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Research is a process of inquiry and Investigation

Research is a systematic and objective process of gathering, recording, and analyzing the
data for aid in decision making.

Research is under taken to;

a) Explore an idea
b) Probe an issue
c) Solve a problem
d) Make an argument
Objectives of Research
To review an existing Knowledge.
To investigate the situation of the problem
To provide the solution of the problem
To explore and analyze the general issue.
To construct on create a new system on procedure.
To generate new knowledge
To explain a new phenomenon
A combination of any of the above

Course objectives

1) To develop an understanding of the research concerns ( terms of compnt)

2) To learn the research methods/process.
3) To learn the research tools such as SPSS etc.
4) To conduct a research in a practical settings ( research project )
Research is a process of gathering information to answer a question and solving the
problem.

Social research methods by Newman

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Value of the research Importance of the research

 Research offers the pleasure

 Generating new knowledge ( theories and models )
 Identifying and solving the problem
 Research helps to develop new methodologies.

When is research needed?

I) Time constraint
 II) Nature of Decision
III) Availability of data
IV) Cost of benefit analysis

Qualities of Skills of a good researcher

a) Perseverance
b) I.T Skill
c) Communication Skill
d) Organizing skill
e) Independence
f) Motivation
g) Ethical

Types of Research

…..
Qualities of good research:-
(Scientific/ systematic/ Evidence based)
1) Purpose clearly defined
2) Research process detailed ( proposal)
3) Research design thoroughly planned.
4) High ethical standard applied
5) Limitation frankly revealed
6) Findings presented unambigiously.
7) Conelusion Justified
8) Researchers experience reflected
9) Adequate analysis for decision Making

Steps

I) Identify in problem (Research Question)

II) Review the literature
III) Clarify the problem
IV) Clearly define the team and concepts
V) Define the population
VI) Develop the instrumentation plan
VII) Collect data
VIII) Analyze data
IX) Interpret data
X) Deport data

 1. Define the research problem
2. Preview of literature
3. Formulate hypothesis
4. Preparing the research design
5. Data collection
6. Data analysis
7. Interpreting or report writing

 Clarifying the research Question

 Research proposal
 Research design strategy
Sample Data collection

i) Instmenat development II) pilot testirns

 Data collection + preparation

 Data analysis + Interpretation
 Research Report

Moderating variable

A variable that moderates the strength of X-Y relationship . Strong relationship b/w the
library facility (X) and performance of the student (Y) Depender on the irterent and
incliratie of student (MV).

A second independent variable, believe to have a significant affect/contribution on the

original stated I.V/D.V relationship.

Intervening variable:-

A factor that affects the observed phenomena but cannot be seen, measured, on
manipulated, thus its effect must be inferred from the effects of the Independent +
moderates variables on the dependent variable.

iV -> iVV -> DV. IVV may be DP for IV in the first plan them it is IV for DV.

Work week (4day) Job Satisfactory Productivity

IV IVV DV

Extraneous variable
 Infinite number of FV exist that may affect XY relationship. To be identified by
researcher whether a variable is X or Y on MV at IVV determined by the researcher.

Concept

Is a general universal meaning of a topic which is universal applicable.

Constance

Is an image on idea on abstract for theory building purpose. To sum the seater ideas.

Definition

How a particular topic is described by autor/researcher in different dimension

Operational definition

To define further on sub categories of the topic c.g work seleted ether, family related either
friench related them.

Sabfaction
i) with pay salary ii) with working condaha iii) superwise

Continuows :or disemtionus varieser

Values cam be divided with fractiar Age, Income

Descrete/categorical classigactory Location, BWP, BP, LHR, KHI, Gender, Religions, Asian,
Qualification Example?

Variable is an attribute of an entity that can change of take different values which can be
observed and measured ( A central idea in research variable is a concept that varies

Depentent Variable:

The study variable /oout come variable Effect variable influered by some other factors.

The variable measured, predicaled on main tore by researched, expectd to be effected by

mampilion of the IV. i.e Y variable.

Independent Variable:

That influence the Y. The variable in Y is accounted for by X i.e. X veriable The variable
manuplitated by the researcher, there by causing an effect on change on the dependent
variable.

X variable Y variable
Presumed cause presumed effect

Stimulue rerporse

Predicted from predicted to

Antecedont consequences

Manipubled measured outcase

Predictur Cretemicr

Moderating variable

In text citation

Anderson (2006) describe/investigate/xonduted positive relation Y exist b/w a (Anderson,

2006)

Reference:

Alphabittically A,B,C by surname Hameed, Abdul

Hameed, Abdul (2011) factors effecting on employs turnover Inteation. Internatimol

Jouranal of Knowledge (italic), 16 (1), 20-23.

What are the objectives of research:

1. To review the exiting Knowledge

2. To investigate situation or problem
3. To provide the solution of problem
4. To explore the analyze general issues
5. To construct or create a new system or procedures exepta opinion surveys
6. To generate a new knowledge research is a surce of knowledge generation.
7. To explain a new phenomenon
8. A combination of any of the above ( any two points)

Diff b/w basic and applied research Basic research

The reseach that is interded to expand the boundries of knowledge itself or to verify the
acceptability of a given theory

Purposes:

1. Knowledge creation
 2. Expansion of knowledge
3. Results are applicable as a whole universe.
4. Finding of the significance of value to society in general

Context of basic research:-

1. Undertaken by peple based in universities.

2. Choice of topic and objectives determined by the researcher.
3. Flexible time scales.

Applied research

The research undertaken to answer the questions about specific problems on to make
decision about a particular couse of acton or policy decision.

Purpose:

1. To improve understanding of particular business or management problem

2. Results in solution to problems.

3. Findings of practical relevance value to managers in organizations.

Context:-

1. Undertaken by people based in a variety of settings

2. Objectives negotiated ( Organization and university) with originator (org)
3. Tight time schedule

Differences:

Basic Applied
1 To expand the boundries of Knowledge. 1. To understand the particular problem.
.
2 Conduct by the people of university i.e 2. Conduct by the people of universities
. students and org.
3 Flexible time schedule 3. Tight time schedule.
.
4 Results are applicable as whole 4. Results are applicable as particular.
.

Describe the research problem.

What are the objectives significance of study.

What are the variable in research model

What are the statistical tools?

Critical review of research pupose.

Quality of good research

Good research?

 Research is going beyond personal experience, thoughts, feelings, opinions that

don’t refer to other sources of information.
 Reseach require us to go beyond from personal knowledge experience.
 Good research is a scientific research which means includes systematic empirical
retestable

There are nine characteristics of a good research

1. Purpose clearly degined.

2. Research process derainled (research proposal)
3. Research design thoroghly planned.
4. High ethical standards applied.
5. Limitations frankly revealed.
6. Adequate analysis for decision maker.
7. Finding presented unambigiously.
8. Conclusians are justified.
9. Researcher’s experience reflected.

Good research is a research cattied out the aspects of research.

Turn it in software

4. You have to follow all ethical standards related to pledgarism transperancy

reliability.
Data should be accurate reliable. 1stly youself ( you feel guilty)
5. Location, time, budget, tools
Your research will be match with the past researchers.
Long tenure with that type of research.

Qualities of skills of a good researcher

Communication skils

Independatnce

Motiration
Preseverance

Ethical

Information technology skill

Organizational skill

When is business research needed?

1. Time constriaint:
If we have cnough time then we have to do business reseach
2. Availability of data:
Data which will help in research. If we have sufficient data available then we don’t
have a need to conduct research.
3. Nature of decision:
If we will take long term decision then we have to conduct research.
4. Cost benefit analysis:

Managerial value of business research:

1. Identifying a proplem
2. Analysis
3. Developing
4. Weightage
5. Analysis
6. Selection
7. Implementation
8. Evaluation
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Type of business research:
i. Purpose of research
ii. Process of research
iii. logic
iv. outcomes

Purpose:

“The reasons why are you conducting research”

Types: Exploratory research, Descriptive research, Analytical research, Predictive research.

Process

“The way in which you will collect analyse your data”

Type: Quantitative research, Qualitative research

Logic:

“whether you are moving from general to specific or vice versa”

Type: Deductive research, Inductive research.

Outcomes

Wether you are trying to solve a particular problem or make a general contribution to
knowledge.

Type: Basic research, applied research

Exploratery research:

Exploratery research is conducted into a research problem ( issue ) when there are very few
or no familiar or no earlier studies. The aim of this type of study is to look patterns ideas or
hypothesis rather than testing or confirming a hypothesis. In this research the focus is on
gaining insights familiarity with the subject area.

Hypothesis:

A hypothesis is an idea or popposition which can be tested for association or causality by

deducing logical corsequences which can be tested against empirical evidence.

Empirical evidence:

Is data based on observations or experience.

Descriptive research

Descriptive research is research which descrives phenomena as they exist. If is wsed to

identify obtain informative on the characteristics of a particular problem or issue. E.g
descriptive research may answer

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Such questions as:

1. what is the absentyee rate in particular of fices?

2. What are the qualifications of different groups of employees?
3. What are th feelings of workers fced with redundancy?

Analytical research:

Analytical research is also known as explanatory reseach causal research.

It is a continuation of descriptive research the researcher goes beyond merelydescribing the
characteristics, to analyzing explaining why or how it is happening. If means includes reach
is conducted to identify cause effect relationships among variables hen the research
problem has already been narrowly defined analytical research aims to understand
phenomena by discovering measuring causal relations among them e.g information may be
collected on the size of companies the level of labor turnover.

Analytical research attemps to answer sach question as:

1. How can we reauce the no. of complaints made by customer?

2. Why employees leave the org?
3. Why employees are dissatisfied?
4. How can we improve delivery time of our products?
5. How can we expand the rarge of our services?

Variable:

A variable is an attribute of an entity that can change take different values which can be
observed and measured.

Predictive research:

Goes even furher than explanatory research. Predictive research amis to generalize from
the analysis by predicting certain phenomena on the basis of hypothesis general
relationship e.g predictive research attempts to ans such question as:

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In which city would it be most profitable to open a new retail outlet?

1. Profitable to open a new retail outlet?

2. Will the introduction of an employee bonus scheme load to higher level of
productivity?
3. What type of packaging will improve the sales of our products?

Process of research

Quantitative research

Involves collecting analyzing numerical data applying statistical tests.

Quantitative research is objective in nature concentraits on measuring phenomena. Is

also consider as empirical research.

Qualitative research:
 Is more subjective in nature involves examining reflecting on perceptions in order to
gain understanding of social human activities.

Logic of research

Deductive research:

Is reffered to as mo0ving from the general to the particular phenomena deductive

research is a study in which a conceptual theoretical structure is developed then tested
by empirical obserr ation; thus particular instances are deduced from general

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Inference.

Inductive Research

It is a reciprocal of deductive research. It involves moving from

individual observation to statements of general patterns or laws. It is referred to us moving
from specific to the general.

E.g you may have observed from factory records in your company that production level
go down after 2 hours of the shift and you conclude that production levels vary with the
length of time worked.

Research steps (process)

 Clarifying the research questions (identify the research problems) (what is the major
issue)
 Research proposal (review of research) (Brief the over view research)
 Research design strategy (sample, data collection, instrumental development, pilot
testing)
 Data collection and preparation (Actual data collection through survey, Interviews,
observation, questionnaire) Explanations.
 Data analysis and interpretation (SPSS, EVIEW STRATA) after that we use
 Research Report statistical tools (Mean, median mode, Multi variant, bivariate
regression.
Sections

1. Introduction 5-8 pages

 Back ground of study
 Problems statement and research questions
 Research observation
 Significance and scope of study
 Organization of thesis (structure of thesis)
2. Literature review 20-25 pages
  Article wise
 Variable wise
3. Research methodology 10-12 pages
4. Data analysis and interpretation 15-20 pages
 Data collection
 Software analysis (statistical tools)
 Analysis
 Interpretation
5. Conclusion and recommendations for future research. 2-5 pages
6. Referrence 5-10 pages
7. Appendix 5-10 pages
Scientific Research Method

1. It should be based on observation,

2. Clearly defined variables, methods and procedure.
3. Empirically testable hypothesis.
4. Acceptable hypothesis for researchers.
5. Statistical, rather than logistic justification of conclusion.
6. Self-correcting process
Dependent variables is on right hand side and independent variables is on left hand side ‘’
Moderating interviewing ‘’

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Literature Review

Literature review is a process of exploring the existing literature to ascertain what has been
written or published on your chosen research topic, how pervious research has collected
and how this impact on your own research problem. The literature review increase your
knowledge of the subject area and application of difference research methodologies.
Following are the sources literature.

1. Books
2. Published journals
3. Conference papers
4. Reports
5. Published statistic
6. Company’s annual reports and accounts
7. Organization internal reports
8. Electronic data basis (online digital library)
9. Internet
In short the literature review is a written summary of the findings from your literature. The
literature refers to all source of published data by exploring what others has contributed to
tour area of interest, you will be able to find out what is already known identify any gaps see
how your ideas compare with what has gone before and develop existing ideas or create
new ones.

Objective of literature review.

Refine you research topic (problem identify gaps) (existing or previous research) look
patterns of the previous study related to your research.

Compare and critical observe research methodology.

Methods of writing literature

Harvard system (we can use present and past tense Vancouver system (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

Referencing styles

1. APA Style (American psychological association) Author name (year). Topic/Title of

research. Name of journal (italics) vol 8 page number
2. Harvard Style
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Population

Population is the entire group event or anything under considerable by any

researcher.

Element

A single member of population is element.

Sample

A sub group of the population who is true representative of the entire group, event
which is under considerable by the researcher.

Subject

A single member of the sample is subject.

Sampling frame

All the available list of population from which we can select the sample.

Sampling Process

1. Define the population

2. Determine the sampling frame
 3. Determine sampling design
4. Execute the sampling plan
Sampling design

1. Probability design
2. Non-probability design
Probability sampling

1. Sample random Sampling

2. Systematic sampling
3. Stratified sampling
4. Cluster sampling
5. Double sampling
Non-probability sampling

1. Convenience sampling
2. Snowball sampling
3. Judgment sampling
4. Quota sampling
Probability sampling

If we want to generalize our results into a broader area then we use probability
sampling.

On objective basis generalizability in the widen span. If you have enough time and resources
accurate and reliable results.

Parameter

Refers to the Charectistic of the population such as

Population means (central tendency)

Population S.D

Population variance (dispersion)

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Simple random sampling

Equal chance of the selection from the population

1. Develop the sampling frame

2. Computerized generate simple random number
Systematic sampling
 Firstly divide the population from the sample size then select the every n th item from
the sampling frame.

Firstly we select random then we select the nth item

Population 500

Sample size 50 500/50= 10th

Stratified random sampling

Homogeneous within the groups

Hetrogeneous among the groups

Cluster sampling

Cluster sampling is vice versa of stratified random sampling hetrogeneous within the
groups. Homogeneous among the groups.

Double sampling

To conduct the survey twice a time and approaches the same respondent.

Convenience sampling

Easy to access the member of population as per your convenience.

Snow ball sampling

Starting from one sample but he/she refers to you some other person, the he/she
refers to you some other person and so on . .

Judgment sampling

Select the person by yourself by using your judgmental approach.

Quota

When can’t leave any sector group or element.

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Research Model

 Concept
 Construct
 Definition
 Operational definition
 Dependent variable
Concept

Concept is a general universal meaning of a topic which is universal applicable.

Construct

Construct is an image or abstract idea for theory building purpose. Power of intensity
high or low to sum the scattered ideas.

Definition

How a particular topic is described by author/researcher in different dimensions.

Operational definition

To define the further or sub-category of the topic.

Dependent variable

The study variable is known as dependent. The variable measure by researcher

expected to be affected by a manipulation of the independent variable.

Independent variable

The variable manipulated by the researcher there by causing an affect or change on

the dependent variable.

Moderating variable

A second independent variable believed to have a significant affect/contribution or

contingent effect on the original stated I.V/D,V relationship.

Intervening variable

A factor that affect the observed phenomena but cannot be seen measured or
manipulated thus its affect must be interred from the effect of the independent and
moderating variables on the dependent variable.

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Population size

It you know exact population then it is very good, otherwise take 20,000.

Response distribution

For each question what do you expect the result will be? If the sample skewed highly
on way or the other the population probably is to if you don’t know use 50% which gives
then largest sample size. True response of questionnaire from respondents.
Percussion

How much accuracy is required. How much confident researcher is that sample
measurements can be used to move information.

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Sample size

You have to determine four items when have to select the sample size n=?

1. What margin of error you can accept

2. What is confidence level do you accept
3. What is population size
4. What is the response distribution
Margin of error

5% by default is the amount of error that you can tolerate. Lower margin of error
requires a larger sample size. Larger the sample size refer to true representation of
population and we interfere accurate and reliable results.

Confidence level

Typical we use three confidence level 90% 95% 99%.

Is the amount uncertainty you can tolerate normally it should by 90% 95% 99%.

It is the confidence about of your results.

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Scale

A scale is a tool for the measurement of variable actually it is a mechanism from which
we can differentiate different variables for measurement purpose. There are four types of
scales.

1. Nominal scale
2. Ordinal scale
3. Interval scale
4. Ratio scale
Nominal scale
 The nominal scale can categorize or groups as mutually exclusive for object
differentiation e.g gender nationality, occupation, qualification,.

Ordinal scale

This scale rank/order/preference along with differentiation between the categories

and groups.

Negative aspect of ordinal scale

Magnitude differences between preference.

Interval scale

We can calculate the magnitude difference between the variable as per their groups
or categorize. The interval scale can measure the distance between any two points of the
variable. Another words the interval scale not only groups individuals according to certain
categories and types it also measure the magnitude of differences in preference among type
of scale will develop.

1. Strongly disagree
2. Disagree
3. Neutral
4. Agree
5. Strongly agree
Ratio scale

The ratio scale not only measure the magnitude of the differences between points on
the scale but also taps the proportions in the difference e.g weight balance it has an
absolute zero origin calibrated on it which allows us to calculate ratio of the weights of two
individuals. E.g age, income, etc.

The ratio scale can calculate arithmetic mean geometric mean

measure dispersion. (S.D & variance)

Questionnaire

Demographics

1. Age, name, income, qualification,

2. Questions about variables first of all independent variable and then
dependent variable at least five questions for each variable.