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Learning Principles in Psychology

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This document provides an overview of cognitive, metacognitive, motivational, and affective learning principles. It defines these key terms and discusses how they relate to learner-centered …

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Angela Agonos
  • Module 1: Learning Principles

MODULE 1 (Lesson 1-6)

Learning Principles associated to Cognitive, Metacognitive, Motivational, And Affective Factors


Angela Agonos BSEd II-C Science

Give the meaning of the following words

1. Cognitive
- Cognitive is the science of how we think. It’s concerned with our inner mental processes
such as attention, perception, memory, action planning, and language. Each of these
components are pivotal in forming who we are and how we behave.

2. Metacognitive
- Metacognition is a deeper level of thinking that includes your ability to think about your
thinking; how you understand, adapt, change, control, and use your thought processes.
3. Affective
- Affective is a word that crops up a lot in psychology—it means having to do with emotions
or moods. Affective disorders are characterized by mood swings.
4. Motivation
- Motivation is a driving factor for actions, willingness, and goals. These needs, wants or
desires may be acquired through influence of culture, society, lifestyle, or may be generally
innate. An individual's motivation may be inspired by outside forces (extrinsic motivation) or
by themselves (intrinsic motivation).

Reflection Activities and Review Exercises

1. Explain cognitive, metacognitive, motivation and affective factors of psychological learner-


centered principle of learning in your own words. Cite at least two classroom situations that
apply two principles of these factors.
- Cognitive and metacognitive factors of psychological learner-centered principle of learning
involves learning strategies and cognitive skills like construction of knowledge. Learning is
influenced by environmental factors, including culture, technology, and instructional
practices. The classroom environment, particularly the degree to which it is nurturing or not,
can also have significant impacts on student learning.
- Motivation and affective factors of psychological learner-centered principle of learning
influence both the quality of thinking and information processing as well as an individual's
motivation to learn. It can be influenced by the individual's emotional states, beliefs,
interests and goals, and habits of thinking. The learner's creativity, higher order thinking,
and natural curiosity all contribute to motivation to learn.
-
2. Why is it important for becoming teachers to be aware of the learner-centered psychological
principles for school reform?
- Being aware of learner-centered psychological principles provide a framework for
developing and incorporating the components of new designs for schooling. These
principles emphasize the active and reflective nature of learning and learners. In this way
learners/ student will benefit this kind of approach like improve participation, retention of
knowledge and develops problem solving skills.

3. Do you think that the length of service in teaching guarantees effectiveness in implementing
the learner-centered principles? Defend your answer.
- Length of service in teaching is an advantage in implementing it but for some it cannot
guarantee effectiveness since teachers uses different method and strategies on how to
implement learning-centered principles because implementing LCP requires commitment
in time and effort. Effective teaching involves acquiring relevant knowledge about students
and using that knowledge to inform our course design and classroom teaching. When we
teach, we do not just teach the content, we teach students the content.

4. Make a matrix or table of differences between novice and expert learners.

Novice Learner Expert Learner

Attempt to process all information they Select important information to process:


receive able to breakdown information to
manageable chunks
Satisfied at just scratching the surface; First, try to understand the problem, look
hurriedly gives a solution to the problem for boundaries, and create a mental picture
of the problem
Have limited knowledge in the different Have deeper knowledge in different subject
subject areas areas because they look for
interrelationships in the things, they learn
Do not examine the quality of their work Check their errors and redirect their efforts
nor stop make revisions to maintain quality output

Common questions

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Affective factors, relating to emotions and moods, influence learning by affecting motivation and engagement. Emotions can affect cognitive processes like attention and memory, thereby impacting learning outcomes. A supportive emotional environment in the classroom can enhance the learning experience and foster a positive attitude towards education .

Novice learners often rush to solutions without deep analysis, relying on surface-level understanding. In contrast, expert learners thoroughly analyze problems, considering boundaries and developing mental models, enabling them to devise more effective and nuanced solutions. This difference is crucial for developing deeper, more comprehensive understanding .

Cognitive factors involve learning strategies and cognitive skills like the construction of knowledge, which are shaped by environmental influences such as culture, technology, and instructional practices. Metacognitive factors involve an individual's ability to think about their thinking processes, allowing for adaptation, control, and efficient use of these processes. These aspects facilitate deeper understanding and aid in problem-solving .

Motivation is critical because it influences both the quality of thinking and information processing and an individual's drive to learn. It is affected by emotional states, beliefs, interests, goals, and habitual thinking styles. These intrinsic or extrinsic motivators can significantly impact a learner’s creativity, higher-order thinking, and natural curiosity .

Awareness of learner-centered psychological principles allows educators to create effective schooling designs that emphasize active and reflective learning. This approach improves student engagement, knowledge retention, and problem-solving skills, fostering an education system that adapts to individual learners' needs and prepares them for real-world challenges .

Understanding cognitive factors can aid in designing instructional practices by allowing educators to tailor methods that align with how students construct knowledge. Recognizing the impact of environmental factors, such as technology and culture, enables the creation of learning environments that support cognitive development, fostering improved comprehension and retention of knowledge .

Understanding metacognitive strategies can help teachers guide students in reflecting on their thought processes, promoting self-regulation and adaptive learning. This leads to better problem-solving skills as students learn to evaluate their understanding and adjust strategies accordingly, thus facilitating deeper learning and improved academic outcomes .

Length of teaching service might not guarantee effectiveness because successful implementation of learner-centered principles requires more than experience. It involves commitment, effective use of strategies, and engagement with students' needs. Continuing professional development and the ability to adapt teaching methods to various learning contexts are critical factors .

In a science class, a teacher uses relatable examples that connect with students' interests and emotions, such as engineering solutions to environmental issues affecting their community. This approach leverages affective factors to engage students emotionally, while motivation is driven by their desire to contribute positively to their environment, leading to enhanced learning and participation .

Expert learners differ from novices by selectively processing important information and breaking it into manageable chunks, whereas novices often attempt to process all received information. Experts aim to understand problems thoroughly by considering constraints and developing a mental model, while novices often provide quick solutions without deep understanding .

MODULE 1 (Lesson 1-6) Learning Principles associated to Cognitive, Metacognitive, Motivational, And Affective Factors Angela
learners/ student will benefit this kind of approach like improve participation, retention of knowledge and develops problem

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