodhouse was convi