TESTING

MACHINE
TOOLS
By

DR. GEORG SCHLESINGER

Seventh Edition
(Second Impression)

Revised by
F. KOENIGSBERGER
[Link]., Dipl.-Ing., [Link].E.

For the use of Machine Tool Makers,

Users, Inspectors and Plant Engineers
------ + Verso Filler Page + ------

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TESTING MACHINE TOOLS

For the use of Machine Tool Makers,

Users, Inspectors and Plant Engineers

By.

DR. GEORG SCHLESINGER

Seventh Ed ition
(Second Printing)

Revised by

F. KOENIGSBERGER
[Link].. Dipl.-Ing., [Link].E.

With 44 Inspection Charts

THE MACHINERY PUBLISHING CO .. LTD.

Head Office: NEW ENGLAND HOUSE, NEW ENGLAND STREET. BRIGHTON. I

Reeislered Office: CLIFTON HOUSE, 83-117, EUSTON ROAD. LONDON, N.W.I

Dinributon for the U.S.A.:

THE INDUSTRIAL PRESS, 93, WORTH STREET. NEW YORK. 10013, N.Y.

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First Published ("Inspection Tests on Machine Tools") 1932

Second Edition ("Testing Machine Tools") 1938

Third Edition 1940

Fourth Edition 1945

Fi fth Edition 1949

Fifth Edition (Second P rint ing) 1951

Fifth Edition (Third Printing) 1 'J54

Sixth Edition 1961

Seventh Edition 1966

Seventh Edition (Second Printing) 1970

© THE MACHINERY PUBLISHING CO .• LTD.

All rights of reproductior, reurt:ed by the Publishers by

virtue of the Universal Copyright arid International Copyright
(Brussels and Bane) Cont.'enlioru and thrOIl/lliollt the World.

Printed in Great Britain by

The White friars Press Ltd .•

London and Tonbridge

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 Preface to the Seventh Edition

HE original German Edition of the "Prufbuch fur Werkzeugmaschinen" as well as its

T translations in many languages have been intimately connected with the personality
of the author. In 1901 Schlesinger started the work of establishing acceptance
standards for machine tools, and in 1927 he published for the first time a comprehensive
series of acceptance test specifications for machine tools. Today this work has been
carried on both in the national and international field, and after several countries have
developed national standards it would appear that agreement on an international basis will
be reached in the not too distant future.

Schlesinger himself was a great believer in the importance of international standardisa­

tion, and before the Second World War he was an active member of the I.S.A. Committee 39
(now Committee I.S.0.JTC39, Machine Tools). It is to be hoped that this work will soon
lead to the publication of I.S.0. standards.

Nevertheless, the continuing demand for Schlesinger's book would appear to indicate
the need for a further edition. This, however, is not intended to compete in any way
with the I.S.0. or any other standards but should serve as a complementary publication in
which Schlesinger's ideas of specifying and executing acceptance tests are shown in
their logical development. For this reason the work of revising the Fifth Edition was
concentrated on the introductory text, pages 1-44.. and especially on those points which
_

appeared to have given rise to doubts or misunderstanding, rather than on modification of

the actual Test Charts. Changes in the latter were introduced only if either errors or
difficulties in the application of existing specifications had been reported to the undersigned.

No attempt has been made to adapt the form or contents of the Test Charts in any
way to existing national Such an adaptation would be of little
if any value; if acceptance tests in accordance with definite standards are specified by a
supplier or a customer, only the latest issue of the appropriate standard specification must be
employed for carrying out the tests. As, however, most existing standard specifications appear
to be _based_on ideas laid down in the original Schlesinger Test Charts, the discussion of the
basic principles and the explanation of testing procedures retain their general value. The
new edition is intended to continue the tradition of previous editions to the effect that it
should not only assist in teaching the beginner but also advise the more experienced test
engineer when he encounters problems outside his field of experience.

Mentio".'l may be made of a discrepancy between the English and German versions of
- v -
Test Chart 13, Figs. SA, 8B and llA. If these are compared and reference is also made to
previous editions, the following will be found:

Edition Fig. 8A Fig. 88 Fig. llA

First (1932) o to 0·01 per o to 0·01 per o to 0·01 per

300 mm . 300 mm . 300 mm .

Second (1938) and following o to 0·01 per o to 0·005 per o to 0·01 per
300 mm . 300 mm. 300 mm .

In the German version, these tolerances were as follows:

Edition Fig.8A Fig. 88 Fig. llA

First (1927) o to 0·01 per o to 0·01 per o to 0·01 per

300 nun. 300 mm. 300 mm .

Second (1931) o to 0·01 per o to 0·01 per o to 0·01 per

300 mm . 300 mm . 300 mm.

Third (1939) o to 0·02 per o to 0·01 per o to 0·02 per

300 mm . 300 mm . 300 mm .

Fourth (1949) o to 0·02 per o to 0·01 per o to 0·02 per

300 mm. 300 mm. 300 mm.

Fifth (1951) o to 0·02 per o to 0·01 per o to 0·02 per

300 mm. 300 mm . 300 mm .

From the above it would appear that Schlesinger left the tolerances for Figs. 8A and
I1A in the English version and halved the tolerances for Fig. 88, probably at the request
of British manufacturers. On the other hand, in 1939, i.e. one year later, the tolerances
for Figs. 8A and llA in the German version were increased, probably at the request of
the German industry. It would seem, therefore, that Schlesinger had a definite reason for
increasing the tolerances in the German version. However, the undersigned has advised
the publishers of the German version to bring the tolerances in the German version in
line with the English version if this appears desirable.

The undersigned is grateful to the many firms who assisted him by critical comments
on previous editions. They appear to indicate that even today, over 30 years after the
publication of the First Edition, the Schlesinger standards are still widely and satisfactorily .
used.

Finally, the undersigned would like to express his thanks to his friend and colleague,
Dr. J. H. LambIe, for reading through the script.

F. KOENIGSBERGER.

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 Index to Contents
PAGE rACE

Introduction 5 18a. Multi-spindle Automatics (Rotary Work lind

Stationary Tools) 63
Principles of Acceptance Tests 5
18b. Multi-spindle Automatics (Stationary Work and
The Machine Tool under Load 6 Rotary Tools) 65

Execution of Acceptance Tests 7 19. Vertical Boring Mills (Vertical Lathes) 66

Measuring Equipment and Methods: 20. Double-standard Vertical Boring Mills 68

Dial Gauges II
GRINDING MACHINES (21-26)
Test Mandrels 9
21. Cylindrical Grinding Machines 70
Straight-edges and Squares 10
22. Planer-type Surface Grinders 71
Spirit Levels 10
Level Measurement by \Vater Level 12 23. Vertical Surface Grinders 72

Alignment by Wire and Measuring Microscope 13 24. Surface Grinders with Horizontal Wheel Axis 73
[Link] Telescope and Target 13 25. Surface Grinders with Vertically Adjustable
Horizontal Wheel Spindle 74
Magnitude and Direction of Tolerances 14

Straightness of Slideways and Flatness of Tables 14 26. Universal Tool and Cutter Grinders 75

Alignment and True Running of Shafts 16 DRILLING AND HORIZONTAL BORING 1'\'1 AC I II NES (31-38)
Lead or Pitch Error of Lead-screws. . 17 31. Upright Drilling Machines 76

Pitch Errors of Gea� and Dividing Errors of Dividing 32. Pillar Type Drilling Machines 77
Heads 19
33. Multi-spindle Drilling Machines 78
Details for Testing Various Machine Tools 20
H. Radial Drilling Machines 79
Surface QWlliry 44
35. Horizontal Boring Machines with Spindles up to
Power Requirements. Speeds and Feeds 44 80 rnm (about 3 fr in.) diameter
. 81

36. Horizontal Boring Machines with Spindles more

MILLING MACHINES (1-4) AND than 80 mm. (about 3 fr in.) diameter 82
GEAR CUTTING MACH I�ES (6-7 )
37. Horizontal Boring Machines with Adjustable
1. Knee-type Horizontal Milling Machines and Columns .. 82
Universal Milling Machines 45
38. Horizontal Boring Machines with Fixed Headstocks 83
lao Dividing Heads 46

2. Surface Milling Machines 47 PLANING. SI J A P I NG . AND SLOTTING MACIIINES (41-4 4 )

3. Vertical Milling Machines 48 41. Planing Machines (Double Standard) 84

4. Thread Milling Machines 49 42. Openside Planing Machines 85

6. Spur, Wonn and Helical Gear-hobbing Machines 50 43. Shaping Machines 87

7. Gear Shapers 52 44. Slotting Machines 88

CENrnE LATHES. TURRET LATHES. MULTI·SPINDLE

SIIEARING. PUNCHING, STA MI' INC
AUTOMATICS. VERTICAL BORING MILLS (11-20)
MACHI"'ES AND PRESSES (51-53)
11. Finish Turning Lathes up to 400 rnm (about
51. Open-fronted Power Presses and Punching Machines 89
.

1St in.) Height of Centres 54

52. Double Standard Power Presses and Punching
12. Finish Turning Lathes with from 400 to 800 rnm
Machines . . 90
.

(about 1St in. to 32 in.) Height of Centres 55

53. Shearing Machines and Guillotines 90
13. Tool-room Lathes (highest degree of accuracy) up
to 200 rnm (about 8 in.) Height of Centres
. 56
WOODWORKING MACHINES (61-70)
14. Backing-off or Relieving Lathes 57
61. Circular Saws, Edging Saws, Cross Cutting and
15. Facing Lathes 58 . Trenching Machines 91
16. Turret Lathes arranged for Cylindrical Tool Shanks
62. Band Saws 92
in the Turret Heads, and Single-spindle Automatic
Turret Lathes up to 300 mm. (about 12 in.) 63.;;- Fret Saws 93
Height of Centres • . 60
64. Frame Saws. Multi-blade 93
16a. Turret Lathes with Hollow Turret Heads provided
with Centring Recesses for Tool Holders up to 65. Surface Planing Machines 94
300 rnm (about 12 in.) Height of Centres
. 61
66. Thicknessing Machines 94
17. Turret Lathes ammged of Cylindrical Tool Shanks
in the Turret Heads and Single-spindle Automatic 67. 4-Cutter Planing and Moulding Machines 95
Turret Lathes with more than 300 rnm (12 in.)
.

Height of Centres . . 62 68. Vertical Spindle Moulders 95

17a. Turret Lathes with Hollow Turret Heads provided 69. Chain Mortising Machines 96
with Centring Recesses. Height of Centres more
than 300 rnm (12 in.)
. 63 70. Wood Turning Lathes 96

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- viii -
 INTRODUCTION
HE
T
instructions for the inspection and testing of for lathes or dividing heads for milling and grinding
machine tools specified in this book are intended to machines are to be produced. Such requirements, which
serve as a basis for acceptance tests of high-quality are necessary only in exceptional cases, will result in
machine tools. The experience of machine-tool manu­ additional cost.
facturers and users has been used in their compilation.
Although the instructions were originally intended only Wider Tolerances than those Specified
for application to new machines, they have also been For the manufacture of components to medium or coarse
successfully used for the testing of reconditioned machine tolerances, the use of the high-precision machine tools
tools and for general maintenance work. covered by this book may not be necessary. In such cases
wider tolerances, which may exceed the limits specified in
Closer Tolerances than those Specified this book by SO or even ISO per cent in accordance with
Machine tools which satisfy the accuracies specified in the machining accuracy required, may be pcrmissible.
this book will produce components which will meet the This widening of tolerances will, however, not apply to all
requirements of modern production in accordance with values specificd in the test charts. It would then be
standard limits and fits. If, however, closer tolerances are necessary, therefore, for manufacturers and purchasers to
needed, these can only be obtained by expensive additional come to a detailed agreement on the tolerance values prior
operat�ons and tedious selective assembly. to a purchasing contract being signed, as the price of the
This may be the case, for example, if special lead-screws machine will, of course, depend on the arrangements made.

PRINCIPLES OF AC CEPTANCE TESTS

Where and How the Tests are to be carried out
I n general, the tests should be carried out at the manu­ In the event of any complaint, the manufacturer can refer
facturer's works. It is hardly possible for the machine-tool to his own test records, and insist that in the user's plant
manufacturer to assume the responsibility for the the same conditions are established as those under which
consequences of treatment to which machine tools are the machine was originally tested. Tests carried out by
subjected whilst being transported from the works to their the user are to be regarded merely- as a confirmation of the
destination. Machine tools are very sensitive to impact or results supplied by the manufacturer.
shock; even heavy castings are not always solid and rigid
THE PRECISION TESTS COVER TilE GRADE OF ACCURACY OF
enough to withstand stresses caused by a fall during
THE l\'lACHINE TOOL ITSELF, A�D, WHE :-< E VER FEASIBLE, ALSO
transportation, which may result in deformations and
ITS W OR KING ACCURACY. Primarily, the degree of the
possibly cracks, thereby rendering the entire machine
. manufacturing accuracy of the machine tool itself is to be
useless.
tested, i.e. the accuracy with which the machine has been
Moreover, the machine is always carefully adjusted and assembled. This is measured while the machine is idle
aligned during assembly or on the test stand at the and free of any load.
manufacturer's works, whereas experience has shown that
In the majority of cases, working limits to be attained
ercction in the workshop of the user is not always carried
with the machine in operation are specified at the:: cnd of the
out with sufficient care. Sometimes, for reasons of
economy, particularly in the case of heavy machines, test charts. These apply to finishing operations only. A
finishing cut on a lathe, for example, has been defined as
foundaticrns are made too light and are not extended to a
one producing a chip of about 0·1 to 0·2 millimetre (0·004
sufficient depth. Faulty erection may cause working
to 0·008 inch) depth and 0·05 to 0·1 millimetre (0·002 to
inaccuracies which may then wrongly be blamed on the
machine. 0·004 inch) feed, taken with the highest speed which is
permissible for the material of the workpiece and the tool.
Also, at the manufacturer's plant, skilled men arc The resulting machined surface must be smooth and
available together with the necessary testing equipment, without chatter marks which would indicate inadmissible
which is only obtainable with difficulty outside the testing vibration.
department.
During such cutting tests the various surfaces of the
Obviously, the purchaser of a machine is fully entitled to machine cannot be kept free from coolant, swarf and chips,
repeat the tests in his own works, but if it is his intention and these tests should be carried out before the final painting
to do so he should have at his disposal all the necessary operations. In cases where, in view of high costs, because
testing equipment and an experienced inspection staff. of the lack of the necessary foundation for heavy machines
The manufacturer's test chart, a copy of which is supplied or for other reasons, it is not practicable to carry out
to the buyer, should serve as a guarantee that the machine cutting operations, the degree of working accuracy may bc
has been tested in the manufacturer's works under precisely "assured" or "promised".
the conditions (on a concrete foundation or cast-iron base The manufacturing accuracy of the machine and the
plate) under which it will later have to work. As a rule accuracy of the finished workpiece are interconnected.
cast-iron base plates are unsuitable for heavy machines When a machine tool is assembled from components which
because they cannot be provided with access openings which have been machined to gauges, the unavoidable machining
may often be required. On the other hand, it is undesirable errors have to be adjusted during assembly in such a
to install expensive permanent foundations which may manner that the finished machine tool will produce work­
have to be removed at a later date. pieces within the required limits. The accuracy
performance of the machine is specified at the end of each
—1—
chart. Recommended procedures for testing the working obtainable on the machines. special precautions have to be
accuracy of lathes, milling, grinding and drilling machines taken. The method by which internal stresses of casti ngs
are given on page 42 rt ltg. are relieved and the way in which a cast workpiece is
The author considers it wrong to dr:lw a dividing line clamped to the machine table may greatly affect the accuracy
between practical and geometrical tests. The so-called of the planing operation. In order to eliminate such
pra� tical tests check t ?e accuracy of the Ilnished compone nt, sources of error which may have a greater influence than
the manufacturi ng inaccuracy of the machi ne itself, the
whilst the geometr�cal tests ('over the manufact uring
workp iece is replaced by a straight-edge. This represen ts
accuracy of the machine. Both measurem ents are practical
[Link] form part of one indivisible whole. Neither the a stress-free workpiece. A precision dial gauge clamped
to the tool is guided over its top edge thus replacing the
user nor the manufacturer can dispense with either of
planing tool (sec Fig. 7, page 13).
these tests. The reason for giving prominence to the
manufactu ring accuracy of the machine in the test
procedure lies in the fact that it covers the whole machine The Machine Tool Under Load
and can be carried out u nambiguou sly and without
difficulty. The cutting tests can only be carried out for Deformations and vibrations are created i n the frames
random sizes and conditions , for otherwise the time and other parts of the machine tool during machining
necessary for their execution and their Costs would be operations. I n spite of considerable research work done
prohibitive. in this field, tests which cover the vibration behaviour of
any machine tool are difficult for the followi ng reasons:
The degree of worki ng accuracy of the machine. besides
depending on the machine itself, is also influenced by sllch 1. The deformations of beds and other main members
other factors as: of the machine tool are not easy to calculate because the
sections are usually complicated and the textbook conditions
1. The type of cutting tool and its condition (rake for beam calcu lations rarely apply. Only actual measure­
angles, hardness. eccentricity in the case of ments of deformations caused under various loading
milling cutters, etc.); conditions can make up for the lack of accurate calculations,
2. The tool holder (t.g. milling arbors); and results of such measurements are still scarce.
3. The cutting speed, feed and chip section; 2. The stresses and deformations which are due t o
4. The material to be machined; finishing cuts taken on small a n d mediu m-size machine
S. The shape. size and rigidity of the workpiece; tools are very small and. therefore. difficult to measure.
especially in an ordinary machine shop where changes of
6. The chucking or clamping equipment;
7.
temperature. sources of vibration and the lack of suitable
The skill of the operator. skilled testing staff may affect the accuracy of the results.
Stresses and distortions greater than those specified for the
It is, therefore. not always practicable to guarantee the precision tests would, of course, occur during roughing
obtai nable degree of working accuracy. Limited or cuts. and machine tools are employed for roughing as well
conditional "assurances" or "promises". not bi nding in as for finishing operations. However, the permissible
law. frequently can only be given to the effect that the stresses caused by roughing cuts are limited only by the
machine. when properly erected and applied in conformity consideration that permanent deformation must not be
with its design and when proper tools are used. will meet caused even after several years of continual use. Moreover.
the specified degrees of worki ng accuracies. it is t h e final result of the finishing operation which
determines the accuracy performance of a machi ne, a n d
In the case of the latht. the cutting tests cover mainly the o nly finishing tests are therefore essential, t h e result o f the
turning of cylindrical parts and the cutting of screw threads roughing operation being of little importance as regards
close to the headstock. This procedure is adopted accuracy and surface finish.
whether short or very long machines are being tested. As
the latter may have to be used over their full length. even With regard to vibrations, various investigations
a number of random cutting tests would not give sufficient concerning the causes and elimination of chatter o n different
guarantee for their accuracy at any part of t he bed. I t is machine tools have been carried out.· Some of them
still more difficult to check the screw-cutting accuracy serve for determining the conditions under which a machine
over the full length of the machine, in order to make tool can be used without the danger of chatter, others serve
certain that accurate screw threads can be cut in spite of for the testi ng and improving of newly designed an d
possible errors in the spindle. the feed drive. the lead­ prototype machines. As far as acceptance tests for
screws, the slideways, etc. The test of the accuracy with standard machines rather than prototypes are concerned. it
which the machine has been manufactured covers. however. is suggested that, for the time being, finishing cuts be still
every point of thp machine over its full length. taken for determining the performance of the machine.
This method reveals not only the geometrical accuracy of
In the case of milling machines. the factors previously the shape produced, but also the quality of surface finish.
stated have as much in fluence as the quality of the machi ne the tests being at once simple and severe. It must b e
itself, and promises concerning the degree of working remembered that sometimes the high cost o f testing a
accuracy can only be made with certain reservations. machine m ust be borne by the user, and it would appear
Nevertheless. reputable milli ng-machine manufacturers that for an ordinary good quality machine tool it is sufficient
test their machines very thoroughly. using a large variety to carry out a finishing test on a workpiece specified by
of tools and different workpiece materials before starting a the user and accepted by the suppl ier of the machine.
full programme of production. In the case of machines intended for roughing operations
Planing machines are often used for the machining of
castings which may not be free of internal stresses and
•
which are liable to possible deformation caused by excessi ve See the publications by S. A. Tobiu in Great Britain, and
clamping forces. In order to achieve the working accuracies by J. Tluaty Ul Czechoslovakia.

—2—
 40 inches); 300 millimetres (approximately 12 i nches) or
100 millimetres (approximately 4 inches). Fo r example,
only, the specified rate of metal removal obtainable without
u ndue noise, deformation and vibration should be tested.
The performance, as far as power requ irements, load on an automatic lathe which has a working length of
transmission, etc., are concerned, depends mainly on the 65 millimetres (2 -& inches), the permissible error must
design, and design faults can not he corrected by the not be reduced exactly pro rata in relation to the reference
best workmanship du ring manufacture. Any company le ngth, because this would result in a permissible tolerance
manufactu ring machines, no matter how accurately for directional measu reme nt below 0·01 millimetres
produced, which do not provide the required performance, (0·000+ i nch), and such is never requ i red except fo r
will soon be eliminated from the market. The standard precision tool-room lathes and grinding machines where
of accuracy depends o n the quality of the manufacturer's tolerances -of half this value, i.e. 0·005 millimetres (0·0002
workshop, on the equipment used, and o n the craftsmen on inches) are specified.
the job. This has to be tested on each machine as
purchased, and errors fou nd can be corrected when
7. Testing of the Assembled Machine
n e<:[Link])' .
The machine is to be tested in its fully asse mhled state,
and should, therefore, not be dismantled during the tests.
Layout of Test Charts
�o machine is im p ro\'ed by being taken tu pieces. l"bny
A short text in the charts describes each test, the charts machine parts are assembled by force or driving fits, and
being arranged in such a man ner that at first the manu­ considerable fo rce would ha\'e to be applied for separating
factu ring accuracy of the machine is tested, and then the such parts. This disman tling could damage a machine
accu racy of its performance. Each test is further explained which otherwise wou ld have worked satisfactorily fo r many
by a sketch in which the method of measu remen t is also years. In additio n, dismantling and re-assembling
indicated In the third column of the charts the values of operations are ti me-consuming and expensive. The
the permissible erro rs are specified. acceptance tests are not intended fo r i nspecting the mach ine
compone n ts separately. These have to be w ithin the
Execution of Acceptance Tests manufactu ring tolerances which are essential in quality
production. The final accu racy of the assembled machine
I. Levelling the Machine before Starti"g the Test is, however, the result of the most suitable combinat ion
Before any tests a rc started, the machines must be of the tolerances permit ted in the manufactu re of the
carefully levelled by means of a precision sp irit level. The individual components, this being effected in such a manner
co rrect i nstallation of a machine is the basis for any test. that e r ro rs do not become cumulative in any sub-asse mbly
No design can be such as to prevent deformations beyond or in the final assembly. The acceptance tests check o n l y
permissible tolerances if an up right, a bed or a frame is t h e final resu l t o f the whole assembly a n d not the
put down wrongly on i ts foundation. Sp i r i t levels must manufacturing accu racy of each single component.
be p laced o n finished (scraped, grou nd or finish-planed)
surfaces onJy.
8. Avoiding Time-wasting il1casurements
2. Zero Lines Every endeavour has been made to avoid as far as possible
measurements which would take excessive time. \Vhen
Zero l ines are only to be used fo r general setting pu rposes. these appear essen tial, the manufacturer's guarantee may
High precision setting and aligning measu rements should be accepted to the effect that such measurements, for
be carried out solely by means of a d ial gauge or a n i nstance, the p i tch accu racy of lead-screws o r the div iding
equivalent instrumen t. accu racy of master wheels for gear-cutting machi nes, are
within the required limits. As the manu facturer has to
3. Ala:iliary Equipment carry out the appropriate tests before assembling the
Any auxiliary testing equipmen t requi red which may machine, the customer should accept a record of these
have to suit particular machines, has to be provided at the tests. After all, the manu facturer can not be expected to
manufacturer's works. carry out such expensive tests more than o nce.

4· Substitution of a Testing Procedure by an Eqw'valent 9, Testing "'lai" Spindles after the Trial RUII
Method Precision tests of the main spindles should be carried out
If the i nstruments shown i n the test chart are not only on the conclusion of the trial run of the machine.
available, they may be substituted by others as long as The spindles are then run ning at their working temperatu res
these are equivalent. It may be necessa ry to calibrate and have take n u p their normal position in the beari ngs.
such alternative instruments fo r the occasion. This condition is usually reached when the mach ine has
been r u n n ing for abou t 30 to 60 minutes.
5. Testing of Special-purpose Machines
10. Influence of Clearances in Bearings and Slideways
Sp : cial-pu �ose machines which differ from standard
machines, and are, therefore, not covered by the test charts In the case of high-speed machines, e.g. machines using
must be tested by a reasonable application o f the principle tungsten carbide or diamond tools, or machines for the
rather than the letter of the test specifications. machin ing of light alloys, or in the case of machines with
wide speed ranges. the clearances i n bearings and slideways
have often to be relatively large a nd. consequently, can
6. Conversion of Tolerances from One Reference Length to cause difficulties d u r i ng high-p recision alignment measu re­
Another ments. Such measureme n ts should then be carried out
In the case of very small machines, it is often impossible at the normal r u n ning temperatu re of the machines,
Or impracticable to refer errors to the basic lengths stated i.e. after the machine has been r u n n i ng fo r about one hour.
in the test charts, i.e. 1,000 millimetres (app roximately If necessary, adjustments of bearings o r slideways may be

—3—
carried out during the test. This difficulty need not be acceptance tests. Bearings must be adjusted so that their
considered if spindles run in pre-loaded ball and roller temperatures do not exceed the required limits. Gears
bearingll. must be axially in line and run noiselessly, pulleys and
belts must satisfy the requirements of smooth driving
(or End ) Play a1/d
conditions at the correct speeds, etc. No separate
11. Axial Axial Slip of a Spindle
specifications have been laid down for these conditions as
End play is caused by the natural and indispensable they have to be obsen'ed on every high-quality machine.
freedom of movement of a spindle in an axial direction.
This is necessary to prevent seizing when the spindle is
warming up. Such end play must not be too small, 13. Test R,m
especially in the case of high-speed machines, e.g. grinders Each machine is normally subjected to a test run before
and machines for light alloys, and it must be uniform over despatch. The user may be invited to witness this. It is,
the full circumference of the bearing. Axial slip, on the however, unreasonable of the purchaser to request a test
other hand, is an undesirable axial movement which occurs run after the machine has already been prepared for
periodically with each revolution and is caused by despatch, i.e. when a test run is a practical impossibility.
manufacturil)g errors, for instance, by lack of parallelism
of thrust-ring faces, irregularities in ball races or similar
cause9. It is only this axial slip caused by manufacturing
14. Errors and Other Causes of Differences of Opinion
errors which has to be tested, and which has to be kept
within the specified tolerances. If these occur, the measuring instruments are first
checked and, if necessary, the tests repeated with other
12. Working Instructions instruments, or, better still, by means of another testing
method. If different methods give the same answer, the
Apart from the specified tolerances, certain common­ results are confirmed, whilst different results indicate
sense rules must be maintained and observed during the faults in the method or the instruments employed.

MEASURING EQUIPMENT AND METHODS

and 100 grammes (about 1·4 to 3·5 ounces); for very fine
Any type of equipment may be used as long as the The initial plunger· pressure should vary between 40
specified measurement can be carried out with the required
degree of accuracy. measurements a pressure as 10\\1 as 20 grammes (0'7 ounce)
The accuracy obtainable with a particular type of is desirable.
equipment employed must always be compared with the Too low a spring pressure on the plunger may be a
required accuracy of measurement. I n addition, the source of errors in the case of swing-over measurements
influence of the human element, i.e. the personal error of (Fig. 1A) because in the upper position spring pressure and
each inspector, has to be allowed for. The accuracy in plunger weight will act in the same direction, whilst in the
reading the micrometer depends on the personal touch of lower position they will be opposed to each other. For
the inspector, but on the other hand, the interpretation of this reason either a sufficiently high spring pressure must
a spirit-level measurement should be independent of such be provided, or the measuring method replaced by another
influence. equivalent one. As an example, Figs. 1B and Ie show
the measurement of the alignment between the bores of a
Dial Gauges cutter spindle and an arbor bearing in the outer stay of a
The graduation must be clear and normally need not be surface-milling machine. Instead of a direct swing-over
finer th;m 0·01 millimetre (0·0004 inch). method, the position of the two axes is measured in relation
Finer graduations which are required in special cases
• Altho ugh the makers of dial gauges refer always to a "s pind l e ",
should only be used if the measuring accuracy of the the term "plunger" will be used throughout this text for the sake
instrument justifies it. In such cases graduations down of clarity and the avoidance of confusion with the main spindle of 3
to 1 � (0·00004 inch) may be used. machine tool.

Fir. 18 Fig. Ie

Fill. IA. EDmple of SwiDi-over Fig. 1s and Ie. Position of the Two A:us is measured in
Meuurcment Relation to Common Datum Planee

—4—
to common datum planes (provided by the bed slideways), weight of the mandrel, the author used hollow mandrels
the table movement being used for moving the dial gauge as long ago as 1902. Their dimensions and measured
along the datum planes (see page 32). deflections under their own weight are shown in Figs. 2
and 3. Deflections caused by the spring pressure of the
The dial gauge must be fixed to robust and stiff bases dial-gauge plunger are negligible if this pressure is less
and bars in order to avoid displacements due to shock or than 31 ounces.
vibration. In order to ensure stability, the base should
have a large locating surface. The vertical column should The centres should be counter-bored so that they arc
be a round steel bar or steel tube of about 16 to
25 millimetres (i to 1 inch) diameter; the supporting
not easily damaged and can be used when the mandrels

member should be a steel bar 10 to 16 millimetres (I to

have to be tested for true running.

t inch) diameter. The taper bore of the spindle of an ordinary lathe must
run true. The maximum permissible eccentric error is
Clamping nuts, etc., should be designed in such a manner 0·03 millimetre measured at a distance of 300 millimetres
that a positi�e hand grip is possible for tight clamping. (0·00 1 inch at a distance of 12 inches) (see Chart 1 1,
Knurled nuts are not usually sufficient. Test 7, page 54). A still greater accuracy, 0·02 millimetre
For trammel readings, the bar supporting the dial gauge at a distance of 300 millimetres (0·0008 inch at a distance
must be rigid, a tapered rectangular bar or a steel tube of 12 inches) is required for the parallelism between the
being suitable. spindle axis and the bed, both in the vertical and horizontal
plane (see Chart II, Test 8). For the toolroom lathe, the
permissible error is only 0·01 millimetre per 300 millimetres
Test Mandrels (0·0004 inch per foot). Using a solid steel mandrel of
The most widely used inspection tool during manufacture 25 millimetres (1 inch) diameter and 300 millimetres
and acceptance tests of new machine tools, and the repair (12 inches) long the natural sag is 0·0096 millimetre
of old ones, is the test mandrel, the quality of which (0·00038 inch). This is too much, whereas the hollow
(especially as far as straightness and roundness are mandrel of the same outside diameter has a sag of only
concerned) is of paramount importance for accurate results. 0·00305 millimetre (0·00012 inch), which is within
However, a factor, which must not be overlooked, is the permissible limits.
"natural sag>', i.t. the deflection caused by the weight of
the mandrel. Sag occurs when the mandrel is fixed Before the alignment of a spindle axis is measured, the
between centres, and is more marked when it is supported spindle must be tested for true running by means of the
at one end only by the taper shank, with the outer end test mandrel inserted in the spindle taper bore. The
freely overhanging. spindle must then be turned into a position of mean
eccentricity error, and if the alignment measurement is
This sag is frequently not taken into consideration and carried out in this mean position the influence of eccentric
may cause trouble and discussions which can be avoided running is eliminated.
when the characteristics of solid and hollow mandrels are
Examplt: Lathe spindle parallel with bed in the vertical
tests, of which " axis to axis" (see Fig. lA) and "axis to
known and considered in the interpretation of alignment
plane (spindle rising towards the free end of mandrel only).
plane" (see Fig. In, Ie) are the most frequent examples.
The tolerance is 0 to 0·02 millimetre (0 to 0·0008 inch)
Two types of test mandrel are used : �
measured over a length of 300 millimetres (12 inches).
1 . Mandrels with a cylindrical measuring surface and The spindle with a test mandrel inserted in its taper bore
a taper shank which can be inserted into the showl that during one revolution the mandrel a)(is varies
taper bore of the main spindle;
2. Cylindrical mandrels which can be held between
centres. t--------'--- -------'
iA+------!...-------�.:.�"'
All mandrels must be hardened, stress-relieved and ground.
The measuring length of the cylindrical part of mandrels
depends on their purpose. In the case of mandrels with
taper shank it varies between 100 and 500 millimetres (4 to
20 inches). The diameter must be such that the sag is
kept within permissible limits. In order to reduce the Fi g. :lA . Hollow Test Mandrel with Taper Srumk

Mone External Cylinder (Inches) Bore (Inches)

Total
Tapere len gth I Outside Diam. Depths Diam. of Bore Length
No.
a b c d i k m n s L
--'--
p t U

to tL 4 - - - - - -
2 /r /r t l i--Q4 5,
t2 t3 4 1 i-·04 - 9 6 -
/r 8 /r ! 1 ! 9,

a
t4 5 6 t 12 i 1 11 i-·04 131 10 6i t 1. 131-
6 - l/a-
ts t 20 t 2i i-·04 21i 16 10 Ii 2 211t

• The b i g diameter of the Mone Taper must be at least as big as the diameter 1=cI of the measuring cylinder. Use the t tapers
only in emergency.
Fig. 2u. Dimension. of Hollow Mandrel •.

—5—
its position from I to I I as shown in Fig. 4. Before taking
the alignment measurement, the spindle is, therefore.
rotated into position 0, i.e. the mean position between
I and II, anJl now the measurement of the parallelism
between spindle axis and bed can be carried out.

Straight-edges and Squares

Straight-edges of cast iron or steel should be heavy,
well-ribbed and free of internal stresses. Their bearing
surfaces should be as wide as possible. The error at the Fig. 4. Mandrel running out of Truth must be set t o
top of a standard square should be less than ±0·01 milli­ Mean Position before Testing fo r Parallelism with the
metre (±0·0004 inch), of a precision square less than Bed
±0·005 millimetre (±0·0002 inch). A master sqlJare
which would ser....e for checking squares in normal use is dial gauge has to be traversed along the faces of a square.
best made as a hardened steel cylinder, ground all over the use of a master cylinder or a box-sectioned square is
\\;th the faces accurately square to the cylindrical surface. easier and more reliable.
As such a master square is usually ground on a precision
grinding machine an accuracy of ±0·002 millimetre
Spirit Levels
(±0·00008 inch) is obtainable. Master squares made of
box sections are also useful. They are generally made of Spirit levels are used in the shape of a bubble tu be which
stress-free cast iron with all faces mutually square or is mounted on a cast-iron base. The two main types are
parallel. If, for the purpose of some measurement, a the horizontal (see Fig. 12, page 14), and the frame spirit
level (see Fig. IS, page 15). Spirit levels used for high­
precision measurements (tolerances 0·02 to 0·04 millimetre
per 1,000 millimetres, i.e. 0·00025 to 0·0005 inch per foot)
---

Inside Diameter should have a sensitivity of about 0·03 to 0·05 millimetre

Outside DiametC'r of Dore Deflection per 1,000 mi11imetres (0·0004 to 0·0006 inch per foot) for
each division. A movement of the bubble by one division
corresponds then to a change in slope of 6 to 12 seconds.
nun. inches mm . inches f1 inch If a level of 0·04 millimetre per 1,000 milIimetres (0·0005
inch per foot) is chosen, then
1 division=0·04 mm./1 ,000 mm. (0·0005 in./ft.);
75 3 Solid -
13·2 0·000519 f division=0'03 [Link],OOO mm. (0·00035 [Link].);
80 3-t\ -
\1·6 0·000456
! division=0·02 mm./[Link] mm. (0·00025 in./ft.);
"

80 3'1\ 50 2 8·35 0'000329

I
80 3-& 60 21 7'45 0·000293 1- division=O'OI mm./I,OOO mm. (0·00015 in./ft.).

I
100 4 Solid -
7·4 0·000291
100 4 60 2i 5·5 0'000216 It is quite easy to estimate to within a quarter of a
100 4 I 80 3fr 4·55 0·000179
division, and agreement between two testing authorities
125 5 I Solid -
4·75 0·000187
125 5 I 80 i
3fr 3·4 0·000133 (the manufacturer and user) is easier to reach than with
125 5
i
100
I ..
---
2-9 0·000114
- _._- . . _-
estimates of ! or i division. Spirit levels which are too
sensitive are difficult to bring to rest in a workshop in
Fii. 3" Sag or Deflection of Cylindrical Mandrels, 1,000 mm. which machines are running, while too low a sensitivity
(40 inches) in Length. Held between Centres results in insufficient reading accuracy, as very small

Outside
diameter
Inside
diameter
Total
length
Measuring
length
I Deflection
at measuring
Biggest diameter
of taper
position Morse

(�1
No. Taper
,
--

Appr. Appr. Appr. Appr. No.

m. mm. m. mm. in. mm. in. mm . in. mm . in. mm .

I I
1 t 16 Solid Solid 5� 148 5A 130 '00005 ·00125 -I and 2 0·48 12·07
(0'63) and and
0·79 20·02

lU
2a 1 25 Solid Solid 250 9l 230 ·00017 ·0043 -3 and 4 0·94 23-83 i in.=3 mm.

b 1 25 t 19 250 9t 230 ·00012 ·00305 and and thickness of

c 1 25 Solid Solid 315 11* 295 ·00038 ·0096 1·23 31·27 wall

-mlITl
3a It 40 Solid Solid 14l 350 ·00031 ·0078 5 and 6 1·75 44·4 1 in.=3 mm .
b It 40 Ii 34 14t 375 13l 350 ·00023 ·0058 and and thickness of
2·5 63,35 waJl
I
1
I I

48
b
2i
2i
I 62
62
Solid
stepped
Solid
Solid
21 -Ii
2lia
555
555
20t
20t
525
525
·00078
·00046
·0198
·0116
6 2·5 63·35

bore (cr.,
Fig. 2)
I
* Avoid tapers 1 and 3 here, if possible, because the largest diameter of taper is smaller than the outside diameter of the cylindrical part.
Fig. 38. Sag of Solid and Hollow Test Mandrels with Taper Shank and Cylidrical Bore (Constant Inside Diameter).

—6—
,·ractions of a division have to be estimated. The tolerance _ Movement of bubble in millimetres (inches)
E
normally encountered in a good spirit level may be up to I millim e tre per metre (0·0 1 25 inch p e r foot)
half a division ; but, if possible, a tolerance of only a
quarter of a division should be aimed at. For measuring The scale value S indicates the change in slope
tolerances ranging from 0·1 to 0·2 millim e tre per 1 .000 (millimetre per metre or inch per foot) necessary for
millimetres (0·00125 to 0·0025 inch per foot), spirit levels p roducing a bubble movement of one division. If the
having a sensitivity of 0·1 to 0·3 millim e tre per 1 ,000 distance between two divisions is called I then S = IIE. I f,
millim e tres (0·00125 to 0·00375 inch per foot) per division for instance, the distance between two divisions is
are suitable. t=2·5 millimetres (0'1 inch). and a bubble movement of
one division corresponds to a change of slope of
The bearing surfaces of spirit h:vels and Vee-blocks, as 0·04 millimetre per 1 , 000 millimetres (0·0005 inch per foot),
well as those of precision frame spirit levels, should be as then the sensitivity is e q ual to
long as possible. For testing medium-size machines they
should .be not less than 200 millimetres (about 8 inches) 2·5 millimetre U · l inch
E =
long. The supporting face is best interrupted in the middle. 0·04 millimetre per metre 0 ·0005 inch p e r foot
It is often advisable to use a bridge p iece (see Fig. 61l,
p a g e 1 2) t h e feet of which are about 300 millimetres 62·5 millimetre 200 inches
( 1 2 inches) apart. The spirit level can then be placed on
E =
millimetre per metre inch per foot
the scraped surface of the bridge. This method avoids
errors which could be caused by irregular scraping o f the and the scale value is
surface to b e measured. 2·5
S - -- - 0·04 millimetre;: per 1 ,000 mrn . ;
The sensitivity E of the spirit level is the moveme;:nt of
- 62·5
the bubble in millimetres or inches which corresponds to 0·1
a change in slope of 1 millimetre;: per 1 ,000 millimetres or S = = 0·0005 inch pt!r foot.
200
(0·0 1 25 inch per foot).
I C for the same change of slope (0·04 millimetre per
1 ,000lIlln . , or 0·0005 inch per foot), the space between

divisions was 5 instead of 2·5 millimetrcs, the sensitivity

. 125 millimetres
would be lIlcreased to and the scale
ml'lrlmetre per metre
value would b e 0·02 millimetre per 1 ,000 mrn.

The inside o f the glass tube of a spirit level has a shape

o f a circular arc o f radius R which moves during a change
o f slope around the Centre 1H o f its curvature (Fig. 5A). I f
the slope i s measured a s a ratio o f "IL, and the movement
of the bubble is I, then I/R=h/L and R = I/(h/L). As
1/(hIL) is equal to E it follows that R = E ; in other words,
the sensitivity of the spirit level is equal to the radius of
curvature o f the barrel-shaped bubble tube. The
sensitivity o f the level depends, therefore, only on the radius
of curvature of the bubble tube, and not on the length of its
bearing surface. A short accurate level may be more
sensitive than a long coarse one (for instance, a maso n ' s
level). I t i s , however, advisable n o t t o use s p i r i t levels
which are so short that small deviations are obtained rather
than mean values.

If the divisions o f a spirit level are spaced 2·5 millim e tres

M
(0·1 i nch) apart, and if each division represents a change in
Fig. SA. Sensitivity of Spirit Level slope o f 0·04 millim e tre per 1 ,000 millimetres (0,0005 inch
per foot), then the radius o f the inner surface of the bubble
tube m u s t b e

2·5
R =- - 62.5 metres.
0·04
0·1
- = 200 feet.
0·0005
If double this sensitivity is required then the radius musl
Fig. S a. Spirit Level and be increased to 125 metres ( 400 feet). Spirit levels wid
Checking Cylinders radii greater than about 70 metres (220 feet) are difficul
to use in the average workshop, as they will not come t<
rest when machines arc running in their neighbourhood.

Errors of spirit levels are caused by:-

(a) Wrong position o f the bubble tube in ita housing;
(b) Filulty �WltiOD.

—7—
 Scatter of reading"O depends on : - are required (Fig. S a). The spirit level is checked and
(e) The quality and length o f the bearing surface. This touched up until the two sides of the Vee are parallel with
ahould not be ahorter than 200 millimetres ( 8 inches), the bubble tube. Care must be taken that a cross level
and if possible 250 millimetres ( 1 0 inches) t o 300
reads zero during each observation. Square frame spirit
m i l l imetres (12 inches).
(d) D imensional stability of the cast-iron housin g ;
levels are basically tested by the same methods ; in addition,
(�) Accuracy o f th e inside o f the bubble tube which mus t
care must be taken to ensure that all bearing surfaces of the
have unifonn curvature. level are perpendicular or parallel respectively. This can
be done by checking them against accurate master squares
Errors and scatter can be ignored in practice if they are (see page 10).
less than a quarter of a division ; but they sometimes reach
half a division in the case of workshop levels (see above). 3. To check the scale value, the ratio h/L per division
In addition, errors may arise through :- has to be determined. For this purpose an accurate
straight-edge is set up level (checked with a special master
spirit level) on equal slip gauges a and b (see Fig. SA), and
(/) The condition of the piece to be tested ;
(g) The influence of temperature ;
(h) Personal errors of the inspector. knife-edges which are 1 ,000 millim etres (3 feet) apart.
(a ) The bubble indicates the slope of the spirit-level The spirit level which is to be checked is then p u t on the
base in its [Link] direction. If the surface to be straight-edge. The straight-edge is then inclined by an
tested is geometrically inaccurate, the base of the level amount of h J l ,OOO mm. and, for this p urpose, one of the slip
may not lie parallel to it. The position of the level base gauges is replaced by another one, the difference being
is thus not accurately determined and the indication of the equal to the amount h. If this inclination corresponds to
bubble may be misleading as it refers only to a straight the scale value, the bubble must have moved by one
line in the measured direction. If planes are to be checked, division. This p rocedure can be continued from one
therefore, the level must be set down in a number of division to the next until the full graduation is checked.
different directions. An accurate picture of the character
of a surface can only be obtained by using additional Level Measurement by Means of Water Level Surface
equipment such as straight-edges, surface plates, auto­ and Micrometer
collimators, slip-gauges, wires, etc.
(b)Calibration tests should be carried out at a
This method (sec Test Charts 41 and +2, Figs. 2 a l l d 3),
serves for measuring misalignments or inclinations of long
temperature of 20° C. (68° F.). Indication errors are beds and work tables. The micrometer holder is placed
caused by the level being exposed to the sun or to draughts, at various positions on the bed or table, and the micrometer
by being breathed upon, or by being touched with warm spindle is screwed down until its tip just touches the
hands. The inspector should, therefore, carefully a void surface of the water.
breathing on the bubble tube or touching it. A transparent
protecting cover for the bubble tube is often advisable. To secure uniform measurements, the measuring tip of
(c) It is best to take readings with both eyes. open, and the micrometer must be very accurately ground, tinned or,
lookin� in a direction perpendicular to the bubble lube. preferably, nickel- or chromium-plated.
If the inspector is, however, used to closing one eye, this is
permissible as long as he does not vary his method of In order to obtain a truly level water surface, any
observation. The level must not be used on its edge, but throttling elTects must be avoided ; i f tubes are used they
should always be properly pressed to the surface under must be of large diameter.
inspection. Correct measurements are made easier by
the use of a cross or circular level, especially when inclined When a planing-machine bed is tested during erection
surfaces have to be adjusted. If such an additional level of the machine, or in any case, when the table is removed,
is not available the correct direction of measurement
must be found by trial and error, the correct direction being
that which gives maximum movement of the bubble.
It is recommended that spirit levels be tested once a
month, and, if necessary, adjusted. As the bearing
surfaces are often not treated with the necessary care,
check tests include those for the following items :
1. Flatness of the bearing surface ;
2. Relative position between bubble
surface ;
tube and bearing Fig. 6A. Using V e es o f B e d as Water Channels when
erecting Planing Machine
3 . Scale value.
1 . Flatness of the bearing surface is tested and corrected
with the aid of a surface plate.
2. The test for relative position between bubble tube and
bearing surface is carried out in a temperature-controlled
room at 20° C. (68° F.), and, if possible, after the level
has been left in the test room for about eight hours (e.g.
overnight). The correct testing method is influenced
by the shape of the bearing surface. A level with a plane
surface can be tested by turning the level through 1 80°.
If the surface is horizontal then the bubble must give the
same reading in two positions within not more than ±0·2S
of a division. For checking a Vee-shaped base, very Fig. 6u. Testing I nclination of Bed with Parallels,
accurate hardened steel cylinders of different diameters S t raight-edge and Spirit-level

—8—
 the Vee sli deways of the bed
can be used as water channels
(Fig. 6A) . For this p urpose they
are best sealed a t the ends by
means of clay o r cement and Fig. 9. Diagram show­
ing how the Micro­
connected b y tubes. scope Cross-wire is
centred on the Taut
The micrometer spindle is Wire
then held in an adaptor a , the
bearing su rfaces o f which should
be exactly perpendicular to each
other, and inclined a t 45° to the
axis of the micrometer screw.

A method which can b e con­

sidered equivalent to the above
employs a long straight-edge
Care must be taken , however, that the wire is free from
placed on parallels, the level o f
which is checked by a spirit � inks. The wire diameter should be as small as possible,
In any case not more than 0·1 mi llimetre (0·004 inch).
level (Fig. 68). However, long
Long beds up to 20 metres (65 feet) and mo re can be
beds o r tables cannot b e tested
tested without the need for special precautions. For
in this manner without repeated­
greater lengths i t may be necessary to damp the vibrations
ly displacing the straight-edge
of ule wire by suitable means, for example, by attaching
longitudinall y.
small paper tags which are suspended in oil.

� equivalent method of checking a movemen t for

stralght � ess . em p loys � long horizontally-located straight.
Testing by Means of Wire edge which I S aligned 1 0 such a manner that the dial gauge
and Measuring Microscope shows the same reading a t both ends of the edge (Fig. 7)
(see Chart 1 5 , Fig. 5). While the table is traversed the
The wire method, Fig. 8,
serves for measuring the straight­
deviation o f its movement from a straight line can th n be �
read directly from the indication of the dial gauge.
ness of movements o f tables and
Fig. 7. Alternative carriages over greater lengths
::\.lethod of Testing (see, for instance, Chart No. 1 1 , Alignment T�st by Telescope and Target
Straightness Fig. 2). The two ends o f the wire
The weaknesses of methods which employ the taut wire
are lined-up by means of the
cross-wires (Fig. 9) of the are avoided i f the optical axis of a telescope is used as the
recti lineal reference, a suitable target which slides on a
measuring microscope. Obser­
carriage on the bed being observed through the eye-piece
vations are taken in the vertical plane as the table is

used (Fig. t o), the sight mark of the telescope is observed

of the telescope. When the telescope and collimator are
traversed. By . means of a special system of prisms,
hO\�·e\"er , the wire can b e observed both vertically and
simultaneously with the image of the target formed b y
hOrIzontally. Eaeh vertical and lateral d eviation may be
the c ? llim� tor (apparently at infinity). I n this manner
measured by the displacement of the microscope tube. .
variations 1 0 the angle between the axes of t h e coll imator
The amount o f sag of the wire can b e accurately calculate d ,
and the telescope are determined. The method is similar
and the measurements corrected accordingly.
to that using a spirit level.
In the case o f a lathe or grinding machine, the Wlrt:
With the telescope-and-target method, however, the
should b e arranged to be exactly co-axial with the Centres.
!
ve:t cal or [Link] deviations are measured directly in

extreme positions E and F (Fig. 1 1). The telescope forms

mllhmetres (or I O ches) as the target is moved between its

a real im � ge b y convergent rays. I t is n : cessary, therefo r e ,

to focus I t always very accurately according to t h e distance
o f the target. This is done with the aid of a movable lens
within the telescope which is actuated by the knob K.
In order to avoid errors, the lens must be displaced exactly
F i t: . H . M ethod
o f Tes t i n g by
means of a TaUl
W i re and !I.·l eas.
u rina.: ;\1 i c r 0 -
scope:

Fig. 1 0 . Di agram i l l ustrating t h e Principle of Testing

by means o f Taq!ct and Telescop e

—9—
 Fig. 1 1. General Arran g ement of O p tical Alignment Testing
Telescope

llong a straight line parallel to the optical axis. The results of the telescope, the graduation and the distance between
)f the test indicate, at the same time, errors of alignment in the telescope and the target. The measuring accuracy
both the vertical and horizontal planes of the optical axis. also depends on the precision of the movement of the
The plane-parallel plate C serves for adjusting the optical fo cusing lens and of the plane-parallel plate. The mini­

1 · 1 metres (4 2 inches).
axis of the telescope relative to the target during the test. mum distance between the target and the telescope is about
The accuracy of the readings depends on the magnifications

MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION OF TOLERANCES

In the test charts, the tolerances are given in three stated in the text of the respective test chart (see Fig. 1 7).
diff erent ways, viz. : In detail, the tolerances are specified in the test charts
1 . As plus or minus tolerances (examp l e : ±0'03 m i l l ime t r e and cover the following :
per 1 ,000 millirnetr es = ±O'OOI inch per 3 feet) ;

2. As tolerances without signs (exampl e : 0'03 millimetres

per 1 .000 millimetres) ; 1. Straightness of Slide ways and Flatness of Tables
3. As Wlilateral tolerances (exampl e : 0 to 0·03 millimetre These are tested by means of the spirit level.
per 1 .000 millim e tres).
The tolerances are specified either :
1. With plus or minus tolerances, the permissible error 1 . As plus or mulUs tolerances, or
As unilateral
is allowed; to occur in either direction within the specified
reference length. The total range of error is therefore 2. tolerances.
double the specified tolerance (see Fig. 12). Exa11lple 1 : Planer bed straight or level longitudinally .
Example : A tolerance of ± 0 · 02 millimetre per 1 , 000 The specified tolerance is ±0·02 millimetre p e r 1 , 000
millimetres means that, on a reference length of 1 ,000 milli­ millimetres (0·00072 inch per 3 feet).
metres, a deviation of 0·02 millimetre will be permissible
in both qirections . The total range of error is double the The spirit level is permitted to deflect from its zero
amount of deviation, i.e. 0·04 millimetre per 1 ,000 milli­ position by 0·02 millimetre per 1 ,000 millimetres either
metres (0·00 1 4 inch per 3 feet). towards the right or to the left side (Fig. 12).

2. Tolerances without signs include the total range of The measurement may b e started at any point of the bed.
the sp irit level being moved along in d e fi n i t e steps of. say.
which direction the error appears (sec Fig. 1 611).
error measured on the reference length, no matter in
300 millimetres (about 12 inches).

3. With unilateral tolerances, the specifi e d limits cover The maximum plus and the maximum minus deviation
the total range of error across the total reference length, are added together and divided by 2. The resulting error
the direction of error being of great importance and always should b e within the specified tolerance ; in the above

�
, \

� -. -. -_.-
oreatesi
-- .-.�-
Inclinstion) t
.
=

.�
o. Ol5mm.

I
4511 - q7j/J1
fllJ

r8 �".1 )
"'� tNr I!W

( 1 . . "I.... ..

�o --l
Fig. 1 2. P lu s and Minus Tolerances in
Spirit-level Measurements

Fig. 13. Unilatcnl To l erances in Spirit-level Measurements

— 10 —
 In Fig. 1 4 the deviation of a planer bed frQ'll its
theoretical straightness i s shown. The measured' amount l
must be within the tolerance 0( 0·05 m illimetre (0'002 inch).

2. Flatness of Slideways (Twist of Cross Rails and

t Arms)
..t,,- - - - - -- -- - - - -
1-- - - - - - - � - - - - - - - - -

These are tested by means of the sp i r i t level.

=:-The tolerances are specified without signs.
Fig. 1 4. Tolerancu in Measuring the D i ffe rence of Examp le: Front slideway of the planer rail flat within
Height or Sag of a P l an e r Bed 0·03 millimetre per 1 ,000 millimetres.
The sp irit level i s moved along the surface to be tested.
example within 0·02 millimetre per 1 ,000 m i lli metres. The range of the largest readings taken in both d i rections
Example 2: Lathe bed straight or flat in the longitudinal indicates the error which must be within the specified
direction (convex only). tolerance of 0·03 m i llimetre per 1 .000 millimetres (fig. 1 5 ) .
The specified tolerance is 0 to 0·02 millimetre per I t i s not necessary for t h e measured surface t o be vert ical
or horizontal. i.e. for the spirit level to be in its zero posi tion.
1 , 000 m il l i m etres (0·00072 inch per 3 feet).
The su rface being tested may l i e at :my angle, and a wedge­
The spirit level is allowed to deflect in one direction only, shaped piece K (Fig. 1 5 n) may be interposed so that the
i.e. rising towards the centre (Fig. 1 3) and within the li mits air bubble lies near zero.
of 0and 0·02 as measured on a reference length of
millimetres, with the result that the bed will be on ly
1 ,000
3. A l ign m en t of Slide ways and Axes, o r Centre Lines
convex.
Parallel or Perpendicular to e ac h other
The measurement i s started at the centre of the bed,
i.e. at its peak. or hump, where the spirit level should read
These are tested by means of the dial gauge or the spirit
level.
level is moved to the right and to the left , i.e. towards each
zero as accurately as possible. From this point the spirit
The tolerances are specified in the form of either :
end. The level should be used o n a bridge (see Fig. 6B) (1) toleran ces without signs, or (2) u nilateral tolerances.
the feet of whidt'are spaced about 1 2 i:lJches apart. In each case the specified tolerance represents the tot31
The slope has its largest permissible value if the spirit range within which the dial pointer is allowed to deflect.
level indicates the maximum reading 0·02 per 1 ,000 Example 1 : Milling spindle parallel with bed.
m illimetres (convex) along the left, and the opposite reading
along the right half of the bed. I n this case the bed ways The specified tolerance is 0·02 millimetre per 300
would rise in a straight line from the left and right ends millimetres (0·0008 inch per foot) (Fig. 1 6.-\).
towards the centre with a n incline of 0 · 0 2 m illimetre per The dial gauge i s applied at the i nitial point of the
1 ,000 m illimetres. The largest permissible rise of a bed
measuring distance of 300 millimetres (12 i n ches) and
having a length o f 1 ·5 metres (5 feet), would be traversed alon� the latter. During this t raverse the total
h = 0·75 X 0·02=0·0 1 5 millimetre (about 0·0006 inch). movemen t of the pointer must not exceed 0·0 2 millimetre
(0·0008 i n ch) no matter in which direction the movement
FLATNESS OF TABLES AND B EDS OF LONG PLANING takes plac �.
MACIIINES
The flatness is measured separately in t he case of long
p laning machines only.
The specified tolerance represents di rectly the permissible
difference in height between the highest and lowest point

_r� _ __
of the bed or table being tested.
Example: Bed of a long planing machine straight in the
longitudinal direction ; largest difference in height, Filo!. 1 6.0\
0·05 millimetre (0-002).

-J��=::.:.;;:.;....;... .
Greatest. Deviation UpwJrds

">",",
,,.,.�
.)

[] [J
Greatest Oe 'm;/:ion Down wards
Fig. 16u

"
J.»_
;

"""�:�-=
:1: Wrong=-r=.,�...::::-:t�, >......,. ,.

( I' ··I . �ful+'''1 ) Fig. 1 6c

Fig. 1 5A . Tolerances in Fig. 1 5 0 . Use of an Inter­
T4:$Ung a Surface for Flat­ mediate Piece for I nclined Fig. 16A, 1 6 0 a n :! 1 6c. Double-sided Toler;lnces for
nella Surfaces D i rectional Measurements

— 11 —
 I t is by no means correct to set the dial gauge to zero at d i ffere n t lengths the tolerances must be converted
any poi n t in the centre of the measuring distance, so that it accordingly.
shows a deviation of 0·02 millimetre in o n e direction when
mO\'ed to the left, and of 0·02 millimetre in the oppositt:
1)·02 milli metre in one direction when touching the left
It is not permissible for the d ial poi n ter to deviate by
d i rect i o n , when moved to the right ; such a procedure

(2 X 0·02=0·04 millimetre = O ·OO 16 inch, fig. 1 6c, dotted

\\-' ould be wrong because the total error would be doubled side, and by the same amount i n t he opposite direction when
touc hing the right side of the T-slot (Fig. l Sc), because
line).
squ areness error amounti ng to 0·04 mill imetre per 3 00
t hese deviations would correspond to an inadmissible
W h e n a spirit level is used for this test, the to tal lIl i l l i metres (0'00 1 6 inch per foot).
movement of the air bubble must not exceed a value
correspond ing to a change of inclination of 0·02 millimetre 4. A l i gnment and True Running of Shafts
per 300 milli metres.
The tolera n ces for the true r u n n i ng of a shaft have to be
Examp/� 2: Lathe spindle parallel with bed i n the taken as the admissible total deviation ( range o f deviation)
vertical plane (spindle rising towards the free end of of the d i al -gauge pointer.

--- ---14at.-
test mandrel only).

=�..-::.::-
,.Wrong
.'__ .
__

- t..:�
:::

cO
_. __

Ih...� . - . '--

[�
'Vn'nmn.
. _ -- Fig. I Se

� '-
;C JlY
� ...... (jre.;test Deviation, Ff'fmt
.. . " .. - -
r J
_\ . ---�,----
�J..,;[Link].;,.
II
.;, .
-
r."
I
0 " __ •

�, -
.

::::J q".,.
L , _ . ___

I
'::rl'[Link] D�VJ;[Link], Rear
I fig. I S n

II
Fig. 1 7.\

[ 'S'»lIlI '>\i\<sm;:tau
6reatest Otviotion /Jpwards

TolerMC� Area
Fig. 1 70

Fig. I iA and 1 7 u . U n ilateral Tolerances for D i rectional

:Vl easurements

The specified tolerance is 0 to 0·02 millimetre per 300

F i g . I S"

millimet res (Fig. 1 7A). Figs. I S", I Sn am! I Re. Tolerancl:s i n

Measuring by thl: Turn-round Method

\rh e n the dial gauge is being moved a l o n g t he test

manurel, the . poin ter is allowed to deviate i n the stated Example .' Tes ting lathe spindle for true runn ing. The
direction only (fig. 1 7u). specified tolerance is 0·01 millimetre (0·0004 inch). D uring

deviate over a range of 0·01 m i l limetre.

o n e revol lItion of the spindle, the dial poin ter is allowed to
The same applies to the testing for perpen d i c u la r i t y o f
surfaces relative t o axes a n d vice versa.
Simil arly, the tolerances specified for the axial sliding
The p e rp e n d i cul a rity of an axis relative to a slideway is movement (slip) of spindle indicate the total p erm issible
usually measured by means of the turn round (trammel) deviation of the dial-gauge po i nter.
met hod . The dial gauge is set to lero when i t touches
the surface to bl: tested a t the left siu e ; it is t hell turned The t olerance specified for the alignment of two shafts
rou n d and the deviation o f the pointer shoulu not exceed i n d icates t he permissible deviation of the i r axes from the
the perlllitted tolerance when the uial gauge touches the theoretical centre line (the amount of off-centre). If this
s u rface to be tested at the right side. The direction of is measured by means of a uial gauge, using the swing-over
devia tion is of no importance. method, the deviation of the dial -gauge pointer would be
twice the amount of off-centre, as shown in Fig. 19. The
Example: Tee-slots in the t ablt: of a su rface milling dial gauge po i n ter is t h us allowed to deviate by twice t h e
specified is 0·02 millimetre per 300 mill imetres (fig. 1 8A).
m achine squart: with cu tter spi ndle. The tolt:rance permissible e r r o r in t h i s case.
The dial gauge touching the centre T -slot in the left­ Example.' Tes ting the alignment between the bore of
hand position is sd to zero. In turning i t round-the the outer arbor support and {he cutter spindle of a surface

300 millimetres ( 1 2 inches), i.�. the length o f the lever arm

total distance between the two measuring positions is milling machine. The tolerance specified is 0·02 milli­
metre (0·0008 i nc h).
is 1 50 millimetres (6 inches)-the deviation of the dial
p o in ter must not exceed 0·02 millimetre (0·0008 inch) When the swing-over method is used, the dial gauge
towards the left,. or right (fig. 1 8B). With lever arms of pointer may deviate by 0·04 millimetre (0·001 6 inch).
— 12 —
 stOP A. which i s rigidly clamped to the lathe bed. The
posi tion of the face plate is determined by the adjustable
ring R . which is hel d firmly against a stop block b* by a
constant weigh t on a lever. In testing the fi nished lathe,
the accuracy o f all the co -operating transmitting members
is tested by compari n g two measurements as foll ows :

I n the s t a r t i ng posi tion shown at the top (Fig. 20A) the

ring R firmly t o u ches the block b. The slide carrying t h e
d i a l g a u g e M i s so a djusted t h a t the length gauge a just
touches the stop A at i t s left and the p l u n ger of thl! d i a l
gauge at i t s r ight e n d . A p ress u re of about 50 g rammes
o n the d i a l gauge p l u nger is sufficient to ensure the
necessary contact. After the reading o f the dial poi n te r
has been t ake n i n t h is p ositi o n . the length gauge a a n d t h e
block b are removed. The lat h e s p i n d l e with the face
plate is then turned u n t i l . the calcul ated dist ance through
which the s l i d e has been t raversed by the lead-screw
correspo n d s to the len gth of t h e precision length gauge a
F i g , 1 9. (See pagc 31 :llId Fig. lA-c). T o l er a n c es in Testing thc
alignment of Two Al(CS b y the Swing-over Method (300 millimetres or 1 2 i n ches).

I f the ri ng R is again brought into contact with the stop

block b. the dial- gauge p l u nger should just touch the face of
5. Lead or Pitch Error of Lead-screws the stop A. provided that t h e lead -screw is free from e rrors.
Any deviation of t h e dial pointer i n d icates the m a g n i t u de
The lead or pi tch error is generally based on a reference
of the error. 1 n other words. it co rrespo n ds to the plus
l e n gth of 300 millim e trcs ( 1 2 in ches). Beg i n n ing from
or min us variation between the mm'ement o f the carri age
any given i n i tial position . the test nut is moved over a
and t h e length of the gauge a. In this way, e i t h e r
n umb e r of threads co rrespon di ng to an accurate travel o f
cumulative p i t c h errors o f t he lead-screw o v e r i t s full
300 millimetres f o r metric or 1 2 inches for Whitworth
length or individual errors of each thread can be determ i n e d.
thread screws. The actual travel of the n u t may b e either
Fig. 22 shows a test c hart of a lead-screw of 6 m i l l imetres
(i inch) pitch an d 3 , 3 60 m i l limetres ( I I feet) length.
larger or smaller than 300 mill imet res a n d 12 i n ches .
respectively, by not more than the specified permissible
lead erro r .
C u t t i n g tests can be carried o u t by cutti ng a right a n d a
Example: T h e accuracy o f the lead-screw o f a lathe is left h a n d th read on a cylindrical test p iece h avi ng a le ngth
u s u ally ass u red by the manufacturer. The tolerance of at least 1 0 t i mes t h e pi tch . the pitch errors b e i n g
specification is 0·03 millimetre per 300 millimetres determined by a suitable ' indicator. T h e maxim u m
permiss i b l e error is ±0·003 m i l limeter (0·000 1 2 i n ch) for
i i n ch . The n U l is moved by exactly 48 th reads
(0·00 1 2 inch per foot). Let the lead-screw have a pitch of
each p i tch , and the c u m u l a t i v e error should not exceed
corresp o n d i n g t o a basic length uf t ravel o f 1 2 inches. that o f the lead-screw. For a med i um qual i ty scre\... .

The actual length of t ravel is allowed to vary by not more 0,02 per 50 m i l l i metres (o·oom� i nch per 2 inches) i s
than 0·00 1 2 i n ch from the nominal length o f 1 2 i n ch es.
• Block b could b e replaced by a d i a l gaug e .
The problem of accurate screw-cu t t ing on a lathe cannot
be solved merely by using an accurate lead-screw which
meets the te� specificat ions. I t is necessary for the lathe
itself to b e of rigid design and fo r the lead-screw to be
carefully m o u nted. otherwise an accurate le ad-screw may
give i n accurate results. Moreove r. the accu racy o f th e
driving gear. t h e rake angl es of the t o o l . t h e smoothness o f
its c u tting edges. the cool ant s u p p l y , etc., h a v e considerable
i n fluence o n the accuracy of the t h read to b e c u t .

TESTING M ETHODS
Fig. 20 shows a very s i mple method for testing a l ead­
!jere\\' on:r a measuring length o f 3UU llI i l l i m e t rl·s ( 1 2 inches).
This has been empluyed in practice for more t h a n SO years.
a n d can be carried uut w i t h equipment usually available
in the machi ne shop. The m\:thod im'ol\'\:s taking two
m easureme n ts o\'er a g i \'en distance (say 3UU m i l limetrcs or
12 in ch es) the carriage b e i ng t raversed along the bed by
means of t he lead-scre\\'.

1 . The first measu remen t is taken w i t h a d i a l ga uge ,l[ .

touchi n g a precision length gauge l I .

2, For t he second llleasun':lllent, the po:;itiun of the

carriage is determined by means o f the d i al gauge 1'14 a fter
t h e length gauge a has been removed.
Fig. 2UA (Top) ; Fig. 20/1 ( U o t l o m ) . M e t h od of Measuring
The distanc� t o be measured is refe r red to the adjustable Lead -screw Errors b y Comparison with an End Gauge.

— 13 —
allowed. Fig. 22 shows the test char t of a good lead- sc rew, +
I
o·
I +
fro
.11'1, �
+
Fig. 23 a tL'S t chart of a correspo n d i ng righ t -and left - h a n d 0,03 0 '>-113 0- i6 mm. 0-03 0 O�) 003 cr03
screwed test piece, 6 millimetres p itch a n d 22 threads, c ut o
� -H±RIGHT t- H- �

,,+ � �3�
w i th the lead -screw.

P,indple of the " Cazeneuve" Test

' I
_ _

3
rc
.�. , :' ++: - :-;-
+-
r'
Ano t her simple and p racti cal met h o d of tes t i n g has been
1
p ropose d by Cazeneuve ( Fran ce). 120 - - - .

- + - +- 't- -
- _ . - -
10
- -+- c- ;' -+-+-+-1-1-
As in the fo rmel' test, the accuracy o f t h e l ead-screw is
checked by determ i ning the m o v ement of t h e saddlc -t+ - I-T - -
prod u ced by t he rotation of the l ea d ·screw . T h e dis ta nce

-I-
t r a velled by the sad dle is measure d by means of a

�1t'fH-
H:
-

=IT;
micr oscope �md a gradu a ted sca le, t he di v iding erro rs o f c- .L.
- , · t·
Z40 · 20 -i-
which arc know n . _1-
I
1

of IIlI! MCIISU,iIlX Device ( Fig. 2 1 )

I I
Descriptiull :

T h e gril d u ilted scale (J i s positioned i n t h e C e n t re I l f t h t: :1- - -H- -- - -. -

+- -
clamps b w h ic h <lfe similar to t h ose u s e d for clamping the
\
l a t h e bed where it is l ocated a n d held by means of t h e , I
Jf>O 30
tailstock. The saddle carries a microscope c, t he cye-piece

± -l-H-
o f which is litted with a micrometer c ross- h a i r , 0 i
L E FT !
I

IIf All'lISuTillg \ 1
,
The !VldJltJeI I'
1 I
. _L _
If o n l y t h ose t ra\'e rsin� errurs w h i c h res u l t fro l l l llll' -r 1
1 :
l e ad -screw arc to be determ i n e d , the lead-screw ill d ri v en {
+1
,
from the t a ilstock end. I f the me:lsuremenhl nUlllt include r- 1 I
10
t h e errors o f the train o f gears i n ad d i t ion to thosc o f t he !
\ 1 i \
screw, t h e lead-screw is d ri ven from t h e headstock e n d via 1
1 1
{

t h e u s u a l g e a r drive.
1 I

I n the linn instance, a l e v e r is mo u n ted o n t he lead ­ - - i

screw :It t h e t aiIstock e n d . T h is l e v e r I I l l l s t h e s u f licil:nt l \" I I I

+
S24 D 20 ,
long t o r e d u c e errors i n t h e OIngu l:tr readin�s to a l I I i n i l l l ll l l ; , . -n- - -�
,
I n p ract ice, a lever o f SOli mi l l i me l l'l's (abo u t 2 0 i n c hes)
i ! {
I 1 I
-
I ! I ,
ra d i us is lased, �iving a t u t a l c i r c l l m re r l' n t i a l move me n t o f ,
2 X 500 X 71' , i,c. ;approximately 3 ,O()O Illi l l i me t n':> fo r m il: -I tt-
I �*
f u l l revo l u t iu n . T hi s corresponds t he n tll a sadd l l' -r- -, ; 1 I
,
d i s p l a c e m e n t l'l]u ivalcnt to o n e p i t c h llf t h e lead-sne\\', J3GO 30

! i n c h ) , ; I n d if t h e angular plls i t io n i n g o f t h e levn i s Fig. (Left) Test chart for an accurate lead screw.
I f t h e p it c h i:: assu llll:d to b e 12 m i l li met res (ilpproxim a t c l y
22

Fig. (Right) Test charts for screwed test pieces

dete r m i n e d by reference t o a precision h l o c k ga uge t i l l'

with left- and right-handed threads .

e r r o r s arc reduced i l l the r il t i o of 1 2 : 3,000 u n d t h e i r 23
effect i s t l lllS negligible.

I f t he drive is taken from the main

II p i n ule, a face-plate o f the largest
p e rmissible diameter is mounted o n
t h e spind le a n d its rotation checked
a c c u rately by means of a stop, a dial
gauge or other means. Errors are
IIga i n small and of the order 1 : 200
o r I : 300.

I r respective o f which o f the two

a l t e r n a tive meth ods is emp l oy e d ,
tes t i n g c a n b e carried o u t pitch b y
pitch and, if necessary, even by
fructions of a pitch. By comparing
the results obtained with the two
d i lferent methods of moving the saddle
(e i ther by the lead-screw alone o r from
the main spindle), t h e errors d u e to the
train of gears can be determined.

It is also possible to check p itch

Fill. 2 1 . V i e w showing the Microscope lind SCllle u'ed i n the errors produced on all kin ds of threads,
Cllzeneuve Le�d- ,crew Teat i n cluding metric, Whitworth an d

— 14 —
module pitches, whether these errors are due to the lead­

}
lOi inch (275 millimetres) centre lathe on 1 0 foot ( 3 ,000

{
screw itself or to other causes, such as for instance, the millimetres) length of bed.
Norton-type gear box. The accuracy of the testing device ·0006 inch ( +0·0 15 millimetre) _
Error not to ex ceed +0
- 0 - 001 inch ( - 0 -0 25 millimetre) In

{ }
depends only on the quality of the steel or glass scale, thc
errors of which are known from a calibration curve. any foot (300 millimetres), or
British makers of repute distinguish between " Standard +0·001 inch ( +0·025 millimetre) in length capacity
Guarantee" and "Special Accuracy". An example is - 0·0025 inch ( - 0·064 millimetre) of the lathe.

{ } }
shown in the following specification· : Length of bed more than above : Error not to e x ceed-

{ }
1 . Standard Guarantee with any lathe : + 0·0006 inch . � . +0·00 1 inch in any 6ft.
+ 0·002 inch ( +0·05 millimetre) in any 6 foot ( 1 ,800
-0·001 inch In any oot , - 0 · 0025 inch length at
any part of screw.
-9·003 inch '-- 0·075 milliIIletre) millimetres) length_
±0·001 inch ( ±0-025 millimetre) in any foot (300 milli-
metres). 6. Pitch Erro rs of Gears and Dividing Errors o f
Dividing Heads
2. Special Accuracy, which can be provided at increased The term "permissible single error" indicates the
cost : tolerance by which the actual pitch is allowed to be larger
6! inch ( 1 65 millimetres) centre lathe on 6 foot ( 1 , 800 or smaller than its prescribed basic size.
millimetres) length of bed_
The cumulative pitch error is the amplitude of the tooth

{ }
8t inch (2 1 5 millimetres) centre lathe on 8 foot (2,400 error curve plotted against the number of teeth (see Fig. 25)_
+0·0006 inch ( +0·0 1 5 millimetre) ­
millimetres) length of bed. It is taken from the record produced by the gear-testing
0 001 inch ( - 0 . 025 mill ime tr e )
Error not to ex ceed - . In device or computed f rom measured single errors as

{ }
follows :
any foot (300 millimetres), or
+0·001 ( +0·025 millimetre) in the length capacity of Example.' To determine the total pitch error of the
- 0·002 (- 0·050 millimetre) the lathe_ dividing wheel for a gear-cutting machine from its single­
6t inch ( 1 65 millimetres) centre lathe on 8 foot (2,400 pitch errors.
millimetre) length of bed. Data of the selected dividing wheel : Pitch diameter,
8t inch (21 5 millimetres) centre lathe on 10 foot (3 ,000 600 millimetres (about 24 inches) ; number of teeth, 60 ;
millimetres) length of bed. module, 10 millimetres (D_P.=2·54)_
• Dean, Smith & Grace Limited (Keighley), 1 949. In the Table (Fig. 24) the measured single-pitch errors

I
Tooth Single Error Total Error Tooth I Single Error Total Error

.-
...
No_ nun . Inch nun . Inch No. nun . Inch nun _ Inch

1 + 0- 0 1 - + 0 '0004 ±O ±O 31 + 0 - 00 5 + 0·0002 + 0 -065 + 0·0026

2 +0'01 + 0 ·0004 + 0' 0 1 + 0 ' 0004 32 - 0 ·01 5 - 0,0006 +0·05 + 0-0020

I
3 - 0,005 - 0 ,0002 + 0·005 + 0 ·0002 33 - 0, 0 1 - 0 ·0004 +0'04 + 0·00 1 6
4 - 0, 0 1 - 0·0004 - 0,005 - 0·0002 H + 0 · 00 5 + 0 ·000 2 +0·045 + 0·00 1 8
5 +0·015 + 0·0006 + 0·01 + 0'000 4 35 - 0- 0 1 - 0 ·0004 +0-035 +0·0014
6 +0·015 + 0·0006 + 0·025 + 0- 00 1 0 36 - 0- 0 1 5 - 0·0006 + 0-02 + (}0008
7 + 0·01 + 0'0004 I +0·035 + 0 · 00 1 4 37 - 0'0 1 5 - 0,000 6 +0·005 + 0·0002
8 - 0,005 - 0·000 2 + 0·03 + 0 · 00 1 2 38 - 0-0 1 - 0 , 0004 -0,005 - 0,0002
9 +0·01 + 0 ·0004 + 0·04 + 0 -00 1 6 39 + 0 - 00 5 + 0·0002 ±O ±O
10 ±O ±O + 0 '04 + 0 · 00 1 6 40 - 0· 0 1 5 - 0,0006 - 0·01 5 - 0 ,0006
11 - 0,005 - 0·0002 + 0-035 + 0 ·00 1 4 41 -0,01 - 0 ·0004 -0·025 - 0 ·00 1 0
12 - 0,01 - 0, 0004 +0-025 +0·00 1 0 42 - 0,01 5 - 0,0006 - 0·04 - 0 ,00 1 6
13 ±O ±O + 0-025 + 0·00 1 0 43 - 0 ,005 - 0 ,0002 -0,045 - 0 -00 1 8

IS
14 - 0-005 - 0,0002 + 0-02 + 0 ·0008 44 ±O ±O - 0·045 - 0 -00 1 8
+ 0 -0 1 5 + 0 ·0006 + 0-035 + 0·00 1 4 45 - 0· 0 1 - 0,0004 - 0,055 - 0-0022

16
17
+0-005
+0'01
+ 0 ·0002
+ 0 ·0004
+ 0·04
+ 0-05
+0-00 1 6
+ 0-0020
46
47
- 0,01 5
+ 0' 0 1
- 0 ,0006
+ 0'0004
- 0·07
-0,06
I - 0-0028
- 0,0024
18 ±O ±O + 0-05 +0-0020 48 - 0, 0 1 5 - 0 ,0006 - 0·075 - 0,0030

I
19 + 0-005 + 0 ·0002 +0·055 + 0'0022 49 ±O ±O -0,075 - 0 ,0030
20 - 0,01 - 0 ·0004 + 0·045 + 0·00 1 8 SO - 0 , 00 5 - 0·0002 - 0,08 - 0·003 2
21 • + 0 ·0 1 5 + 0·0006 + 0 ·06 + 0'0024 51 +0'01 + 0 ·0004 - 0 ,07 - 0 '0028
22 +0-01 + 0·0004 +0-07 + 0 ·0028 52 + 0·01 5 + 0·000 6 -0,055 - 0·0022
23 - 0,005 - 0 ,000 2 + 0'065 + 0'0026 53 + 0·005 + 0 '000 2 - 0-05 - 0,0020
U ±O ±O +0-065 + 0 ' 00 2 6 54 + 0·0 1 5 + 0·000 6 -0-035 - 0·00 1 4
25 + 0' 0 1 + 0·0004 + 0-075 + 0 ·0030 55 +0·01 + 0 ·0004 - 0,025 - 0·00 1 0
26 +0-01 5 + 0·0006 + 0·09 +0-0036 56 - 0 , 00 5 - 0 ·0002 -0,03 - 0·00 1 2
27 - 0,01 - 0·0004 + 0·08 +0-0032 57 + 0- 0 1 5 + 0 '0006 - 0-01 5 - 0,0006
28 +0·01 + 0·0004 -0,005

I
- 0 -0 1 5 - 0,0006 + 0·065 + 0·0026 58 - 0 ,000 2
29 ±O ±O +0'065 + 0 ·0026 59 +0·01 + 0 ·0004 +0'005 + 0·0002

,
30 -0,005 60 - 0 ·0 1 5 - 0 ,0006 - 0,01
I
- 0,0002 +0·06 + 0 ·0024 - 0 ,0004

Fig. 24. Single and Total Pitch Errors of an Indexing Wheel • Error between tooth No. 60 and tooth N o . 1

— 15 —
 Fig. 2 5. Diagram o f Pitch
Er r ors of a Dividing Gea r

( m i l l i metres and i n ches) are contained in the second a n d largest positive deviation occurs near t o o t h N o . 2 6 with a n
third columns. T h e fou rth a n d fifth c o l u m n s c o n t a i n t h e amou n t o f +0·09 m illimetre (0·0036 i n ch) a n d the largest
c u mulative er rors, i.t. t h e algeb raic s u m o f the single errors. negative deviation near tooth No. 50 with an amount of
In the graph of cumulative e r rors (Fig. 25) the sum of the - 0·08 m i l l imetre (0·0032 inch). The total error
single errors is plotted progressively o v e r the n u m b ers of ( am pl i t u d e o f the curve i n F i g . 2 5 ) is, therefore, 0· 1 7 m i l l i ­
teeth. From the selected example it will be seen that the metre (0·0068 i n c h ) .

DETAILS FOR TES T I NG VARIOU S MACHINE TOOL S

Milling and Gear C u t t i n g M a c h i n e s , Tables 1 -7 periodic shocks o r impacts, a n d perhaps vibration. In

printing a n d similar machines gear-d riven rolls have t o act
I n establishing the permissible errors of horizontal u po n parts of l o w strength. E v e n small cumulative errors
milling machines, consideration was given t o the fact that,
o f t h e gears driving the rolls will cause irregularities in the
i n the direction parallel to the cutter spindle, the work
drive a n d thus damage the parts t ransported b y the rolls.
table must not droop, but is permitted to rise only towards
the fron t face of the knee. While working, the table tends
to d roop under the i n fluences of the weight o f the work­ Lathes, Capstan and Turret Lathes, Automatic
p i ece and of the cutting force, w h i l e the cutter arbor tends Lathes and Vertical Boring Machines, Tables 1 1-20
to be deflected upwards. As in other cases, great
imporrance had to be attached therefore to the necessity of Lathes are grouped in accordance with their uses, their
the t olerance being in the oppos ite di rection to the expected sizes and the degree o f accuracy required from them.
d e formations under load ; tolerances and deformations Experience shows that lathe beds wear more rapidly i n the
should ne,'er be cumulat i,·e. centre than at the ends. Moreover, the overhanging
weight of t h e carriage and the cutting resistance force the
In u niversal milling machines t h e off-set of the swivel front shears (apron side) down and l i ft the rear shears.
axis and the centre T -slot with respect to the cutter I-rence, the tolerance must be directed i n opposition to this
spindle must also b e tested. Both alignments must be d e formation. The front shears of a new lathe are therefore
within close l i mits in order t o o b t ain u ndistorted proflles permitted to b e arched or humped upwards only, w h i l e t h e
when helices are milled. r e a r shears m a y b e less convex or even slightly concave.
To avoid t he u n d e s irable combination o f a maxi m u m
In the case o f thread- m i l l i n g machines, a special test is
convex tolerance for t h e front shears a n d a maximum
carried out i n order to ensure that t h e cutter axis is at the
concave t o l e r a n c e for the rear shears, a spirit l e v e l test for
same height as the work spindle. U n less this requirement
twist in the t ransverse direction is also carried out.
is met, true thread profiles cannot b e produced.

The permissible errors o f gear- c u t t i n g machines are The headstock should b e so aligned that a n arbor
v e ry small , because modern requirements for quick a n d inserted i n the spindle nose rises o r inclines upwards only
quiet runn i ng c o n d i t i o n s and, therefore, accurately-cut at its free e n d with respect to the bed ways, whilst inclining
gears must be met. I t has not been considered possible, in the horizontal plane t owards the tool post only. This
however, to specify toleran ces below 0·02 millimetre will counteract the d e formations resulting from the weight
(0·0008 inch), hecause the drive mechan isms o f gear-cutting o f the workpiece a n d the cutting force. S i m ilarly. the
machines are relatively complicated and the gear trains are tailstock spindle when fully advanced is only permitted to
rather long. These facts make i t difficult to maintain very deflect i n the correspon d i ng directions.
high degrees of accuracy in the normal manufacturing
The sli deway su rfaces of the lathe bed are not only
p r ocess .
datum faces for levelling the machine but also working
The most important component o f a satisfactory gear­ surfaces for g u i d i n g the carriage and the tailstock. The
cutting machine is the d i v i ding wheel which pri marily q u a lity o f these s l i d i ng su rfaces, o f whatever design , is o f
controls the accuracy of the gears cu t o n the machine. v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e f o r the accuracy o f work pieces p roduced
Close tolerances have been specified for single-pitch and o n the lathe. These slideways vary i n length from 1 2
cum ulative error. It is necessary to limit the cumu lative inches to 60 feet a n d more. Whilst the long tallies o f
pitch error i n order to p revent a large n u mber o f successive planing, grinding o r milling machines cover a large portion
single errors occurring I n the same direction (plus or minus). of the slideways, the short carriage o f the lathe leaves the
Gears produced with such errors result i n n o n - u n i form sli deways wide open. Special care has therefore to be
,·elocitv transmission, and cause noisy r u n n i n g conditions, taken i n their m a n u facture. For this reason the tests on

— 16 —
 3. The alignment o f the lead-screw axis to relation to
the carriage sli deways.
4. The axial slip of the main spindle.
5. Errors i n t h e transmission of the feed drive from t h e
m a i n s p i n d l e t o the lead -screw through a Norton gear box
o r o t h e r means.

The lead-screw i s subjected to quite un usual loads.

PAi:lllelism o f G u i d eways
The e n d bearings locate i t axially and radially. The n u t
Fi8' 26. Checking the: i n t h e apron which transmits t h e d r ive from t h e lead-screw
to the carriage is usually split and has to be opened a n d
closed repeatedly. I t also supports t h e lead-screw a t a n y
point throughout its ful l length. The position o f t h e split
Charts I I , 1 2, 1 3, Fig. 3 w':re specified. These serve for nut is determined b y t h e s l ideways of the bed. I t is there­
making certain that the locating elements of the three fore essential to test the alignment o f the lead -screw
main parts ( h eadstock, tailstock and stay) are accurately relative to the bed slideways. The permissible errors
aligned both ve rtically and horizontally with the carriage (0'1 to 0 · 2 m i l l i m e tre or 0·004 to 0·008 i nch-according t o
slideways over their fu ll length. Moreover, t h e tai lstock the s i z e of t h e l a t h e ) has been d e t e r m i n e d in rebtion to the
guides must be carefull y scraped or ground. The tests influence which the misalignment o f the lead-screw exerts
of the slideways are carned out by putting the plunger of upon the pitch accuracy o f the t h read produced.
the d i a l gauge directly o n their scraped or ground s u r faces.
[ t i s not permissible to reduce the permissible pitch e rrors
If the surfaces are tested in this manner along three lines
specified for a measuring distance of 300 m i l l imet res ( 1 2
(see Chart 1 1 , Fig. 3), this can be done i n a few m i n u tes
inches) pro rata 0 f o t h e r measuring lengths. I f necessary, the
and the alignment and the quality of these important sliding
following values may be used for the case u f a specified
s u r faces can b e judged. There is no objection i n p r i n c i p l e
tolerance of 0·03 per 300 m i l l i met res (0·00 1 2 inch per foot) :
to inserting a block (Fig. 26) between the slideway and the
error measured o v e r 1 25 m i l l imetres ( 5 inches) t o b e 0·02
dial-gauge plunger, but by doing so the s u r face quality
millimetre (0·0008 inch) ; cumulative error over 1 ,000
cannot b e determined. Instead o f the i n termediate block
millimetres to be 0·08 m i l limetre (0·0032 inch).
(Fig. 26) the tailstock i t self is sometimes used. I n t h is
case, however, slight movement between the tailstock Turret lathes a r e grouped acco rding to their size. The
proper and its base due to tightening o r loosening o f the basic test instructions apply to machines with both hexagon
clamping screws may cause errors which can be avoided if and d ru m - type turret heads. They do not apply, however,
a simple measuring block o r bridge i s used. It is, perhaps, to turret lathes a rranged with hollow recessed turret
u n n ecessary t o point out that in the case o f l ong and large heads, in which centring recesses locate the cylindrical
size lathes the use o f the tailstock for such measurements is shanks of d r i l l s , counter boring tools. reamers, taps, e t c . ,
completely out of the question. b y m e a n s o f a d a p t e r bush ings o r tool holders. Two
supplementary instruction sheets, N o . 1 6:\ a n d 17 A are
All tailstock-quill measurements must be taken with t h e provided for t h i s type o f turret lathe.
q u i ll i n the clamped position. Although t h e test C h a r t I I ,
The turret head i s also tested for positional rigidity in
Fig. 9 is the only check on the parallelism between the tool­
rest slide a n d the spindle in t h e vertical p l a n e , t h is is i t s bearing a n d i n d exing holes. T o this end, the inspector
tries to t u r n the turret head about its axis by hand with
important b e cause i n this very complex assembly the guides
the aid of a lever having a length o f 0·5 or I metre ( 1 '7 or
f or three rectilinear movements and one rotating movemen t
are superimposed. In the case of a high-quality machine
3·4 feet). The actual angular displacement is measured
by means of a dial gauge.
i t is, therefore, necessary to ensure that a final test o f the
c u m u l ative error caused by this super-position be carried
out. I f the tool-rest slide is Ilsed for automatic feed Grinding Machines, Tables 21 -26
movem ents (for instance for the tu r n i ng of spheres) its
movement h a s t o be as accurateh' tested as that o f a l l the The wheel s l i d e of the c y l i n d rical grinder must be so
o t h e r moving parts. I n t h i s case, i t would e v e n be aligned that the spindle of the grinding wheel and t h e
n e cessary to test the vertical alignment o f t h e swivelling ; �workhead a r e at t h e s a m e level. T h e specified tolerance
axis which can be checked by a turn-round method. o f 0· 1 m i l l i metre (0·004 inch) ensures that the generating
Firms of repute carry out t his test for a l l their machines. lines of a taper ground on the machine are straight and n o t
It s ho u l d be mentioned however that the specification hyperbolic, deviations b e i n g noticeable o n l y w h e n t h e
Chart I I , Fig. 9 has been slightly relaxed because o f t h e d iffere nce i n height is far l a rger.
relatively lesser influence o f a n y error i n height u p o n t h e The levels of the axes are checked in accordance w i t h
cylindrical or tapered shape o f t h e workpiece. A s t h e Chart N o . 2 1 , Figs. 13 a n d 14 by mounting two cyl i n d rical
straightness of t h e tool- rest movement is important i n t h e mandrels of equal diameter on the wheel a n d work spindles
case o f automatic feed drives, a test i n this respect h a s been a n d placing a straight-edge with a spirit level across these
added. two cylinders . T h e swivel table is then swung several
times to a n d fro into its two end positions. Changes of
The lead-screw is one o f the most important parts o f t he deflection o f the spirit level, if any. are compensated f u r by
lathe. It is of the same importance as the main s p i n d l e . placing precision gauge· blocks on to t h e g a u g e c y l i n d e r s
V a r i o u s errOl'S may affect t h e accuracy o f the screw t h r e a d
p r o d u c e d o n a machi ne ; vi:: :
until t h e d e fl e c t i o n r e m a i n s constant w h i l e swinging the
swivel table. I t is not esse ntial i n this test for the b u b b l e
to b e i n its z e r o p o s i t i o n . T h e d i fference o f t h e t w o
1. T h e pitch error of the lead-screw.
gauge blocks placed on t h e cylindrical mandrels on t h e
2. The axial slip of the lead-screw due t o fau l t y thrust wheel a n d w o r k spin dles i ndicates d i rectly t h e d i fference
bearings. i n height o f the spindle axes abo\'e the swivel tahle.

— 17 —
 The next measurement concerns the rise a n d fall of the the angular deviation of the spindle axis from its vertical
wheel-head slideway, and therefore of the wheel s p i n d l e , position relative to t h e base. Howe\'er, if this were to b e
w h i l e the wheel i s fed towards the wor k table ( C h a r t 2 1 , measu re d , e.g. by means of a s p i r i t level a p p l i ed to t h e
Fig. 1 4). The position o f the s p i r i t level i n t h e test o f Fig. 1 3 axially-loaded s p i n d l e , the result w o u l d be unreli a b l e .
i s used as a starting point. After each adjustment of the U n d e r practical d r i l l i n g conditions t h e d r i l l produces a h o l e
wheel slide, the precision gauge b l o c k s o n t h e wheel spindle i n accordance w i t h t h e spindle position. If t h e s p i n d l e i s
a r e changed until the indication o f the �pirit level remains axially loaded for test purposes, i t s nose w i l l b e h e l d i n i t s
constant. original direction b y t h e loading device, which means t h a I

According to Figs. 1 3A and 1 4A (Test Chart 2 1 ) , similar

i n c l i n a t i o n w o u l d be at least partly prevented. Acco rd i n g
t o t he amount by which t h e s p i n d l e protrudes from t h e
tests are prescribed for a grinding table w i t h a horizontal headstock i t w i l l be rather b u ckled t h a n i n c l i n e d , a n d a
s u r face. In th!;Se tests it is assumed that the table su rface measurement of its i n c l i n ation by means of a s p i r i t level
is parallel to that of its swivel-plate. Variations in t his
will be useless. For this reason the increase i n the d i s t a n c e
connc.:ction, which may occur during m a n u facture are,
between s p i n d l e n o s e a n d base plate, u n d e r the action o f the
however, negligibly small when compared with the specified
axial force, i s measured.
tolerance for the d i fference i n height of the two spindle
axes. The movement of the wheel slide must respond This measurement should not be carried out d u r i n g
with great sensit ivity and consistency to the precision depth d r i l l i n g operations. T h e axial pressure d u r i n g d r i l l i n g
setting operation. l\Ioreover, it must return t o its set depends u p o n the rake angles o f t h e d r i l l , t h e d i m e n s i o n s
position after the grinding wheel has been withd rawn and o f its cross edge, the h a r d n e ss o f t h e material being d r i l l e d ,
fed forward again. When the depth setting for the grinding etc. , and i t may vary b y 2 0 per c e n t or more. This means
wheel is tested. other settings of the machine must not b e t h a t the magnitude o f t h e axial fo rce exerted d u r i n g t h e
d i s t u rbed
.• deflection t e s t w o u l d b e u n certain. T h e t e s t i s t h e r e fore
carried out w i t h a stationary d r i l l i n g spindle. A load cell
I n order to test the direction of the i n - feed motion of the
i s placed on the table o r t h e base plate under t h e s p i n d l e
wheel slide, a flattened test mandrel is mounted between
nose, and t h e spindle is t h e n fed down by hand u n t i l t h e
the centres and a square p ressed against its fl at surface ;
gauge i n dicates t h e required axial pressure. A n y measuring
the p l u nger of the dial gauge which is secured to the wheel
s l i d e traces the free leg o f the square (Chart 2 1 , Fig. I S).
device o f simple construction can be u s e d for this purpose.

A t es t g r i n d i n g operation i s carried o u t without t h e u s e o f It i s advisable for the m a n u facturer t o specify the

steady rests, as these should not i n fluence t h e test results maximum axial pressure for which the machine is designed.
o f the machine itself. A good g r i n d i n g machine, once set It is also possible fo r t h e maximum drill d i a m e t e r t o be
f o t cylindrical grin ding, should grind cylindrically or rather specified with which holes can be drilled i n t o solid material
slightly convex, since compensation for concave grinding is having an ultimate tensile strength of approximately 30 to
very difficult indeed, whereas a slight convexity may �e 40 tons p e r square inch. Recommended fee d values are
eliminated by corresponding adjustment of th� steady rests. given in Fig. 27. If high-speed steel drills are used these
Slightly convex g rinding may even be desirable so that the
steady rests can be correctly set.

Similarly, deviations from the straight line movement of

the table are permissible as long as they result in convex Diameter o f Proposed Feed
grinding. Drill Rate Preuuree

Drilling and Boring Machines, Tables 31-38

---

mm. inches rom./rev. inch/rev. kg. lb.

Separate test charts have been compiled for heavy
upright, light pillar and radial drilling machines. Toler­
ances for light pillar drills are wider than tolerances for the
5 Ii 0·10 0·004 100 220
rigid upright machines, because they are o f lighter design. 10 Ii 0' 1 8 0·0072 200 440
15 it 0·24 0·0096 350 770
The basis for the alignment tests is in a l l cases the 20 550
it 0·29 0·0 1 1 6 1 ,210
position o f the upright. pillar. o r column relative to the base 25 1 0·33 0·0 1 3 2 750 1 , 650

I
plate. This is of particular importance in the case of radial
d rilling machines in which the position of the spindle axis 30 1 -& 0·37 0·0148 950 2,090
depends to a great extent upon the alignment o f the radial
35 Ii 0·40 0'016 1 ,200 2,640 I
I
40 1 /r 0'42 . 0'0168 1 , 400 3 ,080
arm during its movement on the column. If the axis o f the 45 1* 0'44 0·0176 1 ,650 3,630
column is not at right angles to the base plate, a compensa­ 50 2 0'45 0'018 1 , 850 4,070
tion o f the resulting error would be possible for only one
55 2 f, 0'47 0'0188 2 , 1 00 4,620
position of the radial arm, whilst in any o t h e r position the 21
60 0·48 0·0 1 9 2 2,300 5,060
e r r o r would be magnified. For this reason it is essential 65 2 -& 0·49 0·0196 2,550 5,610
that the base plate is stiff and accurate. With today's 70 2i 0·50 0·02 2,750 6,050
workshop equipment i t should not be difficult to align the 75 3 0·51 0·0204 3 , 000 6,600
column vertical to its base. All other conditions, such as
rectangular alignment between spindle and base plate, Fig. 27. Axial D rill Pressures when Drilling O p e n Hearth
parallelism between drill feed a n d spindle axis, parallelism Steel (Tens i l e Strength o f from 50 to 60 Kg. per Square
between spindle head slideway and base, etc. , are then not M i l l imetre. Approximately 30 to 40 Tons per sq. in.)
d iffi cul t to achieve.

At th e conclusion of the acceptance tests, the deflection e Drilling pre58ures, from 20 rom. ( H -inch) i n diameter
u n d e r the largest possible axial force acting o n the drill upwards, apply to pointed drills. The length o f cross edge
spindle must b e measured. Theoretically, it would be r�aining after pointing the drill is 1 0 to 1 2 per cent of the
diameter, the larger value applying to the amaller, and the smaller
important t o determine the inclin ation o f t h e spindle. i.e.
value to the larger diametan.
— 18 —
feed values can be maintained in continuous production. bed rather than to the work table. The machines shown
I t may, however, be necessary t o reduce these feed rates i n on Charts 35, 3 6 and 3 8 are equipped with tables which are
practice i f t h e stiffness of t h e workpiece, t h e required shorter than their slideways b y an amount equal to the
smoothness and accuracy of the holes to b e drilled o r other length o f the cross traverse of the table (Fig. 28). In some
factors require it. The specification of the maximum drill designs the length o f the table is equal to that o f the slide­
diameter d o e s not imply that i t would b e impossible to drill way, and a longer cross traverse movement is thus possible
even larger diameter holes into solid material. In such (Fig. 29). I n such cases it will, however, be difficult to
cases, however, smaller feed rates than those specified maintain the tolerances. specified o n Charts 3 5 , 36 and 3 8 ,
would have to b e employed in order not to exceed the for the permissible i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e table during its cross
permissible axial force. [Link], i t is not advisable traverse movement.
to combine the maximum drilling capacity ' o f " a machine
with a very hi gjl feed rate as specified i n Fig. 27. The If a machine can achieve the working accuracies specified
production engineer will usually refrai n from overloading in t h e t o p left hand corner o f page 8 3 , it will b e able
expensive large d iameter drills, and i f a hole of the maximum t o perform the required work without heavy boring
possible diameter has t o be drilled, the speed o f the fixtures, g u i d i n g bushes, etc. It is wrong to assume that
operation i s of l i t t l e importance. For the actual test i t is the horizontal boring machine provides only the d r i v i n g
best to specify the maximum permissible axial force, as gear for a s p i n d l e w h i c h is b e s t con nected t o t h e t o o l b y
safety devices prevent this being exceeded i'n practice. universal j o i n t s i n order to avoid e rrors caused by faulty

I
[Link] Cro�s
Tr4 v� r.s e Tr<l [Link]
.'
I ,

r .,
Fi g. 29. Tab le with Length e qual to that of th e Slid ew ay

Fig. 28. Table t ha t is S ho rter than i ts Slid eway by an

amo un t equal to the Cross -tra verse of th e Tab l e

spindle bearings. and to leave the accuracy of the operation

The Test Chart for universal-joint multiple drilling
to the guiding devices in a boring fixture.
machines concerns two main types. i.e. machines with
adjustabl e spindle head and machines with adjustable work
table. The tolerances for the spindles o f such machines
Planing, Shaping and Slotting Machines, Tables 4 1-44
cannot be as tight as those specified for upright drills, The extremely close tolerances for long planing machines
because their spindles are guided in one bearing o nly, with are useless unless the machines are very carefully erected
the inclined thrust of the uni versal-joint shafts acting at the and installed and subsequently checked and re-Ievelled
top of the spindle. I f the spindles are guided i n fixed periodically. Planing machines for work o f highest
bearings on an interchangeable cluster plate, rather than in precision should not b e grouted on a solid foundation but
adjustabl e brackets, the tolerances can be much tighter. mounted on adjustable wedges so that they can b e re­
levelled every two t o fou r months.
A high degree of accuracy is required for horiz� n tal The accuracy which is today obtainable with shaping
boring machines. Very close limits are therefore speCified machines is o f a very high order. and these machines are
in Test Charts 3 5 to 3 8 to suit the various sizes o f these often used in preference to milling machines because of the
machines. If, on smaller machines, the outer stay bearing simplicity o f the tools e m p loyed.
is moved automaticall y together with the headstock. the
vertical adjustment must b e carefully tested wi th regard to
Power Presses, Punching and Shearing Machines.
the alignment between the stay support bearing and the
Tables 5 1-53
main spindle. During the test, the headstock and the

r
support bearing must be moved from the low pOSitIOn Power presses and p u nching machines are grouped i n t o
upwards in order to e l i minate backlash i n bevel gears and one-sided o p e n ty e a n d double-sided frame type machines.
screw threads. Hca vy types of horizontal boring machines The tolerances 0 open-sided presses must b e so chosen
with movable uprights are usually equipped with separate that the frame is straightened out under the acting forces.
work tables. For this reason, the alignment o f the main Due consideration has also been given to the various sizes
s p i n dle is tested in relation to the movable u p right and the of such machines.

— 19 —
 AC CEPTAN C E TESTS AND M A I NTENAN CE OF
MACHINE TOOLS

The acceptance test of a new machine tool in the certain period, or if it has been over-strained, it must be
manufacturer's works is carried out by experienced fitters subjected to a thorough overhaul. preferably in accordance
and i nspectors who know every component and who have with a defi n i te time schedule.
co-operated in the manufacture of components, sub­
assemblies and finally the complete machine. These men Such an overhaul can e i th er be restricted to replacing or
know how to use measuring instruments and how to repairing worn or damaged parts, or it can be used for
assemble the machine in such a manner that the man u­ modernising the machine by "rebuilding" it. I n the latter
factu ring tolerances of individual components have a case, the machine tool engineer would have to ensure that
compensating and not a cumulative effect as far as the after rebuilding, the machine will meet up-to-date demands
accuracy of the whole is concerned. S im ilarly, . the user of power, speed and productivity. New bearings, i mproved
sends a representative who is capable of carrying out main spindles, new gears, better lubricat ion, etc., will hel p
acceptance tests of a machi ne. This man also knows when in making a modern machine out of an old one. It is
he must i nsist on rigid adherence to the specified l imits necessary to consider not only the methods of maintenance
and when he may allow relaxations in debatable cases , as and repair but also the people who carry out the work
long as the machine produces workpieces within the involved. The head of the mailltenance shop should be
required limits ,Df accuracy. Complaints about awkward responsible to the 'Norks manager and should be given full
i nspectors may ha\'e occurred when the specifications were authority t o carry out the work required for keeping the
first introduced but they have soon disappeared. Manu ­ machine tools i n the factory in good condition. Foremen,
facturer and customer have learned to use the specifications fitters a n d operators must b e carefully selected a n d trained
both for inspection and test purposes, and work can f or the specialised work which they ha ve to carry out. They
proceed smoothly. need the ability to watch and observe, they must be reliable
and able to carry out precision work. They must have the
An additional field of application is the current in spection skill t o dismantle a mechanism and the sound judgment and
of machine tools during their use in producti o n , and after experience which will enable them to decide on action to be
maintenance and repair work has been carried out. taken. The mainten ance shop must not be the department
The machine-tool user expects the machine to produce to which worn-out and usdess men are demoted. The men
accurate wQrkpieces not only when it is new but throughout i n the rnni ntenance shop must be able to carry Ollt high­
its working life. A machine tool must be able to produce precision work and to detect \veaknesses in design and their
workpieces within specified l i mits without the need for elimination.
special professional skill on the part of the operator to The measu ring and testing equipment used i n the
compensate for faults of the machine. For this reason the maintenance shop is practically identical with tha t used for
wear of the machine must not exceed certain limits, it must acceptance tests. In addition, scrapers, su rface platcs,
be watched, and parts which arc fau lty, due to wear or straight-edges, etc. must be available as well as special
other damage, must be replaced or repaired without delay. equipmellt necessary to suit the requirements of particular
Repair and maintenance work must be carried out in machines which have to be repaired.
accordance with preventive planning rather than by defau lt.
This is i mportant from the point o f view of planned steady In small machine shops, inspection and repair are usually
production and it eliminates costly dclays which wou ld carried out by the same men. In larger shops, ail inspector
otherwise occur when a n important machine tool breaks will work side-by-side with the workmen who carry out the
down. Emergenc� repairs are, of course, occasionally repair work. I t will aho be advisable t o create repai r gangs
u navoidable but the experience gained should be used to of operators who are each responsible for certain types or
prevent their recurrence. groups of machine tools. Each gang will then consist of
specialists with the knowledge of weak spots of the machine
The maintenance of the machine tool i n cludes ;-
u n der their care which ha\'e to be watched.
1 . Checking the accuracy of the finished work pieces.
Today there exists an i ndustry which does nothing b u t
2. Preparation of materials and component parts
rebuild m a c h i n e tools. I n th ei r workshops n o t o n ly
necessary for repair work, including bought-out
standard but also special machines are dealt with i n large
parts. Any repair work must be carefully planned
n umbcr1\, and the experience gathered produces a staff of
beforehand. expert maintenance m en , repair fitters and inspectors.
3. I nstructions to machine shop foremen and operators
in order to ensure correct use of the machines. The periodic examination of bearings for gear-cutting
machines, of slides for ilie diamond-dressing devices for
4. Overhaul or rebuilding of the machine tool. grinding machines, the examination and testing of hydraulic
5. Emergency repairs. drives for grinding, planing and milling machines, are
6. Estimates of maintenance and repair cost. examples of detail maintenance work required for keeping
important machine elements i n an efficient working
After a certain working life, natural wear of the various condition. S uch work can b e done during the lunch break
parts of a machine tool will cause errors i n the workpieces or in the eve n i ng without i n terfering with the outpu t o f the
produced. If this is noticed in time, it can be corrected machine . .
either by making use of adjusting devices or by scraping,
fitting, etc., without interfering with the productivity of the A complete overhaul or even rebuilding o f a machine
machine. When the machine has been in operation for a tool is advisable after a long period of service. A typical
— 20 —
works orde r for the overhaul of machine tools in the factory the e n d of a Test Chart, are in accordance with
of a British motor manufacturer is shown here:- standard systems of limits and fits.

2. The best m ethods of carrying out the requi red

MACHINE No ............................. .
measurements and of using the necessary e q u i p m e n l .
.

The application o f t h e measuring equipment and t h e

Date ............ ...... ..... ......•.... ....... _ ..

actual e x e c u t i o n o f the measurements w i l l b e discussed

JOB No. . .. _.. ___..... .. ._.. _
in the following chapter.

P resent-day machi n e tool manufacturers specialise on a

limited n u m b e r o f types of machine tool, and sometimes o n
Machine Overhaul Sanction Form only o n e type. Some produce only lathes, others specialise
on the manufacture of m i l l i n g machines, grinding machi nes
Description of machine o r radial d r i l l i n g machines, a n d each manufacturer is an
expert i n the production and testing of his type o f machine.
Date purchased Price He must, however , use other machine tools i n his workshops,
perhaps even i n greater number than machines of the type
Present book value ..... Present market value . .. . . . _.. ..

he is producing. He is, thercfore, as much a customer and

.. . ._ . ._ _ .... .. ... ..

user o f these other machines a s any other machine shop

Cost of a TU"W up-to-date machinL of same type_ . . . . . . _. . . . . . ... . . . . ... . .

which has n o di rect connection with the manufacture o f

A bri4 statement to denote the relative production value of a machine tools. F o r t h i s reason the problem o f systematic
checking, current maintenance and thorough overhaul of
new machine 0/ same type . . .._ . . .. . . _ . ..... . ... . .. . . . . . . • . . . .. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. ..
mach i n e tools is of major imprlrtal lce for all engineering
workshops. M a n u facturers c a n n o t afford t o use only the
Hours in use . .._.. . ... . . . . . . .. ._ . .. . ._._ .. .
... . __ . . . . . . ....._.. latest and most u p -to-date machines, a n d h :l v e t o g i v e
serious consideration to t h e question : when is a machine
Repairs for last two years cost tool old ? The answer has to be considered from both the
technical and economic viewpoints. It must be accu rately
Repairs for cu"ent year cost '_" _' ___ . . .. ... . . . .. . . . . . .. ... __ .. .... . ... .. . .. .. . . _ . . .. checked by performance figures and not backed by
guesswork based on general experience. The necessary
Last overlwul cost ...... . _. ... .. . ...._........... Date .
.. ... .. . . . . _ . . ... . ... .... . . . . . . . ........ .. . . .. . .. .. . performance figures are provided by the tests specified in
the Test Charts. These describe the general layout of the
Special reason for overhaul_ . . . . . . .. . . ...... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . ..
tests and the tolerances for the accu racy of the various p a rt s
of the machine. I n this chapter additional information i s
Extent uf overhaul proposed provided as to how t h e operator has to apply t h e measu ring
equipment.
Estimated cost ... .. . _ . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . . . . . . . ... ....... _ .

The general procedure is laid down along the follo w i n g

Remarks • .
._ ... . _ .. . .. , . . ... . . . . . . . .... ..... . _ . .. . . _. . .. .
. ... . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . ... .. . :.. . . .. . . .... lines :-

Length of time machine can be released for overhaul . . . _. .. ... . . . . . . . . . ..

1. The machin e is installed a n d carefully levelled by the
p r o p e r u s e o f a spirit level.
................. . ... (obtained from progress department) ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .
. . . ... _ ... .

2. Where necessary the strai ghtness, flatness, parallelism

Overhaul sanctioned . . . .. . . . ... . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .... ...... ...... ... . .
and quality o f the guiding and bearing su rfaces of beds,
uprights and base plates arc tested.
It is interesting to note how technical and economic 3 . The main s p i n d l e , one of the pri ncipal elements of the
considerations have been weighed against each other. machi ne, i s tested for true running, axial slip, a n d
location and p o s i t i o n of i t s axis relative to o t h e r axes
Apart from the regular general inspection of the machine
and su rfaces.
tools, i m mediate steps must be taken when faulty work­
pieces are p roduced b y a machine, i.e. when machi ned 4. The movements of other main parts of the machine
dimensions lie 'Outside the specified limits (emergency are checked.
repair). I n such cases the accuracy and performance of the
machine must b e tested without delay. Faults can be 5. Working tests arc carried out i n order to dete r m i n e
whether the m a c h i n e a s a whole produces workpieces
e l i m inated only i f the causes of errors are known. In order
within the specified l i mits of accuracy.
to carry o u t such a test the following information must be
availa ble:- This general procedure is applicable to all types of
1. The required accuracy of alignment, direction of machines, and the main principles can be described, there·
motion and shape of those parts o f the machine tool fore, with reference to a few typ ical machines, viz. lathes,
which affect its performance. milling machines, cyli ndrical grinding machines and radial
drilling machines.
The basic principles for maintenance, repair and
rebuilding of the machine tools are identical with those This description should assist the foreman and the
for their manufacture. The Test Charts provide, experienced craftsmen in a repair shop i n carrying o u t the
therefore, the required i n formation. Their practical tests i n a satisfactory manner. In large organisations a
value lies in the fact that they not only show the type qualified inspector w i l l s u p e rvise the correct application of
a n d location of errors but also indicate the p ermissible the test specification, and in other cases the fo reman can do
limits within which these have to be kept. P ractical this job. I f, however, the same person is in charge of the
rectification is possible only after errors of geometrical execution and inspection of the work, especially when
s h ap e h a v e b e e n d e t e r m i n e d . T h e m a c h i n i n g delivery schedules and cost requirements are tight, this may
tolerances of the workpieces. which are stated at lead to conflicts of conscience. These can best be avoided

— 21 —
by the inspector being directly responsible to the works
management and not to the foreman.

The works management should expect first and foremost

good quality overhaul, second place b e i n g given to the
requirements of speed and cost. For t h i s reason friction
amongst personnel i n a maintenance shop must b e a voided,
and this can best be achieved by simple and u n ambiguous
i nst ructions for measu rements and tests. If rebuilt Fi g . 30. Levelling the Lathe Deo
machines are to compete w i t h n e w machi nes i n a workshop,
t h e i r performances must be of comparable quality.
1 . A s p i r i t level (scale value 0·04/1 ,000) is best p u t first
o n the rear slideway (i.e . the slideway opposite the
Test S p e c i fi c a t i o n s
operators' side). This sl i d eway is usually plane whilst the
A . T h e accuracy with which t h e machine has b e e n

-JI ositions a a n d b of the r e a r slideway ( F i g . 30) a n d

front slideway may be inten tionally convex. 13y check i n g
manufactured.
1. I nstallation and levell i n g o f the machine. repeating the measurements f o r the front slideway straight­
ness of t h e beds can be determined.
I I . Testing the quality of slideways and locating
surfaces.
direction s i multaneously with I . This i s done by means
2. It i s advisable to check the levelling in the transverse
I I I . Testing the accuracy of t h e main s p i n d l e and of its
alignment relative to other important parts of the of a second s p i r i t level alternatively placed i n. positions c
machine. a n d d. A ± twist is not p e r missible. because the s l i d i ng
surface of t h e carriage would not be properly supported by
B . The accuracy of the workpieces produced on the twisted sl ideways.
machine.
The above tests make it possi ble t o ensure that t h e four
C . Power requirements.
corners of the bed l i e in a horizontal plane, and this p l a n e
is the d a t u m for a l l following measurements. The actual
A. I . INSTALLATION AND LEVELLING OF THE MACHINE
when t h e slid eways are tested (see II (a» , a n d these tests
profile o f this plane between the four corners is determined
Measurements a r e carried out with t h e spirit level t h e
sensitivity of w h i c h h a s to be i n accordance w i t h the are usuaJly carried out i mmediately after the fou r corners
requ i red accuracy (see page 1 0). have been levelled.

Tolerances for straightness and evenness (b) Levelling the Table of Horizontal and Vertical Milling
When t h e straightness of edges or of movements and t h e Machilles ( Test Charts 1-3)
even n ess of su rfaces a r e tested, the tolerance i n dicates t h e
I . L o n g i t u d inally.
p e rmissible devi�tion from a theoretically exact straight l i n e
o r accurate plane. If the horizontal plane i s taken as 2. Trans versely.
d a t u m , the measurements can be carried out either w i t h a
The table is brought into its middle position in order to
s p i r i t level or by means of a measuring p o i n t touching the
prevent t i l t i n g i n the slideways.
su rface of a l i q u i d . It i s also possible to use a tracer
i n strument and to compare either horizontal o r sloping 1 . The s p i r i t level is placed i n the centre and at both e n ds
s u r faces with accurate planes t h e shape a n d position o f of the table (positions a. b, c, Fig. 3 1 ). The deviation o f
w h i c h a r e known. The support of the tracer instru m e n t t h e a i r b u b b l e i n a plus o r minus d i rection i s recorded.
c a n be moved along t h e d a t u m p l a n e o r · i t c a n b e moved Deviation in both directions i s perm issible as the table
along the su rface to be measured. the tracer moving i n this su rface is not a slideway.

with wire and microscope has proved usefu l (see Fig. 8).
case along the datum plane. For long slideways, the test
2 . This i s carried o u t in a manner similar to I (positions
The toleran'ce concerning straightne� o r evenness i n d i cates d, e, [Link]. 3 1 ).
the amount by which the reading on the meas u r i ng
instrument or on the microscope is allowed to vary. When (c) Levelling the Grinding Machine Bed ( Tesl Chari 2 1 )
t h e spirit level i s used, t h e deviations have to be determined
b y means of calculation or by plotting t h e results over the
I . Longitudinally.
full test range. 2 . Transversely.

I n general, the deviation from straightn ess may occur in

the specified plane or, if no p l a n e i s specified, in any plane.
When evenness is tested, t h e deviation may occur normal
to the su rface tested, causing either concavity or convexity.
If the deviation is p e rmissible in only one direction, t h i s
m u s t b e clearly stated; for instance, 'tolerance 0·0 1 5 m i l l i ­
m e t r e i n 1 ,000, surbce o n ly concave'.

(a) Levelling the Lathe Bed ( Test Charts 1 1 -1 3 , Fig. 1)

1. Longitudinally.
2. Transversely.
During the test of short machines the carriage must be
in the middle of the bed. I n the case o f long beds with
more t han two legs i t must be between two legs.

— 22 —
 Fig. J 3 A.
Levelling the ilase

Fig. 3 2. Levelling the Bcd of a Grinding Machine

t h e b e d (position a, Fig. 32). The table can then b e moved

1 . The spirit level is placed longitudinally at one end o f

to the other end and the spirit le\'cl placed i n position b

(see Fig. 30).
..

2. T h e spirit level on a measuring bridge: is placed

transversely o n the bed i n positions c and d ( Fig. 32, see
also Fig. 30).

for measurements a and c, and to its extreme left-hand

T h e table can b e moved to its extreme right-hand position Fig. 3 3 a and 3 3 c. Checking the Column

position for measurements b and d. It is, however,

advisable t o remove the table and to put the s p i r i t level on
the s l ideways at i n tervals of about 300 millimetres ( 1 2 concerning flatn�s, straightness and parallelism of the
i n ches). principal machine ways have been i n t roduced successfully.

(el) L ev elling the Base and Tesling the Position of the One method of checking scraped or ground s u r f aces

Co[umll of a Radia[ Drillillg Machille ( Test [Link] 34)

consists in passing the plunger of the dial gauge O\'cr the
surface to b e tested. The dial -gauge support must ha\'e a
1 . Levelling the base plate (Fig. 3 h). The radial arm locating surface of generous dimensions and must be gu i d e d
and drilling head are in their middle positions. A straight­ along a good d a t u m surface or edge (surface p l a t e o r
edge about 1 ,000 milli metres (40 inches) long is placed straight-edge). T h e radius o f the hardened plunger stylus
d i agonally on the base plate, and a spirit le\'el in t h e middle should b e about 1 · 5 millimetres (0·06 inch). The plunger
o f t h e straight-edge.. Convexity of the base plate is not o f the dial gauge is then moved d i rectly over the surface to
p e r missible. be tested along a series o f parallel l i n es. The p o i n t e r
i n d i cates the p eaks a n d valleys of t h e surface without b e i n g
2. Testi ng)he column (Fig. 3 3 n , 33cl with the radial arm deceived by t h e mottling o f the s l i d i n g surfaces. T h i s
a n d the drilling head ill the same position as before. The method determines the average heights and depths of p e aks
c o l u m n must be at right angles to the base. The Vee­ and valleys. The valleys of a well-scraped or ground
shaped face o f the frame spirit level i s held firmly against surface s h o u l d lie not m o r e than 0·002 to 0·005 millimetres
the fron t and side of the column. Deviation from the (0·00008 to 0·0002 i n c h ) below the m a i n bearing area.
v ertical is only permitted towards the base plate. The
deviation i n dicated by the spirit level must not exceed the The waviness meter developed by S. A. Tomlinson
permissible value i n any position around the column i n t o (Fig. 34) also measures and records waviness. The tracer
w hi ch the radial arm may be t ur ne d, especially i f t h e base a i s a ball, ia- inch diameter, fitted to the bottom end o f a
plate has an angular or cruciform shape. vertical rod b, which in turn passes through a hole in the
base plate c. T h e latter rests on the surface to be tested.

until the ball a protrudes approximately 0·003 i n c h below

The rod b is vertically adjusted by means of the screw d
A. I I . TESTING THE QUALITY OF S L IDEWAYS AND
the face of the base plate c. This adjustment is easily
LoCATING SURFACFS
Although definite standards for the su rface finish of carried o u t with t h e help of a thin shim o f paper. When
s l i d eways have not yet been established, m easurements the base plate c is n o w p ressed against the surface t o b e

Fig. 34. Waviness Melt:r

(S. A. Tomlinson, N.P.L.J

— 23 —
 tested, the rod b is moved by an amount equal to the
height or depth o f the wavin ess. The axial (vertical)
movement of the rod is converted i n to a rotational move­
m e n t which actuates the recording pointer f. This carries
at its free end a scriber g for scratching a smoked glass plate B
h. The gl� plate is automatically moved at right angles
to the movement of the scriber by an amount proportional
-� :::::====
::.
=- . - . - , - , -
. .. =+
, -8
I.
to the distance along which the instrument i s moved by
-
. . -"';:: . -
' -.. .
$,.
plate carrier j, sliding o n two cylindrical guides, is moved
hand over the surface to be tested. The smoked glass �.

cb
<.

E
by rotation of the lever k. The lever J( is moved by means '" . � F --
. fir--
o f a cord t, the other end of which is fastened to a brass ",
block m. The brass block Tn is in t u r n fixed to the tested D c
su rface by suction pads, Plasticine or similar means. The
cord can be; attached to the lever k either at 1/ 1 or 1/",! thus Fig. 3 6. Checking Flatne,s of Table
producing a traverse o f one o r two in ches respectively .
. The instrument is moved by hand over the tested surface.
If this movement has to be exactly along a straight l i n e , a
straight-edge can be used for guiding pu rposes. The therefore, be subject to considerable wear, and their quality
small record scratched into t h e smoked glass plate is is o f great importance. If i ntermediate blocks are used
magnified by photographic means, the usual magnification when checking the parallelism between saddle and tailstock
being 5 0 : 1 . slideways (see Fig. 26), the quality of the scraped su rfa ce
will not be i n dicated b y the dial gauge,
(a) Lathe Btd
The bed must be straight longitudinally (Test Chart I I ,
Figs. l a and I b). I n the case o f beds u p to three metres (b) Milling Machines
( 1 0 feet) long, it is, sufficient to place a spirit level 011 the The table should be flat in the longitudinal a n d trans­
slideways ; if necessary an intermediate block, see Fig. 26,

I
verse direction (Test Chart 1, Fig. 3). This is tested by
means of a spirit level (scale value 0·04/1 , 000 mil limetres ;
or 0·0005 in ches/foot) which is placed directly on the table
I at i n tervals o f 1 00 millimetres (4 inches). The deviations
u
of the bubble a t various poi nts are indications of the table
Fig. 3 5 .
Level on Brid g e surface quality. It is advisable to record these deviations
i n a sketch.
•
I n this case the measurement using the Spirit level
combines the levelling o f the mach ine with a test of the
or a bridge piece, Fig. 3 5 , can be employed. The base of table flatness. The flatness of the table can also be checked
the spirit level must always be parallel to the d i rection of by means o f a straight-edge placed o n equal slip gauges or
the slideways. The straightne� of the latter is checked by parallel blocks which rest o n the table (Fig. 3 6).
placing the spirit level at inten als o f about 300 mil limetres Variations in the gap between the straight-edge and the
( 1 2 i n ches) along the whole length of the bed. The table are measured with a precision dial gauge, the support
difference between this test and the levelling of the fo ur of which rests o n t h e table whilst its plunger i s moved along
corners (see page 26) lies i n the fact that for the straight ness the bottom face of a straight-edge. The straight-edge a n d
test the spirit level readings are taken in :;everal positions t h e parallel blocks a r e moved from t h e original d a t u m

lines (C, D, E, F, Fig. 3 6 ) and comparative measurements

along the bed. position AB ( F i g . 36) t o positions i n dicated b y t h e dotted

For machines of more than three metres ( 1 0 fee t) between are taken . This method is very accurate b u t slow,
centres, other methods are used for tes t i n g the s t r aightness requiring great care and a n extremely thorough inspector.
o f the slideways, e.g. the taut wire, the telescope, the auto­
collimator, comparison with a long straight-edge, etc. (sec O n the Ilatncss of a milling-machine table depends t h e
page 1 3). The tolerances for the front and rear slideways quality of t h e surface m i l l e d o n the machine. T h e work­
of the lathe differ. The fro n t s lideway has to be convex ; p �sce h as to b e clamped tightly to t h e table. If the table
hiis a wavy su rface and is sti ffer than the workpiece t h e
towards the centre of the sl ideway (i.e. to the right coming
the displacement of the bubble should always be di rected
latter will b e d i storted by t h e clamping forces. After t h e
from the headstock end and to the left coming from the
tail stock end, see Fig. 1 3). The rear slideway is usually
fiat and for this reason is suitable fo r use as the starting
s u rface for all measurements. The straightness and
s urface quality of the tailstock slideways as well as their
parallelism (Test Chart I I , Fig. 3) with the s l ideways for
the saddle is best tested with a dial gauge clamped to the

The full l e n gth of the slideways is tested, including the

saddle (Fig. 3 7) and measuring both s urfaces o f the Vee.

bridge p iece which covers the gap, i f present. The

plunger of the dial gauge i ndicates any s ma l l depression
I n the s urface which might b e caused, for instance, by

mottling. These surfaces are relatively small i n relation to

the load to which they may be subjected. They may, Fig. 3 7 . Acceptance Test for Guideways

— 24 —
 Fig. 38. G rinding Machine Test

f
mill i n g operation is completed and tht: clamps are removed,
the workpiece will spring back causing the milled su rface to d. e

-t
lose its flatnt:Ss. It is important, there fort: , that wurkpiecc:s CZ
+ + + +
used for tt:St cuts are sufficiently stiff to resist such
distortion (see Tcst Charts, pagt:s 42 and 49).
+ + + b

(c) Grinding Machi1les + + + + C + + +

The stt'aightnc:ss of grinding machint: s l i d t:ways is testt:d
when the bed i s levellt:d i n tht: manner desc.:ribed on p age Fig. 39A and 3 ') 0 . Checking Flatness of Base
26. Long beds havt: to be supported at i n tervals of not
more than 800 millimetres by means o f wedge p ieces w h i c h
r e s t o n t h e fou ndation. Sound foundations a r e essential parallel transverse l i n e s d, e, I, Fi � . 390. As the: base plate
for all grinding machines. For long s l ideway grinding h a s to be concave i n both d i rections, the d e v i a t i o n of t h e
machines, cast-iron base plates grouted o n a concrete air b u b b l e changes from pl u s to m i n u s o v e r the measured
foundation are often used. The slideways o f cylindrical­ length. Long bridge pieces would hide the shape of t h e
grinding machines are lIot as u n favourably l o a d e d a s those surface. Short b r i dge p i e ces are prl!ferable because they
o f the l a t h e . The g r i n d i n g forces arc s m a l l a n d the l o n g avoid this drawback and also eliminate the influence of
g r i n d i n g t a b l e carrying hc:adstock and tailstock, w h i c h a r e small i r regulari ties which wou l d affect the measurement if
n o t h e a vy , distributes the load. The straightness o f t h e the spirit level were placed directly on the base plate.
slideways a n d of the loca ting faces for headstock a n d t a i l ­
s t o c k has to be ca�efully cht: cked ( F i g . 38). The s w i v e l l i n g
Al l l . T ESTI N G TilE ACCURACY OF MAIN SPINDLES .0.:-00 OF
table must be i n t h e position for [Link] g r i nding. T h e
THEIR ALIGN�1ENT RELATIVE TO OTHER I MPORTANT
d i a l g a u g e is fixed to the bed w i th t h e plunger t o u c h i n g t h e PARTS OF THE MACHINE
l o c a t i n g face under te�t. T h e t a b l e is t h�!l m ov e d along
i t s slide ways a n d readings o f the dial gauge are taken These tests concern :-
(Test Chart 2 1 , Fig. 2).
1. True running of
(d) Radial Drilling Machines (a) The centre (Fig. 40A) ;
T h e straightness and flatness of t h e base plate, t h e (b) The i n ternal tape r ;

(c )
su rface of which serves for locating workpieces o r d r i l l i n g
j i g s , i s t e s t e d longitudinally a n d trans\'ersely either directly Cylin d r ical locating spigots, external tapers,
with a lo n g-base spirit level (length o f base not less than etc. (Figs. 40B to 400).
250 m i l limt:tres, o r 10 i nches) or with the help o f a b r i dge 2. Axial slip.
piece as i n d i cated in Fig. 35 (distance between the legs, Alignment between spindle axis and other axes.
3.
300 to 500 miilimetres ; o r 12 to 20 inches).
4. Parallelism between spindle axis and slideways.
The radial arm and drilling head are mO\'ed into their
5. Perpendicularity between spindle axis and slideways.
middle position. The bridge and the spirit level a r e placed
along three parallel longitudinal lines a, b a n d c, Fig. 39A
i t may be repeated here that, i n all tests concerning
on the base plate. On each line, readings are taken e\'ery
running conditions a n d alignment o f the main s p i n d l e , the
300 to 500 m i l l i metres ( 1 2 to 20 inches).
machine must be at it'! working temperature:, as otherwise
I n a s i m i l a r manner, readings are taken along three the spindle will n o t be i n its normal position in the bearings

Fig. 400. Checking

a Taper

Fig. 40c. Checking a

Fig. 4{)A. Checking the Centre Cylindrical Spigot Fig. 400. Checking a Cylinder

— 25 —
 AXIS of
Mdndf'f!1 Bocly
X
OefOf'med �
ManOf'fl1 Su"rece
_. '
,

.-.-.-' " �
-L' ��3tF���-q-=::._�.J T""e w'rc!t

\
a Cross Section on XX.
(til gf'eatu SCille) Fi g . 43. T es t ing
[Link] Axial S l i p
A"S of /lOCi/C,on

/
__
I €�"",:1=-===--..... =.. -'-ef
J.
e ez

' - * '
Total ["entr,cit� (e)

- '

Pia."
u � cd for locating � chuck on a lathe spindle (Test Chart 1 1 ,
(c) External cylinders or tapers (Fig. 40B to 40D) are
Fig. 4 1 . Sourccs o f Error i n Rotatin\: Mun orolb
Fig. 5), for 10ca � lOg a cutter head on a milling spindle
(Test Char t I, Fig. 2a), and for locating a grinding wheel
on a grinding spindle (Test Chart 2 1 , Fig. 1 1 a). Tests
1 . True running for true running are carried o u t by resting the dial-gauge
!
plun!:!er at r ght an �les (radially) to the surface to be tested.
measured simultaneously (Fig. 41 ) ; these are :
Three source of errors have to be covered and are often
Readings ot the dial gauge are taken while the spindle is
slowly rotated.

axis of rotation (angle a. )

(il Inclination of the spindle axis in relation to the
2. Axial Slip
(ii) Eccentricity of the spindle axis with respect to the If the plunger of the dial gauge rests against a shoulder

so urces (Fig. 4 3 ) :
face, the total error indicated may be the result of three
.
axis of rotation (distance e) .
(iii) Lack of roundness of the su rface tested as shown
(a) Errors in the thrust bearing.
in the enlarged cross-section XX.
(b) The face of the locating shoulder IS not
For all these measurements, a precision dial gauge is perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
used, the calibration of which should be checked every few
months by means of slip gauges.
(c) The shoulder face is irregular.

The total error indicated by the dial gauge is then (u) +

Th� �olerance specified for true running indicates the
permISSi ble movement of the dial-gauge pointer during one
(b) +(c) wherein (a) and (b) are usually large compared
WIth (c).
complete revolution of the machine spindle. In order to
evaluate this measurement , the axial distance of the dial­
gauge plunger from the spindle nose has to be clearly stated. .
f
I the sh � ulde � face has been machined with the spindle
In ItS beanngs 10 the headstock, and if the dial-gauge
When t est mandrel� are l! sed, measurements shou ld always
. .
be carned out at two pOUlts, I.e. near the spindle nose and
<;i
plunger �ouches the shoul er f ace at the same spot at which
.
the turnmg tool or the gnndmg wheel has acted, the dial­
at the end of the mandrel.
gauge i ndication would not vary at all . For this reason, all
shoulder-face measurements for axial slip must be carried
(a) The tests for true running of the centre points are
out at two diametrically opposite positions (Fig. 44) . After
Fig. 4), and gnndmg machmes (Test Chart 2 1 , Fig. 4).
u � u ally required 0!l ly i n th � cases of lathes (Test Chart 1 1 ,
. the plunger is placed against the shoulder face of the
spindle, readings are taken while the spindle, axially loaded
(b) In the cases of machines with a rotating spindle, e.g. against the thrust bearing, is slowly rotated. Measurc­
me [Link] s are ft;peated with the dial-gauge plunger resting
lathes, grinding machines , milling machines, drilling
machines, etc., a test mandrel, with a locating taper shank agamst the shoulder face at a point diametrically opposite
to that of the first measurement. The influence of the
and a cylindrical portion, about 300 millimetres ( 1 2 inches)
.
long, I S . use d. The method of carrying out these tests is error � of the shoulder face can also be eliminated by placing
. the dl �l-gauge � Iunger as accurately as possible in line with
shown m Fig. 42. The taper shank of the test man drel is
the aXIs of rotation either against a face which is perpendicu­
located in the �pindle taper. The dial-gauge plunger rests
. lar to the axis of rotation (Fig. 45a) or against a steel ball
on the � hndncal surface of the test mandrel and readings
of the dial gauge are taken while the spindle is slowly
rotated. Rcadin � s are taken with the d i a l - gauge plunger
both near the spmdle nose (a) and at the end of the test
mandrel (b).

F i g . 44 . T esting the
Facc o f a Shoulder

Fig. 42.
Teat for True Running

— 26 —
 Fig. 45.
Ax i a l S l i p of • Spindle

Fig. 49. Testing a Turret.

using aTube Stand

(a) The swing-over or tum -roulld mctbod. This has

been shown and discussed i n Figs. 1 ,\ , 1 9 and 47. The
Fig. 46.
Alt i . l Slip of Lead-screw dial gauge must be of the required accuracy and the
mandrel of the n ecessary sizl! and sti ffness. Readings are
taken at 1 800 positions in the horizontal and vertical planes.
and, as mentioned above, the alignment error is equal to
half the d i fference between two diametrically opposite
readings.
which rests in the centre bore (Fig. 4-5b). The first method In horizontal readings, errors are lel's likely to occur than
(Fig. 45a) is often used when axial slip of the spi n d l e is in vertical ones, as the influence of the dial-gauge weight
measured. the second method (Fig. 45b and Fig. 46) is is eliminated. I n the Ca3e o f vertical readings. this weight
employed for testing the axial slip of lead-screws. increases the pressure when the dial gauge is above the
mandrel and decreases it when i t is below. I n the case of
3. A lignment an accurate dial gauge the result depends. therefore, on the
This concerns errors of alignment between two axes or stiffness of i ts support. The supporting structure for dial
faces. It is often necessary to describe the plane in which gauges consists usually of joints. sl iding parts. etc .. which
the alignment error has to be measured. If the measure­ are clamped by means o f screws and nuts. The diameters
ment is carried out by rotating a dial gauge about one axis
of the supporti n g bars are relatively small and the
in such a manner that the plunger point describes a circle deflections arc influenced by the varying lengths of these
around the axis of rotation (Fig. 4-7). the permissible bars. For this reason , measurements from a fixed datum
deviation o f the dial-gauge pointer is twice the error of plane o n which the dial gauge support is moved ( Fig. I e)
are o ften substituted for trammel readings with a mO\'ing
tolerance indicated in the Test Chart. An eccentricity T
alignment and may. therefore. be twice the permissible
dial. gauge.
(Fig. 47) produces a deviation 2T of the dial gauge pointer. If, however, the dial-gauge support can be made
sufficiently stiff to keep deflections due to the weight of the
When test mandrels are used (see page 9) errors due to
gauge and the spring pressure on the pl unger within given
the sag of the mandrel and an additional deformation
limits. the trammel reading method is useful and
caused by the weight of the dial gauge, the plunger pressure.
steel tube (Fig. 48). Tests with such a tubular support
satisf actory. A proper support for the dial gauge is the
a slip bushing, et.c must be avoided.
••

have shown that the errors encountered with a 0·0001

Three methods are used:-
inch dial gauge are \'ery small, and within permissible
(a) The swing-over or turn-round method (Figs. 1 " limits as far as measurements on capstan lathes, turret
and 47).
(b) The double- mandrel method ( Figs. I B , I e, 50 and
lathes. milling machines and grinding machines are

gauge (weight about 8 ounces, maximum plunger pressure

concerned. Cali bration measureme n ts taken with a dial

4 ounces ; total load, 1 2 ounces), mounted on a steel tube

5 1).
(c) The slip bushing method (Fig. 53).
(3i inches external diameter. 3 fr inches internal diameter,
1 0 inches long and weighing approximately 5 pounds) gave
the following results:- .
i. Deflection of the free end of the
tube without dial gauge 0·0000 1 4 inch.
F i g . ,H.
II. Additional deflection (vertical)
Turn-round Reading
under weight of dial gauge and
plunger spring pressure ( 1 2
ounces) 0·00000 3 6 inch.
III. Additionaldeflection (horizon tal)

(4 ounces) .
under plunger spring pressure
. 0·0000024 inch.
Maximum total \'ertical error ( i . + i i . ) 0·0000 176 inch.
These deflections can be neglected. The design of the
support is simple. the bore of the tube is large enough to
Fig. 48. Tubular Holder for D i a l G a u g e allow even a hollow test mandrel to enter during measure-
— 27 —
 The adj u s t m e n t of the mandrel by means of the six
adj u s t m e n t screws is not easy and can be carried o u t o n l y
by a n experienced a n d conscientious inspector. T h e
method h a s several disadvantages ; t h e distance between
the spindle nose a n d turn:t head is a t least 600 mi l l i m e tres
(24 inches) because the two man drels must face each o t h e r
a n d each h a s a measuring l e n g t h of 3 0 0 m i l l i m etres ( 1 2
inches). I f o n e mandrel (spindle) i s hollow a n d t h e other
o n e ( t u r re t head) solid, they will sag by d i fferen t a m o u n t s .
T h e s p i n d l e m u s t be rotated u n til t h e ax e s of b o t h m a n d r e l s
l i e in o n e p l a n e a t r i g h t angles to t h e d i r e c t i o n o f measure­
ment.

T h e t u rr e t head bores are often machined in the lathe

itself u nd e r its normal working conditions. For this
reason the d o u b l e - m a n d r e l test must also be carried o u t
after t h e s p i n d l e hearings have reached t h e i r working
tempera t ur e .

( c ) The slip bllShillX lIIethod. T h e alignlllcilt between

m<l i n s p i n d l e and arbor-support bracket on t h e overarm o f
a m i l l i n g m a c h i n e c a n a l s o b e checked i n accordance w i t h
Fig. 53. The p l u nger o f t h e d i a l g a u g e ;1IJ touches t h e
Fig. 50. Arrangement of Double Mandrel Test t e s t man d re l D . T h e t ru e run n i n g of this h a s b e e n
checked beforehand a n d i t h a s b e e n rotated i n t o its mean
pOSICIo n . The bore of the bush B is a sliding fit on the
test m an d re l whilst the outside diameter o f the bush B is a
ment. Fig. 49 shows the application of this method for t h e
s l i d i n g fit i n t he bore of the arbor-support b racket A .
test o f a capstan l a t h e w h e r e i t w o u l d replace the usual

m i s a l i g n m e n t causes b e n d i n g 0 f the test mandrel D , t h e

When t h e bush B i s pushed into t h e bore o f the bracket A
double mandrel. test (Fig. 50). Fig. 52 shows t h e method
I

applied to a test o n a m i l l i n g machine where the alignment

a m o u n t b e i n g i n dicated on t h e d i a l gauge. I f several arbor
between main spindle and arbor support bearing is checkf:d.
The test mandrel is fixed in the arbor-support bearing and
the dial gauge holder fas t e n e d to the s p i n d l e . The d i a l ­
gauge p l u nger touches the t e s t m a n d r e l , a n d the m ai n

are taken a t four points, in the vertical p l a n e ( a \ and az)

s p i n dl e is then rotated slowly. Readi ngs o f t h e d i al gauge

and in the horizontal p l a n e (bl and b2).

The differences between the two vertical readings tll

a n d a2 and between the two horizontal readings hi and b2
are equal to twice the e cc e n t r i ci ties of the m a n d re l relatiye
to the arbor support bearing in t h e verti cal and horizontal
d i rections respect ively. The measurement is carried out
in two positions A and B of t h e arbor support, the first at
a distance of about 300 m i l l i metres (12 i n ches), the second
a t a distance o f about 500 m i l l imetres (20 i n ches) from t h e
s p i n d l e nose.

(b) The double mandrel method (Figs. 5 0 and 5 1 ). !\

special mandrel ( M ) is used which can be accurately aligned
with the spindle axis b y means o f a flange and adjusting
screws A I > A 2 and A 3 fo r t e n s i o n , a n d B J t B2 a n d Ba for Fig. 5 2 . Checking Spindle Alignment
compression. Sag is reduced by u s i n g a hollow mandrel .
A second mandrel T of exactly the same diameter
(tolerance ± 0·00002 i n ch) is clamped i n to the bore to b e
tested. This method is used for testing the alignment of H
the tool holder bores in a t u rret head with t h e spi n d l e axis

Fig. 51. Double Mandrel Test Fig. 5 3 . Slip-bushing Method

— 28 —
 '1- :-:-=-- -r
---:tl� Fig. 55. Spindle

}t-; --�l
F i g. 54. Checking
for Paral lelism

__ L

supports are provided, the test has to be repeated with all

of them.

The method, al though simple, has several disadvan tages.

The mandrel must be very accurate and mllst run true. FIl!. 56. T a ilstock
The readings are affected by errors i n the main spindle
bearing in a manner similar to the t u r n-round method.
Therefore, the mean position must first be established.
Measuring errors can be caused by
i . I n accuracy of the taper shank.
ii. Eccentricity.
iii. Out of roundness.
iv. Lack o f cylindricity.
Under n o circumstances must an ordinary milling arbor
Fig. 57. Tailstock
be used as a test mandrel , because n o milling arbor is
sufficie n tl y accurate for the p u rpose. Sag has to be
considered and for this reason measurements in the
vertical plane are hardly reliable. In the horizontal plane
the influence of sag can be considered negligible.
The outside diameter and the bore of the bush must be (A) IN THE CASE OF THE CENTRE LATHE, parallelism
co n centric and cylin drical within close limits, and a tight has to be checked :

1. the
sliding fit must exist between the bore of the bush and the
outside d i ameter' o f the test mandrel o n the one han d , and Between saddle slideway and
the outside diameter of the bush and the bore in the
two surfaces (Test Chart I I , Fig. 3).
(a) the tailstock slideway (see Fig. 37), i.e. between
support bracket o n the othe r ; otherwise the test is o f no

(b) the spindle axis (Fig. 5 5 ) , i.e. between a su rface

value. Cast-iron o r bronze bushes are too heavy and

and an axis (Test Chart I I , Fig. 8).

increase the sag of the test mandrel b�yond permissible
limits. Specially prepared light-alloy bushes should be
used. (e) the outside diameter of the tailstock sleeve (Fig.
The alignment of the lathe spindle and the external 56), i.e. between a surface and an axis (Test
diameter of the tailstock sleeve is not critical as long as the Chart I I , Fig. 1 0) .
axes of the two internal tapers are in line (if the manufacture

is properl r controlled, however , the external diameter surface and an axis (Test Chart I I , Fig. I I ).
(d) t h e tailstock sleeve taper ( F i g . 5 7 ), i.e. between a

and the Internal tape� are bound to be concentric).

(e) t h e lead-screw ax i s ( F i g . 58), i.e. between a
surface a n d an axis (Test Chart 1 1 , Fig. 1 4).
The same applies to grinding machines. It is often
easier and more accurate to check the alignment of two

datum face. (See Figs. I s, Ie and 50.)

axes by measuring their position relative to a common
2 . Detween t he s p i n d l e a x i s a n d the tool rest slideway

(b) ; (Test Chart I I . Fig. 9).

(Fig. 5 9). This requires a test similar to the one
4 and 5. Paralk/ism and Perpendicularity shown for 1
Parall e lism between two axes, between two surfaces or Test 1 Ca) has been d iscussed before (see Fig. 37).
distances a and b of two sets of poi nts Al A2, B I B, (Fig.
between an axis and a su rface is checked by measuring the
Tests 1 (b) to 1 (e) (Figs. 55 to 58) are identical in
54). It is usually necessary to determine the angular
horizontal plane. As an example, Test I (b) (Test Chart I I ,
principle and are carried out in the vertical as well as in the
deviation which can also b e measured b y means of a spirit
level o r determined by relating the difference T to the Fig. 8), may be described i n detail. The test mandrel is
distance L. Parallelism is usually measured i n two planes, located in the spindle taper (Fig. 55), the dial gauge is
vertical and horizontal. Measurement in o n l y one plane mounted on the saddle, the plunger touching the test
is suffi ci ent when the position in the other plane is adjust­ mandrel. The spindle is rotated into i ts mean position
able, (tail stocks, swivelling tables, etc.). (see page 1 0) . The saddle is moved along the mandrel
The tolerance for perpendicularity is specified in the by an amount equal t o the reference length and the

to be repeated in the v e rtical plane a and t h e horizontal

same manner as that for parallelism. It is checked by indication o f the dial gauge noted. Measurements have

plane b. The spindle must have been running for about

means of a tramm el reading o r directly with a reference
Iquare.

— 29 —
 1 m

/I "

Fi g . 58. [Link]

500 millimetres ( 12 to 20 inches) long. is held between the

half an hour before the measurement is taken so that the tailstock sleeve (Fig. 60), a hollow test mandrel, 300 to
main bearing is at its working temperature (see page 7).
In view of the loading conditions during turning, the centres. the spi ndle bearing being again at its working
mandrel must tempera ture. A dial gauge is mounted on the saddle, the
( a) rise, and plunger touching the top of the mandrel. The saddle is
moved along the bed and the indication of the dial gauge
(b) point towards the tool noted. The tailstock centre must be higher than the
towards its free end. spindle centre.

The tailstock sleeve (Figs. 56 and 57), which cannot ._ For measuring the alignment of the lead-screw (Fig. 5 8 ) ,
rotate but can be axially mO\'ed, must be clamped during 'the saddle i s moved to the m i d d l e of the bed a n d the n u t
each measurement, as the effect of clamping may affect its closed. The dial gauge is mounted on a bridge p i ece
working position. which is located b y the front Vee o f the bed and f reely
supported by the rear slide way. The dial-gauge p l u nger
I n a similar manner the height alignment of two axes is touches the outside diameter of the lead-screw. The
tested after each axis has already been checked for its bridge piece is moved to the right (Fig. 58, I to I I I) a n d
parallelism with a common datum slideway. In the case t o t h e l e f t (Fig. 5 8 , I t o I I ) , a n d t h e procedure repeated
of the lathe such tests concern the alignment of both in the horizontal a and the vertical b plane. The
lead-screw is also tested for true running (tolerance
Chart 1 1 , Fig. 12). and
spindle axis and tailstock sleeve taper (clamped), (Test 0·1 millimetre-0·00ol inch).

lead-screw nut (closed), and lead-screw bearings (Test Perpendicularity between the cross-slide movement a n d
t h e spindle axis can b e checked either by a surf acing
operation (Test Chart 1 1 , Fig. I S ) or by means of a tranunel
Chart 1 1 , Fig. 14).

For measunng the height alignment of spindle and reading.

For the surfacing test, a workpiece is fixed i n the chuck

or fastened to the face plate and a fine finishing cut taken
starting from the inside diameter. A straight-edge is then
Fig. 59.
placed against two equal block gauges which rest on the
Upper Slide

]
Fi g . 60.
Hei g ht o f Centres

str�ght Ec(go
I
•

+' .... ...

Direction of Move�nt
J
Fi g . 6 1 .

,
of Slid6
Su rfacin g

Fi g . 62. Checkin g Perpendicularity

— 30 —
outside diameter of the turned face, and the distance
between straight-edge and workpiece measured by means
of block gauges. The turned surface must be concave
(Fig. 61). This test combines an alignment test and a
cutting test. It would be wrong to check the machined
surface by means of a dial gauge lastened to the cross- slide
because the dial-gauge plunger would traverse exactly
along the path of the tool edge and would indicate a zero
reading whatever the inaccuracy of alignment.
It is also possible to test the perpendicularity between
cross-slide and spindle axis by means of a straight-edge L
(Fig. 62), fixed to the cross-slide, and a dial gauge mounted
on the face plate. The straight-edge is set exactly
Fig. 64. Parallelism between t h e Tnble Su rface and
perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the spindle (dial­ the D irection of the Longitudinal Table Movement

positions a and a l) . If the cross-slide with the straight­

gauge reading identical in two diametrically opposite

edge is then moved along the dial gauge, alignment errors measurements in positions A and B are taken without the
can be determined directly from the dial-gauge reading. table being moved. The base of the dial gauge support
must, therefore, be of sufficient length (about 8 inche!') for
(B) IN THE CASE O F THE HOR IZONTAL i\l I LL I N G l'vI.\CI I I NE
the necessary displacement of the dial g;JUgc to be possible.
parallelism has to be checked
I . Between the surface of the table and the spindle axis,
Test Chart I , the flatness of the table i s known. If this has
2 . (Test Chart I , Fig. 4). From tel'ts 3a and 3b i n

i.e. between a surface and an axis (Test Chart I , Fig. 1 ).

The table must be flat and level. been plotted, the errors of parallelism can be measured
�directly by moving the table under the plunger of the dial
2. Between the table surface and the direction o f the gauge. I f the table is not sufficiently flat for such a
surfaces (Test Chart I, Fig. 4). This is described as
longitudinal table movement, i.e. between two measurement, a straight-edge has to be placed level o n
t h e table surface. The length of the straight-edge must
rise and fall of the table during its movement. be approximately equal to the total longitudinal movement
3. Between the direction of the cross-traverse movement of the table (20 to 4{) inches).

( a ) in the vertical plane (Test Chart I , Fig. 5 ).

and the spindle axis, i.e. between a surface and an axis Testing procedure: A straight-edge is placed on the
longitudinal centre line of the table. A dial gauge is
(b) in the horizontal plane (Test Chart I , Fig. 6). fixed to the spindle. The dial-gauge plunger is placed in
4. Between the centre T -slot of the table and the contact with the straight-edge and the table is moved
direction of the longitudinal table movement, I . e. longitudinally and the dial gauge readings taken. (Fig. 64).
3. (Test Chart I , Figs. 5 and 6). With the table in the
between two surfaces (Test Chart I , Fig. 8).
5. (a) In the vertical plane between the overarm and the middle position of its longitudina l movement, a 300 milli­
surface of the knee (see Test Chart I , Fig. 1 2a). metres ( 1 2 inches) long test mandrel is put in the spindle
(b) In the horizontal plane between the overarm and taper. The dial gauge is fixed 0 1 1 the table with the
dial-gauge plunger touching the mandrel. After the
(see Test Chart I, Fig. 1 2b).
the direction of the transverse table movement
spindle has been rotated into its mean position, the table
is moved transversely and readings taken
The parallelism between overarm and spindle axis has
been discussed previously ( � e Fig. 52). (a) in the vertical plane (Fig. 65a) ;
(b) in the horizontal plane (Fig. 65b).
1. (Fig. 63) . " With the table in the middle position of
its longitudinal movement, a 300 millimetres ( 1 2 inches) 4. (Fig. 66.\). The vertical inner walls of the centre
long test mandrel is p laced in the spindle taper. A dial tee-slot must be clean and smooth throughout. Direct
gauge is pl aced on the table underneath the test mandrel measurement with a standard plunger of a dial gauge is
with the dial-gauge plunger touching the mandreL After difficult and it is recommended, therefore, that an angular
the spi n dle has been rotated into its mean position,

B A

Fig . 6 3 . P a r a l l e l i s m be t w e e n the S u rfilce of the T a b l e Fig. 65. Transverse M o v e m e n t o f Tahle panlllcl with
anJ the �"inJlc Axis Sp indle Ax is

— 31 —
attachment (Fig. 66n) be used, as this can be easily
introduced into the slot. This enables manufacturing
blemishes, which are often encountered (burrs, faulty
cuts, etc.), to be detected. If an angular attachment is not
anilable, it is also possible to place a short reference
[Link] (about 1 50 millimetres, 6 inches, long) in the slot
and to go along the face of this bracket with the dial-gauge
plunger during the movement of the table. However,
such a reference bracket covers u p local blemishes.
�

Testing procedure: (Fig. 67). The reference bracket IS

placed in the centre T -slot of the table. The dial gauge is
fixed to the spindle taper with the dial-gauge plunger Fii. 67. Checking Paralleli3m or T-slot with the
touching the edge o f the reference bracket in the horizontal Table]Movement
plane. The table is moved longitudinally, and the reference
bracket is held in the T -slot by hand and readings are
taken.

5. (Fig. 68). The overarm is clamped in its fully

the two positions (a i ' at), the dial-gauge plunger touching

extended position. A dial gauge is placed on the knee in

the bottom of the overarm ; readings are taken.

Fig. 68. Checking the Parallelism or Overann ",ith

Transverse 1\1ovement
-­
..,

For the second test (Fig, 68), the dial gauge b is fixed to
the table. and, with the dial-gauge plunger touching the
side of the overarm, the table is traversed across and
readings are taken.
If the - parallelism between overarm and spindle axis in
the horizontal and vertical plane is to be checked. the
following procedure applies (Fig. 69). A 300 millimetres
( 1 2 inches) long test mandrel is placed in the spindle taper.
The overarm is clamped in its extreme position and the
Fig. 66A. Set·up ror Checking T-slots dial gauge is fixed to a supporting piece which fits the
overarm sli deway (dove-tail o r cylinder). With the
dial-gauge plunger touching the test mandrel, the dial­
gauge supporting piece is held by hand against and moved

�b
a.

Fig.
'
660. Dial Gauge with Angle-lever Attachment Fig, 69. PliraUeliam between Ove� and Spindle AD,

— 32 —
 (b) to test the perpendicularity between the table
surface and t h e s i d e o f the column ways ( Fig. 7 1 B).
As far as possible n o differences should be fou n d between

the readings taken with the knee i n its clamped o r u n ·

clamped position. I t i s recommended that a t least five
readings b e taken. Care should also b e taken t o check
the square before this test is carried out.

(C) IN THE CASE O F CYLI NDRICAL GRINDING MACH I N ES,

parallelism has to be checked between :

1 . The table s lideways a n d the slideways or locating

faces for headstock a n d tailstock. (Test Chart 2 1 , Fig. 2).

2. T h e spindle axis (in ternal taper) and the d i rection of

-
the table traverse i n
Fig. 70. Perpendicularity between the Centre T s l ot (a) the vertical p l a n e (Test Chart 2 1 , F i g . 6a) ;
(b)
an d the Spindle
the horizontal plane (Test Chart 2 1 , Fig. 6b).
3 . T h e spindle i n t h e swivelling headstock a n d the
along the overarm slideway and readings are taken. Before
d i rection of the i n -feed moveme n t of the g r i n d i n g head i n
the test i s take n , the spindle with the test mandrel must be:
t h e vertical p l a n e , measured w i t h t h e headstock i n t h e
rotated i n to its mean position.
90° p o s i t i o n ( T es t Chart 2 1 , F i g . 7).
Perpendicularity has to be tested between :
4. The tailstock s leeve ( i n ternal taper) and t h e d i r e c t i o n
1 . The centre T-slot of the table and the: milling
of t h e t a b l e movement
(a )
spi n dl e (Test Chart I , Fig. 7).
i n t h e vertical plane (Test Chart 2 1 , Fig. 9a) :
2.
(b)
The table surface and
in the horizontal plane (Test Chart 2 1 , Fig. 9 b ) .
(a) The columnway for the knee (front measurement,
Test Chart I , Fig. 9). 5 . T h e g r i n d i n g w h e e l spindle and the direction of t h e:
(b) t a b l e movement
Test Chart 1, Fig. 1 0).
The columnway for the knee (side measurement,
(a) i n the vertical plane (Test Chart 2 \ . Fig. 1 2a) ;
Teslillg procedure: 1. (fig. 70). With the table i n the (b) in the horizontal plane (Tcst Chart 2 1 , Fig. 1 2 1» .
m i d d l e position of its longitudinal movement, a reference
bracket (at least 6 inches long) is placed i n the centre 6. The i n ternal grinding spindle and the d i rection o f
T -slot. The dial gauge is fixed to the spindle with the t h e table movement (see i t e m 5 )
dial -gauge plunger touching the reference bracket i n the: (a) i n t h e vertical plane ;
horizontal plane. The reference bracket is shifted from (b) in t h e horizontal plane.
o n e end o f the table to the other a n d trammel readings are
taken. Testing procedllre: I . This has been covered on page 29
a n d Fig. 3 8.
2. (Figs. 7 1 A and 7 1 B). W i t h the table in the middle
position of its longitudinal and cross-t raverse movement 2. (Fig. 72). The table is put i n zero position for
and the knee clamped i n position, a square (vertical leg cylin drical g r i n d i n g a n d a 300 millimetres ( 1 2 inches) long
abou t 12 inches long) is clamped to the table. A dial gauge test mandrel is fixed i n the workp iece-spi n d le taper. The:
is fixed t o the spindle with the dial-gauge plunger touching dial gauge is fixed to t h e grindin g-wheel slide. with t h e
the vertical leg of the square at the top end i n the horizontal dial-gauge p l u n g e r touching t h e test mandrel ( i n t h e case
plane. The knee is then u n damped, raised by 3 0 0 of machines with rotating workpiece·spindle this has to be
millimetres (12 i nches) a n d reclamped, readings being rotated into its mean p o s i t i o n ). The t a b l e is tranrsed
taken in the top and bottom position. Two sets o f readings longitudinally by an amount equal to the length of t he test
are n e cessary : mandrel a n d t h e readings are taken.

(a) t o test the perpendicularity between t h e table (a) The free end o f the mandrel must rise,
surface and the fron t o f the column ways (b) The free end of the mandrel must be i nc l i n e d
(Fig. 7 1 A) towards t h e g r i n d i n g wheel.
3 . (Fig. 7 3 ) . This applies only to lJ n i versal g r i n d i n g
machines. The test i s similar to test 2 except fo r the fact
that the dial gauge is clamped to the grinding wheel s l i d e

Fig. 7 1 A

Fig. 7 1 A and 7 1 B . Perpendicularity between Table Surfllce and Fig. 72. Parallelism between t h e Spindle A x i s a n d the
Columnway for t h e Knee D i rection of t h e Table Traverse

— 33 —
 (n) t h e free e n d o f the m a n drel must risc,
(b) the free e n d o f the mandrel must be inclined
towards the table.

6. (Fig. 76). A 100 millimetres (4 inches) long test

mandrel is fixed in the internal-grinding spindle support
(method o f conc entric location and fixing depending on
the particular design). A dial gauge is fixed to the table
with the dial -gauge plunger touching the test mandrel
Fig. 7 3 . Parallelism between the Spindle AxJ�
'an d the Direction of the I n feed Movement
(Universal Grinding Machines) a

which is moved by a n amount equal to the total i n - feed

movement. For the 90° setting, it is sufficient to rely on
the graduation of the swivelling-head scale, as the measure­
m e n t is only taken in the vertical plane and excess i ve
accuracy i n the angular position is n o t essential. The
t�� -� ' - : \
mandrd must rise towards its free end. The inspector also Fig. 76. Parallelism between the Internal Grinding
checks whether the spindle is level with the mandrel in S p i n d l e and t h e Table Movement
the zero and 90° position.

4. (Fig. 7 4 ). With the table i n the zero posItion for

which has to be rotated into its mean position. The table
is traversed longitudinally by an amount equal to the
cylindrical grinding, a 300 millimetres ( 1 2 inches) long
length of the test mandrel and readings are taken.
test mandrel is located in the taper of the fully withdrawn
and clamped tailstock sleeve. A dial gauge is fixed to the The height alignment of two corresponding axes is
tested in a similar manner as described previously for the
case of the lathe (see Fig. 60) and the milling machine
(see Figs. 1 , 52 and 53). I n the case of the grinding
machine the following height alignments are checked :

1. Workpiece spindle and tailstock spindle centres

(Test Chart 2 1 , Fig. 1 0).
2. Workpiece a n d externa � grinding w heel spindles
(Test Chart 2 1 , Fig. 1 3).
3. Workpiece and internal grinding spindles (as
. 74. item 2).
4.
F ig Parallelism between Tailstock Sleeve and

in-feed movement (Test Chart 2 1 , Fig. 14).

Direction o f Tabl e Traverse Rise and fall o f grinding wheel spindle during its

grinding-wheel sl ide, with the dial-gauge plunger touching Testing procedure: 1. (Fig. 77 ) . A 300 to 800 milli­
the test mandrel. The table is traversed longitudinally by metres ( 1 2 to 32 i n ches) long hollow test m andrel with
an amount equal to the length of the test mandrel and accurately centred faces is held between centres. A dial
readings are taken: gauge is fixed to the grinding-wheel slide, with the dial-
(a) the free end of the mandrel must rise,
(b) the free end of the mandrel must be inclined
towards the grinding wheel.

5. (Fig. 7 5 ). A 100 millimt!tres (4 inches) long test

mandrel is fixed to the grinding-wheel spindle (the locating
Fig. 77
and clamping depends upon the design of the spindle nose),
and a dial gauge is fixed to the table with the dial-gauge
plunger touching the test mandrel which has been rotated
into its mean position. The table is traversed longitudinally
by an amount equal to the length of the test mandrel and
readings are t ake n : gauge plunger touching the test mandrel (for measurement
in the vertical plane). The table is moved longitudinally
and readings are taken. The tailstock centre must b e
higher than t h e headstock centre. Measurement i n the
horizontal plane is not necess a ry, as alignment in this
plane is adjustable.

2. (Figs. 78 and 79 ) . Two test mandrels (D] and DJ,

approximately 100 millimetres (4 inches) long, and of
exactly equal diameter are used. Test mandrel D2 has a
standard taper ahaz1k and is located in the workpiece
spindle tap e r ; tcst mandrel Dl is fixed to the grinding­
F ig . 75. Testing Parallelism between Grinding-wheel wheel spindle, the t :fpe o f location and fixing depending o n
Spindle and Table Movement the design o f t h e spmdle nose.

— 34 —
 (Fig. 79). A d i a l gauge is fixed to the machine table
(b)
with the d i a l - gauge plunger touching the tops of test
mandrels DJ and Ds and readings are taken.

Fig. 7 8 The table is swivelled in both directions and readings

repeated with the table in extreme position.

3. (Fig. 80 ) (see also item 2). This uses two test

mandrels D) and D'l as before, but the test mandrel D ) is
fastened in the i n ternal grinding spindle support. The
test mandrels are rotated into their mean positions. The
dial gauge is fixed to the machine table. The dial-gauge
plunger touches the tops o f the free ends of the test mandrels
and readings are take n .

4. (Figs. 8 1 ..1. a n d 8 1 n). T h e grinding-wheel s l i d e i s

located i n t h e extreme backward position. A ' 100 milli­
metres (4 i n ches) long test mandrel is fixed to the grinding­
wheel spindle as before, a n d rotated into its mean position.
(a) (Fig. 8 1 ..1.). Here, a straight-edge and spirit level
are placed on the two test mandrels D I and D2 ; or
(Fig. 81 n). The dial gauge is fixed to the machine
( b)
Fig. 79
table with the d i a l -gauge p l unger touching the t o p o f the
test mandrel a n d readings are taken. The grinding-wheel
slide is fed in into its extreme fonvard position and readings
are taken.

If t h e grinding-wheel spindle has a cyl i ndrical p o r t i o n , The final test concerns the perpendicularity between the

the difference between the diameter of test mandrel D2

this m a y be used instead of test mandrel D1• In this case i n - feed movement o f the grin ding-wheel slide a n d
t h e workpiece axis i n t h e zero position of the table, when

bed (Test Chart 2 1 , Fig. 1 5) .

and that of the spindle cylinder must be compensated by the workpiece axis must be parallel to the slideways o f the
block gauges.

Testing Procedure: (Fig. 82 ). The machine table i s set

The grin ding-wheel slide is moved into the middle

extreme backward position. A 500 millimetres (20 i nches)

in the zero pos ition ; and the grinding-wheel slide in the
position of its traverse and the test man drels D) and D,
are rotated into their mean positions.

(a) (Fig. 78). A straight-edge is rested on both test

long test mandrel with accurately centred faces is mounted

have a 300 m i l l imetres (12 inches) long flat face about

between centres. If possible, the test mandrel should

20 millimetres (1 i nch) wide, against which a square can be

m andrels and a spirit level is placed on the straight edge.
S p i r i t level readings are taken ; or
held. The dial gauge is fixed t o the grinding-wheel slide,
with the dial-gauge plunger touching the free leg o f the
square. The grindir:.g-wheel slide is moved forward a n d
readings are t ak e n .

I t is also p o ss i b l e to fix t h e d i a l gauge to the grinding­

wheel spindle and take a trammel reading against the
free leg of the square.

(D) I N THE CASE OF RADIAL DRILLING MACHINES the

following have to b e checked :
1. Parallelism between the drilling-head sli deways on
the radial arm and the base plate (Test Chart 34, Fig. 3).
,
, . 2. Perpendiculru'ity b e tween t h e spindle ax i s a n d the
" ,
. .... base plate (Test Chart 34, Fig. 6) :
(a) Longitudinally.
Fig. 80
(b)l Transversely.

___I

Fig. 811. Fig. HI lJ F ig . 82

— 35 —
 Fig. 86.
Perpend icularity of Spindle

Fig. 83. Fig. 84.

Ch� for Puall elilm Checlcing the Arm

3. Perpendicularity between the feed movement of the

spindle and t h e base plate (Test Chart 34, Figs. 7 and 8).

1 . The radial arm must remain parallel to the base plate

whatever the position into which i t is rotated round the
column. A spirit level (scale value 0·04 millimetre/l ,000

end of the 'radial arm (Fig. 83 ) . The drilling head is

millimetres ; or 0·0005 inch/foot) is placed a t the extreme

taken. As the permissible error is 0·2 millimetre/ l , OOO

moved along the radial arm and spirit level readings are

millimetres (0,0025 inch/foot) the maximum permissible Fig. 87

movement of the air bubble is five divisions. Moreover.
the radial arm must always be inclined downwards towards after the latter has been levelled. The dial gauge is fixed
i ts outer end, because the drill thrust wiIJ tend to raise it. to the spi n d l e . the dial-gauge plunger touching the straight­
In most designs the drilling head is guided on an offset edge. The drilling head is traversed over the whole length
vertical surface of the radial arm. The flatness of this of the radial arm. The reading of the dial gauge must not
su rface is checked in a manner similar to that used for vary by more than 0·2 millimetre/I ,OOO millimetres (0·0025

portions of the traverse and to calculate the error pro rata).

testing the horizontal surface of a lathe bed. A frame inch/foo t), (N.B.-It is not sufficient to check isolated

millimetres (8 i nche&) (Fig. 04).

spirit le\·el is held against this surface at intervals of 200
In the case of radial arms
with a central drilling-head support (symmetri cal design),
In a third method. the dial gauge is fixed to the spindle
the procedure has to be modified accordingly. I n an
as mentioned before and readings a r e taken i n t h ree
positions (a, b, c ) of the drilling head on the radial arm
alternative method of checking the parallelism between
the drilling-head sl ideways and the base plate, a dial
(Fig. 8 5 0 ) . The dial-gauge plunger touches the surface
gauge and straight-edge are used as shown in Fig. 85A.
of the base plate. The radial arm is rotated round the axis
T h e radial arm is raised t o the middle position of its
of the column and readings are taken . the maxim u m
vertical movement. A 1 . 000 millimetres (4Q i n ches) long
permissible error b e i n g 0·2 mill imetre/ I , OOO millimetres
�traight-edge is placed longitudinally on the base plate
(0·0025 in ch/foot) . This method is particularly suitable
in the ca se of T-shaped or cruciform plates.

2. Testing procedure: (Fig. 86). The radial arm is raised

to one-third of its vertical movement, and the spindle axis
is positioned at approximately 300 millimetres ( 1 2 inches)
distance from the column flange. A trammel arm at least
250 millimetres ( 1 0 inches) long and carrying the dial gauge
is fixed to the spindle. The dial-gauge plunger touches t h e
surface of the b as e p l a t e or t h e surface o f a straight-edge
placed o n it. The spindle is rotated by 3600 and readings
are taken.

The drilling head is moved outward by an amount equal

to two-thirds o f t he length L o f the radial arm and readings
are again taken as above. The radial arm is raised to two­
thirds of its total vertical movement and readings are again
taken in both positions o f the drilli ng head on the radial
aHn as before.

If the dial-gauge plunger is not touching the surface of

Fill'. 8SA. Parall elJam of
Drillina-head Slidewaya Fig. 8SB. Alternative Method the base plate b u t that o f a straight-edge (which should b e
aod BaN of C� Parall e1iam about 1 ,000 milli metres, 4Q inches, long) (Fig. 87) tramm e l

— 36 —
 EO UIVALENT TABLES

1 . For Converting �.-Im. Tolerances into I n ch Tolerances

Mm. Inch Mm . Inch

0·003 0·000 1 2 0·06 0'0024
0·005 0·000 2 0-07 0·0028
0·01 0'0004 0·075 0'0030
0·015 0·000 6 0·08 0·0032
0·02 0'0008 0'10 0·0040
0·025 0'00 1 0 0'13 0·0052
0'03 0·00 1 2 (>-1 5 0·0060
0·032 0·00 1 26 0'20 0'0080
0'038 0·00 1 5 0'25 0·01 00
0'04 0'00 1 6 0·3 0·0120
0·045 0·00 1 8 1 -0 0·0400
0'05 0·0020 1·5 0·0600
0·052 0·00205 2'5 0 ' 1000

2. Metric Reference Lengths into Inch Reference Lengths

Mm. Inches Mm . Inches

20 I 150 6
25 1 300 12
35 1t 500 20
50 2 800 32
75 3 1 , 000 40
100 4
--------�--�--- . -----
3. Metric Tolerances Hefcrred to Various Lengths into Inch
Tolerances Referred to 1 Foot and 3 Feet
-

Mm. I n c h per Foot I n c h per 3 Feet

0·01 per 1 .000 mm . 0·000 1 2 0'00036
0-0 1 5 . . 1 ,000 . . 0·000 1 8 0·00054-
0·02 . . 1 ,000 . . 0 00024
· 0·00072
0·03 . . 1 ,000 .. 0·00036 0·00 1 08
0·04 .. 1 ,000 . . 0·00048 0·00 1 44
0·05 .. 1 ,000 . . 0·0000 0 0·00 1 80
0·06 . . 1 ,000 . . 0·000 7 2 0·002 1 6
0 · 1 0 . . 1 ,000 . . 0·00120 0·00360
0'20 . . 1 , 000 . . 0·00240 0'00720
0'30 . . 1 ,000 . . 0·00360 0·01080
1 .. 1 ,000 .. 0·01 200 0·03600
1 ·5 .. 1 ,000 . . 0·01800 0·05400
2·5 .. 1 ,000 . . 0·03000 0·09000
0·02 .. 800 . . 0·00030 0·00090
0·04 . . 800 . . 0 ·0006 0 0·00 1 80
0·02 . . 500 ,
0·0004 8 0·00144-
0·03 . . 500 0·00072 0·002 1 6

0·01 5 :
0·00040
:
0'01 300 0'00 120
300 0·0006 0 0·00180
0'02 . . 3 00 0·000 80 0'()0240
0'03 . . 300 0-00120 0·003 6 0
0·04 . . 300 0·00160 0·00480
0'05 .. 300 0-00200 0·00600
0·06 . . 300 0·00240 0-00720
0·07 . . 3 00 0·00280 0·00840
0·08 .. 300 , 0·00320 0-00960
0· 1 0 . . 300 .. 0·00400 0·01 200
0' 1 3 . . 300 .. 0'00520 0·01560
0·03 .. 1 50 .. 0-00240 0'00720
0- 1 5 1 50 . . 0-01200 0·03600
0·01 100 .. 0·00120 0-003 60
0-01 5 100 .. 0-00180 0-00540
0·02 1 00 .. 0'00240 0'00720
0·03 1 00 .. 0-00360 0·01080
0-04 1 00 . . 0'00480 0-01440
0·07 100 0·00840 0-025 20
0- 1 0 1 00 0-01200 0-03600
0·075 75 0·01 200 0·03600
0·01 50 0·00240 0-00720
0-01 5 50 0'00360 0·01 080
0·05 50 0'01200 0'03600
0·04 35 0·0I3 ?9 0·04 1 1 0

0·025 ::
0·03 25 0,014'*0 0-04320
20 0-01500 0·04500

— 37 —
 3. ( Figs. 8 8 , 89). The radial arm is raised to one-half
o f its vertical movement a n d the spindle axis located at
approximately 30 0 millimetres ( 1 2 inches ) from the
column flange. The square is placed o n the base p l ate
fi rst i n the longitudinal a n d then i n the transverse d i rectio n .
'The dial gauge i s fixed t o t h e spindle, t h e dial-gauge
plunger touching the free leg of the square. Spindle a n d
d i a l gauge are moved u p a n d d o w n ( h a n d feed) a n d readings
are taken. The d r i l l i n g head is moved to two-thirds of the
radial arm length and measurements are repeated in both
planes.

B. TESTING THE ACCURACY OF' WORKPIECES PRODUCED

DURING A F I N ISHING OPERATION
Fig. 88 Fig. 8 9
Ref erence is made to pages 5-7.

It is not yet possible to establish rigid specifications for

(A and B). The 90° and 270° measurements, ( C and D)

readings can only be taken a t the 0° and 1 80° positions this p u rpose similar to those for testing the accuracy with
which the machine h as been manufactured. The working
must b e taken after the straight-edge has been turned 90°. accuracy o f each machine .i s specified at the end o f t h e
This method is more cumbersome and waviness or Tes t Charts. I t will often b e left t o t h e manufacturer to
i rregularities of the base plate su rface are covered up. choose workpieces and tools for t es t i n g , and to ensure tha t

Performance Tests

T�t to be applied D i m ensions of piece Gauge and methods Tolerances

1. Lathe
(a) Round tumini (chucking) Diameter = 1 centre height . • Made on 2 bands o f cylinder, 0·01 mm. (O'OOO4 - inch)
Length- centre height 1 inch distant from each end
and 1 inch wide. Standard
micrometers 0·0025 m m .

�
(O·ooOl - inch)
(b) Pllral e1 turning (chucking) 0'03 mm. per 3 00 mm. ( 0 ·00 1 2 -
in. per foot)

(e) Parallel turning between Diameter _ i length. Length Standard tools 0-02 mm. (0·0008 · inch) In any
centres from i to 1 d i stance between length
centres

I
(d) Facing (concave only) Diameter=- centre height. Standard tools 0·02 mm. per 3 00 mm. dia­
Length about centre height meter (0·0008 -in. per foot)

(.) Screwing . . D i ameter ... 2 5 rom . (1 inch). Standard tools ± 0'02 mm. (0·000 8 - i nch) total
Length of thread, 50 mm. (2 p itch error
inches)
Length o f thread , 300 mm. ( 1 2 ±O·OS mm . (0·002-i nch)
inches)

2. Milling MlUniru ..
(a) Slab m i l l ing (finishing cut) Cast-iron (or mild steel) block Take, at firat, one finishing cut 0·025 mm. per 300 mm. (0,00 1 -
the tOP and bottom faces of at least 75 x 75 mm. (3 of app rox imately 0 ' 1 mm . in. per foot)
of a block to a uniform inches X 3 inches) X 400 mm. (O'OM-inch) depth over each
thickneu (16 inches) long. For longer Rurface. M i crometer or dial
pieces 1 00 X 1 00 mm. (4 gauge test. The clamping of
inches X 4 i n ches) X 750 mm. the block should permit the
(30 inches) long (Fig. 90A) test to b e completed i n one
setting. The eccentricity of
the milling cutter when in
position should not be more
than 0·05 mm. (O·ool-inch).

(31
TIle cutter shou1d be 90 mm.
inches) reap., 1 1 5 mm.
(4 inches) wide
(b) Facing with a cutter head Cast- iron (or mild steel) block, Take 3 finishing cuts 5 0 mm. 0·0 1 5 mm. per 300 mm.· (0·0006 -
or end mill mounted on 1 50 mm. X 1 50 mm . (6 inches (2 inches) wide X O' 1 0 mm. in. per foot) l ongitudinal ly,
a ahort arbor in the X 6 inches) shaped for (0'004 - inch) deep which and 0·005 mm. (0·000 2 -inch)
s p ind l e . Trav e ra i n g clamping (Fig. 90s) overlap by 10 nun. (i-inch). maximum overlap variation
longitudinally. Milling Vertical movement or the in clock reading
[Link] eJ atrips, the higher knee by hand. Test with a
ones overlapping the Itraight-edge and clock
lower onea

— 38 —
 {
Test to be ap p l i ed Dimen sions of p i ece GaUlle and methods Tolenmce.

3. Grinding Machine
(a) �lachine grinds round Diameter 80 mm. (3 1\ inches) Piece e i t h e r between dead cen­ (I) 0·003 mm_ Wh en less
( 1 ) between centres 80 to 2 00 mm. ( 3 /r to 8 inches) t res or in chuck. For long (O·OOO I - inch) than
(2) chucking long pieces, 3 bands SO mm. (2 (2) 0'005 mm . 200 nun
i n c hes) w i d e at b o t h ends (0-0002 -inch) long
Over 2UO mm. (8 i nches) and a t centre. Grinding (I) 0'01 mm . (O·OO04-inch)­
l o n ll wheel w e l l dressed, maxi­ when over 200 nllll. long
mum pcmlissiblc diameter.
Width 0· 1 x diameter of
whee l . Speed 4,000 to 5 ,000
feet per mill. Feed , width
of wheel. S tan dard tools
------ -- - - -r------;---+-
(b) M achine grinds para l l e l Shafts 1 ,lJ{JU n l l l l . ('10 inches) P i e c !: t U n i S round b etween 0 · 0 1 5 mm. (O'U006-inch)
between centres lont; x !SU Illlll. (3 -r. inches) d ea d C e n t r e s w i t h o u t
'
diameter steadies. Standard tools
Shafts 50U n U ll . (2U inches) 0·008 mm (0' OOO 3 - inch)
long, 50 r o m . (2 i n ches)
.

diamet<:r
Shafts 25U mill. ( 1 0 i nches) 0'005 mm (0'OOO 2 - inch)
.

lon g , 38 nun. ( ) . 5 inches)

diameter

(e) F i n � infeed t c s t ( Fig. 'We) Test aga i ns t g ri n d i n g wheel

p e r i p h e ry or diameter of
wheel s p i n d l e . D i a l - gauge
reading repeated six t i mes.
D i a l g ;\ugc r i g i d l y clamped
to t o b l e
0·002 mm. (O·OOO I - inch)

(eI) Q u i & approach (infced) Ditto 0·003 men. (0'000 1 2 - inch)

to the work repeats
accurately to g r i n d i n g
pos i t ion ( F i g . 9Oc)

F i g . 90. Perfonnance Tests

Various [Link] i n i n g Operations, l{ccC)fllmenLied D i mensions of Specimens, Gauges lind Methods, Pennissible Tole rance •.

the machine is f ree from v i brations and other faults. If

necess ary, i t i s , o f course, possible t o agree beforehand with
the customer on type and form o f the lcst p i e ce. An
attempt has been made to establish specifications for
perf ormance tests of lathes, milling machines and grinding
machines (Fig. 90).

of drilling machines (Test C h a rts 3 1 to 34), p resses and

No such specifications have been attempted for the case

shearing machines (Test Charts 5 1 to 53).

holes arc drilled it is only i mport a n t for these to be
When rough

p e rp e n d icular to the base and parallel t o each other. In

this case, i t i s sufficient t o check the deflection u nd e r the F i g . 901l. Pcrfonnance Test on Milling Machine­
Face Milling

Fij(. 9 0 A . Performance Test o n :\>l i l l i n J! i\.,t llchine-­

Slab M i lling Fill. 9Oc. Fine I n - feed Tell

— 39 —
 various machining operations IS shown 10 the Table
(Fig. 92).

C. POWER [Link] s , SPEEDS AND [Link]

Every machine tool must be so designed that its parts
will not be deformed beyond permissible li mits when
subjected to the maximum working load. If the supplier
wishes to l i mit t h e permissible load or if he does not i,,�end
the machine t o b e used i n a certain specific manner this
should be definitely stated either in writing o r i n his
prospectus. For instance, many lathes are not designed
for taking the largest possible cuts when the tool is acting
on the maximum diameter. On the other hand, today's
eve r-increasing speeds will b e accompanied by smaller
Fig. 9 1 . Tes ting Ven ical Thrust o n Drilling Machine cutting forces if the power of the machine remains constant.

;�The relation between speed, cutting force and power

. . p Fxv
largest possible axial force acting on the d r i l l spindle (see consumption IS = h .p. ; w here
page 22). The testing procedure is as follows (Fig. 9 1 ) : 3 3 ,OOO X 7]
F = cutting force i n pounds,
The radial arm is raised to half its vertical movement and
v = c u t ting speed in feet per minute,
the drilling head placed in its extreme outward position.
A dynamometer (or a load cell and pressure gauge) is "1 = efficiency factor.
positioned under the spindle. A dial gauge is fixed to a
If the: mean efiiciency for the whole mach ine is assumed
column on the base plate, tht: dial-gauge plunger touching
the bottom of the drilling head. The spindle is fed forward Fxv
to be '1 = 0'67 then the formula becomes P = h p.
(hand feed) until the permissible axial thrust is i n d icated 22,OOO .
by the dynamometer, when the reading of the dial gauge is
The power consumption of a machine c an b e determined
taken.
by taking voltmeter an d amm e ter readings.

In the case of power presses the accuracy of the slidewiiYs The performance test of a machine tool should also
must be maintained when the machine is subjected t o the check the speeds and feeds. Most modern machine tools
maximum permissible force. This is essential in order to carry plates which show the numerical values of the various
prevent the punch being damaged in the d i e . speeds and feeds available, and the actual values can be
checked against the nominal ones by means of rev.-counters
Surface Quality or similar instruments. Standardisation of speeds and
feeds based o n the internationally accepted system of
n"
The author i vestigated the problem of surface finish " p referred numbers" should facilitate the work of designers,
during the years 1 939 to 1 949.· His attempt to specify manufacturers and users of machine tools, and should form
the surface quality which ought to be achieved with the basis of suitable acceptance tests.

• G. S chl el in ger , "Report on S urface Finish", The I n stitution of Production Eng in ee rs , 1941 ; " M ess un g der Oberfilchengute",
Sprin g er-Verla g, 195 1 .

hlv.' '"' in.

I
Remarks
Ma chin i n g C onunercial Fine Superfine
a p l ane s u rface by F ini s h Finish Finish

I
M i l li n g .. . . 31·1 to 63 16·1 to 31 8·1 to 16 Face m i l l in g gives finer surfaces than s l a b millinll

I
Pl anin g . . 1 6'1 to 63 8-1 to 16 4-1 to 8 · T he pl ane r is a very robust machine , the t oo l

I
. .

action is uniform

I I
Surface Grinding 8·1 to 16 4·1 to 8 2'1 to 4 Al l dep en d . o n the machine and the correct

I I I
selection of the grinding wheel

S c r a p i ng _ . . . 8 - 1 to 16 4·1 to 8 2-l to 4 All depends o n the s kil l of the operator

F i g . 92. S u rface fi n i s h tests for Plain Surfaces

— 40 —
 Testing Knee -Type Horizontal and Unjversal Milling Machines 1

fig. 2 tig.J
fig. 1

fig. 'I

fig. 8 fig. 9

_____ � �O�
�fi.� ______ _L ________ �
� 1�
�.� ________ _L________� t� ________
r��._ J
— 41 —
 No. 1 2
�achines �i n �
, I
Test Chart for li nee-type H o ri z o n t a l M i l li n g No. I
I h a rt
Test Chart for [Link] Horizontal Milling

-- nun
a n d Universal M i l li n g M�� I Machines and Universal [Link] Machines Chart

nun
Fig. Pennissible Fig. Permissible
Test to be Applied Test to be Applied
No. Error No. Error
Levelling o f work table:
I .

nunnun
.

Work table fiat or level in longitudinal 3a ±0·04 p e r Centre T-slot parallel with tab le move- 8 0·02 p e r
direction (tabl e � placed in central 1 ,000 m m . ment 300 mm.

±O·04l>cr
.
position) Total error up t o 600 . (24 in.)
__ _ · . 0·02
Ditto, in transverse di rection . . . . 3b . t 40 in.)

0·04
1 ,000 · . 0·03
1 ,000 mm. above 1 ,000 n u n . (40 in.) ·.
-_. -
A. Ho rizontal milling machine

nun .
Width o f T -slots:

--
Cutter spindl e : From 1 0 to 1 2 mm. (i to i in.) . o to +0·01 5
I n t e rnal taper runs out 0 f truth
·

. . 1 o

. --
From 1 4 to 1 8 mm. (n to i in.) · . to +0'02
( 1 ) Nearest to the spindle nose . . 0·01 Over 18 . (l in.) . . . ·. o to +0·025
(2) At a d i s tance of 300 mm. ( 1 2 i n . ) 0·02
- Colwnn ways for knee square with work 9 0·02 p e r I

. --
External taper or external cylind rical table, inclination towards front o r 300 mm.

nun 1I 2b
s u r face runs out of truth . . . 2a 0·01 rear s i d e . Tested w i t h c l am p e d an d
Fastening of mandrel corresponds

(Hj2Pe�
l oose knee.
-=,--__ -to standards.
--;---;: - Ditto, inclinationw sides- . . 10
SO
·

nun
Cu tter spindle for axial s l i p in machines 0 01 300 mm. -

-- --- I
with front beanngs u p to
Over arm (one bar, twin bars, box section) : 118 0·02 per
.

(2 in.) Jia.
Tightened over-arm paral l e l with cutter 300 mm.

arm nun
Front bearing over 50 . (2 in.) dia
_.__

--
___
spindle in vertical plane ,
- -

nun
Rise and fall of table in ita longitudinal 4
motion Ditto in horizontal plane measured n e a r lib 0·02 p e r
Over 500 mm. addition of 0 ·01 p e r n o s e an d i n 3 00 . distance 3 00 mm.
-
500 . Bore of bracket aligned with cutter 12
-1-
Work table parallel with cutter s pin d l e spind l e :

nun
(table r i s i n g towards front side) I . Table in top posit ion :
Transverse movement o f table parallel --5 0·02 p e r ( 1 ) al a2 in vertical plane ·. 0·02/300 nun . '
0' 02/300 mm.
-6-
with cutter spindle in vertical plane 300 . (2) b l b2 i n horizontal plane · .

0·02 per I I . Table in bottom position :

Ditto, in horizontal plane
( 1 ) a I a2 in vertical plane 0 02/300

}
300 mm. · .

(2) b1 hl in horizontal plane . . 0·02/300

--
Centre T -slot square with cutter s p i n d l e ­
a . Dracket in o u t e r position
0·02 per for I
(turn round method) 300 m m . b. ll racket in middle position and I I
- May be repl aced by using a square on Ann and b racket clamped
on the table - - --
Dore of ann bracket aligned with cutter 13 0·02 mm.

I --
spindle, with tightened outer arm
support, measured in the top and

Testing Dividing /ieads 1(2

bottom positions of knee
B. Universal m i l ling machi ne
--

-- ---
Swivel carriage :
Axis of swivel carriage off-set with respect 14 0·05
to cutter spindle
- - -
Centre T -slot o f work table o ff -set with 15 0·05
respect to cutter spindle

fig 1 fig, 2
Test Chart for Di viding Heads O perated by No. l A
H an d I Chart 1

runs -- nun I
Fig.
Test to be Applied Permiss i b l e

. . . --
No.
Error
- -I
I
Taper o f dividing head spindle true: .

--
( 1 ) Near nose . , · · . 1 0 01 ,
(2) At a distance of 300 mm. ( 1 2 in.) 0·02
figJ C entre point for true running · .
I · . 2 0·01

. 1
Dividing head spindle for axial s l i p ·. 3 0·0 1
Dividing head spindle square with 4 0·02 per

--
clamping surface . . · . . 3 00 mm .
Dividing head spindle parallel with centre 5 0·02 per

-- 6
T-slot 3 00 m m .
Dividing head spindle laterally off -set 0·02
with respect to centre T -slot · .

fig S fig. 6 � . --
Maximum p ennissi b l e dividing error :
( 1 For i n tennediate divisions · . 7 ±45 sec.

.
(2 For the total . . . · . ± 1 min.
Working axis (mandrel between centres) 8 0·02 per

--
parallel with clamping surface (degree 3 00 mm
of incline between dividing head and

.
tailstock)
Working axis (mandrel between centres) 8 0·02 p e r
parallel with centre T-s lot (lateral off- 300 mm
let between d i viding head and tail •

Fig 7 fig. 8
• tack )

— 42 —
 Testing Surface Milling Machines z

Fig. I Fig. 2 Fig. ] fig. 4

If

8g. 5 Fig. 7
I
fig. S Fig. 9 Fig. 10

1
Fig. 11 Fig. I.] flg. N

,--.--- -

I t�;, 2
I No. 2 2
Test Chart for Milling Machines I
Milling Machine ,
,
I
Surface Chart 1 Test Chart for Surface

I
T e s t t o b e A p p I l· e d F ig. Permissible Fig. Permissible
- --__--- ------ N o . Error Test to be Applied
No. Error
�� 7.�
I
______

Levelling of work ��table",_ : mm.

Width of T-slots : nun .

I
Work table flat o r level in longitudinal 301 ±0'04 per
direction .. .. 1 ,000 mm. From 10 to 1 2 nun (i to i in.)
. · . o to + 0· 0 1 5
- From 14 to 1 8 mm. (If to t in.) .. o to+0'02
D itto, in transverse d lrcction 'Ji) ±0 '0 4 per Over 1 8 nun (i in.) . . .. · . o t o + 0·025
1 ,000 mOl.
.

--------::----:---:-:---- - -- - - --

I
Work table square with vertical adjust- 8 0·02 per I
Cutter spindle :
Internal taper of cutter spindle runs t ru C! : 101 ment of headstock in plane o f cutter 300 mm.
( 1 ) Nearest the spindle nost' . ' . . 0·01 spindle
(2) At a distance of 300 mm. ( \ 2 in.) - (1'02 Ditto, i n plane perpendicular to that of 9 0·02 p e r
External taper runs out of truth . . 1h 0·6- 1- cutter spindle Joo mm.
2-
Cutter spindle for axial slip foimachincs -
with u p to SO mm . (2 i n .) di3. o f front Over-ann and bracket :
Vertical adjustment of over-arm support 10 0·02 per
bearing at 2 opposite positions
I
. .
Over SO nun (2 in.) din. of front bearing square with work t;lble in plane of 300 mm.

!
cutter spindle. S u p p o r t a l w ays
.

Rise and fall o f table-i'n i ts l engthwise tightened

movement'" ----
Over S oo mm . , addition of 0·0\ per Ditto, in plane perpendicular to t h'lt of 1 1 0·02 per i
,
I
S oo mm. cutter spindle 300 mm.
Work table paroillel with cutter spindle Over-arm parallel with movement of 1 2a 0·02 p e r I

I
saddle in vertical plane ---- 3 OO mm. I
Transverse movement of table parallel
with cutter spindle in vertical plane D i tto, in horizontal plane .. · . 1 2b 0·02 per
' . 3OO mm.
Ditto, in horizontal plane ---

Centre T -slot square with cutter spindl;­

Bore in outer-arm support aligned with
over-ann, measured at several d istances
13 0·02
1
Total error: U p to 600 mm., 0,02 mm. ; from main bcaring - !
up to 1 ,000 nun 0·03 nun ; over
.. .
Bore o f cutter arm IUppOrt fo r cutter 0'02 I
1 ,000 mm., 0·04 mm. arbor aligned with cutter spindle, 14 ;
Centro T -slot parallel with table mo.:c·­ " 7
-
o·oi pc'r- - measured u t several distances frOI ll I
ment 300 m m . I nuin bearing !

FOT Table oj Equit:all'llis in Englisll ",reamTt: su page 51

— 43 —
 Testing Vertical Milling Machines 3

fig. 4 Fig. S fig. S

\
fig. 10 Fig. 11 Fig. 12
fig. S

Test Chart for Vertical Milling Machines

Fig.
No 3
I Chart. 1
Permissib l e
I I Test Chart for Vertical M i lling Machines

I Fig.
I Chart
No. 3

Permi ssible
2

Test to be Applied No. Test to be Applied

Error No. Error
--

Levelling of \York table: mm.

Work table fiat or level i n longitudinal 3a ±0-04 per mm.
d i rection 1 ,000 mm. Surface o f work tab l e parallel with its 6 0·02 p e r
transverse movement 300 mm .
Ditto, in transverse d i rection . .
· . 3b ±0'04 per --

--
1 ,000 mm . Centre 'f ·slot paral l e l with' longitudinal 7 0-02 p e r
table movement 300 mm .
Cutter spindl e : --
I n ternal taper o f cutter spindle runs tru e : la Centre T-slot square with transverse 8 0·02 p e r
( 1 ) :'\:l'arest t o spindle nose . . · . 0·01 table movement 300 mm .
(2) At!. distance of 300 mm. ( 1 2 i n . ) . .
. .. --
_ __ 0·02
--
Width of T ·slots :
External taper runs out of truth · . Ib 0·01 From 1 0 to 1 2 mm . (t to t in.) . . . . o t o + 0'01 5
.
----- --
From 1 4 to 1 8 mm. ( ft to t in.) . o t o + 0·02
.
Cutter spindle for axial slip i n machines 2
Over 18 mm. (1 in.) .. . . . o t o + 0'025
with up to SO mm. (2 in.) dia. of front

�v��
hC:lrillg 0·01
mm . (2 in.) dia. of front bearing 0·02
--
Column :
Work table: Vertical adjustment o f cutter slide square 9 o to 0'02 per
Rise and fall of tabl e, in its longitudinal 4 0·02 per with work table in plane through longi. 300 mm.
movement 500 mm. tudinal axis o f m:lchin e (tabl e rising
Addition: over 500 mm . movement 0·01 0 · 01 per towards the front side)
- -
per 500 mm. 500 mm.
--
D i tto, i n plane perpendicular to that 10 0·02 p e r
Work table square with cutter spindle i n 5 o to 0-02 per through longitudinal axis 300 rom .
plane through longitudinal axis of 300 mm .

'ttl I
machine (tum round method ; table Column ways for knee square with work 0·02 p e r
rising towards the front sid� only) --
table, incline towards front and rear 300 mm .

I
-

I
side, respectively
Work table square with cutter spindle 5 0·02 per

I
in plane p�rcendicular to that through 300 mm. Ditto, lateral incline . . . , - - 12 0·02 p e r
lon�itudinal axis (tum round method) 3 OO mm.

For Table of Equivalents in Bllglish Measure see p ag e 5I

— 44 —
 Testing Thread Milling /Ylachine..c; q.

Fig. S Fig. 7 Fig. 8

�------ I

nfJlOckS
v3uqe

Fig. 12 /2
. •
.J

J- �
o

o
,.--L .....
"';:.II.:�
Fig. 12

- ------ _ .

Test Chart or the Working Accuracyor -, No.

Machin�� '" , Chart
No. 4
.-
Milling Machines 1 , 2, 3 Test Chart for Thread M i l l i n g Machines 1
. Fig. Perrrussible
T cst to be App IIe
· d
Error Fig. Permissible
No. Tests to be Applied
Wo king aC:CUIllCY of: No. Error
1 . Horizontal and Universal milling
machines, knee-type­ Bcd : mm.
Slab-milling, finishing cute surface i s 0·025 per Ded straight In longitudinal direction la o to 0'02 per
plane 300 mm. (convex only) 1 ,000 mm.
Facing by cutter head or end mill . . 0·0 1 5 per
3 00 mm. Bed level in transverse direction · . Ib ± 0 ' 0 2 per
For each 5 00 rom. (20 in.) more .. 0·01 mm. No twist permitted I ,OOO mm.
2. Surface milling machine and plano­
type milling machine- Tailst�ck Vecs parallel with movement of 2 0'02 per
Slab milling finishing cute . • 0·02 per carnage 1 ,000 mm.
3 00 mm.
Facing by cutter head 0·0 1 5 per Headstock :
300 mm. Centre point for true running . . · . 3 0·01

- 0·01
3. Vertical milling machine­
Facing-finishing cut· Centring sleeve for true running 3
..
0·0 1 5 · .

Slab milling . . 0 · 025 per

For all typea- 300 mm.
Axial slip of work spindle · . 4 0·005
(a) Facing the two parallel surfaces of 0·02 per In two opposite positions
a igid block, deviation from 300 mm.
parallelism Taper of work spingle runs true :
( 1 ) Nearest to spindle nose . . . . Sa
0·01
--- --- -- .. 0·02
(b) Two surfaces at right angles .. 0·03 per
300 mm. (2) At a d istance of 300 mm. ( 1 2 in.)
•
_

The work piece t o be finished should \-Vork spindle parallel with bed i n vertical Sa to 0'02 p e r
o
be a t least 3 in. by 3 in. by 16 in. plane (rising towards the free end of 3 00 mm.
For longer pieces, 4 in. by 4 in. by mandrel)
30 in.
The clamping of the block should permit Ditto, in horizontal plane (front end 5b o to 0·02 per

. - ---
the test to be completed in one inclined towOlrds the d irection of 300 mm.
aetting cutting pressure)
The eccentricity of the m i l l ing cutter 0·05 mm. Chuck runs out of t r u t h , mcasurct.l 011 6 0'03
when in position should not be more chuckcu mandrel, 300 m m . ( 1 2 in.) in
, ___ � =--_____________________�___� ______ �
ilian length

FOT Tab/� 0/ Equi'tJaimu in Enclish "'I�asuu su pag � 5 1

— 45 —
 I •
. -.-

I
- -. _ . __ 0 0 ___-- - - -- --- _ __ _ _ _ _ ..

No . 4 No. 4
Test Chart ror Thread Mil ling Machines
I Test Charts ror Thread Milling Machines Chart 3

I1 I
Chart 2
- --
Fig. Permiss i b l e
--- - _ . _. _ - - -

Fig. Penniss i b l e Test to be A p p l i e d

Test to be :\pplied No. Error
No. Error
--��-----�----����---

I
-- _. , --
Lead screw and cutter d r i v i n g shaft : mm .
Tailstock : mm . Bearings of lead screw aligned with each 1 4a 0·1
Tailstock sleeve parallel with bed i n 7a o to 0·02 p e r other (axis of bearings paral l e l with

I
venical plane (rising towards t h e fre e I 1 00 mm . bed ways) in vertical p l a n e (measllre-

1 ._
e.'! � ) ments taken in p o s i t i o n s I I and I I I )
-- ---
, _ z ontal D i t t o , i n horizontal p l a n e .. 1 4b

I
_
D_i t t o , _
in _ hori _ - - - _
plane (front end
____ __ _
7b o to 0·01 prr . . 0·1
inclined towards the direction of cut- 100 mm. -Bearings of lead screw aligned with half· 1 4a 0· 1 5
ting pressurc!j nut in vertical p l a n e (measurements
.- . -- taken with closed half nut, cutter slide
Axis of tailstock a t lame height as head-
I
8 o to 0·02
in the middle position or halfway

I1 14C
stock axis (tailstock high only)
along bed, position I b e i n g the starting
Cutter s l i d e : measu rement)
---.-.- 1 ----0�··1·5� -
Taper of cutter spindle runs true ; maXI- 9 0·02 �
�D i t�o,�
t� i n� h� r�
o� o�
i z� n-
ta -l�
�l�p --
an e-----.-
. 4b

I
mum amount by which mandrel 300
L e a d s c r e w for axial s l i p formachineswith 0·005

1
( 1 2 in.) In length runs out at
u p to 1 SO mm . (6 i n . ) height of centres
mm.

end
- ----- - - - -- .. - --
- . - - ---- Over 1 SO mm . (6 i n . ) height of centres 0'0 1

I I
C u t t e r spindle for true running (for 1 0a 0·01 Accuracy of pitch of lead screw is assured 0·03 p e r
machint:s without internal taper) w�i�
t�
h�
I·n __���_������--; ��-+--� 3�
00
�mm ��.--
' -- �� �
Cutter spindle for axial s l i p . . . . l Ob 0·005 Front and rear bearings of abaft driving 1 Sa 0' 1 5
I n two. opposite positions the c u t t e r aligned w i t h each other and

I
- -- with c u t t e r s l i d e bearing (axis of bear-
Cutter spindle paral l e l with work spindle 11 o to 0·02 p e r ings paral l e l with bed ways) in vertical

I
i n horizontal plane (at free e n d of work I 3 00 mm. plane. (Position I � the starting
spindle inclined towards cutter spindle) measurement, cutter slide in m i d d l e
position o f halfway along bed)
--

Cutter spindle level with work spindle 12 0·02

for machines up to 1 50 mm . (6 i n . )
Ditto, i n horizontal plane . . . . I 1 5b '-----o:T5--
a�
�c�u�r� ���-��---'---------i ----
h e i g h t of centres
1� V�
\� o�k�
r� g��
' n� ac cy : t o ta l er ro r--

.
O\'er 1 SO nun . (6 in.) height of centres . . 0·05 Length of 1 ,000 mm . (40 in.) . . . . ±0'08
. _- Length of 300 m m. ( 1 2 in.) . ± 0'03
Bore of outer cutter support aligned with 13 0·02 Measured from 1 00 to 100 mm. (4 in. ±0·02
cutter spindle I to 4 i n . ) , I'

Testing Spur, Worm and tle/ica! Gear tlobbing Machines {j

rig. 1
�
Precision
� fi.q. 2 fi.q .J F'l.q. tl-
�j----���--��--------���------r---�----------��� -------;
.

�_____-=�______�
S�p�
in�
�C le�v�

Ip�l
�Fig. 7

For Table of Equl'valmts in E,lglis!J Measure see page 51

— 46 —
 T cat Cha rt for S p ur W orm an d He rl e a
,

I C h �� t I I
N 6 I
r Teat Cbart Cor S p u r Worm and Helical j No. 6

I
Gear-hobbing Macbine, I Gear - h obb in" Machines Churt 2
I
- --� . --
Fig. Permissible
Fig. Permissible Test to b e Applied
Test to be Applied ; No. Error
No. Error ;

IlUll.
mm . A rm bracket a l i g n e d with work arbor, 6 0.02
Guide-ways for cutter slide square with Ia o to0·02 per measured at several positions o f bracket
work table guide-ways i n plane through 300 m m . (tum round m e thod)
longitudinal axis of machine (upper
end of cutter slide guides inclined
towards work arbor only) C u t t e r slide :

I I
T3per of cutter s p i n d l e r u n s t r u e ; 7 0·02
I ±0·0 1 5 p e r maximum a m o u n t b y w h i c h mandrel
Ditto, in plane perpendicular to that 2a
through longitudinal axis 300 nun . 300 mm. ( 1 2 in.) 1 0 l e ngth runS out
lt end
\Vork tabl e : 0·0\ per
T a b l e runs o u t of truth . . 3 3 00 m m.
8 0·005
· . · .
Cutter spindle for axial s l i p . . . .
in d i a m .

I
I n two o p p o s i t e positions

I I I
Work ta b l e square w i t h guide-ways for Ib o to0·02 per
cutter slide in plane through longitu- 300 mm. C u t t e r spindle parallel with su rface of 9 0·02 per
d ina! :uis of machine (upper end of cutter slide 300 mm.
cutter s l i d e ways inclined towards
work arbor)

I 10 0·02
-
Outer support of cutter arbor aligned
Ditto, i n p lane perpendicular to that 2b 0-0 1 5 per
I
with cutter spindle
through longitudinal axis 300 rnm .

(
Work arbor runs true; maximum amount 4 0·01 Cutter spindle parallel w i t h guide-ways 11 0·02 per
by which mandrel 300 mm . 1 2 in.) i n for cutter s l i d e , with arbor in perpen- 300 mm.
lenith run s out a t end dicular position

�
\Vork .r or parallel with travel of cutter Sa o to0·02 per
slide I n plane through longitudinal 300 mm. Axis of swivelling cutter s l i d e off-set with 12 0·03

I
a x i s of machine (upper e n d inclined respect to work arbor (turning round

\
toward. the cutter slide ways) of cutter 51 ide)

I
i
Ditto in plane perpendicular
t hrou g h longitudinal axis
to that
I
5b
I 0 · 0 2 per
300 mm.
Axis o f swivelling cutter s l i d e off-set with
respect to cutter arbor
13 0·03

I Test Chart Cor S p u r Worm and Helical

,

Gear-bobbing Machines
N o. 6
. Chart 3 TABLE OF EQ UIVALENTS

Test to be Applied

Dividing wheel :
I Fig.
N o.
Permissible
E rror

mm .
1. For Converting l\.fm. Tolerances into Inch Tolerances

Maximum permissible individual p i tc h

error of dividing w h e e l , measured from Mm . Inch Mm. Inch
tooth to tooth, p ro portionate to pitch: 0·01 0·0004 0 · 06 0·0024
A t 1 2 mm . (t in.) pitch . . . . . . 0·01 0·0 1 5 0·0006 0'1 0·0040

(
.. 20 . . ( t in . ) 0·0 1 5 0·02 0·0008 0' 1 5 0·0060
I I
" . . · . ..
II 2 5 I I 1 in.) " . .
·. ·. 0·02 0·025 0·0010 0'2 0·0080

I
0·03 0·001 2 0·25 0·0100
Maximum p ennissible total pitch error of
0·04 0·00 1 6 0·3 0·0120
dividing wheel (amplitude in the dia-
iraffi of erron - algebraic sum of the
0·05 0·0020

I
maximum + deviation and maximum
-
deviation from the correct basic

(
pitch value) is assured for diameters :
2. Metric Reference Lengths into Inch Reference Lengths

(
U p to 500 mm . 20 i n . ) ·. ·. 0·08
From 500 to 1 ,000 mm . 20 to 40 in.) 0'09 to 0 ' 1 5
(
II
1 ,000 .. 2 ,000 .. ( 40 II 80 II ) 0'16 II 0·18
2 ,000 II 3 ,000 I I 80 , , 1 20 .. ) Mm. Inches Mm. Inches
0 · 1 9 . . 0·25

{
, .

I
1 00 4 500 20
300 12 1 ,000 40
For gears cut on the machine. the follow-
ing accuracies measured from tooth to

t
tooth are assured, in diameters :

(
U p to 500 mm. 20 in.) · .
·. 0·0125 t o 0·02
Metric Tolerances Referred to 300, 500 a n d 1 ,000 Mm.
From 500 to 1 ,000 mm . 20 to 40 in.) · . 0·021 to 0·025 3.
. . 1 ,000 mm . and over ( 40 in.) ·. 0·03 into I n c h Tolerances Referred to I Foot and 3 Feet

J
0·008 to 0·0 1 2
Twh UP '. 300 � . dia. . . ·. for 7 5 m m .
width Mm. I n c h p e r Foot Inch per 3 Feel
par:lI lel
0·02 to 0·035 0·01 per l OO mm. 0'00120 0·00360
to axis :
. 0·01 . . 300 0·00040 0 '00120

{
Over .. . . . . , p e r 150 m m .
width 0·0 1 5 .. 300 0·00060 0·00180
-- 0·02 . . 300 0·00080 0·00240
Eccentricity U p to 200 mm . dia . . 0·0 1 2 t o 0·02 0·02 500 0'00048 0·00144
after
cutting : �r
201 to 500 mm.. dia.
500 mm. d i a .
S bap e of tooth p to 300 mm . 2 in.) dia.
. .
. .
p
0·021 to 0·03
0·04
0·005 to 0·01
0·02 . . 1 ,000
0·03 " 300
0·04 . . 1 ,000
I I 0·00024
0·00 1 20
0·00048
0·00072
0·00360
0·00144
..
..
I
I over 300 mm. 1 2 in.) dia. 0·01 5

— 47 —
 Testing (jear Shapers 7

Fig. 1 Fig. Z Fig.J

Precision
Spjrit level

Fig. IJ Fig. ,5 �Fig 6

.., F
I

I I
Test Chart for Gear Shapers
I No. 7
Chart 1 Test Chart for Gear Shapers
I
No. 7
Chan: 2

I I I
Permissible
Fig. Pennissible Fig.
Test to be A p p l i e d Test to be Applied Error
No. Error No.

mm .
Work and cutter arbors equidistant from 6 mm .
Spirit level (a) o n faceplat e ; rai l _�0..;.
· 2___
along and 4a 0·04 p e r
l ,ooo mm.

I
across Maximum permissi b l e individual p i tch

I
error of t h e dividing wheel , measured
Saddle and work faceplate : from tooth to tooth, proportionate to
Cutter arbor for true running . . la 0·0\ pitch:

II I. . I
A t 1 2 mm. ( l in.) p i t c h . . 0·01
.. . .
• . . .

Work arbor runs true ; maximum Ib 0'01 20 I t ( 1 in.) " . . . 0 ·0 1 5

. . . .
) 1

amount by which mandrel with a max. .. 25 .. (1 i n . ) " . . 0·02

length of 300 m:m . (12 in.) runs out a t Maximum permissible total pitch error of
end dividing wheel (amplitude in diagram
of errors = algebraic sum of maximum
F a c e of t h e faceplate for t r u e running (for 2a 0·02 per + deviation and maximum - devia­
machines with work t a b l e only) · . 300 mm. tion from correct basic pitch value)
in diam. f or diameters :
Up to 500 mm. (:!O in.) . . . . 0'08
Faceplate bore for true running 0·0\ From 500 to 1 , 000 mm. (20 to 40 in.) 0·08 to 0'1 3
. . 1 , 000 .. 2 , 000 " (40 . . 80 . . ) 0 ' 1 4 to 0 ' 1 7
Work arbor parallel with ram guide, 3 . . 2 , 000 , , 3 , 000 .. (80 , , 1 2 0 . . ) 0 · 1 8 t o 0·20
measured a t t w o surface lines of man- Working accu racy of machine:
drel at right angles with each other Maximum permissible individual pitch
For machines u p to 1 SO mm . (about 6 i n . ) 0·0\ error, from tooth t o tooth, for gears
length of stroke shaped on the machine with dia­
From 1 SO to 300 mm. (about 6 to 1 2 i n . ) 0·0 1 5 meters:
length of stroke Up to 200 mm . (8 in.) . • 0'01
From 300 to 1 , 200 mm. (abou t 1 2 to 0·025 From 2 00 to 5 00 mm. (8 to 20 in.) • . 0·02
48 in.) length of stroke Over 500 mm . (20 in.) 0·025

I
• •

Teeth are parallel t o axis • • 0-01 p e r

Cross rail .quare with work arbor · . 4 0-02 p e r l OO mm.
3OO mm. Eccentricity after cutting u p to 200 mm. 0'01
(8 in.)
Inclination of aaddle in its transverse Sa ±0'01 per From 200 t o 500 mm. (8 to 20 in.) 0 ·0 1 5
. . Over 5 00 mm . (20 in.) . • . •
• •

movement along rail • . · . 3OO mm • • • 0·03

D itto in plane perpendicular to rail 5b ±0'01 p e r Shape oftooth up to 300 mm. ( 1 2 in.) dia. 0·01
. . over 300 mm . ( 1 2 in.) dia • .
· .

3OO mm. .. .. 0·0 1 5

— 48 —
 Testing Lathes

Fig 2

fig' =�

J
a

�b

�
�
�.§l
IL
.J?=L:l
= - II( '" . .. r
_ .
.. .. - r:

fig. 12 fi91J.I�I
III

-ff§.
I � I ?\

fig 1J

— 49 —
 ---- - - . - -- - - - - . --

I
T e s t Chart for Finish Turning Lathes up to No. I I Test Cha r t for F i nish Turning Lathes u p to No. I I I
400-m m . (about IS! in.) H e i g h t of Centres
---
Chart I I -- - .
400 m m . (about 1 S t i n .) Height of Centres
- - - - -_ .
Chart 2
Fig. Permissible Permissible
Test to be Applied Fig.
No. Error Test to b e Applied Error
-- - --- -- - - -- -
_ .. No.
Bcd : mnl.
Bed straight in long. direction ; ' apron la o t o 0·02 per Work spindle parallel with bed in hori- 8b nun.
side (convex only) 1 ,000 mm. zontal plane (free e n d of mandrel o to 0·02 per
inclined towards the direct ion of tool 300 mm.
D i no, opposite side . . . . - . Ib 0·02 per prcssure)
(concave only) 1 ,000 mm. Carriage :
Movement of upper slide parallel wi th 9 0·03 per
Bed level in transverse di rection . . Ie ±0·02 per- work spindle i n vertical plane(hand feed) 1 50 mm_
1 ,000 mm. Whcn automatic feed is provide d :
i n vertical plane - - - - 0·03 per

II
2 0·02 per
· .

S t raightness of slide ways (for machines 300 mm.

of mon: than 3 m. ( t o ft.) t u rn i n l; 1 ,000 mm. i n borizontal plane - . 0·02 per
300 nun .
· . · .

lenll'th only ; measurements taken b y

measuring t a u t wi re and microscope
or long strilight edge) Tailstock :

I I
Tailstock sleeve pa ral lel with bed i n lOa o to 0·02 per
Tailstoek guideways paral l e l w i t h move- 3 0·02 per vertical plane (front end rising) tOO mm.
ment of carriage 1 ,000 mm.

I I
-
Ditto, i n horizontal plane (front end l Ob o to 0·01 per
Work spindl e : inclined towards the d i rection of tool 1 00 nun .
Centre point for true running - - . 4 0·0\ pressure)

1-7'
.

I_
5 1 I
Illi
Centring sleeve for true running - . 0-0 1 Cone of sl eeve parallel w i t h bed in vertical o to 0·03 per
I
-
300 mm.
I
phane ( free end of mandrel rising)
Work � pindl,: for axial s l i p , � easured at 6 0 · 0\
2 pomts, d isplaced by 1 80 I l ib o to 0·02 per
D i t t o , in horizon tal plane (free end of
mandrel i n c l i ned towards direction of 3 OO mm.
Taper of work s p i n d l e rllns tru e : 1001 p ressure)
( I ) Nean'st spind le nose 0·0 1
(2) A t a d istance of 300 mm. ( 1 2 ill.) 0·03 o to 0·02
I
Axis of centres (mandrel bctwc�n cent res) 12

I
pana l lcl w i th bed 1 0 vertical plane
I"

I
\\'nrk spindle p a r a l l e l with b e d in vertic al lla 0 0'02 per ( m a n d r e l r i s ing ",wards lailstock cnd)
p lane ( risin!! towards the free end o f 300 man. --
- - ---
I
[Link] nnly) Lead screw :
;Eith� + or - on fuIl I.:ngth, no t w i � t t\ecllrac>' in pitch of lead screw is assured 0·03 per
__ permilled. I within I JOO m m .

I Chart 3 I
I Test Chart for Finish Turning Lathes u p to No. 1 1
400 m m . (ab o u t l S i in.) Height of Centres

I
I

-
TA BLE O F EQ U I VALENTS
Fig. Permissible I
Test to be Applied No. Error
I J . For Converting i\ Im. Tolerances into I nch Tolerances
- mm .
Lead screw for axial slip ·, · . 13 0·01
Mm. Inch Mm. :nch
0·005 0·0002 0·05 0·0020 Lead screw bearings aligned with each 148 0·1
0,0 1 - 0-0004 0·1 0'0040 other (axis of bearings parallel with bed

I
0·02 0·0008 0· 1 5 0·0060 ways) in vertical plane (measurements
0·03 0·001 2 0·2 0-0080 taken in positions I I and I l l )
,
D i tto. i n horizontal plane · .
·. 1 4b 0'1
2 _ M e l r i..: Refe rence Lengths inlo I nch Reference Lengths
Lead screw bearings a l i gned with half n u t 1 4a 0'1 5
i n vertical p l a n e (measurements taken
with closed half n u t , carriage in middle
Mm. I nches Mm. I nches position o r halfway along bed, position
1 00 4 1 ,000 40 I serving as st:lrting point)
3 00 12 ,
Ditto, in horizontal plane .. · . 14b 0'1 5
3_ Metric Tolerances Referred to 300, 500, and 1 , 000 Mm. Working accuracy 0 f machine :
into Inch Tolerances Referred to I Foot and 3 Feet Lathe t u rn s round w i t h i n · . . . 0·01

Lathe turns cyl indrically :

1\lm. Inch per Foot I nch p"r 3 Feet (a) Work between centres within .. 0·02 per
0'0\ per l oo mm. 0·00 1 2 0'0036 300 m m .
0·0\ . . 300 . . 0·0004 0'00 1 2 (b) Work h e l d in chuck within .. 0·02 per
0·0\ . . 1 ,000 .. 0·000 1 2 0'00036 F o r each 1 ,000 mm. (40 i n . ) 0·01 mm . 2oo mm.
0·02 . . 3 00 . . 0·000 8 0·0024 addition up to 0·05 mm. max .
0·02 . . 1 ,000 . . 0·000 2 4 0-00072
0·03 " 300 .. 0·00 1 2 0·0036 Lathe faces (hollow or concave only) 15 o t o 0,02 per
0·03 . . 1 ,000 . . 0{)()()36 0'00108 wit h i n 300 mm. in
0·04 . . 3 00 . . 0 · 00 1 6 0 0·00480 diam.
I
I
0'04 .. 1 ,000 . . 0·000 4 8 0·00 1 44

I
0'05 .. 1 ,000 . . 0·00060 0-00 1 80 Thread cut on 50 m m . (2 in . ) length · . ±0'02 per
0'06 . . 1 ,000 . . 0·000 7 2 0·0021 6 5 0 mm.

— 50 —
 I I
I Test Chart for Finish Turning Lathes with
Heieht of Centres fro m over 400 to 800 mm.
No. 1 2
Test Chart for Finish Turning Lathes with
Height of Centres fro m over 400 to 800 m m .
No. 1 2

Fig.
Chart 1 Chart 2
(about lSi to 32 in.) (about l S i t o 32 in.)

I I
Fig. Permissible Test to be Applied Permissible
Test to be Applied
No. Error No. Error

mm.
mm. Work spindle paral l e l with bed in ve rtical Sa 0 to 0·03 p e r
Bed : plane (rising towards free end of man­ 3OO mm.
Bed straight in long. direction : apron 1a o to 0 · 0 3 per drel)

1
side (arched or convex only) 1 ,000 mm.
Ditto, in horizontal plane (free end of 8b 0 to 0 '02
Ditto, opposite side (concave onl�') · . 1b 0 t o 0·03 per mandrel inclined towards the d i rection 3OO mm.
1 ,000 mm. of tool pressure only)

I
Bed flat or level in transverse direction. Ie ±0'03 per Carriage :
1 ,000 mm. -.: 1'.lovement of upper slide parallel with 0 ·0 3 p e r
9

I
N o twist permitted
work spindle in vertical plane (hand feed) 1 50 mm.
Straightness of bed ways (for machines 2 0·02 per When automatic feed ili p rovided ;
of more than 3 m. ( 1 0 ft.) turning I ,OOO mm. . .

1
i n vertical plane . . 0·03 p e r
l ength only; measurements taken by up to 1 2ft. 0 · 0 3 300 mm.
measuring taut wire and microscope 1 8 f t . 0·0 4 in horizontal plane U·02 p e r
or long straight edg�) over 1 8ft.0·05 3OO mm.

I
Tailstock guide ways pilrallel with move- 3 0·02 per Tailstock :
ment of carriage 1 ,000 nun. Sleeve parallel with bed in vertical plane lOa u to 0·03 p e r
(rising towards the front end) .. 1 oo mm.

Work spindle : Ditto, i n horizontal plane (front end l Ob 0 to 0·01 p e r

Centre point for true running .. · . 4 0·0 1 5 inclinced towards the di rection of tool 1 0 0 mm.
pressure only)

I
Centring sleeve for true running " 5 0·0 1 5
Cone of sleeve paral lel with bed in vertical l la 0 to 0'03 p e r
Work spindle for axial slip at 2 points, 6 0·0 1 5 plane (free end of mandrel rising) 3OO mm.
displaced by 1 80·
Ditto, in horizontal p lane (free end of l ib 0 to 0'02 p e r
mandrel inclined towards direction of 300 mm.
Taper of work spindle runs true; 7 tool press ure)
( I ) Nearest spindle nose ..
(2) At a distance of 300 mm. ( 1 2 in.)
. ·

I
I
0·01 5
0·03
Axis of centres (mandrel between centres)
parallel with bed in vertical p lane
12 -�-

I
Test Chart for Finish Turning Lathes with i
No 1 2
Height of Centres from over 400 to 800 mm. Ch � rt 3
(about l S i to 32 in.)
Fig. P e rm i ssible
Test to be Applied Error
No.
--
Lead screw: mm.
Accuracy i n lead of lead screw ia assu red 0·03 p e r
within 3 OO mm.
--
Lead screw for axial slip · . · . 13
-- 0·0 1 5
Lead screw bearings aligned with each 1 4a 0'15
other in vertical plane (axes of bearings
parallel with bed ways) (measurements
taken in positions n and I I I)
--
Ditto, in horizontal plane .. · . 14b 0'15
--
Lead screw bearings aliifled with half nut 14a 0·2
in vertical plane (measurements taken
with closed half nut, carriage in the
middle position o r halfway along bed,
position I being the starting measuring
point)
--
Ditto. in horizontal plane · . · . 14b 0'2

Working accuracy of machine ;

Lathe turns round within ·. · . 0·02

Lathe turns cylindrical ly ;

(a ) Between centres within · . · . 0·02 per
300 mm.
(6) Work held in chuck within 0·03 per
I
· .
I
300 m m

I
.

Lathe faces (concave only) within · . 15 0 to 0 · 02 p e r

300 mm. i n
diam.

I
Thread cut on 50 mm. (2 in.) length · . ±0'02
300 mm. ( 1 2 in.) . . ·. ±0'05

For Tab/� of Equivai",u in E",lilh J\,1,as ure tU pag' 5 4

— 51 —
 Tut Chart for Toolroom Lathes (Higheet

I h:; rt1 31
-
Test Chart fo r T ool r o o m Lathes (Highest
I ��I
Fig. ,
N No
De£reo at Accura� y)up to 200 mm. ( a b o u t 8 in.) Deiree of Accuracy) up t o 200 mm. (about 8 in.) . 2
C Chart
I
Height of Centre. .

I
Height of Centres

I I
Permissible I
- ---_ . _- -

I
I
Fig. Permissible Test to be Applied Error
Test to be Applied No.
No. Error

I
Work spindle parallel with bed in hori- 8b mm.
o to 0·005 per
300 mm. I
zontal plane (free end of arbor inclined
Bed:
I 0 to 0'02 per towards direction of tool pressure)
I
Bed straight in long. direction apron side
Carriage :
la
(arched or convex only) 1 .000 mm.

I
,I
Movement o f upper side parallel with 9 0·03 per
Ditto, opposite side lb 0·02 per work spindle in vertical plane (hand l 00 mm.

.. . ..
(concave only) 1 ,000 mm. feed)

I
I
When automatic feed is provided :

.. .. ..
Bed fiat or le\'el in transverse direction. Ic ±0'02 per in vertical plane 0·03 p e r
.
Either + or - ; no twist permitted 1 ,000 mm. 3 00 mm.

I I
in horizontal plane 0·02 p e r
[Link] ways parallel with 3 0'01 per 300 mm .

I I
movement of carriage 1 ,000 mm.
Tailstock :
Work spindle : Sleeve parallel with bed in vertical plane l Oa o t o 0,02

I
Centre point for true nmning 4 0·01 (rising towards front end) per 100 mm .

Centring sleeve for true runnin g 5 I 0, 0 05 I Ditto, i n horizontal plane (front end lO b o t o 0·01 p er

I I
inclined towards direction of cutting l OO mm.
Internal ta�er receiving the chuck for 0·01 pressure)
true runwng

I I
Taper of sleeve parallel with bed In lla o to 0,01 per
Work spindle for axial slip measured at 6 0·005 vertical plane (rising towards free end 3 00 mm.

.. .
points, displaced by 180· of mandrel)

Taper o f work spindle runs true: Ditto, in horizontal plane (free end of llb o to 0'01 per
(I) Nearest spindle nose . 7 0·008 mandrel inclined towards direction of 300 mOl.
(2) At a distance of 300 mm. ( 1 2 in.)

.
0·01 5 cutting pressu re)

Work spindle parallel with bed in vertical 8a o to 0·0 1 per Axis of centres (mandrel between centres) 12 o to 0·02
plane (rising tow�rds free end of man- 300 mm parallel with bed in vertical plane
drel) (rising towards tailstock end)

I I I
Lead screw:
Accuracy in lead of lead screw is assured 0·03 p e r
within 300 mm.

I c ru; rt 3
I
Test Chart for Toolroom Lathes (Highest
N o 13
De2ree o f Accura cy) up t o 200 m m . (about 8 in.)
,
Height of Centres

I I I
F i g.

,, ,. I
Permissible
Test to be Applied No. Error

0 00 5 mm
I
Lead screw for axial slip 13 · .
I
Lead screw bearings aligned with each 14a 0'1
other (axes of bearings parallel with

.. ,. I
bed ways) in vertical plane (measure-
ments taken in positions I I and I I I )

14b
I Ditto, in horizontal plane 0·1
I
1 4a

I
Lead screw bearings aligned with half nut 0· 1 5
in vertical plane (measurements taken
with closed half nut, carriage in middle

..
position o r hal fway along bed, posi-
tion I serving as starting point)

Ditto, in horizontal plane ,, Hb 0' 1 5

I
Workin g accuracy of lathe:
Lathe turns round within .. .. 0·005
Lathe turns cylindrically:
(a) Work between centres within _ . 0·01 per
300 mm.
(6) Work held in chuck within .. 0·01 per
1 5 0 mm .

lenfl;
0·02 per total

o to ·0 1 5
Lathe face8 (concave only) within .. 15
p e r 3 00 mm.
in dia.

Thread cut on SO mm. (2 in.) length .. ±0·01 per

50 mm .

For Tablt of EquivalentJ in Enllisl. Mtarure Itt palt 54

— 52 —
 .------ ------- -

Testing Relieving lathes ReUeving Lathes

The suppl ementary measurements of backing-off
lathes are to be taken in conjunction with the . No. 1 4
measurements specified by the test charts 1 1 and 1 2
for finish-turning lathes

Test t u b e Applied Fig. Permissible

No. Error

mm.
Does the backing-off slide always return 0·05
to its initial position :

Does the backing-olf slide always 2 0·01

advance to the same point ?

Driving shaft for backing-off movement 3 0·03 per

parallel with bed 3OO mm .

Rg. 2

Fig. J

TAB LE OF EQUIVALENTS

1 . For Converting Mm Tolerances into Inch Tolerances

.

Mm . Inch Mm. Inch

0·01 O·()()(» 0·05 0·0020
0-0 1 5 0·0006 0-10 0'0040
0-02 0·0008 0- 1 5 0·0060
0-03 0-00 1 2 0-20 0·0080
0-04 0-00 1 6
2 . Metric Reference Len gths into Inch Reference Lengths
Mm. Inches Mm. I nches
20 t 1 00 4
25 1 I SO 6
35 Ii 300 12

I
50 2 1 ,000 40
75 3
3_ Metric Tolerances Referred to Various Lengths into
Inch Tolerances Referred to 1 Foot and 3 Feet
Inch &X)
Foot Inch per 3 Feet
I
Mm.
0-02 per 1 ,000 mm. 0- 24 0-000 7 2
0-03 . 1 ,000 .. 0-000 3 6 0-00108
0-04 1,000 " 0-00048 0-00144
0-02 300 . . 0-000 80 0-00240
0·03 300 . . 0·00120 0·00360
0·04 300 .. 0-00160 0-00480
0-03 I SO . . 0-00240 0-00720
0-15 150 . . 0·01200 0-03600
0·01 1 00 . . 0-00120 0-00360
0·02 , 100 " 0-00240 0-00720
0-1 .. 1 00 . . 0-01200 0-03600
0-075 . . 75 .. 0-01200 0·03600
0-05 .. 50 . . 0-01200 0-03600
0-04 .. 3 5 .. 0-01370 0-04 1 1 0

0·025 ::
0-03 25 .. 0·01440 0-04320
20 . . 0-01500 0-04500

— 53 —
 Testing Lathes
I
I
Facing 15

-- �ll ' -B- ;-

I I 1
1

I ---
-

fi r--- ' - - fi1 !

n
""; .lo=[-R"'l""e-r-=-
n I · · -�d - to P'
� �
-
� r;;
=-:. . : . ..

I
@

1 := I '
� I
-_ .

r-

I L�
I

L
rr "'Tl-'

I I� '---
I
I
1

�
Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. J Fig. 4

~
[ p- P
h H
� �r r-

�o t� 0 . c LiF =c . �

I
�
��
a
r0=b:J �
�-1 �B
- -- . . '-

;--l
r? � �

OJ �a-- l ---
�. -
IT
I
�I
[ .... P -
�

Fig. S Fig. 6 Fig. 7 rig. S

lS I I -
.

I ';1;------I -- I
15

---i- �,·�: +-
-1 -
-
No . o
T est Cha rt or F a c t n g L a th es Chart I
r-.; .
Test Chart for Facing Lathes Chart 2

I 1 I
Fig. Pennisaible Penniss i b l c
Test to be Applied Test to b e Applied
No. Error Error

Spindle h dstock : mm. mm.

Faa:plate level (hollow or concave only) I o to 0·04 per Movement of upper slide parallel with 8a 0·03 per
1 ,ooo mm. axis of faceplate in vertical plane 3 OO mm.
in diam. (measured on centred mandrel)

I I
Work spindle for axial s lip : Ditto, in horizontal plane 0·02 per
Up to 3 m. ( 1 0 ft.) d i s . to be turned 2 0·03 300 m m .
Over 3 m. (10 ft.) dia. to be turned 0·05
Measured at 2 points, d i aplaced by 1 800
Working accuracy of machine:
I
Face of the faceplate runa tr'�e . . . . 3 0·06 per Lathe t u rn s round-
1 .000 mm. Up to 3 m. ( 1 0 ft.) in turning dia. within 0·03
in diam. Over 3 m . ( 1 0 ft. i n t u rn i n g dia. within 0·05

I I
Faceplate for true runnin g (measured i n 4 Lathe turns cylindriC3l1y (only for
centring recess) machines with headatock and C3rriage

I
Up to 3 m. (to ft.) dia. to be turned • • 0·03 mounted on cOlTUll on basepbte)-
Over 3 m. ( 1 0 ft.) dia. to b e turned • • 0·05 Up to 3 m. ( 1 0 ft.) in tumin g dia. within 0·03 per
3 OO mm.
Carriage: (mounted on separate base plate) Over 3 m. (10 ft.) in turnin g dia. within 0·04 p e r
Movement of carriage straight within • . 5 0·03 p e r 300 mm.
I ,ooo mm.
. Lathe faces (concav e ; only for machines 0 to 0·05 per
G uide W8ya on compound slide square with headstock and carr i age mounted 1 ,000 mm .
6 0·02 per
300 1TUll .
on common baseplate) within in diam.
with each other (for slides without
awivel plate only)
Surface of baseplate flat . . . . . . ±0·02

�
!
per
Carriag e : (molmted
on colTUllon base I ,OOO mm.
plate with headatock
Movement of alide p arallel wi face- 7 0 to 0·05 per

I
p Lat e (concave lWtllni only) 1 ,000 mm.
I i n diam.

For Tabl. of Equivalents in English Meazuu see />DI6 57

— 54 —
 Testing Turret Lathes and 5/ngle-spindle Automatic Turret Lathes
With Hexsqon or Drum Head Turrets
t6. t7

�ll=J===
�b
-.-.-.�
- -�g;=�.F:l4=�lk����
�f
=g:_. �:;:::: . :::S;: �:C ��r
==�, I �Z
-
... -
. _--t �
_ =.�
..

/ig.J
fc===
i=
... =. �=_

Drum ttead
J Hexagon Head 1 Drum liead

Ii;. f{)!J
c -- ) FI,9- H

�-"-
1 --r-\----l --
-,- 1 -.--' /

] c ) fig lJ CC===�, , -- ,

— 55 —
.-
Cbartco-rT�rret Latbes ar�;� ged for Cylin- '-1--- --: ------- ---- --

I Cylindrical Tool Shanks in the Turret Heads

, Test Chart for Turret Lathes arranged for

I II
drical Tool Sbanks in the Turret Heads and No. 1 6 I No. 1 6
Single-spindle
- Automatic Turret Lathes up to Chart 1 and Single-spindle Aulomalic Turret Lathes up Chart 2
300 mm. (about 12 io.) Height of Centres I to 300 mm. (about 12 in.) Height of Centres
- 1 ------ 1
Fig. Permissible Fig. Permissible
Test to be Applied Test to be Applied
No. Error No. Error
i --
,
Bed : n1l11. Bar stock chuck- runs true, measured on corres mm.
Bcd straight I n longitudinal direction la o to 0·02 per chucked test mandrelt to 4
I

!
(convex only) 1 ,000 mm . Up to 4 mm. (about n in.) dia. of bar 0-025 per

I
20 mm .
lled fl a t or level i n transverse direction ±0'02 per­ From .. · 1 to 6 nun. (about !i to i1 in.) 0·03 per

I
I ,OOO mm . dia. of bar 25 m m .

I
From 6·2 to 10 mm. (about i to ii in.) 0·04 p e r
Work spindle: , dia. o f bar 3 5 mm.
Centre point for true running . . . . From 1 0' 2 to 1 8 mm. (about H to * 0·05 per
-- I
2a 0-01

r Centring sleeve for true running

in.) dia. of bar 50 mm.
.
I
.
I
2b
I 0·01 From 1 8 ' 5 to 30 mm. (about tl to 0·075 per

I \ I
1 fa- in.) dia. of bar 7 5 mm.

I
Work spindle for axial slip measured at 3a 0-01 From 31 to 50 mm (about Ii to 2 in.)
. 0 ' 1 per
2 points, displaced by 1800 dia. o f bar 100 mm.

I I 1
Over 5 0 mm. (about 2 in.) dia. of bar 0 · 1 5 per
Seating for the bar stock chuck for true 3b 0-01 1 50 mm.
running • Each test is the average result of five
successive chuckings and measurements
1 t The cylindrically ground test mandrel
Taper of work spindle runs true; maxi- 4 0-03
mum amount by which mandrel 300 i is below size by l O PE as compared
!

[
mm. ( 1 2 in.) in length runs out at end with the basic diameter. [1 PE
I,
=

1 standard fit unit = 0·005 X 'ldia.

I
Axis of work spindle parallel with bed in Sa o to 0-02 per (in the metric system).)
vertical plane (rising towards free end 300 mm.
of mandrel) Turret head slide:

I I I
Tool holes parallel with bed in vertical 6a 0·02 p e r
D i tto, in horizontal plane · - .. 5b 0-02 per plane 3OO mm.
300 mm.

- Either + or - on total l ength, no Ditto in horizontal plane 6b 0·02 per

twist permitted. 3 OO mm.

Test Chart for Turret Lathes arranged for Cylin-

drical Tool Shanks in the Turret Heads and
Single-spindle Automatic Turret Lathes u p t o
No. 1 6
Chart 3
Test Chart for Turret Lathes arranged for
Cylindrical Tool Shanks in the Turret Heads
and Single-spind l e Automatic Turret Lathes up
No. 16
Chart 4
1
I

300 mm. (about 12 in.) Height of Centres to 300 mm. (about 12 in.) in Height of Centres

I
--,

I
I
I
Test to be Applied Fig. Permissible Fig. Permissible
No. Error Test to be Applied No. Error

mm_ Hexagon head faces (clamping surfaces 9a mm.

Tool holes aligned with work spindle in 7a for the tool holders) square with work

I
,
vertical plane (tool holes higher than spindle in vertical plane (tests made
work spindle) by swing-round method)
For machines admitting up to 30 mm. o to 0·02 For machines admitting u p to 30 mm. 0-02 p e r

I
( 1 1\ in.) dia. of bar ( 1 fc- in.) dia. of bar (radius o f dial l OO m m .
Over 30 mm. dia. of bar - - · . o to 0·03 holding a rm - 50 mm ( 2 in.)}
.

Over 3 0 mm d i a . of bar (radius of dial

. 0·03 per
I holding a rm = 7 5 mm. (3 in.» 1 50 mm.

Ditto, in horizontal plane · . · . 7b Ditto. in horizontal plane for machines 9b 0·02 p e r

For machines admitting up to 30 mm. 0·02 admitting u p t o 3 0 mm. ( 1 fa- in.) dia. 100 mm.
(1 -h in.) dia. of bar of bar (radius o f dial holding arm=

I
Over 30 mm. dia. of bar · . · . 0'03 50 mm. (2 in.»
Over 30 mm. dia_ of bar (radius of dial 0·03 per
holding arm = 75 mm. ( 3 in.)} 1 50 mm.

Turret h ea d is free from play or clearance 10 0·015

Centring recesses for tool holders aligned 8a i n its bearings a n d locking notches.
with work spindle in vertical plane Permissible amount of rotation about
(recesses higher than work spindle; its axis, measured at the end of a
testa made by swing round method). mandrel 200 mm. (about 8 in.) in
For machines admitting up to 30 mm. o to 0·02 length (lever arm about O' 5 m. (20 in.) ;
( 1 -h io.) dia. of bar force about 5 kg. ( 1 0 lb.»
Over 30 nun. dia. of bar . o to 0·03

I I I
· . -

Rough limit of automatically-tripped 11 0·1

l ongitu dinal motion always at the
same point within

I I I
Ditto, in horizontal plane for machines 8b
U p to 30 mm (1 -1. in.) dia. of bar
. · . 0'02 Fine limit of longitudinal motion tripped 11 0·01
Over 30 mm dia. of bar
. · . · . 0-03 by positive dog stop ( i f wanted, using
reading of pointer)
For Tabu of Equivalentl in English Mecuure lU page 57

— 56 —
 I
Te . . Chan r� Tu«'" [Link]. manged r� Test Chart Cor Turret Lathes arranged Cor I

I
Cylindrical Tool Shanks in the Turret Hea da No. 1 6 Cylindrical Tool Shanks ill the Turret Heads No. 1 6
and Single-"pill d le Automatic TW'ret Lathea Chart 5 an d SinLllo-llpindle Automatic Turret Lathes Chart 6
uo to 300 m..m. (about 12 iJl.) Height oC �tres up to 300 mm. (about 12 in.) Height of Centres
-
Fig. Permissible F ig. Pennissible
Tut tolbelApplied Test to be Applied
No. Error No. Error

Movement of upper turret head (capstan) 1 2a mm .

slide parallel with work spindle in mm.
vertical plane (mandrel in spindle rising Lead screw for axial slip .. · . 13c 0·01
only towards the free end)

I
For machines with upper turret head o to 0 · 0 1 per Working accuracy of machi n e :
slide admitting up to 30 mm. (I t\ in.) l OO mm. Lathe turns round with turret head 0-01
dia. o f bar slide within
Over 30 mm. dia. of bar ·. o to 0·02 per
l OO m m .
· .

Ditto, with cutting-off slide within 0·01

- · .

Ditto, !n horizontal plane for machines 1 2b 0 · 0 1 per

Lathe turns cylindrically with turret head 0'03 per
admitting up to 30 mm (1 t\ in.) dia. l 00 mm.
I 300 mm
I .
s l i d e within (mandrel mounted i n bar
of bar
.

I chuck)
I Over 30 mm. dia. of bar 0·02 per
I
· . · .

l 00 mm.
-- Ditto, with cutting-off slide wi thin 0·03 p e r
I
I · .

I
Lead scre w ; 300 nun.
Accuracy in lead of lead screw is assured 0·03 per
within -- 300 mm. Lathe faces with turret head slide o to 0·02 per
(concave only) 300 mm.

I
B earings of lead screw aligned with each 13a 0·1
other (axes of bearings paral l e l with in diam.
bed ways in vertical plane. Measure-
ments taken in positions II and I l l) Ditto, with cutting -off iii de (concave o to 0·02 per
only) 300 mm .
Ditto, in horizontal plane · . · . 13b 0·1 i n diam.

Bearings of lead screw aligned with half 13a 0· 1 5

nut in vertital p lane (measurements
taken with the half-nut closed, cutting-
slide in midd,le position or half way
along bed, starting measurement made
in poIition I)

I Ditto, in horizontal plane · . · . 1 3b 0· 1 5 I

! Lathes I I
No. 1 6A I
Suppl ementary Test Chart Cor Turre t Lathes Supplementary Test Chart Cor Turret

I:
w i t h Hollow Turret Heads provided with with Hollow Turret Heads provided with
Centring Recesses Cor the To ol Holders u p to No. 1 6" Centring Recesses Cor the Tool Holders up to Chart 2 ,

I 1
I

I
300 mm. (12 in . ) Height oC Centres Chart 1 300 mm. (12 in.) Height oC Centres

I
The measurements and tolerances under the
headings : Bed, work spindle, lead screw and F ig Penn i ss ible
Test to be Applied
working accuracy are the same as in the test chart 1 6 No· Er r or

I I
Fig. Permissible
Test t o b e Applied mm.
No. Error
Front faces of hexagon turret (clamping 9b
surfaces for t h e t o o l holders) square

I
Turret slide : mm . with work spindle in horizontal plane
Centring recesses for tool holders al igned Sa For machines admitting up to 30 nun. 0'02 per
with work spindle in vertical plane (1 t\ in.) dia. of bar (radius of dial l OO mm.

I
(recesses higher than work spindle, holding a rm = 50 mm. (2 in.»
tests are made by the swing round Over 30 mm dia. of bar (radius: of
. 0·03 per
method) dial holding ann=75 mm. (3 in.» 1 50 mm.
For machines admitting up to 30 mm

1 11
. o to 0·02
(1 n in.) dia. of bar Turret head is free Crom play or clearance 10 0·03
Over 30 mm. dia. of bar o to 0-03 in its bearing and locking notches.

I
Pennissible amount of rotation about
the axis, measured at the end of a
mandrel 300 mrn. ( 1 2 in.) long (length
Ditto, in horizontal plane Sb o f lever ann about 0'5 m. (20 in.j ;
mm .
• . • .

For machines admitting up to 30 0-02 force about 5 kg. ( 1 0 lb.»

(1 -h in.) dia. of bar
Over 30 mm_ dia. of bar 0·03 Rough limit of automatically tripped 0·1
longitudinal motion always at t h e same
point within

Front faces of hexagon turret (clamping 9a Fine limit of longitudinal motion tripped 11 0'01
surfaces for the tool holders) square by positive stop within (if wanted,
with work spindle in \'ertical plane using reading of pointer)
(tests are madeby swing-round method)
For machines admitting up to 30 mm. 0'02 per
(1 /r in.) dia. of bar (radius of dial 1 00 nun .
holding arm = 50 mm (2 in.»
.

Over 30 mm. dia. of bar (radius of 0·03 per

dial holding arm = 7 5 mm (3 in.»
. 1 50 mm.

For Tobie of EquivalentJ i1l English MeosuTe IU page 57

— 57 —
Test Chart for Turret Lathes arranged for i Test Chart for Turret Lathe. arranged for
I
I
No. 1 7
I Cylindrical Tool [Link] in the Turret Heads No. 1 7
Cylindrical Tool Shanks in the Turret Heads

I
and Single-spindle Automatic Turret Lathes Chart 1 an d Single-spindle Automatic Turret Lathes Chart 2
with more than 300 1IUIl (12 . in.) Height of with more than 300 mm. (12 in.) Height of
Centres Centres

I
: Fig. Pennissible Fig. Permissib le
Test to be Applied Test to b e Applied
Error
I
No. Error No.

I
mm.
Bed: mm . nar chuck- run. true measured on Corres. 0· 1 5 p e r
I
Bed straight in long. d i rection (conve� i la o to 0·03 p e r chucked m:lOdrelf with4 1 50 nun .
•

I
only) l ,ooo mm. Each test i s the average result of five
success ive chuckings and measure-
B e d fiat or level in transverse direction. lb ±0·02 per ments.

I
1 ,000 nun .

I
N o twist pennitted t The cylindrically ground test mandrel
has an undersize of 10 PE 311 compared
W!lrk spindle: with the basic dia. (1 PE= 1
Centre point for true runnin g . . · . 2a 0·02 &tandard fit unit = 0·005 "'dia. in
i -- the metric system.)

I
Centring .leeve for true running 2b 0·02

I
· .

�
\Vork spindle {or axial 61i measured at 311 0·02
Turret head size :
Tool holes parallel with bed In vertical 68 0·03 p e r
2 points, displaced by 1 0' plane 3 00 mm.

Seating of bar stock chuck for true 0·02 Ditto, in horizontal p lane · . .. 6b 0·03 p e r
running 3 00 mm.

Taper of work spindle runs true : maxi­ 0'03 Tool holes aligned with work spindle in 7a o to 0·03
mwn amount by which mandrel 300 v ert ical p l an e (tool hole. higher than
nun . ( 1 2 in.) in length runs out at cnd work spindle)

Axis of work spindle parallel with bed in 5a o to 0·03 per D i t t o . i n horizontal plane · . .. 7b 0·03
vertical plane (rising towards free cnd 300 nUll.
of mandrel) Centring recesses for tool holders aligned 8a o to 0'03
with work- sp indle in vertical plane

J
Ditto, in horizontal plane . . · . 5b �03 (recesses higher than work spindle,
300 mm. tests made by the swing-round method)

I
Ditto, in horizontal plane " · . 8b 0'03

Test Chart for Turret Lathes arranged for

I
Test Chart for Turret Lathes arranged for
Cylindrical Tool Shanks in the Turret Heads Cylindrical Too! Shanks in the Turret Heads No. 1 7
No. 17
and Single-spindle Automatic Turret Lathes and Single-spindle Automatic Turret Lathes Chart 4
Chart 3
with more lh¥ 300 1IUIl (12 in.) Height of
. with more than 300 mm. (12 io.) Height
Centres of Centre.
Fig. Permissible
Fig. Permissible Test to be Applied
Test to be Applied No. Error
No. Error

Front faces of h�gon turret head 9a

mm.
0·03 per
Lend screw bearings aligned with each 13a
mm .
0·15 I
other (ues of bearings parallel with
(clamping surfaces for the tool holders) 1 50 mm.
bed ways) in v ertical plane (measure-
'quare with work spindle in vertical
ments taken in positions 11 and I I I )
plane (teat made by th e turn-round
method with a radius of dial-holding Ditto, i n horizontal plane .. · . 1 3b 0·15
ann - 75 mm. (3 in.»
s
Lead screw bearings aliiJled with half- J 3a 0·2
nut in vertical lane (measurement.
Ditto, in horizontal plane 9b 0·03 per made with close half-nut, cutting-off
1 50 mm. slide in middle position or halfway
along bed, starting measurement taken
TUfTet head is free from play o r clearance 10 0·05 in position I)
in its bearing and locking notches. -
Ditto, in horizontal plane . . 13b 0·2
Permissible amount of rotation about
· ·

its axis. m easu red at the end of a Lead screw for axial s l i p . . · . 13C
--
0·02
mandrel 400 mm. (1 6 in.) lon�. Working accuracy o f machine :
(Length of lever arm about 1 m. (40 in.): Lathe turns round with turret he ad 0·02
force about 5 kg. ( 1 0 lb.» slide within
--
Ditto, with cutting-off slide within · . 0·02
Rough limit of automatically-tripped 11 0' 1 5 Lathe turns cylindrically with turret 0 ·03 per
long. movement always a t the same head slide Within (mandrel mounted 3 00 mm.
point within in bar chuck)
Ditto, with cutting-off slide within · . 0·03 per
3 00 mm.

I
Fine limit of long. movement tripped by 11 0·02
p o si t iv e atop within (if wanted, using Lathe faces with t U fTe t head slide o to 0·03 p e r
reading of pointer) (concave only) within 3 00 mm.
in dia.

I
Lead screw : w ith cutting-off slide (concave o to 0·03 p e r
Ditto ,
Au::un cy in lead of lead .crew i, assured 0'03 p e r only) within 300 mm.
wi thin 3 00 nun. in dia..

— 58 —
 SupplemClltai;,- T��t . c�i- Co;T�-;"et Lalh�;-
--- ---- --
- ­

with Hollow Turret Heads provided with TAULJ.:: OF E Q U I VALENTS

Centring Recess c s. Height of Centres more
-. . --- .
- than 300 mm. (12 i n . ) N.. _ 1 7"
T h e mcasurCmenLli a n d tolerances g i v e n u n d e r the I . For C on ve rt i n g M m . Tolerances into Inch Tolerances
-
heading5 : Bcd, work spindl e, lead screw and Mm. Inch Mm.
--
Inch
working accuracy arc the lame ai in the test chart 1 7
-- --- I-Fii--
0·01 0 '0004 0·04 0·00 1 6
Test to be Applied
Permissibk 0·0 1 5 0 '0006 0·045 0·00 1 8
- --- - - -
Nu_ Error 0·02 0 ·000 8 0·05 0·0020
0·025 0'00 1 0 0'052 0·00205
I
I
Turret head s lide : mm_ 0'03 0'00 1 2 0'06 0·0024
Cent ring recesses fo r the tool hul d er s HOI o to 0 - U 3 0·032 0 '00 1 26 0'1 5 0·0060
aligned with work spindle in ve r t i cil
0'038_ . 0'00 1 5 0·2 0·0080
plane (centring re cess es higher than
work spindl e ; tests made b y the t u r n -
round method) I 2. M e t ric Itefe rence Lengt hs into I nch Hcference Lengths
-

I
.;,... ------- - -- --- --
I--.:..:-=:.:-=--....�
M m. Inch Mm. I n ch
Ditto, in horizontal plane__ _ _ I:S b 0·03
20 t 75 3

I.
Front faces of hex agon t u r re t hcad 'Ja 0-03 per 25 I 1 00 4
(clamp ing s�accs fo r the tool hol d e r s ) I SO mm_ 35 Ii I SO 6
square with work spindlo: in n: r t i c a l SO 2 1 ,000 40

I
_ -
plane (tests made hy Ihe turn-round
Metric Tolera n ces Referred to Various Lengths into I n c h
me t h o d with a r adi u s of dial holding
a rm= 7 5 mm. (3 i n _ »
Tolerances Referred to 1 Foot and 3 Feet
3.
Mm . Inch per Foot Inch per 3 Feet
D i t t o . in h orizontal plane: 0-03 per
nun.
9b
O O{) 1 5 per 100 0 '00 1 8 0·0054
I SO mm.
0·02 .. 1 00 " 0'0024 0·0072
Turret head i s free from play o r clearance 10 0-05 0·02 .. 1 ,000 .. 0·000 2 4 0'00072
in ita b earing and locking no t chc s . 0-025 .. 20 " 0'0 1 50 0·0450
Permissible amount of rotation abuut 0·03 " 25 .. 0·0144 0·0432
its axis, measured at the end of a 0'03 " I SO .. 0'0024 0·0072
mandrel 400 mm. ( 1 6 in_) long ( l ength 0·04 .. 35 .. 0'0 1 37 0·04 1 1
of le v e r ann = I m. (40 in. ) ; force 0'05 .. SO .. 0·0120 0-0360
about . 4 kg. (9 l b . » 0{)75 .. 75 .. 0 ·0 1 20 0·0360
0'1 .. 1 00 .. 0·0 1 20 0·0360
Rough limit o f automatically-tripped 11 0- 1 5
0'1 5 .. I SO .. 0·0120 0·0360
long. movement always a t the samc
0·01 .. SO .. 0·0024 0,0072
point within
I -�-------- - --- -- -- 0·01 .. 1 0 0 " 0'00 1 2 0·0036
Fine limit o f long. movement t ripped by II 0-02 0'0 1 5 " SO .. 0,0036 0 '0 1 08
positive stop w i t h i n (i f wanted, using 0'03 .. 100 .. 0'0036 0·0108
read in g o f pointer)

I
-

I I
Test Chart for M u l ti - s pi nd l e Automatics No. 18" T c s t Chart for M u l ti - s p ind l e A u tomatics No. 1 8A
baving Rotary Work and Stationary Tools I Chari I having Rotary Work and Stati onary Tools Chart 2

I I I
---
I Fig. ' Penuissible F ig . P e rm iss i b l e
i
Test to be Applied Test to b e A pp l ied
�
No
· 1 E r ro r N o. Error

I I
,
Bed : mm.
Bed straight in longitudinal d i rection la ±0·02 p e r nun .
No t w is t p ermitted. 1 ,000 nun. Work spindles spaced around a circle 4 0·025
_ __ _ .
concentric with bearing of spindle

_! ,OOO ��
Bed flat o r level i n tra nS\'crsc direction Ib ± 0 · 0 2 per
carri er
No twist permitted. -- -
.. - . - -. ---
Sp indl e housi n g ruld 1001 c;, rri c r :
C e n t r in g s l eeve for true running . . 2a 0·0 1 Work spindles e q u i d i s t a nt fro m each Sa
Collar for axial s l ip . . . . . . 2b 0·01 other fo r machines
Up to S O mm. dia. of bar .. . . 0·0.;.
Seating of bar chuck fo r t �� ru n n i '!:L � .- .- 0·01
:..:. _ Over S O mm . dia. of ba r . . . . 0-06

I
Bar chuck runs out of t ruth (= amount 3
o f eccel ltricity X 2 ) · , m e a s u r e d on

I
chucked test m a nd r el : t Work spindles e q u i d i sta n t from axis of 5b 0·025
U p t o 4 m m . ( /t i n . ) dia. o f bar .. 0·025 per tool carrier (for machines only, where
20 mm. a tool block s e rv i n g as a main tool
From 4 ' 1 to 6 mm. f. AI to U in_) d ia. 0·03 per carrier i s guided along a tool carrier
of bar 2 5 mm. axis)
From 6 ' 2 to 1 0 mm. (1 to II in.) dia. 0·04 per
o f b3r 3 5 min . .
F r o m 1 0·2 t o 18 mm. m to U in.) dia. 0·05 per Work spindles parallel with mO\'cment of 6a 0 '0 1 5 p e r
o f bar 5 0 mm. tool carrier in vertical plane l OO mm.
From 1 8-5 to 3 0 mm . ( tl to I tt in.)

I I I
0'075 per
dia. of ba.r 75 mm. Ditto, in horizontal p l ane , . . . 6b 0·01 5 p e r
From 3 1 to SO mfl! . ( 1 1 to 2 in.) dia. of 0 ' 1 per

I
1 00 mm.
bar l OO m m .
Over SO mm . (2 in.) dia. of bar . . 0' 1 5 p e r
1 50 m m . Work spind les parallel with tool ciamp- 7a 0·02 per
• Each test is the average res u l t of /lve ing surface (for machines, where tool l OO m m .
I uccessive chuckings and measurements block is used a s main tool carrier)
The cy lindricall y ground test mandrel I
t
baa an u n dersize of 10 PE as com pared
with the basic diameter. (I PE = Work spindles parallel with slot in tool 7b 0·02 p e r
I standard fit unit = 0·005 ¥ dia. iii clamping su rface (for machines where 1 00 mm.
the metric system). I tool block is used as main tool ca rrier)

— 59 —
 - - -0 -,

Testing Multi - spindle A utoma tics

With Work Revolving and Tools Stationary 18a

Fig. 1 Fig . 2

Fig. 3 rig . 'f Fig. .;

Fig . 7

flg.8 a. Fi9.8b

Fig . 9 Fig. to fig. 11

— 60 —
 I
-. .

TCii t Chart for Mulu-6Ipinple Automatics No. I S" T Cii t Chart for Mul ti-tipindle Automatics No. I S"
having Rotary Work and Stationary Tools I C hart 3 having Rotary Work and Stationary Tools I l:hart 4
Test to be Applied
Fig.
No.
I Permissible
Error
Test to be Applied I F i g•
No.
. Permissible
Error

nun . nun.
After i ndexing, work spindles in the same Sa S p i n d l e carril!r for freedom from play in II 0·02
position rela tiv e to its bearing and locking notches.
lat tool clamping ,un ICC. Amount of rotation about axis,
2nd tool clamping sunaee. measured on a mandrel mounted in
3rd tool clamping lurfaee. a work spindle ( I e n ll t h o f leYl!r aml
4th tool damping lunaee. approx. 0·5 m. (20 in.»
Up t o 50 mm. dia.. of bar · . · . ± 0'04
Over 50 mm. dia.. o f bar · . · . ±0·06 Working accuracy o f machine :
( Fo r machines where a tool block is used Machine t u rn s round
as a main tool carrier) For machines u p to 5 0 nun. dia. of bar 0·0 1 5
F o r machines over 50 nun . dia. of bar 0·02
Work spindles in line with Sb
1 at tool hole. M a c h i n e turns cylindrically 0 · 0 1 5 per
2 nd tool hole. For machines u p to 30 rrun. ( 1 1\ in.) 5 0 m m.
Jrd tool hole. d i a . o f bar 0·03 p e r
4th tool hole. For machine� oyer 30 mm. d i a . of b ;l r 1 00 m m .
Up to 50 nun . [Link] bar · . ± 0 '04
Over 50 aun. dia. of bar
· .

· . ±0'06 Facing c u t w i t h cross s l i d e (hollow only) U

to U · U 1 p e r
5U nUll. d i a .
· .

(For IIUchines admitting immediate tool

,hanD in bead) U to 0 ·0 1 5 per
I OU 1 I l 1 ll . d i .. .
Tool holes parallel with guide o f tool 9a 0·0 1 5 per
carri er in vertical p lane · . · . 1 00 mm. Work pil!ces success i v e l y taken from thl!
(For maclUnes admitting inunediate tool machine vary to the fol lowing extent-
shanks in bead) Up to 18 mm. Ot i l l . ) dia. of bar · . 0·027

I
From I S' S to 30 mm. ( U to 1 1\ i n . ) 0·035
Ditto, in horizontal plane · . · . 9b 0 ' 0 1 5 per dia. o f bar
100 mm. From 3 I to S O mm. ( l i t02 i n . ) [Link] bar o·o�o
From 5 1 to SO n u n . ( 2 to 3 1\ i n . ) d i a . 0·045
Work spindles equi dis ta n t from tool 10 ±0·2 o f bar
damping surfaces O v e r 80 nun . . . .. · . · . 0·055
-These allowances relate t o the COrre-
sponding largest diameter bar admitted,
I.S.0. fit, q u a l i t y S .

I I
T ee t Chart for Mul ti-spindl e Automatics No. I S n Tes t Chart for M ul ti -spin d l e Autom atics No. I an
having Stationary Wod: a n d Rotary Tools Chart 1 having Stationary WQrk and Rotary Tools I Chart 2

I I I
Fig. Permissible Fig. Permissible
Test to be Applied Test to be Applied
No . E rro r No. Error
.
Bcd: mm . mm.

I I
Bed straight i n longitudinal direction. Ia ±0'02 p e r Tool spindles in l i n e w i t h · . . 7 ± O ·OS
nun.
·

1 ,000 1 s t h o l e o f turret head.

I
2nd hole o f tu rret head.
Bed fiat o r level in transverse direction Ib ±0·02 per 3rd hole o f turret hl!ad.
No twist permitted 1 ,000 nun. 4 t h hole o f t u rret head.
5 t h hole o f turret head.

I
Headstock and work turret :
!
A:til o f turret head parell el with its 0·01 per Turret head for freedom from play in i t s 8 i 0·03
2a
I
,

movement in vertical plane 100 mm. bearing a n d locking notches. A m o u n t

I I
of rotation about i t s a x i s. . measured o n

I
Ditto, in horizontal plane 2b 0·01 per a mandrel mounted m the head
(length o f lever arm approx. 0 · 5 I l l .
· . · .

1 00 m m .
(20 in.»

I
Outer sleeve of tool spindles for true 3a 0·01

I I
� \Vork ing accuracy of mach i n e : I
.
Machine t u rn s round
Inner sleeve of tool spindles for true 3b 0'01 For machines up to 50 mm. (about I

II II
running 2 i n . ) turning d i a m e t e r - 0'02

I .. I 1
For machines w i t h more than 50
Collar for axial sli p . . 3c 0 · 01 nun . t u r n i n g diameter 0·03

I I I
. .

I
Tool s p in dles parallel with movement of 4a 0'015 per Machine turns cylindrically · . 0·03 per
turret bead Ifl vertical p lane
· .

100 mm. : 1 00 m m .
• The stated turning diameter applies

I
Ditto, in horizontal plane 4b 0·0 1 5 per t o t h e t otlll turning I .: n g t h . For short
100 mm. turning lengths the turning diameter

I
is usually considerably l a rger. Test
Tool ,pindles equidistant from each 5 0'04 is made on a diameter with a maximum
other value equal t o the stated t u r n i n g
diameter r e l a t i n g to t h e total t u m i n l-!
Tool ,pindles concentric with axiS of 6 0·025 length.
I

I
turret head

For Tablt of Equivalents in English Mtasure stt pagt 70

— 61 —
 Testing Multi-spindle A utomatics 18h
With Work Stationary and Tools Revolving

I�LJ
E

Fig. 1
\'----------------/-' F/g. 2

� �lh-I---.�:a-
.
�c
r-
_.
II II e:ga
�b
IT - ... ) l ( 6
'--
= tZ

\'------ \'--- J
Flg .3 . _____

rig. if
�

\'------
Fig. 6 f"lg. 7
� Test
I
,
Chart for Multi-spindle Automatics No. 1 8 11 Test Chart for Vertical Boring l'vIills No.
I Chart 3 I Charf 1
19

.--
having Stationary Work and Rotary Tools (Vertical Lathes)
- Fig. Permissible
p- -- Si-b-Ie
is-

.. .
F ig. -er-m Test to be Applied Error
Test to be Applied No.
No. Error
nun .

mrn. Faceplate I evel (concave only) . 1a o t o 0'02 per

.. .
The si:tes of diameters which are finished 1 ,ooo mm.
on the work pieces successively taken in diam.
from the machine are uniform within Faceplate for true running . 2a 0·03 per

.
the following allowanc('s,· formachines l .ooo mm.
Up to 50 mm. (about 2 in.) turning 0'040 in diam.
diameter Faceplate for true running . .. 0·03 per

I
From 51 to 80 mm (2 in. to about
. 0·045
2b
1 ,000 nun
3 /r in.) turning diameter
.

in marn.
Over 80 mm turning diameter .. 0·055

These allowances relate to the corre- I

.

Cross rail- and upright s :

• Upright square with faceplate in the 3a 0'04 per
sponding largest turning diameter on guide plane of upright 1 ,000 nun

I I
.

the total turning length, I . S . 0 . fit, Ditto, in plane perpenJicular to guide 4a 0 to 0·04 p e r

I
quality 8 . plane (upright at upper end inclined 1 , 000 mm.
towards the front side only)
ro"';'s-s-r-u""
4b I
C
-=- il-p-a-ra""I""le""'l-w""i""
th""fa-
"" c-e"::
p-!-
la-te-o-
r -ta"'b"'l--
e -: �3:-:-b 0·04 per
1 ,000 nun .

I
Front guide surface of cross rail , fiat or 0·05 per
1 ,000 nun .

--
level
Incline of cros:; rail in its venical adjust­ 1b ±0'04 p e r .
ment 1 ,000 nun .

Turret head slide:

Movement of head slide pamllel with axis 5a 0·01 per
of table in the ¥uide plane of upright 3 0 0 mm.
(measured on ahgned mandrel ; swivel
plate fixed by index p in)
Ditto, in plane perpendicular to guide 5b 0·01 per
plane 3 OO mm.

• The movement of th ( cross roil 6hould

be upwards. The turret slide should
be in ita middle position.

For Table 0/ Equivalents ill English Measure see pace 70

— 62 —
 Testing Vertical Boring Mills
P/Ulsion
I 1.9

Spirit /.ell eJ

Fig. 1 Rg. 2 Fig. J Fig. q. Fig . .5

�.
fig- a Fig .9
I I
Fig. 7 flg. 8 .

I
Test Test
I Chart 3
Chart for VCl'lIcal Boring M i lls No. 1 9 Chart for Verllcal Bormg Mills No. 1 <)
(Vertical Lathes) Chart 2 (Vertical Lath es )
Fig. P e rm i s s i b l e
Test to be Applied Fig. P e r m i s s i b l ..
No. Error Test to b e Applied
---------------------------- r--- No. Error
mm•

i
. :. Tool holes parallel with movement o f 6a 0·02 p e r
head s l d e in gu i d e plane of upright 300 mm. mm.
Ditto in "plane perpl'nd icular to guide 6b 0·02 p e r l\'lachine turns cylindrically with turret 0·02 per
plane 300 m m . head tools within 3 00 m m .

Tool h o l e s in line w i t h axis of table 7 0·02

Turret head is free from pla y or clearance 8 0·02

in its bearing and locking notches.
Pe rmissible amount of rotation about Ditto, with s i d e head tools within 0·02 per
its axis, measured a t the end o f a 300 m m .
mandrel 200 mm. (8 i n . ) long ( l e ngth
of lever am1 about 0·5 m. (20 i n . ))

Side head :
Vertical movement of s i d e head parallel 9a 0·0 1 p e r
with axis of table (measured on aligned 300 m m . Machine fact'S with turret head tools o to 0 · 0 2 p e r
mandrel) (concave only) within 300 mm.
in d i am.
Incline o f s i d e head i n i:� \'ertical move­ 9b ±0·02 per
ment I ,OOO m m .

Horizontal movement of side head 10 o to 0 · 0 1 p e r

parallel with table su rface (turning 300 m m . Dit to, with side head tools (concave o to 0·02 p e r
concave only) " nly) w i t h i n 300 m m .
i n ..l i a m .
\Vo rking accuracy of machine i s assured :
Machine turns round with turret head
tool s :
Turning diameter up t o 800 mm. 0·01
(about 31 t in.) w i th i n
T u rn i n g d i a . o v e r 800 mm . w i t h i n . . 0·02
Ditto, with side head tools tuming d i a . 0·0 1
u p to 800 m m . ( 3 1 � i n . ) w i t h i n
O v e r 800 mm. t u r n i n g d i a . w i t h i n 0·02

For Tabl� oj Equivalems ill EnKlisll iHenSllre su pUl:r 70

— 63 —
 Te5ting Double Standard Vertical Boring Mills 20

I [Q] Frwsion Spirit Level

r-ItJ
I

Fig. t FIg. 2 fig.J

r-----------�----r_----.,--�------------�--------------�--------r_--�----------�

Fig. 4 F;1. 5 Fig, a

I
I
I
Test Chart Cor Double-standard Vertical No. 20 Test Chart Cor Double-standard Vertical No. 20
Turn i n g and Boring M i l l s Chart 1 Turning and Boring Mills I Chart 2

I I�i Permissible Fig. Pennissible

Test t o be Applied Test to be Applied
No. Error No. EtTor

I 2b I
mm. mrn.
Faceplate or tab l e : Movement of ram parallel with table in 6 0·01 p e r
Table fl a t or level (concave only) . . 1 o to 0·03 per guide plane of housing (swivel locked 3 00 mm.

I I I
I ,OOO mm. by index pin)
in diam.

Face of the table for t ru e running . . 2a 0·03 per Ditto, i n plane perpendicular to guide 7 0 to 0'01 per
3 00 mm .

I I I
l ,ooo mm. plane (movement a t lower end inclined
in diam. towards the housing)

Table for true running . . . . . . 0·03 per

l ,ooo mm.

I
Working accuracy of machine is assured :

I I
i n diam. Machine turns round
. up to 3 m. (10 ft.) 0·02
din. within
Standards and cross rail - : Over 3 m. dia. within . . 0'03
S tandards square with table i n gu ide 33 0·04 per
p lane of stan sJ ards I ,OOO mm.
Machine turns cylindrically on a length of 0·02
Ditto, i n plane perpendicular to guide 4a 0 to 0·04 p e r 3 0 0 m m . (about 12 i n . ) within
plane (inclined towards the front side l ,ooo m m . Machine turns cylindrically on a length of 0·03
at the upper end) 1 ,000 mm. (about 40 in.) within

I I 3b I I
Standards parallel with each other. 0·06 per
measured on the inner or outer guide l , ooo mm. Machine faces (concave only) on 300 mm. o to 0·02
surfaces d i a . (about 12 in.) within

I 3c I I
Machine faces (concave only) o n 1 ,000 o to 0·03
Cross rail parallel with table . . . . 0·05 per mm. dia (about 40 i n . ) within
I ,OOO mm.

I 4b I I
Front g u i d e surface of cross rail R a t or 0·05 per
level . 1 ,000 mm .
• The movement of the cross rail should

I I I
b e upwards against the weight. The
Incline of cross rail in its vertical adjust- 5 ±0·04 per tool holders should b e in the mean
ment 1 ,000 mrn . position.
I_-----------------------------------------�

For Table of EqUl'vale1lts in English Measure see pnge 70

— 64 —
 Testing CylJ'ndrical urinding Machines 27

I I I I

J... . �
I

C
l I I�
_
_

c!:::::==c!::== I ,
15.9 2

m
"--� I ---- rl
I �
---
I
l

fig. J

-
[ ) - )

� ,J
= >

fig 6 fig 7

r _ �� - -� I If=-�=L:: --:�
�c=::::=:====r hg 9
=-=====-

fig III
l l�
l � (
o, · �
ulugt. �Iocks t""'I 4

r I!i-Q I._�
f ..=-

J Section
A-O
I

rn - J
c:I=== II =�

ng l2 I I
fig 7Ja
, I
I
, I
I

I ,
:
r-- - ---'IT �
:

Section .4- 0

,-

— 65 —
 I I I
--
Test Chart for Cylindrical Grinding No. 2 1 u_ . Test Cha r t (o r Cylindrical Grinding No. 2 1
Machines Chart 1 Machines Chart 2

Test to be Applied I Fig. Pennisaible Test to be J\ pplied

No. Error
; mm,
I o
mm. Axis of spindle i n swivelling headstock 7 to 0-02 p e r

I
I
parallel with i n - feed mo\'ement of JOO mm.
Bed and table:
Bed straight i n long. direction . . . . la 0'02 per grindinR wh�'el slide i n vertical plane.
I ,OOO mm. mens u red in the 90 and 4 5 -degree
p o s i t i o n s o r headstock (rising towards

!
Bed fiat or level in transverse direction. Ib ±0·02 p e r the frc�' end of mandrel ; for universal
N o t w i s t permitted l ,OOO mm. grimil-rs on l y ; the zero position is
testcd in conformance with Fig. 6a) -- - -
-- -
Guide ways o f headstock and tail stock I 2 0'01 per Tails tock :

I
parallel with table movement 1 .000 m m . Sleeve para l l e l w i t h t a b l e movcmcnt in 8a o to 0·02 p e r
vertical plane (front end rising only; 1 00 m m .
Straightness of table movement (for 3 o to 0 · 0 2 per upper table in position of Fig. 2) for
machines of more than 2 m. (SO i n . ) in 1 ,OOO mm. long adjustment by hand

I I
grinding length (grinding convex only»
D i t t o , in horizontal plane (front end Sb o t o 0,01 per
inclined towards the grinding wheel) 100 m m .
Work headstock and spind l e :
Centre p o i n t for t ru e running . . . . 4 0·005 Taper I n sleeve parallel with table 9a o t o 0·01 p e r
movement i n vertical plane (free end 3 00 m m .
Taper of work spindle runs t ru e : 5 on mandrel rising; upper table i n
( I ) Nearest spindle nose . . . . 0'005 position of F i g . 2 )
(2) A t a distance of 300 mm. ( 1 2 i n . ) 0·01
D i t t o , in horizontal plane (free e n d of 9b o t o 0·01 per
Axis of headstock paral l e l w i t h table 601 o to 0·02 per mandrel inclined towards the grinding 3 00 mm.
movement in vertical plane (rising 300 mm. whcel)
towards the free end of mandre l ; upper
table in position of Fig. 2 . zero Axis of cent res (mandrel between centrcs) 10 o to 0'01
position) parallel with table movement in vertical
plane (rising towards tail stock end)

I
Ditto. in horizontal plane (free end of 6b o t o 0·01 per
mandrel inclined towards grinding 3 0 0 mm. G r i nd i n g wheel spindl e :
wheel) Taper o f s p i n d l t: for true running IIa 0'005

J
S p i n d l e for axial slip measured at 2 l lb 0'01
points, d i s p l aced hy 1 80·

I
.
Test Chart (or C y l i ndrical Grinding No. 2 1
Machines Chart 3
mm.
TABLE OF E Q L' I VALENTS
[Link] o f wheel spindle parallel with table 1 13 o to 0·01 p e r
movement i n vertical plane (rising 1 00 m m .
towards free end of mandrel)
1 . For Converting Mm. Tolerances into Inch Tolerances

) 1
D i t t o . in horizonta l plane (free end of -12b '0 to 0'01 p c ;
mandrel i n c l ined towards the tabl� _ 1 00 m m ._ _
--
Mm . Inch Mm. Inch Axis of wheel spindle and headstock at 13 0'1

I
0'003 0·000 1 2 0·03 0 · 00 1 2 same height w i t h respect to swivel
0'005 0'0002 0'05 0'0020 plate 1 3 01
--
0·01 0·004 0 0·2 O'OOSO
0·02 O'OOOS
D i t t o , f o r i n t e rn a l g r i n d i n g spindle 0'02

Risc and fall of whcel spindle i n its in- \4 0-05 o n total

feed movemcnt length of i n -
\ 401 f e c d motion
2. M etric Reference Lengths i n t o Inch Reference Lengths
I n - fecd motion of whccl slide square with 15 0 - 0 1 on t o tll l
bed ways (uppcr table set for cylindri- I c n gt h of in-
Mm. Inch Mm. Inch cal grinding by mean .. of dial gaugc) fecd motion
1 00 4 1 ,000 40
300 12 Q u i ck app roach t o the work, repcats 0'003 mm.
accurately to grinding position
(6 repetitions)
Fine infced : sensitive _ . . . . . 0·002 mm.
3 . M e t r i c Tolerances Refelred to Various Lengths i n t o
Inch Tolerances R e f e n e d t o 1 Foot and 3 Feet
�
\Vorking accu racy of machin e :
Machine rinds round
Up to 0 mm. dia. ( 3 -/, in.) . . 0'003
Mm . Inch )er foot Inch p e r 3 feet From 80 to 200 mm. din. (3 �-8 in.) 0·005
0·01 per l 00 mm. 0 ' 00 1 2 0 0'00360 Ovcr 200 mm. dia. (8 in.) . , . . 0·01
0·01 II 300 II 0«>040 0'001 20
I
II
0'02 I I 300 . . 01>OOSO 0'00240 Machine grinds cylindrically without
0'01 I I 1 .000 I I 0.Q()() 1 2 0·00036 npplying s t eady rests (convex only) :
0·02 I I 1 ,000 I I 0000 2 4 0·00072 Shafts, 1 ,000 mm. long. SO mm. dio. o to 0·0 1 5
0'03 I I 1 ,000 I I (}OO()3 6 O ' OO I O S (about 40 by 3 -/, in.)
Shafts, 5 00 mm. long. 5 0 mm. dia. o t o 0·008

I
0 {)4 I I 1 ,000 I I 0 0004S 0·00 1 44

1 . 00Q
0-05 " 1 .000 . . 0 00060 0·001 80 (about 2 0 b y 2 in.)
0-()6 . . .. 0 000 7 2 0'002 1 6 Shafts. 250 mm. long, 3 S mm. dia. o to 0·005
-
(about 10 by I i in.)

— 66 —
 Testing Planer - type Surface Grinders 22

Fig. 1

Precision
Spirit Level

Fig. J' F(g. '7

Fig. 5 fig. 8 rig. 9

Tes;t Chart for Planer· type Surfac e Grinders

I No. 22
I

Test Chart for Planer-type Surface Gri nd rs e I

No. 2 2
Chart 2

I
Chart 1

I
Fig. Pennissible Fig. Permissible
Test to be Applied
No. Error Test t o be Applied No. Error

I rrun . mm.

I
Bed and table: Standards a n d cross rail :
B ed straight in long. direction la 0·02 per Standards square with table in guide 4a 0·02 p e r
1 , 000 rrun . plane of standards I ,OOO mm.

I
I

I
Bed Bat or level in transverse direction Ib 0·02 p e r Ditto in plane perpendicular to guide 4b 0·05 p e r
1 ,000 rrun . plane 1 ,000 mm.

I I I
Table fiat or level in long. direction lc 0·02 p e r Standards parellel with each other, 4c 0·04 p e r
1 ,000 mm. measured at inner o r outer guide 1 ,000 rrun .

I I
surfaces

I
Ditto, in transverse direction Id ±O-o2 per
No twist permitted. I ,OOO mm. Cross rail parallel with table . . . . 5 0·02 p e r
1 ,000 rrun .

I I I
Rise a n d fal l of table i n i t s long. move- 2a 0·01 p e r
ment (for machines with horizontal 1 ,000 rrun . Incline of croaa rail in itB vertical adjust- 6 ± O -o 2 p e r
wheel-spindle only) ment 1 ,0OO mm.

I I I I
T -slots of table parallel with its long. 2b 0·01 per Grinding wheel saddl e :
movement (for machines with hori- 1 ,000 rrun. Taper or centring sleeve of wheel spindle 7a 0·01
zontal wheel-spindle only) for true running

Straightness of table movement (test

made by using taut wire, straightedge
3 0·01 per
1 ,000 mm.
Wheel spindle f o r axial s l i p . . . .
I 7b 0·01

or optical apparatus) (for machines Axis of wheel spindle parallel with table 8 0·01 per
with horizontal wheel-spindle only) 300 mm.

Axis of wheel s p indle square with table 9 0·01 p e r

I
(for machines w i t h vertical grinding 3OO mm.
wheel uis)

Workin g accuracy of machine :

Ground work plane-parallel within . . 0·01 p e r
I ,OOO mm_

Fur Table 0/ EquftJaUntl in EngliJh Measure lee page 70

— 67 —
 Testing Vertical Surface 6rinders 23

cl======:::,
rig. 2

Fig .J .
Fig':l Fig. s Fig. a

TADLE O F EQU I V A LENTS Test Chart for Vertical Surface Grinders

Fig.
I No. 23

Permissible
Test to be Applied No_ Error
1 . For Converting Mm. Tolerances into Inch Tolerances
Bed and tab l e: nun .
D e d straight i n long. direction · . · . la 0·02 per
l ,OOO mm.

I�
Mm. Inch Mm. Inch
0·01 0-0004 0'1 0·004 ±0-02 per
- -
Bed flat or level in transverse direction
0·02 0·0008 No twist permitted. 1 ,000 mm.

Table flIat or level in long. direction · . lc 0·02 per

l ,OOO mm.

I
2. Metric Reference Lengths into Inch Reference Lengths 1d
Ditto, in transverse direction · . · . 0·02 per
--
1 ,OOO mm.
. Rise and fall of table in its long. move- 2a 0·01 per
Mm. Inch Mm. Inch ment 1 ,000 nun .
1 00 4 1 .000 40
300 12 T -slots of table parallel with its long_ 2b 0·02 on total
movement len gth o f table

Grinding wheel saddle :

3 . Metric Tolerances Referred t o Various Lengths into Guide ways o f upright square with table 3 0·02 per
Inch Tolerances Referred to 1 Foot and 3 Feet surface in longitudinal direction 3 00 nun .

Ditto, in transverse direction · . · . 4 0-02 per

--
300 mm.

_
Mm. Inch per Foot Inch per 3 Feel Taper and cent ring sleeve, respectively, Sa 0·01
0·01 per 100 mm. 0-00120 0·00360 of wheel spindle for true running
0·02 . . 100 . . 0·00240 0·00720
0·03 . . 1 00 . . 0·00360 0·01 080 Wheel spindle for axial slip · . 5b 0 · 005
0·01 . . 3 00 . .
· .

0-00040 0-00120
0-02 .. 300 . . 0·000 80 0-00240 Wheel spindle square with table in plane 6 0·01 per
0-03 . . 3 00 . . 0-00120 0-00360 through centre of upright 300 mm.

0-0 1 5 :: .
0-01 1 ,000 . . 0·000 1 2 0·000 3 6 Radius of measuring arm 1 50 mm_
1 ,000 . . 0-000 1 8 0·000 5 4

.1
0,02 . . 1 ,000 ..
.
0-000 24 0-0007 2 Working accuracy of machine: 0·01 per
0·03 . 1 ,000 .. 0·000 3 6 0-00108 Ground work plane parallel to within . . 1 ,000 nun .

— 68 —
 Testing SurFace Grinders with Horizontal Wheel Axis
I 21.1-

�-
CDJ a

ID b
I
I
�
..1J- II
�
-L

/
J - - -- �9��[ I

---�
Fig. 1 Ftj. 4

r
#. � r- - - -
�
ls I I
l=�
b �

� /
Fig. 2 Fig. ri a

10
�
fL�
1- - --
�� I �� \
t-- - - -

f
"'" �
I -=Lsf
-
I

1
9
� / I

Fig .]
.
/0g. 5
I
I
Tesl CharI for Surface Grinders with
No. 24
Horizontal Wheel Axis

I I
Fig. Permiss i b l e
Test to be A p p l i e d
No. Error

Table fiat o r l e v e l in long. direction, I la

nun .
0'02 p e r
me85ured at several positions of table I ,OOO mm.

Ditto, in tran5verse direction - - - . Ib ±0·02 per

No twist permitted. 1 ,000 nun.

Taper and centring sleeve, respectivel y , - 2a 0·01

o f w h e e l spindle for t ru e running

Wheel spindle for axial s l i p - . . - 2b 0·01

Axi. of wheel lpindle p ara l l e l with surface 3 0-01 per

of table . . - - . . . - 300 mm.

I
Straightness of table movement . . 4 0·01 per
I ,OOO mm .

I
T -slota para l l e l with table movement . . S 0'01 per
I ,OOO mm.

I
Working accuracy of machine :
Machine grinds a fiat plane surface , 0·01 per
when finish grinding within "
I ,OOO mm_
When rough grinding, within .. 0-03 per
I ,OOO mm.

I
• For machines with pressed wheel-
body, balanced togethe r with main
spindle.

— 69 —
 Testing Surface Grinder with Vertically Adjustable Horizontal Grindinq Wheel Spindle

fig. 1

(
I I I
II

Fig 7 Ff!l. 8 8g. 9

I Chart I I Chart
Test Chart for Surface Grinders w i t h Ve r t i c al l y - N o . 25 Test Chart for Surface Grinders w i t h Verticatly- No. 25
adjustable Horizontal Gri n di n g Wheel Sp i n d l es 2

I
adjustable Horizontal Grinding Wheel Spindles

I I
F ig . Permissible Fig. Permissible
No.
Test to be Applied Test to be Applied Error
Error No.

mm. mm.

Work tabl e : Vertical adjusttnent of wheel spindle 9 0·02 p e r

Table fiat o r level i n long. direction . . la 0·02 per housing square with table in cross l00 mm.
1 ,000 mm. plane of machine

I
Ditto, in transverse direction Ib ±0'02 per Working accuracy of machine :

I
No twi at perll!- i tted . 1 ,000 mm. Machine grinds work plane parallel, 0·01 per
when finishing within I ,OOO mm.
Rise and fall. respectively. '>f table in its 2 0·0 1 5 per Machine grinds work plane parallel, 0·03 p e r
lengthwise movement 1 ,000 nun. when roughing I ,OOO mm.

I I I
Surface of table parallel with its trans- 3 0·01 on total
verse movement width of table

" 1 1 1
T -slots parallel with table movement 4 0'01 5 per
1 ,000 nun.

I I I
T-slots square with transverse move- 5 0,03 per
ment of table 300 mm.

Wheel spindl e :
Taper an d centring sleeve. respectively. 6a 0·01
of wheel lpindle for true runni ng

I Wheel spindle for axial slip . . . .

I 6b
I 0·01

I Wbeel spindle panlllel with table (test

made by tum-round method)

Wheel .pindle .qUAR with T-slotl (testa

I I 7

8
0·02 per
300 mm.

0·02 per
made by tum-round method) 300 DlDl.

— 70 —
 "Testing Universal Tool and Cutter Grinders 26

Fig . .]

a a
a

�I���� U
--------���-- I

Fi . 13

N . 26
r I I
r No. 262
,
T e st Chart Cor Universal Tool and o Test Chart Cor Universal Tool and

IN.
Cutter Grind ers Chart 1 Cutter Grinders Chart

I I�I
rom
Fig. Pennissible Permissible
Test to be Applied Test to be Applied Error
o Error No.

Work table :
Table parallel with wheel spindlt
I 0·02 per
.

Tailstock spindle parallel with centre 9b

mm.

0·01 per
l oo mm.
I
I 3 OO mm. T -slot of table

I 2
I I
Transven;e movement of table parallel 0·01 per Tailstock axis in line with work head l Oa 0·02
with t a b l e surface l oo mm. axis 10 vertical plane (work head
previously to be set parallel with table

I I I
Adjustment of knee square with table 3 0·03 p e r and T -slot b y means o f mandrel)
surface in plane through long. axis o f l oo mm .
table Ditto. in horizontal plane . l Ob 0,02

I I
. · .

I I I
Ditto, i n plane p e rpendicular to said 4 0·03 p e r

rom ,
p l an e l OO mm. Wheel spindl e :

I I
Wheel spindle for true running . . · . l la 0·01
C u i d e for p i l l a r square with table in 5 0·03 p e r
· . I l lb
I 0·01
I
12
p l :[Link] through longi tudinal aris of table 100 Wheel spindle for axial sli p .

I I
.

Ditto, in plane perpendicular to said 6 0·03 p e r Vertical adjustment of wheel hezd square 0·03 p e r

mm.
plane l oo mm. with work table in plane throi:gh long. 1 00 mm .

I I l
axis of tab l e (for machin!s with

mm
Rise and fal l . respectively, of table in its 7 0·03 per vertically adjustable wheel hClid)
long. travel 3 OO

I
Ditto. in plane perpendicular to said 0·03 p e r

12
accor-
plane (for machines w i t h vertically ding 1 00 .

mm
Univerw head and tailstock: adjustabl e wheel head) to
Taper o f work head spindle run s true ; 8 0·01
maximum amount by which mandrel Pad for centre gauge on l e v e l with axis o f 13 0'1
100 . long (about 4 in.) runs out wheel spindle
of truth

Tailstoclt spindle parallel with table . . 9a 0·01 per

l oo mm.

For Table of EqWvalmts in English Measure see page 76

— 71 —
 Testing Upright Drilling Machines
Precisiol1
Spirit Level

bO
a, �� l a,
bC
rig. 4

b�
a, O<>CJ a,
bC
r(;. ,j rig. 6' rig. 7

Test Chart for Upright Drilling Machines I No. 3 1

TABLE OF EQU I VALENTS (Rigid Type) . Chart 1

Fig. Pennissible

I
Test to be Applied
No. Error
1. For C on v e rt ing Mm. Tolerances into Inch Tolerances I
Upright : mIn .

Levelling by frame l evel a or by spirit la 0·()4 per I

Mm. I nch Mm. Inch l evel and straightedge a J 300 mm.

I
0·02 0·0008 0·05 0·0020 U p right (guides of work table) square 111 o to 0·05 p e r
nun .
0·03 0·0012 with baseplate in p l ane through centre 300

I I
I
of baseplate (upper end inclined
towards the front side) I
2. Metric Hcference Lengths into Inch Hefercnce Lengths
Ditto, in plane perpendicular to said 2a 0·03 p e r
• Mm . I nches Mm . Inches plane 3 00 nun.
100 4 1 ,000 40

tabl � in . plan e of drill spin � le (upper

300 12 GuidCli of drill s p indle head square with Ib o to 0·05 per
300 nun .
end 11lchned towards front Side)
I
I
3. Metric To l erances Referred to 1 00, 300, and 1 ,000 Mm.
I
into Inch Tolerances Referred to 1 Foot and 3 Feet Ditto, in p l ane perpendicular to said 2b 0·03 per
p l ane 3 00 nun .
Mm . Inch p e r Foot Inch per 3 Feet
0·02 per 100 mm. 0'00240 0·00720
1 00 0·01080 Dril l spind l e and work table :
0·03 0·00360
Taper of drill spind l e runs true ; maxi- 3 U·U3
0·()4 1 00 0'00480 0'01440
0·02520 mum amount by which mandrel
0·07 100 0'00840
0·00120 300 nun . ( 1 2 in.) long runs out of
0·01 300 0·00040
0·00360 truth
0·03 300 . . 0·00120
0·05 300 0·00200 0·00600
0·00720 Drill spind l e square with work table in 4a o to 0·05 p e r
0·06 '"3 00 0·00240
0·00960 p l an e through centre of baseplate 300 nun .
0'08 .. 300 .. 0·00320
0·1 0·00400 0·01 200 (tum round method · ; spindle at lower
300
0·00360 end inclined towards upright)
0' 1 . . 1 ,000 . . 0·00120
0·2 .. 1 ,000 .. 0'00240 0·00720
Ditto, in plane perpendicular to said o4b 0·03 per
0'3 .. 1 ,000 . . 0·00360 0·01080
plan e 300 nun.
1 .. 1 ,000 . . 0·01200 0·03600
1 ·5 . . 1 ,000 . . 0'01800 0·05400
2'5 . . 1 ,000 . . Oo()9()OQ
• mID.
0·03 000
Turn round radiw 1 50 (6 in.)

— 72 —
 Testing Pl'l/ar- Type Drilling Machines 32

Fig ] fig. J fig. J

Fig. 9 fig. 10

I I I
Test Chart for Upright Drilling Machine No. 31 No. 3 2
Test Chart for Pillar-Type Drilling Machines
(Rigid Type) Chart 2 Chart I

I I I
I
F
ig. Pennissible Fig. Pennissible
Test to be Applied
No. Error Test to b e Applied No. Error

nun . Column : mm.

Drill spindle s�uare with baseplate in Sa o to 0·05 per Levelling by frame level b or by s p i r i t Ib 0·04 per
plane thcoug centre of baseplate 300 nun . level a n d stra ightedge b l 3OO mm.
(tum·round method- ; spindle at lower Drill head guides paral l e l with column In 0·05 per
end inclined towards upright, sleeve in (table guides) in plane through centre 3 00 mm.

I I
u p permost position) of base

I II I

;...- lI
Ditto, in p lane perpendicular to said 2a 0·05 per
Ditto, in plane perpendicular to S<lid 5b 0·03 per plane 3OO mm .
plane 300 nun .

I
o t o 0·08
per

.
COlwrul (table guides) square w i t h base- Ib

I
plate in plane through centre o f base 3OO mm.

--ll II
Sleeve square with work table in plane of 6 0 to 0·05 per (column mclined at upper end towards
drill spindle (sleeve at lower end in- 3 00 nun the front side)
clined towards uprigh t ; tests made
I
W ith th e co un te cwe ight l upp o rt ed ) D i�l� in
�
plane perpendicular to said 2b ��5 =
e

Ditto,
plane
;...__
in p lane perpendicular to said
_______________________ I7 0·03 p e r
__ _300
__ mm.
_
Guides of drill h e a d square with table in
plane of drill spindle (guides incl ined
at upper end towards the front s ide)
3

��--
I
----�1
0 to 0'08 per
300 mm.

I
I�-------------------------�! ---
Working accuracy of machine is assured : 8 t-(l per D itto ' in p Iane p e rp e n d i c u Ia r to sa id 4 1 0.0 5 p er
Maximum inclination of drill spindle l ,ooo mm. plane 300 mm.
from ita position &quare with table, the
drill p ressu re being set to correspond Drill sp'indle and work table :
with the ma:rlmWIl diameter of drill Taper of dnll spindle for true running :
and its proposed. or advised feed, lee For machines with up to No. 2 Morse 5 0·03
table on page 22. (Drill ipindle head taper, measured on mandrel 1 00
and work table in positions half·way nun . ( 4 in.) long
along their respective guide-ways) Larger than No. 2 Morse tapers, 0'04
measured on mand rel 300 mm.
( 1 2 in.) long
- Tum round radius 1 SO mm. (6 in.)

For Table of Equivah'lts in E'IC!ish Measure see page 76

— 73 —
 Testing Multi- or Universal Head Drilling Machines .33

ng. l Fig. 2

bQ
a �=C:Ja
Fig S b� Fig. 8

Test Chart for Pillar Type Drilling M ac hines I No. 32

Chart 2
Test Chart for Multi-spindle Drilling Machines
with Universal-joint Driven Spindles I
No. 3 3
Chart 1

I �I I I
Permissible F ig . Permiss i b l e
Test to be Applied Test to be Applied
No. Error No. Error

I nun. Upright and spindle slide (for machines nun .

Work table for true running . . . . 6
I 0·05 p e r
300 nun .
with a dj ustable spindle slide) ;

I
Upright (guIde ways for spindle slide) la 0·05 p e r
in (lium. square with work clamping surface in 300 nun .
plane through centre of machi�e

I I
Drill spindle 'quare with table in plane 7a o to 0·08 per
through centre line of baseplate 300 nun . Ditto, 10 plane perpendicular to said 2a 0·03 per
(m�urements taken by the tum- plane 300 nun .
round method ; spindle inclined at
lower end towards column) Dottom surface of spindle slide (clamp - tb o to 0·06 per
ing suface for spindle holders) square 300 mm.
D i tto, in plane perpendicular to said 7b 0·05 per with upright guide ways in plane
plane 3OO mm. through centre of machine (dipping at
-
front)

I I I
Sleeve square with table in plane of drill 8 o to 0·06 per Ditto, in plane perpendicular to said 2b 0·03 per
spindle (sleeve inclined at lower end 300 nun . plane 3 00 nun .
towards column; tests made with the
counterweight supported) Upright and work table (for machines
with adjustable work table) ;
Ditto, in plane perpendicular to said 9 0·06 per Work table square with guide ways of 3 o to 0·05 per
plane 300 nun . upright in plane through centre of 300 nun .
machine (table rising at front end)
--

Working accuracy of machine nssured Ditto, in plane perpendicular to said ia 0·03 per
w i thin : plane 3 OO m m .
M axim w n permissible incline of drill 10 2·S per
spindle from its position square with I ,OOO mm. Guide for table feed square with clamp- S o t o 0·04 per
tab le ; the drill pressure being set ing surface of table in plane through 100 nun .
to correspond with the maximum dia- centre of machine (table rising at front

�
meter of drill at ita recommended feed, end)
see table on age 22. (Drill spindle

I I
head and wor table in positions half- Ditto, in plane perpendicular to said 4b 0·02 p e r
way along their reapective guide way.) plane 1 00 nun .

— 74 —
 Testing Radial Drilling Machines

Precision
Spirit Level

Fig ! hg 2 FIg. .J hg. ¢

----+--------':...-
.- ----t ------"------+---- .- - - - - - - -----/

F(q. 5

I I Chart I
Test Chart for Multi-spindle Drilling Machines No. 33 No. 3 4
Test Chart for Radial Drilling Machines

I
with Universal·joint Driven Spindles Chart 2
Fig. Permissible Test to be Applied �o : I
Fig Pennissible
Error

. .. .. .. I
Test to be Applied
I
No. Error
1 I 0 · 1 per
Baseplate ; · mm

-I-- Il ��-�":'"
Drill spindles: mm. Baseplate flat or level In longitudinal .
Tapers of drill spindles for true running 6 direction . 1 ,000 mm.
(measurements taken at an inter­ Ditto, in transverse direction . _ 2 . 0 ' 1 per
_

mediate inclination of universal-joint

Column square with baseplate in plane l 1 I
spindles) C olwnn ; .
through centre line of basep late (sleeve :I
For Irulchines with up to No. 2 l\lorse 0·03
[
I I
taper. measured on a mandrel, 1 00
mm . long (4 in.) inclined towards the front side)

I
With Morse taper larger than 2. 0·05 For machines up to 1 ,400 mm (4 ft. 0 to 0·2 per
1 ,000 m m .
.

measured on a mandrel. 300 mm. 7 in.) length of radial llml (maximum

long ( 1 2 in.) spindle radius)
For machines of over 1 ,400 mm. (4 Ct. o to 0·3 per
Drill spindles square with clamping 7 in.) length of radial arm 1 ,000 mm.
surface fIV work and work table, Ditto, in plane p erpendicular to plane 2 0'1 per
respectively, in plane through centre
-- -
of machine (measurements taken by -
through centre line of baseplate I ,OOO mm.
- . - - ... - . -
the tum-round method with the Arm : ·
.pindlcs set Ilt an intermediate inclina­ Ann parallel with baseplate (dipping at 3
tion ; spindles inclined It lower end outer end) ;
towards the upright) : For machines up to 1 ,400 mm_ (4 ft. o to 0·2 per
For universal-joint spindles mounted 7n o to 0'07 per 7 in.) length of radial ann 1 ,000 mm .

in adjustable spindle holders l 00 mm. For machines of over 1 ,400 mm. length o to 0'3 per
o to 0·03 per mm .
-- - - - - - ---
F or universal-joint spindles mounted Sa of radinl arm 1 ,000
in fixed bearings on exchangeable 100 mm. Saddle ways, fiat or level . . . . 4 0·1 per
cluster plate
. - -- 1 ,000 nun.
Ditto, in plane p erpendicular to plane Drilling spindle : '
Taper of spindle for true running' I1.

I 6e·Il -0�1 ,000

thro.. 'gh centre of machine : 5 0·03
For universal-joint spindles mounted 7b 0·07 per maximum amount by which mandre ,
in adjustable spindle holders l 00 mm. 300 lIun. ( 1 2 in.) long may run out

I\ - I 0'1 per
For universal-joint spindles mounted Rb 0·03 per Spindle square with baseplate in plane t-
o�0�'-=2-p--
e-
r
in fixed bearings of exchangenble 100 mm. through centre line of baseplate mm .

I
cluster plates . . 1 (lower end inclined towards column)
- 6··
__ _ _ _ __ __ _

Working accuracy: I 0·1 per Ditto, In p lane perpendicular to said ,

1 ,000 mm .
'
I
P.B1Ic1ism of holes l 00 mm. �...:.. ---- - --''----- 1
plane ---------_._- -

• and •• See footnotes or.. Chart 2

— 75 —
 Testing t/orizontal Borin; Machines

Fig_ ! Fig. ?

Fig. 9 Fig. to

fig 'S

fi.?- /8 fii. Q
— 76 —
:----- ---"--
I I
No. 3 4 Test Chart (or Horizontal Doring Machines No , 3 5
T es t Chart (or [Link] Drilling Machines Chart 2 with Spindles u p t o 8 0 m m . ( 3 ,\ in.) Chart I

I�I
diameter
Permissible
Test t o be Applied

.
No. Error Fig. Permissible

I !I,
Test to be A p p lied
N o. Error
Imn.

.
Feed of s p i n d l e sleeve square with base­ 7 o to 0 ' 1 p .: r mm

I
p l a t e i n plane through centre line of 300 nun. lied and work ta ble :
baseplate (inclined at lower end Bed ways straiJ:ht in long. d i rection . la ±O·O\ per

I
ne
towards column) 1 ,000 mm.

I I I
!
Ditto, in plane perpendicular to said 8 0 ' 0 5 per !.led lIat or level in transverse d i rection Ib ±0'01 p e r
p la 3 00 mm. No twist p e r m i t t e d . 1 .000 mm.

I
I

,
D r i l l s p i n d l e square with box taQle con- 0 to 0·2 per Ways uf cross-slid.: s t rnight an 101lg . 2a ±0·01 per

t;II;
mounted on baseplate in plane through f <? rm- 1 ,000 m m . direction 1 ,000 mm .

I
centre line of bas.:plate (spindle i n - 109 I
c l i n .: d a t lower �nd towards column) to 6 I \\'ays of cross s l i d .: Ilat or leeel in tram- 2b ±0·01 per
I

I
�------_+- ' verse d i rection I ,ooo mm.

I
Ditto, in plane perpendicular to said COII- U' I per
fo n n _ , mill. . ur

--
plane ooo \Vork table n a t level (concave only) . . 3 o to 0·03 p e r

��
500 mm.
I
i
I
t
t -------------------; -- 4a ±0'02 per

I''
Incline o f table i n its longitudinal travel
\Vorking accuracy of machine i s assured : 1 , 000 nun.

I I
I\olaximum p.:rmissibl.: detlection of arm 1 · 5 per
11I J 1 l .

I
i n the extreme position of saddle, when I ,llOU D i t t u , ill i t s tnl l l s e e rsc t ravel 4h ±O'05 per

I
applying the maximum diameter ()f I ,O(lU m i l l .
d r i l l at the proposed feed according
t o table on page 22, provided that Ditto, in its rotary movement . . ±0'02 pc:r

I
the baseplate I S grouted in and bolted 1 ,000 mm.
'I

I I
to the foundation (arm raised to half its
vertical movnnent on the column) U p r i g h t and o u t e r s u p p o r t :
- With all measurement s , the arm is to Upright square w i t h bed i n plane of Sa o to 0·03 per
po,itioned halfway up the column and boring spindle (inclined at t h e upper I ,000 mm.

, .
the saddle halfway a l o n g t h e radial e n d , inwards)
ann.
- - M easurements taken in the following Ditto, in plano: perpendicular to said 6 ±0'03 per
four positions : plane I ooo mm

mm arm
Radial ann raised to one-third and two­

I,
thirds of its vertical movement.

mm
D r i l l ing-spindle axis in each case at
ap p roximatel y 300 . (1 2 in.) and Test Chart (or Horizontal BoHng Machines No. 35
two- t h i rds of radial length. with Spindles up to 80 mm. (3 ..... in.) Chart 3
T ramm e l aml 25Cl . ( 1 0 in.) long.

I .
diameter

, I I
Fig. Permi ss i b l e
Test Chart for Horizontal Boring Machines t Test to be Applied

I.
N o . 35 No Error
with Spindles up t o 80 mm. (3 ..... i n)
diameter Cha rt 2

I -
mm.

1
. .
Doring spindle parallel with t r a v e l of 13a 0'02 p e r
Fig. Permissible
Test to be Applied tab l e in vert ical plane 500 m m .
No. Error

I
. . 1 14
Ditto, i n horizontal p l a n e . . 1 3b 0·02 p e r
mm.
500 mm.

, 1 I
G ui d e s on outer support squar.' w i t h bed 5b 0'05 p e r
i n p lane o f b o r i n g spindle I ,OOO mm.
I Boring s pin d le square w i t h ways of cross 0·03 p e r
s l i d e (turn- round method) . . I ,OOO m m .
Dino, in pllAne perpendicular to said i 0·05 per i
I I
plan.: (incline corrcsponding with 1 ,000 mm.

I
T -slots of table square w i t h boring 15 0·02 per
u p right)
s pin d le ill the zero position of table 500 m m .
(locked by index pin)
Spindle carriage : ncar nose
Taper of boring spindle runs true ; 8 0·0\

g
T-slots o f table parallel w i t h feed o f 16 0·02 per
maximum amount b " which mandrel
b o r i n g spindle i n t h e 90' p o s i t i o n of 500 mm,
3 0 0 mm. ( 1 2 in.) lon may run out of
table (locked by index p i n )
trudl- (measuremem� taken with t h e
i
.
s p i n d l e withdrawn) 0·02

I I I
B o r e of o u t e r support i n l i n e w i t h boring 17 0·03

I
spindle In horizontal p l ane (lateral
B o r i n g spindle for true running (spindle 9 0·03
deflection ; measured halfway up
advanced by 300 mm. ( 1 2 i n »

I !
column)

I I
Faceplate and spindle bush, respect ively, lOa 0·02
Ditto, i n \'ertical plane (automatic adjust- 18 0·03
for true running
ment is made from the lower position

!
u p wards)
Faceplate and spindle bush, respectively, l Ob 0'01
f o r axial s l i p : measured a t 2 points,
For the working accuracy of machine
i
displaced by 1 800

I I I
r-;o. 35 see pa!:e 83 .
Boring 'pindle square with ways on 11 0 t o 0·03 p e r

I I
u p ri g h t (spindJe rising at front end) 1 ,000 m m .

D o r i n g s p i n d l e parallel with work t a b l e

in vertical � Iane
12 0·03 per
5 00 mm. I I

— 77 —
 Test Chart (or Horizontal Boring
with Sp in d l e s over 80 m m .
diameter
(3 Machines
l, in.)
I
No.
Char
36 1

i Fig. Pennissibll:

30
Test to be Applied
No. Error

I Ued and work tabl e : rrun. - -- " Spind l e carriage :

Taper of boring spindle runs true :

I
Bed ways s t [Link] in long. d i rection la ±0'02 per
1 ,000 rrun. maximum amoum by w h i c h mandrel

I
mm. ( 1 2 i n . ) long may run out
Bed fiat or l e � e l i n transverse direction. Ib ±0'02 per
of truth (measurements taken with
N o twist pennitted. 1 ,000 mm.
spindle withdrawn)
Ways of cross slide straight in long. 2a ±0'04 p e r Uoring s p i n d l e for true running (spindle -9 - 0:03 -

3 I 0·03
direction 1 ,000 rrun. advanced by 500 nun. ( 20 in.»
Ways of cross slide fiat or l e v e l in trans­ 2b ±0·02 per -Faceplate and spindle bush, respectively, l Oa --0-'02 - "
\'erse direction 1 ,000 nun . for true running
Faceplate and spindle bush, respectively, lOb 0·01
I '\'ork table flat or level (concave only) . . 0 to per
displ ace�

0·03
f o r axial s l i p ; measured a t t w o points,
I 500 mm. by 1 80 deg
, -=-._ "-:--_ �_..,..._
...
, I n c l i n e o f work table i n its long. travel 4a ± 0 ·0 2 per noring spindle square wIth guide o f u p - -1-
1-' 0 to 0·03 per
--
1 ,000 mm. right ( spindle rising) 1 ,000 mrn .
Ditto, in its transverse travel . . . 4b ±0·05 per Uori ng spi mll c paral l e l with work table 12 per

0·03
·
, 1 ,000 nun
I
--
. in vert ical p Ia_n_e
,,-- _ _ _
S OO mm.
___ _ _

Ditto, in i t s rotary motion

_
. 4 ±0·02 p e r
_
. · . Uoring sp ind l e parallel with tabl e move­ 13a 0 · 0 2 pe;­
1 ,000 mm.
--O:OiPeT"
I ment i n vertical plane S OO mm.
,

±0'03
Upright and outer support : -D i t t o , in horizontal plane
I
- 1 3b '

1
I
Upright square with bed in plane of Sa o to per 500 nun.
- - - - - - - - - ----- - -- -- . -- --- - - . -
1 ,000 mm.
�
boring spindle (upright inclined in- n o r i n g spindle square with ways o f cross 0·03 p e r
14
wards at upper end) s l i d e t u rn ���nd method) 1 ,000 mm .

Ditto, in plane perpendicular to said 6 per T-slots of table square with boring -1-5-',' 0·02 per

�
plane 1 ,000 mm. spindle i n the zero-position of table 500 mm .
�cke d by means of index pi n )
.

I
__

Guides of outer support square w i t h bed Sb 0·05 p e r T- s l o t s of t a b l e parol l l c:l w i t h feed of 16 0 · 02 p e r

in plane of boring spindle 1 ,000 mm. 500 mm .
I
boring spindle in the 90·deg. position
of t a b l e (locked by index pin) 1

I I I � l'
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Ditto, in plan� perpendicular to said 0·05 per Bore of outer support in line: with boring - - '0'03
p lane (mcline corresponding with 1 ,000 mm. spindle in horizontal p l a n e (lateral de-
I
u p right) flectio n ; measured halfway up column)
7

Testing Horizontal Boring Machines

with Adjustable Colum ns
.J7
.

I
" -TestC hart (or HorizontalDoring Machines No-:-- 3f' rr=iI Precision
__ .___ -'w
.;,.·"" h;"",;"A::.,;djustable Col umns
it"" l!.!J Spirit Level
Fig. Pennissible
Tests to be Applied
No. Error
------���-��-------I -�
Bed and upright : mm.
Bed ways straight in long. direction la ±0·02 p e r
1 ,000 mm.

I
Bed flat or l evel in transverse d i rection. ±0·02 p e r
No twist permitted. 1 ,000 mm.

Guides of upright square with bed in 2b 0·03 p e r I'lg. 1 riy. 2

plane of boring spindle 1 ,000 m m .

I
3
Ditto, 1 0 p l a n e perpendicular to s a i d Ib ±0·03 per
plane 1 ,000 mm.
--�---���--�------+-- -
Spindle carriage :
Taper of boring spindle runs true ; maxi· 0·02
mum amount by which mandrel 300
mm. ( 1 2 in.) long may run out of
truth (measurements taken with the
spindle withdrawn)

Boring spindle for true running . 4a

I'lg. 1I
·

Spindle advanced 500 mm. (20 i n . ) 0·03

.. .. 1 ,000
1 , 500 "
" (40 .. )
(60 .. )
0·05
0·08
/ig,J

I I I
" ..

Faceplate and spindle bush, respectively, 4b 0·02

f or true running

I I �O'O O<l3P�
Faceplate and spindle bush, respectively, 4c 0 ·0 1 5
for axial s li p : measured at two points
displaced b y 1 80 deg.

Boring 'pindle square with u p r ight (turn-

round method ; spindle rising at front 1 ,000 mm
.
end)

I'lg.5 6j 6'
Boring spindle square with bed (tum- 6 ±0·03 per
round method) 1 ,OOO mm.

— 78 —
 - . - - _ .- - --- - - --- -- - ---- - --

I
I
S p i n d l e: up Spind le: W ith i
Working Accuracy
I
to 80 mm. I ove: r 8 0 mm. adjuatab l e with Fixed Headstocks up to 80 mm. (3 .... in.) Chan 1

I
Horizontal Boring ( 3 ir i n .) ( 3 .... in.) column
Permissible
IU
Mac h in e N o _ 35 a n d No_ 3 6 No. 3 7 Fig.
Test be A p p l i e d
38 No. E r ror

Permis s i b l e Permissible Permissible

Error Error E rror
n e d a n d w o r k tab l e : mm.
mm. mm. mm. Guides for outer s u p port square w i t h la ±0,01 per
The bores and outside
I
0-0 1 5 0·02 0·02 guidl's o f k n e e col umn I .ooo mm.
diameters to � round
Guides for OUII:r suppOr! parallel with Ib 0·02 per
!
i
The bores to b e c y l i n - 0·02 p e r 0·04 p e r 0·04 per guides of culumn i n p lane o f bori n g I ,OOO mm.
d ri caJ 300 mm. 3 00 nun. 3 00 mm. sp i nd l e
--
I n boring a hole half- ! 0-0 1 5 0·025 I 0·025 Ditto, an plan e p e r p e n d icular to said 2 0·02 per

I
w a y from one end a n d
I
-- :
plane 1 ,000 mm.

I
I
turning the re\'olving
table through 180 deg. I Guides o f k n e e strai�ht i n long. d i rection 3a ±0·02 per

I
to c omple t e the hole, I .ooo mm.
the bores to bc con-

0I
centric within I G u ides of knee l1at or level in transverse 3b ±0'02 per
d i rec ti on

0
I ,OOO mm.

I
1
Outside a n d i n s i d e d ia - 0-0 2 5 0 · 0 -4 I 0'0-4

I (conca ve . Ic o to
m eters of te:st p i ece to Work tab l e flat or level onl)') . 0·02 p e r
be concen tric within 5 00 mm.
i

I
Machined surf ace to be to 0·0 1 5 o t o 0'025 t o 0·025 I ncline of t a bl e in its vertical :Idj u s t m e lll 3c ± 0·03 p e r
fiat (concave only) per per per I ,OOO mm.

I I
300 mm. 3 00 mm. 3 00 mm. I
,
I D i l t o , i l l i ts l o n g i t u J in:l1 t r a v e l - . . - 3c ±0'03 p e r

I I
M i l led surfaces on oppo- 0·025 per 0·025 per 0·025 per 1 ,000 mm.

I
site s i d ea o f work to b e 300 mm. 3 OO mm. 300 mm.

I
parallel within I D i t t o , i n i t s tr a n s v e rs e travel .. - - 3c ± 0 ' 0 3 per
i I ,ooo mm.
Surfaces at right angles 0·025 per 0·025 p e r 0·025 per
to be square within 500 m01, 500 mm. 500 nun, Ditto, in i ts rOlary movement .. .. Jc ±0'02 per
I

I
I

I ,OOO mm.

I I

Testing tforizontai Boring Machines with fixed Headstocks .18

Fig. .J

Fig. II Fig. S Fig. 5 Fig. 7

.J42§

.gi! Flj. 8
�--------�----------�---- --
For
Fig. 9
Tabl,' of Equivalmu in E1Iglish Measure set' page
Flj. /o
76

— 79 —
83
 - No. '4'i- ,
Test Chart Cor HOrizontal BOring Machines No. 38 '
I Chart 2
Test Chart for PlanIng Machines
I Chart I
I
I (Doubl e-standard Machines)

__ ___ I _No·_ I
with Fixed Headstocks

Pemlissi ble I
I I
- -1
I' Fig. Fig' l'ermiSSible
Test to be Applied Test to be Applied
r___ 1
1 _
E rr _
o No. Error
I

" \
__ _____

mm. Bed and table: mm.

Bed straight in long. direction:
Headstock : Maximum deflection of spirit level . . la ±0·02 per
1 ,000 m m .
I
Taper of boring spindle runs true; 4 0·02
maximum amount by which mandrel Maximum rise of bed (for machines 2a 0·05
300 mm. ( 1 2 in.) long may run out of from 1 ·5 m.- (5 ft.) upwards in
truth (measurements taken with planing length; tests made by the

---- -- ---
spindle withdrawn) water level and micrometer calipers

II Spindle I I
method or by long straight edge and
Boring spindle for true running (spindle 5 0·03 spirit level or by autocollimator)
mm.
advanced 500 (20 in.» 1 ----�
Bed flat or
level in transverse dircction :
bush for trw: running . . ., I 6a I 0·01 Maximum denection of spirit l evcl.

I
No twist pcmlitted Ib ±0'02 per
I Spindle bush for axial slip . . .. I 6b 0·0\ Maximum rise (for machinl's from I ,OOO mm.

I Boring spindle square with ways of cross I

2 m. (about 6 ft. 6 in.) upwards i n 2b 0·03

I
r------------------------
Boring spindle parallel with table move- 7 0·03 per planing length)
500 mm.

1I
ment in horizontal plane .. ..

I T-slots I
8 0·03 per Table flat or level in longitudinal

I I
slide (tum-round method) 1 ,000 mm. direction:
i\1aximum deflection of spirit level " Ic ±0'02 per
table square with boring
of 9 0·02 per 1 ,000 mm.
spindle in the zero position of table 500 mm. Maximum rise (for machines from 3a 0·05
(locked by index pin) 3 m. - ( 1 0 ft.) upwards in p laning
length)
T-slots of table parallel with feed motion 10 0·02 per
of boring spindle in 90-deg. position of 500 mm. • IVleasurement oC rise by the methods
table (locked by index pin) noted i s commencecj at 1 · 5 m. (S ft.) i

"
!------ I and 3 m. ( 1 0 ft.) respectively, since
Outer support bearing in line with boring I I 0·02 at, and beyond, these lengths the II
spindle rise possible, if only measured by i
For working accuracy, see page 83. spirit level, begins to surpass the
permissible error.
r=��
. ��==�==�====����
' ====================
! �==�1
Testing Planing Machines
I
�
.

C+"r -f-� iZ 2 1\
jr� l r ��i ll �' - -,,g_.\il
bf� � : ..t aK
I
b

a�1\ - JI\ W-
c d b a
ill
, Fig. 2

�rr�
,
Fig. ! Connecting Pipe

as b�
l� �
mb br.i�
- 1�"d '
a

Ij le '1 I

��
� 't' j

J�
.. . .. ... ... ... .. .. . . -� ... . .. ... ... .. .
I

(Ii)

�m
I l�
CcJnnecting Pipe Fir;. "
[Q]
tr!§f� m !Jrj�L
•
.lli �
Precision
Spirit L e vel

- �
If
I lli=
j�
I I . "}-

I�1\
. F"'. '.:

I i J
Fi'q. 5 Fig. 0 Fig. 7 Fig. 8

I
�II . J-.
II I � �1�
In 1 � .I
1
Tr �r I LfT
� r

Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Fig. II

For Tablt 0/ EqllltJulm/r III Ellgluh Measure set pag6 ,6

— 80 —
 -- -. --1
Test Chart for Planing Machines
(Double-s andard Machine )

r Fig. /
No. -41-
Chart 2

Pennissible
Working Accuracy of Planing
. � Machineil (Double-s andard and
Opens ide Planer )
No. I
Fig. Permiuible
Error

�,f--
- ---;
Test to he Applied
No. Error 1. Finishing 4 to 6 test blocks lengthwise
Width and height of pieces (A, D, C,
F) : 75 mm. (3 i n . ) ; length 13

mm
mm. D, E,
Table tl:.lt or level in trAnsverse direction : of pieces, 500 mm. (20 in.)
M aximum deflection of spirit level Id ±0·02 per (I) Machines u p t0 2 ,ooo mm. (6ft. 6in.)
1 ,000 . planing length use 4 test blocks
Maximum rise (f or machines with from 3b 0·03 (A , B, C, D) 0·02 mm.
2 m. (approximately 6 ft. 6 in.) planing (2) Machines over2,OOOmm. (6ft. 6in.)
width) planning length usc 6 test-block
(A, B, C, D. E , F). Error for each
4a additional 1 m. (40 in.) in length 0·01

.
Rise and fal l , resp"'cti\'ely, of table in its mm.
long. travel for machines Maximum permissihle error 0·05 mm.
U p to 2 m. planing length 0·02 Use M icrometers or microgauges
0·002 nun. accuracy
· .

Over 2 m. planing l ength . · . 0·01 per

1 ,000 mm. Surfaces of pieces which rest on

·
table must be caref lilly prepared.

.
T -slots of table par.1llel with its long. 4b The pieces arc fastened in the
tra vel f or machines two outer T -slots of the table as
Up to 2 m. in planing length .. 0 02 indicated
Over 2 m. in planing length . 0·01 per Heights o f :1 1 1 points of the finished
1 ,000 nu n .
· .

surface arc checked from its

base, using an accurate straight­
5

. . .... ·
Straightness oftablenlovemcnt (measure. edge as basic surface

mm
ments taken by measuring wire
and microscops) for machine5 I I . Finishing two angle plates feeding the
Up to 2 m. planing length 0 02 tool vertically downwards 14 0'04 per
0·01 per

,. I ,
Over 2 m. planing length ( 1 ) Venical surfaces of both angle 1 ,000 •

I ,OOO mm. plates aligned horizontally 0'08 per

I I
(2) Each angle plate vertical to table 1 ,000 mm .
Play between table rack and wheel 0 2 top

I
Clock indicator (a), long straight·
II Uprights and cross rail :
Upri�hts square with table I n guide 6 0·03 per
edge (b)
The finished vertical surfaces o f the

I
plane of uprights 1 , 000 mm. angle plates (AI, A2) are in the

I
same plane. Square (B) on table
The finished venical surfaces o(
1-
the angle plates are perpendicu­
lar to their bases
The angle plates (A I , A2) arc f'ISt­
ened in the T -slot on the border

I
of the table as far apart from each

I Chart
T e s t Chart for Planing !'.lachines No. 4 1 other as possible for all lengths
(Double-standard Machines) 3

I I I
Fig. Pennissiblc

I
Test to be Applied Error
No.

I Chart
mm '
No. 42
Test Chart for Openside Planing Mac h i n es 1

I .
mm.

I
Uprights parallel with each other, 7 0·04 per
measured at the inner or outer surfaces 1 ,000 Fig, Permissible
Test to be Applied
.

of guide ways

I
No Error

Cross rail parallel with table Bed and planer table (see p. 86) : mm.
0·03

-
For machines up to 2'm. (6 ft. 6 in.) 8 Bed straight in long. direction: ±0'02 per
planing width Maximum deRection of spirit le\'el . . la 1 ,000 mm.
Ov('r 2 m. planiilg width i fo r each Maximum rise (for machines with 2a 0·05
additional 0 ' 5 m. (20 in.) planing planing lengths from 1 ' 5 m. ( 5 ft.)
width the permissible error is to be upward s; test made by the water
increased by 0·01 mm (0'0004 in.). level and micrometer calipers

I I
method or by long straight-edge
Incline of cross rail in its vertical 9 ± 0 ' 0 3 per and spirit level)
adjustment 1 ,OOO mm.
Bed flat or level, in tranS\'erse direction :

I I
Side head : Maximum deflection of spirit level. Ib ± 0 ' 0 2 per
Movement of side head square with table 10 0·02 per No twist p ennitted l ,ooo mm.
5 00 mm. 0·03

I I
Maximum rise for machines with 2b
planing width from 2 m. (about 2
Working accuracy o f machine ( i f cutting 6 ft. 6 in,) upward
teats are not possible):
(Tests to be perfonned with a plane- I

I
Table Hat or level in long. direction : ±O·O per

..
parallel straight-edge representing a Maximum defleCtion of spirit level Ic 1 , 000 mm.

I
workpiece, undamped and free from Maximum rise (for machines with 3a 0·05
stress e s) : planing lengths from 3 m.- ( 1 0 ft.)
I 1 1
Work is finished parallel · . upwards)
On machines up to 2 m. (80 in.) I 0·02
planing length within .
On machines with planing length over
. · .

I 0·01 per
• Measurement of rise by the methods
noted is commenced at 1 ·5 m. (5 ft.) I
i
2 m. (80 in.) within 1 , 000 mm . and 3 m. ( 1 0 ft.) respectively, since at,

I
(Cutting tests, see upper right comer) and beyond, these lengths the rise

I [
possible, if only measured by spirit
level, begins to surpass the pennissible
error.

— 81 —
 Testing Openside Planing Machines
I
---- -- _ . .

I [Q] Precision \
r
'-S h;; -�-'�
Spirit level

) a� m m n _ n

JIe'I

�YConnect/nq Pipe
�

I'lg tf
.---
Cylindrical (juids for A rm 1'i� 7a

)
- .:. ---
[
Test Chart 'or Opens i d e P l a n i n g M a c h i n e s
I No. 42
1 Chart 2 Test Chart for Opens ide Planing Machines I No. 4 2
Chart 3
/
Fig. Permissible Fig. Permissible

mm
Test to be Applied Test to be Applied
No. Error No. Error

rrun. .
I
I
Table flat or level in tr::msverse d i rection ;
Maximum [Link] of spirit level
Id ±0·02 per
l ,OOO mm.
I Column and ann:
Column squ3re with table in cross plane 6 o to 0·03 p e r
o f machine (column inclined at upper l ,OOO mm.
end towards the table; cross rail i n
I Table flat or level in transverse d i rection : upp ermost position, one tool box a t
Maximum rise ( fo r machines with 3b 0·03 end of a rm while testing)
planing widths of from 2 m. (approxi­

------- ----- ------ I

mately. 6 ft. 6 in.) upwards)
Cross rail parallel with table (dipping at 7
, ·, --- 1 1 outer e n d ; measurements to be made
t Rise and fall of table in its long. move- 4a in extreme vertical positions of arm)
I ment For machines up to 2 m. (6 ft. 6 in.) o to 0 ' 0 3
I For machines up to 2 m. planing l ength planing width

mm
0·02

i
Over 2 m. planing length . . 0'01 per Over 2 m . planing widt h ; for each

------- ----- -------

I ,OOO mm. additional 0·5 m. the permissible
• •

I �
error is to be increased by 0 · 0 1 .
' 1 1 (O·()()()t in.)
I T·slots of table parallel with its long.
1
4b
mO�'ement for machines
Up to 2 m. planing l ength .. 0·02 Side head :
Over 2 m. planing length 0 · 0 1 per Vertical movement of side h e a d square 8 o to 0·02 p e r
l ,OOO mm. with table (inclined a t upper end 5 OO mm .
towards the table)

S'�i.h'n5. 0' ;.b1 . mov.m. ' ".",

!
5
m3de by measuring wire and \Vorking accuracy of machi n e :
, m icroscope)
For machines up to 2 m. planing It!ngth
(Tests m a d e b y parallel straight-edge

I representing a workpiece undamped

0·02
Over 2 m. plamng length . . . . 0·01 per and free from stresses) :
I ,OOO m m . The workpiece is finished parallel

m.
9
O n machines up to 2 m. planing 0·02

Play between tabl e rack and wheel

I engtb within
0·02 Over 2 planin g length within 0-01 per
1 ,OOO mm.

For Table of Equivalents in English Measure see page 16

— 82 —
 Testing Snaping Machines
1 1 1
43
---'--
.-
r;::;, Pl'Ulsion ---:----
l!!iJ Spiri t L�re'

FIg. 4

I7g. fi
----�--- I

rig. 7 rig. 8 ng .9 . 17g. 1tJ

I
N o . 43 No. 43
Test �hart for S h a p in g M a c hi n es Chart 1
Test Chart for S h a p i ng Machines Chart 2

Test to be Applied
Fi g.
No.
Permissible
Error

mm.
Test to be A p p l i e d
I Fig. I
No.
Pennissible
Error

nun .
Tab l e fl at and level i n both d i rections 0·04 p e r Movement of r-am p a r a l l e l w i t h side 6b o to 0·02 p e r
T - s l o t s ( s l o t s r i s i n g a t front e n d )
• •

1 ,000 m m . 3 0 0 mm.
Column a n d t a b l e s l i d e :

I la
G u i d I! s u r face of ram square w i t h gu i d e Side c l a m p i n g s u rfaces of t a b l � p a r a l l e l 7 0·02 per
5ur- f aces of column in plane through 0·02 p e r w i t h i t s vcrtical adj u s t m e n t 3OO mm.

------- Ii ---
centr-e o f c o l u m n 300 m m . ------- --- ------ I i
- ------ G u i d e for t a b l e support paralld with 8 0·02 per
Front bearing su rface of table s l i d e nat Ib 0·03 p e r transverse movement of table 3 OO mm.
or l e o: e l 1 .000 10m.
------ 1 --- -- --- 1
Tahle sad d l e :
U p p e r g u i d e on t a b l e s l i d l' square w i t h 2 0'03 p e r (for m<lchill l's equipped w i t h s a d d l e ) :
column ways 300 m m . S a d d l e s u r face square w i t h g u i d e s u rface o t o 0·02 per
-- -- o f ram ( i n c l i n e d at u p p e r e n d towards 300 mm.
Work tab l e : t h e column)
U p p e r s u rface o f table square w i t h s i d .. 3 0·02 per
clamping sur-faces 3 00 nun. T-slo15 o f tahle saddle p a r a l l e l with i t s 10 0·02 pl"r
tr:tn�verse m o v e m e n t 300 mill.
I n c l i n e of table in i t s t nmS\'crsl' move­ 3 ± O · O I S p <: r
ment 300 m m . \\.orkillJ.; aCCUrllCY of machine :
I . F i n i s h i n g I c s t · b lock : l\1aximum length II
D i t t o , in i t s vertical mO\'cment . . 3 ± 0'02 p e r I . of t e s t · b l o c k - f o f s t roke of ram ;
3 00 m m . 4 in. to 5 m. w i d e .
!\-I a t e r ia l : s t e d of 3 S to 40 I o n s per
U p p e r s u r face o f table pam l i d w i l h i t s 4 0 · 0 1 per s q . ill. or cast-i ron o f 1 2 t o I S I O n s
t r a n s v erse moo'ement 300 m m . p e r sq. i n .
( 1 ) Finishing su rface A
Movement of ram parallel with work 5a o til 0 · 0 1 5 ( 2 ) F i n i s h i n g s u r face n
table (table r i s i n g a t front) per 300 mm. Thc fi n i s h e d su rf aces arc paralld with
each olhl'r measured by ,niCfOntt:lt:r
I\.iovernellt of ram p:lr:lllel with T·slot5 . . Sb 0 ·0 1 5 p e r of 0·002 mm. (0·0001 in.) accuracy 0·02 per
3 00 m m . 300 mm.

Movement of ram paralld with side 6a 0 · 0 2 pl'r

clamping surfaces
- --
3 OO m m .

For Table of Eqllit:nlell fS ill H1Ig/ish NleoSll,.,. ser PO!! e 7 6

— 83 —
 Testing Slotting Machines

�J l

��
e
,.,

((.
, � .: q ' :1

_r:::�
: _l( I" I�
I
�.� I
.. ..

I
b
I
d'
Fig. ? r(g. 2 Flg .1 .

Test Chari for Slolting M a c hi n e..

I

I
N o. 4�
Chart 2
,
.

Fig, Permissible
Test to he A p p l i e d No, Error

Work i n J.! H\"\."Unh."" uf "ult-h i",-: G l l ides for l rans\·cr� .. slide straighl i n Ic ± 0 '04 p e r
II. Fi n i �h i l \ � " ,:n i" al ",rf,,,·,· , ' I d i re c l ion a t dghl a l1 l( l e s to b e d ways I ,OOO m m .

I I
un).!!..· p l a t t- u r p r i s l n ; 11 ii' hh "�ok
I I -=- , .,( \" 'I-l i\"al " " ' \T I 1 ,,'I" G lIidej; fo r transv<'r$c! s l i d " Oat o r level in Id ± 0 '04 per
(If . . ,"\. d i reclion of h ed ways 1 ,000 mm.

I
1 . ... I\�lh I . . . r hl" " k " r al l,.:I,'
p l nh· .... J u l" S l f\,k,· uf L \ 1 " \V u " k I"hle n a t or level (concave only) . , Ie 0 t o 0·02 p e r
F i l \ i � h i n � "" rf",'" ,\ 1 1 : 300 mm. din.

I
(II) I h· \<'\\',' r i " l: , , , , , 1 . ., , � \"" ' 1 1 -
",ill,' fru, " ;\ " , \ I I nc l i n " o f tahle in its longitudinal travel 2a ± 0'06 p e r
lo'· ) \I�" r:lisi l l l: l a b l ,· , 1 1 " ' 1 1 ,: 1 1 l , ooo mm.
,li"II\I \'.·" : \ I I 1 1
..\
------ ·-----
- I·h,· t'I\'�ltt'" su rl".h'4· H , :-- D i t to. in il" transverse t ril v e l 2a ± 0'06 per
1',.. rl'c." lhli\· u l u r I t , h l p :\ u r f'.Vtt " f I :! I H ' ::! I w r 1 . 000 mm,
,,,1. 1,, " ,. " f hl . ...·k .lUU 1 1 1 1 \ 1 .
l =, u rf" \',, I,f ""1: 1,' "Iat " . , ,. "I ....·k ", h i d , F i l c " o f w o r k t a h l ... f o r true r un n i n g 2b 0·03 per
r�"I < , ' n , " hl ,' I I IIISI 1 ... .. "r.. .·tllI" . 300 mm. dia.
prcpun',\)
Centrt' hole of la bl e t ru e from 10 in. to 2c 0-03 per

' -I -
SO i n . dia. 3 OO mm , dia.

Tesl Chill'I for �Iullin.: I\ t , , ,- h i n ..'s N� Ram :

(' I Hl n I l\\ "" cllIen t "f ram sq u a r e w i t h work table 3 o to 0·03 per
1 ------- - - -- -- --
in pl a n e through c«ntre of col umn 3OO mm.
I l � i J.: . ; l \ ' f I " i :,, �ibk ( i n cl i ned a t lower c n d lowards column)
- -- '.---" - --'- -

. , Nn. . . __t.'���
nllll. Ditto, in plane perpendicular to said 4 0·02 per
Guill " K UII.! IlIhl .. : plnne 300 mm,
Be d WU)"$ Cur I,,"!:, .l i d .... � I rui!:ht i l l l,u'-l:, 1 11 ,1:: 0·04 p .. r
direct ion I ,OOO mm. Transverse movement o f work table 5 0·02 per
(Fig. Sa) s q U A r e w i t h its long. move. 3 00 mm.
Bed wuya fur letll!: . .. Ii,l(' llat \\1' 1 .... ".-\ i n I I> ± O'O� per men t ( Fig. Sb) (Fig, 5 a : location of
t run."C Be di�ction 1 .000 mm, work t a b l e from central T-slot) . ,

Frw 1'"bl, of eqlli('lJ/m/s in Ertglish M�asur� U� pag� 76

— 84 —
 -

Testing OpenFrontetJ Power Presses

and Punchin Machines
51
Test Chart for O p en-Fronted Power Presses '
n d P nching Machines I No. 5 1

I
Fig. Permissible
Test t o be Applied
No. Error

Movement of ram or slide square with 1 m m.

table i n plane through centre of fru me
(inclined inwards a t lower end)
For machines u p to SO tons maxi- 0 1 t o 0·05 p e r
mum pressure capacity 3 OO m m .
From SO to 2 5 0 tons maximum o to 0·07 per
pressure capacity 3OO m m .
Over 2 5 0 tons maximum pressure 0 10 0 · 1 0 per
capacity 3OO mm.

Ditto, in plane perpendicular to plane 2

through centre o f frame
For machines up to S O tons maxi- 0 ' 0 3 per
mum pressure capacity 3OO mm.
From SO to 2 5 0 tons maximum 0·05 per
pressure C'lpacity 300 nUll .
Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Over 2 50 tons maximum pressure 0' 1 per
capacity 300 mm.

Bottom surface of ram para \leI with table 3a

in lane through centre of frame
(inc fiined downwards at outer end)
For machines up to SO tons maxi- o to 0·05 per
mum p ressure capacity 3OO mm.
From SO to 2 5 0 tons maximum o to 0·07 per
· . · .

pressure capacity 3 0 0 nun.

Over 2 5 0 tons maximum pressure o to 0' 1 0 p e r
capacity 300 m m .

Bottom su rface o f ram parallel with table 3b

in plane perpendicular t o plane
through centre o f mach i n e :
For machines u p t o S O tons maxi- 0'03 per
mum p ressure: capacity 3OO mm.
From S O to 250 tons maximum 0·05 per
b p ressure capacity .. 300 mm .
Over 250 tons maximwn pressure 0' 1 p e r
· . · .

capacity 300 mm.

Hole receiving punch square with bottom 4a

I
No. 44 surface o f ram in plane through centre
Test Chart for Slott ng Machines of fram e :
Chart 3
.. For machines up to SO t o n s maxi- 0·03 per
Fig. Pennissible mum pressure capacity 300 mm.
Test to be Applied From SO to 250 tons maxImum 0·05 per
No. Error
pressure capacity 300 mm.
T -slots parallel with transverse motion 6 mm. Over 250 tons maximum pressure 0'1 per
of table in the zero-position of table 0·02 per capacity 300 mm.
locked by index pin (f or machines with 300 mm.
indexing table) Ditto. In plane perpendicular to plane 4b
through centre o f machin e :
For machines up to SO tons maxi- 0'03 per
T ·slots parallel with long. motion of 7 0·02 per mum ressure capacity 300 mm.
From �0 to 250 tons maximum 0·05 p e r
· . · .

table in the 90-dcg. position of table 3OO mm.

I I
locked b y index pin (for machines with pressure capacity 300 mm.
indexing table) Over 250 tons maximum pressure 0' 1 per
capacity 300 m m .

Working Accuracy of Slotting �chines

Steel block according to sketch about 100 mm. (4 in.) dia. Plane surfaces A -B -C -D about Fig. No. 8
50 mm. (2 in.) wide. Cylin drical surfaces rema i nder.

'®
Tolerances:
Stroke of Machine
From 380
METHODS Gauges Less than mm. ( 1 5 in.) Over 700 '-.t..:'t. ....

\
350 mm. to 700 mm. mm.(28 in.)

c.' G
'. -IE
( 1 4 in.) (28 in.)

I
' 0
Surface A and B made A and B, C and D must M icrometer 0 -D4 mm. 0·06 m m . 0·08 mm. ·0 • t: : -
by longitudinal move· be paranel per per per
ment of table 300 mm. 3 OO mm.

m:"
300 mm.

I
Su rfaces C and D made A. D a n d C , D, must be Square lind 0·025 mm . -(}64;�" 0·05 mm.
by transverse move­ perpendicular slip gauges per per per :· :- : I
ment of table JOO mm. 3OO mm. 300 mm. ' : t· ) J I.'\:"
. .

:
. : .sc''O' '''
Su rfaces E E
;;;";E::;E
;:;-m
- a"':
d:-e-=b
-y-I-=
D""i=-
ff e-
re
-n-c
-e-:-
b-etw
-- e--a-n-y-I �1 icrometer
en 0·04 �
•
0'06 J�'- 0·08 mm. : ;
;
J :
circular movement of two diameters of · ' '

table cylinder E
S q uare 0·025 mm. -0·04 mm.
L- t: l
A l l su rfaces perpen­ O·OS mm.
die lar to base of I per per per
block 300 mm. 300 mm. 3OO mm .
. ----------.:...---.::..:.::..:.
.:..: -... ---....-
.:... ----,- -- . - -.- - - -. -!..-:..=...:::.=.:.;::..�---
...-- ---
For Table 0/ Equivalents in English Measure su pajie 4I

— 85 —
 I
'
Test Chart for Double Standard Power
[Link] f)ouble Standard Power Pre sses No. 52
and Punching Machines 52 Presses and Punching Machines

Fig. Pennissible
Test to b e Applied
No. Error

M ovement of ram o r slide square with 1 rom .

table in plane throuRh both standard s :
For machines u p to S O tons maximum 0·03 per
pressure capacity 3 00 mm.

rom
From S O to 250 tons maximum 0·05 per
pressure capacity 300 null . y"
over 250 tons maximum pressure 0·08 per
capacity 3 00 .

Ditto. in plane perpendicular to plane 2

through both standard s :

.
F or machines u p to SO tons maxi- 0·03 per
mum pressure capacity 300 mm.

mrn
From SO to 250 tons maximum 0·05 p e r
pressure capacity 300 mm .
Over 250 tons maximum pressure 0·08 p e r
capacity 300 .

h
Bottom su rface of ram arallel with table 3a
in plane through bot standards :
For machines up to S O tons maxi- 0·03 p e r
m u m pressure capacity 3 00 mm.
From S O to 250 tons maximum 0·05 p e r
preasure capacity 3 00 mm_
Over 250 tons maxUnum pressure 0 ·08 per
capacity 3 00 rom .

m
Ditto. i n plane perpendicular to plane 3b
through b o t h standards:
For m:lchines up to SO tons mUlCi- 0-03 per
mum pressure capacity 3 00 mm.
From SO to 250 tons m:lximum 0·05 per
pressure capacity 3 00 mm.
h Over 250 tons maximum pressure 0·08 p e r
capacity 300 mm.
a.
F/ j ny. q Hole receiving punch square with bottom 43

nun
su rface o f ram i n plane through both
standards:

Testing Shearing Machines

rom
For machines up to S O tons maxi- 0·03 p e r
.
53 m u m pressure capacity 300
From SO to 2 5 0 tons maximum 0·05 per
pressure capacity 300 .

Over 250 tons maximum pressure 0·08 p e r

capacity 3 00 mm.

Ditto. i n plane perpendicular to plane 4b

through both standards :
F o r machines up t o .50 tons maxi- 0-03 p e r
m u m pressure capacity 300 mm.

I rom !
From SO to 250 tons maximum 0·05 per
pressure capacity 300 mm.
Over 250 tons maximum pressure 0·08 per
capacity 300 .

Test Chart for Plate Shearing Machines and

Guillotines without AdjustabiHty of Shear
Blades for Parallelism
I No. 53

Fig ' Test to be Applied

Fig. Pennissible
No. Error

�
llearing s urfaces of shear blades for 1 mm.
aral1elism:
1 aximum deviation on total length
o f shear blade:
For machines with shearing capacity 0,1
for sheets up to 1 0 rom . (approxi-
mately ii in.) thick

.
With shearing capacity for sheets up 0·2
t o 30 rom . (I i\- in.) thick
With shearing capacity for sheets over 0·3
3 0 rom . thick

Movement of upper shear blade parallel 2 0·05 per

with bearing surface of the bottom 5 0 mm.
shear blade (with crocodile shean
measurement to be taken at extremity
r;g 2 of largest lever arm)

— 86 —
 ACCEPT ANCE TESTS FOR WOOD WORKING
MACHINES

Acceptance tests for wood-working machines must be It is evident that the high degree of accuracy which is
drawn up in a manner dilTerent from that for acceptance usual in metal working is not obtainable, nor called for, in
tests for metal-working machines. This is due to the woodworking. I-Ience acceptance tests for woodworking
workpiece material, the wood itself. Wood requires very machines can be comparatively simple and provide for
high cutting speeds, which, in metal machi ning, are fai rly coarse t olerances, partly because woodworking
employed for grinding operations on ly, or for light alloys, machines a rc; much simpler i n design than those for
and these speeds govern the whole design of machine and metal working.
tool. Since the machine must function without vibration
at such high speeds, the cutter spindle must be dynamically It is recommended that woodworking tools be classified
balanced and the main bearings suitably designed. into two groups :

An additional factor which has to be taken into considera­ ( 1 ) Those with guaranteed accuracy.
tion in any scheme of accepta nce tests lies in the lack of (2) Those without guaranteed accuracy.
homogeneity of the wood and its comparative dimensional
instability, properties which hand icap its exact machining. In what follows, acceptance tests are established for the
After machining, the finished shape changes on accoun t of ordinary simple machines, such as circular saws, band saws,
its pre\'ious treatment, subselluent treatment and the fret saws, frame saws, planing and thicknessing machines,
influence of the atmosphere. If dimensions arc to be i-cutter planing and moulding machines, vertical-sp i n dl e
reasonably maintained, the exterior of the workpiece must, moulding machines, chain-cutter mortising machines, and
the ref ore, he protected by varnish or paint as soon as wood turning lathes.
possible after machin i ng.
The test values given have been adopted as an outcome
Testing Circular Saws. £d(jin g Saws
of consultation with the leading manufacturers of England,
and Cross- cutting and Trenchmg /'13chines 61 America, Sweden and the Continent.

I
-

Test Chart for Circular Saws ; Straight-line

Edging Saws and Cross Cutting and No. 6 1
Trenching Machines

I
--

Fig. Permissible
Test to be Applied

I
No. Error
mm .
Levelling of work table :
Table flat longitudinally · -
· . 1 0·2 p e r
a. I ,OOO mm .
. _ -- -- -
Ditto, transversely · . · . · . -0'2 per

;
1 .000 mm.
- --

Bed guides and Carriage (edging saws)

Bed guideways for the carriage level 2a 0·2 p e r
longitudinally I ,OOO mm.

Ditto, transversely · . · . · . 2b 0·2 per

I ,OOO mm.

Table su rface of c;Irriage level longi- 33 0·2 per

tudinally (only for carriage with iron I ,OOO mm .
table)

Ditto, transversely · . · . · . 3b 0·2 per

1 ,000 mm.
Fig. J
Rise and fall of table in its longitudinal .. 0'2 per
motion l ,ooo mm.
--

Saw s p i nd l e :
Spindle runs o u t o f truth · . · . 5 0·02

Shaft for axial slip

,
· . · . · . 6 0·05
--

Shaft parallel to tabl e surface (meOisured 7 0'2 per

at a fOiceplate on the shaft, adjusted 100 mm.
for true running)
Practical test of the machine at the
nukCr1I:
Machine produceJ; a smooth and even
Fiy. 6 F'9_ 7 su rface
- . ..

— 87 —
 6Z

l--- -�/�.!-- ----

·i9:..,.·_s_______....:._
' ...: ... r.
...:
/Y.
:..,.._
D_____ -__......

I
___• _______

--

N , . , h: Test CharI for Bandsaws No. 62

l'hllrl I Chart 2

I ..
:r" SI h ,· :\ 1 ' 1 ' 1 , ,'.(
l \ · I \ \ \ t �' M l \ lc.·
Test to be A pplied
Fig. Pe r m i ssibl e
F , 1 1" No. E r ror
!..- -_ . . . �

"un. mm .
' I 'lIh\ .. : Up p er p u l l e y Cor tru e runninJ: laterul l y :
' I '.. h l ,· Ila' 1" "j.:" ' h l i";l I h- �l · .' I H " ' lip to 1 ,000 IIlm. d i a . . . . . . . -I l> 0'1
I • • \111 """_ Over 1 ,000 mm. dia. - - . . . - 0·2

I I
: l" � 1 ' ..... U p p e r p u l l e y ru n s t r u e at m a x . spl'cd
1 •• "111 1 111 \ \. (well balanced), i.e. without vibration

Lowl"r p u U " y
t . u " h· l · " n l·�· !'\> :
(\ ,r t rue' r U \ \ l U l , .: \ ," \ ' 1 \
The saw-band runs true aCter Rdju �tment
of pulleys, quietly and without fall ing 1
1
cL.,uricity ) : ofT the pulleys
U p h ) \ ,lXlO 1 1 1 1 1 \ . l ·1I 1 ill.) .(i".
Over 1 ,000 1 I I 1 l I . { -I ll i l l.' .\ill.
D i splacement oC the saw guide with 5 0-1 per
1 ----- -- - -- -- .. re s p e c t to the flat side of the �u'v.. 1 ,000 mm.
Measurements are taken with the g\lide
Low" r pulley fur I nu' rllllllin.: 1 " h·'·" l I �· : in its top and bottom positionl<, u s i n J:
Up to 1 ,000 nun, ('Il) i l l .) ,h" . a s t raightedge pressed ngainst the flnt
Over 1 ,000 111111. l"'O ill.) .Ii .. . side of the saw. The guide is clamped
i n its s l i d e for each reading

Lower pul l .. y nll u I n , .. .. I 1\l�1I,. "1' ....... 1 Ditto, with respect to the back edge of 6 0·1 p er
(well l>allln��), i. ,. Wilh""1 " it-nu i'Il' the aaw I ,OOO mm.

+-- - -_ . .

I
U pp e r pulley for truo nmnin¥ �con� I Practical
telt of ma c h i n e at

Up to ll� nun. HO in.) di ...

centricity); the [Link]:
,\b Machine p r o du c es a smooth and e v e n
Over l ,uuu mm. (..0 in.) dia.. surface

'--_____________--=-. --_ . . �_ _ ____1 r

— 88 —
 Testing Fret Saws 63 Testing Frame saws ( Multi-blade) 64

i J
t�
!

i �

- �� ' WI
I
.. �
u .

:I :; I -.�-.; I I!

l� i 'l
Fig ,

-..:.:-·--!- I

''''9. 7 Flg. S

,--------_ . -

I
, I

I
Test Chart for Fr e t Saws No. 63 Test Chart Cor Frame Saws (Multi-blad e) No. 64

e
Fig. Perm issibl e
Test to be A p p l i e d
--
No. Error
Test to be Ap p li d
Fig. I
P" rmissihh'
Table : nlm. Nu. I Errur
Table flat longitudinally . . 1 0·2 per 1 ------- 1 ----
--
1 ,000 mm. mOl.
,
Ditto, transvenely . . 2 0·2 per Column Fram e :
I 0'1 p e r

I
l ,ooo mm. Vertically s e t blades move i l l a straight 1

I1
1 -2-i,'--O-'2 -p'e-r- 1
line 3OO mm.
-
-
Saw blade perpendicular to table, 3 + 0'5
measured from the back edge. The -0

I
saw blade' may have an inclination per tOO mm. S e t t i ng faces of saw-buckles are para l l e l
. . .... . -�:----
:
towards the front only t o each other 300 mm.

100
--:=-:-------:�-..:...,:---=---:--;-- I ._

Ditto, measured from the flat of the ", 0·3 per

blade (only for machines with non- mm . 1 ------ 1 ----- 1 ------- '
inclinab le table)
F e e d Rollers :
Displacement of SOlW in' a front and back 5 Driven feed rol l ers cylind rica l and " f 3 0·3
direction during stroke. The blade same diameter
may have an incl ination t o the front only

I I
Ditto, from aide to aide (only for 6 0·3 p e r Upper rol l e rs parallel to cuch other 0'4 per
IlUn.

I
machines with non-inclinable table) tOO 300 mm.

Movement of the lower connecti ng rod 7 0·2 per

(croSs-head) parallel to plane of crank­ l OO mm. Lower rollers parallel to each other 0·4 p e r
disc. (The connecting-rod is taken off 300 mm_

I
from the disc and carries the dial gauge)
Upper rol l e rs parallel to lower p airs 5 0'4 per

I
Oscillating movement of connecting rod 8 0·2 per (measurements taken with upper 300 mm.
about pivot of cross-head parallel to l OO mm. rollers at different h ei ghts)
the crank-disc. (The connecting rod
is taken off from the disc and carries
the dial gauge)

II
Practical test of machine a t
Practical test o f machine at the makers :
the makers : The boards c u t are paral l e l and s traight,
l'.1ach i n e p roduces a smooth and even with smooth and even surfaces
surface

— 89 —
Testing Sut'f;/Ge Planing Machines 65 TCSI C h a r i for Surfa c c Planing Machincs I No. 65

Permissi ble
Test to be Applied
Fig.
No. Error

I
mm.
Tab l e :
Tohle flat a n d level longitudinally . . la 0·2 p e r
1 ,000 mm:

I I
. Ditto, transversely .. . . .. Ib 0·2 p e r
1 ,000 rrun .
fig. I
Cutter-block Spindle:
Setting faces of cutters are parallel to 2 0'1 per
table surface J OO mm.

Cutter-block spindle for axial slip . , J 0·05

Cutter-b lock spi n d l e is satisfactorily

balanced : runs without vibration at
m a xi m u m s peed

Practical test of m achine a t

the makers:
I
Machine plan e s a s mooth a n d eve n
,
surface
i

Tcst Chart fo r Thickncssing Ma chinc I No. 66

I

Fig. Pennissible
Test to be Applied
No . Error

Table : rom .
Table flat and level longitudinally -- 10 0-2 p e r
1 ,000 rrun
66
.

Testing Thi ckness/fig Machines

Ditto, transversely .. _ . _ . Ib 0-2 p e r
1 ,000 mm_

Cutter-block Spi n dle :

Fig. ' Set t i n g faces of cutters are parallel to 2 O-J per
table su rface J OO m m .

Cutter spindle for axial s l i p - . -- J 0-05

C U l l e r s p i n d l e is satisfactorily balanced :
runs without vibration at full speed

l'e�d Rollers
Driven feed roll ers cyli n dric <1 1 a n d of 4 0·1
e q ua J diameter

Lower rollers parallel to table su rface . _ 5 0 - 1 per

J OO mm.

Practical test of machine at

the makers :
Machine plan e s a sm ooth and even
surface

1 . The boards are pamllel longitudinnlly 0·2 rrun . per

(m easured d irectly after planing) total length
of board
2. Parallel transversely (measured 0·1 p e r
directly after planing) -- .. J OO mm.

— 90 —
 'TeSIClm;-i fo�Cutter �laning and Moulding 1- No . 6 7

---- . Fig.- ,
Machines
- - . · - T ..� :- �: · e Pe rmi ui hl e -
e t I Appli d
- -

No. E r r or
-- - -- - - · -;l·ab l e :
. -- ---

mm.
Table !l at and even l o n g i t u d i n a l l y . . Ia 0·2 p e r
-:-� - 1 ,000 mm .
t ran-;-v-
c- -e
rs y- --
-'I- 0 · 2 pe r
Dit to,
-.--
. -
.-.---
--
- -

-- ----,::�--�_;__-,--7:"-,---;-:-------. -- ----
1 .000 mm.
CUt l e r - b l ock Spindlu :
Setting faces of lower c u t t e r 5 p i n d l e are 3a 0 · 1 per
p a r a l l e l to t a b l e s u rface . . . . 300 mm .
Lower c u t t e r s p i n d l e IS w e l l bal nced :
runs w i t h o u t vibration at max. speed.
-Lo\�';-r cut ��!:._lipindle for D x i a l slip . . � ---"
0--:
·0
""5;--- .
Setting faces of u p p e r c u t t e r s p i n d l e arc � 0 · 1 per
paral l e l to lable s u rface . 300 mm .
-Upper cutter s p i n d l e I S wel l balancer:
. . .

-- . ­

runs w i t h o u t vibration a t max. speed

0 '05-- ' -
-� ----
Upper cut te r �pindlc for axial s l i p . .

S�t t i n g faceli of s i d e - c u t t e r spindles a r e � - , -0-'--05--pe;:--

perpend icu l a r to table s u rface ____ __ 1 00 "!.rn_
._
!';idc c u t t er s p i n d l e s are w e l l balanced :
run w i t h o u t vibration at m x. speed
S{a;; c u t t e r spin d l e s for axial slip . . 4b -= 0�05- -
Feed R o l l e r s :
D r i " e n feed r o l l e r s c y l i n d rical and of 5 0'1
equal diameter
Ft:etl r o l l ers parallel to table s u rface . . -6- -----o. rpe;:--
3 00 mm.
Practical t e s t of machine a t t h e makers :- '
l\lachine planes a l l s urfaces smooth a n d
even :
I . The workpiece is paral l e l lo n g it u d in ally . 0·2 p e r

I
total l e ngth
of board
2 . D I t t o t l ansversely 0'1 per
300 mm.
3. Width IS U n i form 0'2 per
total length
o f board

nd l e , "0. 68
Test Ch a r t Cor Vertical S p i J\'lo u l d i n g
68 Spindle Mouldel's
Machines Te-sting VertiC3J

t
T e s to be A p p l i e d I Fjg' I'
, N o.
Permissible
Error '1
: , 1

Ill fip=
mm. J
------- ---- ------

T a b l t- :
�
Table H a t and I t: v e l l o n j:! i t u d i n a l l y 0·2 p er

4r� �r{
1 ,000 mm .
-- - - - ------ 1
D i t t o , t r a ns\'crsely 0·2 p e r
1 , 000 r n m .

Cutter Spindl e : c )
1
I n t e r n a l t a p e r o f c u t t e r spindlt: r U l ls t r u ,, :

I
2
Fi9. f Fil/. Z
1 . Nearest t o spindle nose . . . .

1--4--- 1 1
0'03
2. A t a d i s tance o f 300 mm. ( 1 2 i n . ) . . 3 0·05
j "oO

rM.
I

---
I --C t ---------------
t- · ---- · -------------
u e r s p i n d l e fo r ax I a I s I I p
1
. . . .
----

0·05

1----------------1--- : 1 t
I II �
1

r��
Work t:lble square w i l h c u t l e r s p i n d l e
.
. ------

, 0 · 0 1 per

I
1 00 m i l l .
I
in p l a n e t h rough 10ngilu [Link] axis of

I P"

rg
m:lchine ( t u m-round method) . .
-- ---
t;:
�---
C u t t e r s p i n d l e is ..... e l l balanced : runs
--- I
,

1
without vibration at maximum speed
I
I
Fiy. 3 Fiy. ¥

t
--B o r e o f ann b racket
--- -- for - li p i n
- d l e-
stead)'
- ·1 ---6 ' --- 0·05 per
aligned with cutter spindle in two 300 mm.
p l ane s p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o each other
I. !�
�
I
� �.
� IJ .
:

--------�- ! I

b
I

,I
I .J

1:
I
I
---- ------

I
Pmctical test of machine at

I
the makers :

c�
)
The m o u l d e d surfaces arc smooth and !
even

i
I I �
..

Fi�. s Fi9· '

— 91 —
I Test Chari for C h a i n M o r t ising M a c h i n e s

-
; Fig.
,
I No. (,9

Pcnnissible
7iJf>ting C/loin Mortising ,�1iichines 69

Test to be Applied
No. Error
:
I
I mm.
Carriage :
Guide of chain perpendicular to table i n 1 0·05 per
plane through longitudinal axis o f I OO mm.
table

I I I
Ditto, transversely . . · . · . 2 0·05 per
1 00 m m .

Movement of tool carriage perp e n d i c u l a r 3 0·05 p e r

t o table surface in t h e: l o n g i t u d i n a l 1 00 n un .
plane

I I I
D i t to, in the transverse plane " · . 4 0 ' 05 per
I OO m m .

I I
Tab l e :
Table lIat and level longitudinally · . 5 0 · 1 per

I
300 mm.

I I
D i tto, transversely " · .
· . 6 0'1 per
300 mm.

I I
Table fence perpendicular to table 7 O· ) per
I OO mm.

I I
< Knee :
Guideways of knee perpen d i c u l a r to 8 0·2 per
table longitudinally 300 mm.

I
I I
Ditto, transversely . . · . · . 9 0·2 per
i 300 m m .

P ractical test of machine at

the makers:
Machine cuts the surfaces of the mortise
smooth and clean
I
I
I

I
I

E � �==t:,
Fig.
--
No.

Bed:
B e d l e v e l i n longitudinal d i rection . . la 0'2 p e r
a. l ,OOO mm.
b
Ditto, transverse direction . . lb 0·2 p e r
Fig. 1 Fij. Z l , OO O mm.
Headstock:

I
Taper o f work spind l e runs t r ue :
I . N e arest spindle nose . .
2. At a distance o f 3 0 0 m m .
���------- I -�-
Sleeve shoulder for axial s l i p
Centre point for true running . .
Work spindle paral l e l with bed in the
vert ical p l a n e
" Ditto, in t h e horizontal plane . .
· -·---- -=....".-
.. �------- I ---+-���
Tailstock :
Tailstock sleeve parallel with bed in the
vertical p l a n e
Ditto, i n t h e horizontal p l an e . .

Tailstock centre runs t ru e (for rotating

c en t r e s only)
Axis of centres (mandrel between
ccntres) parallel with bed :
1 . In vertical p l a n e . .
2. I n horizontal p l a n e
Practical test of machine a t the makers :
Lathe produces a workpiece that is round
within
Lathe t u rn s cylindrically (for machines
with clamped tool only)
Lathe facea (hollow only), for machines
with compound rest

— 92 —