SCALE
MAP SCALE
Map scale represents the relationship between
distance on the map and the corresponding
distance on the ground. The scale on the
topographical map is found at the bottom centre of
the map. Scale is the fixed ratio that every
distance on the map corresponds to its
respective distance on the ground.
Scale of a map = map distance/ground
distance
Scale of map can be distinguish as follows
Scale of map
Numerical scale Graphical scale
Diagonal
Representati Engineerin Plain scale scale
ve fraction g scale
(R.F)
Numerical scale: numerical scale are those type of scale in a map that
are expressed numerically. In this scale the value of map distance and
ground distance is generally written in same system of independent
system
Scale with statement is engineering scale. This scale expresses the
distance in map in certain units to its corresponding ground distance in
certain units of measurement.
Example: One cm on the plan represents some whole number of metres
on the ground such as 1cm=10m is an engineering scale
The ratio of map distance to the corresponding ground distance which is
independent of units of measurement is called representative
fraction. It is abbreviated as R.F.
one unit of length on the map corresponds to same unit of length on the
ground
Example 1:10000
Convert 1cm = 50 m engineering scale to representative fraction
A graphical scale is a line sub-divided into map
distance corresponding to convenient unit of length on
the ground.
If the plan or map is to be used after few years, the
numerical scale may not give accurate results if the
sheet or the paper shrinks. However, if the graphical
scale is also drawn, it will shrink proportionately and
the distances can be found accurately. That is why,
scales are always drawn on all survey maps.
Plain scale: a plane scale is one on which it is possible
to measure two dimensions only, such as units and
length, metres and decimetres, miles and furlongs etc.
SCALE IN FPS
Diagonal scale: on a diagonal scale, it is possible to
measure three dimensions such as metres, decimetres
and centimetres; units tenths and hundreds; yards,
feet and inches etc. A short length is divided into a
number of parts by using the principle of similar
triangle in which sides are proportional.
PROBLEMS
Construct a plain scale 1 cm to 3 metres and
show on it 47 metres.
Construct a diagonal scale 1cm = 3metres to read
metres and decimetres and show on that 33.3
metres
VERNIER SCALE
Vernier is a device for measuring the fractional part of one of the smallest
division of a graduated scale. It usually consists of small auxiliary scale
which slides the main scale.
The principle of vernier is based on the fact that the eye can perceive
without strain and with considerable precision when two graduation
coincide to form one continuous straight line. The vernier carries an index
mark which forms the zero of the vernier.
The division of the vernier are either just a little smaller or a little larger
than the division of the main scale. The fineness of reading or least count of
the vernier is equal to the difference between the smallest division on the
main scale and smallest division on the vernier.
i.e LC= s-v
Where
s=value of one smallest division on main scale
v=value of one smallest division on vernier
If n is the number of the vernier scale division and s be the smallest
division of main scale then the least count of the vernier can be calculated
as
LC=s/n
Generally there are mainly three types of vernier used in
surveying instruments
Direct vernier
Rectograte vernier
Extended vernier
In direct vernier, the length of (n-1) number of main
scale division is equal to length of n number of vernier
scale divisions.
(n-1)s=nv
v=(n-1)s/n
L.C=s-v
=s-(n-1)s/n
=(ns-ns+s)/n
=s/n
In rectograte vernier, the length of (n+1) number
of main scale division is equal to length of n
number of vernier scale division.
(n+1)s=nv
v=(n+1)s/n
L.C=s-v
=(n+1)s/n – s
s/n
In extended vernier scale the value of smallest division of
vernier scale is wide extended than the main scale small
division.
Here, the length of 2n-1 number of main scale division is
equal to the length of n number of vernier scale divisions.
(2n-1)s=nv
v=(2n-1)s/n
L.C=2s-v
=s/n
Note: L.C for all three verniers is s/n
SCALE OF CHORD
A scale of chord is used to measure an angle or to
set-off an angle, and is marked either on a
rectangular protractor or on an ordinary box
wood scale.
Protractor measuring angle
Rular
plain scale
Triangular scale
Introduction of topographical survey
Scale and type of topographical map
Scale:
Scale of the topographical map depends upon the
Objective of the map
Area to be mapped
(Large area small scale, small area large scale)
Cost of the project (available financial resource)
Physical features to be shown and the nature of the
terrain.
Land Management Training Centre 14
Introduction of topographical survey…
Types of topographical map
According to the scale
Large scale maps
Medium scale maps
Small scale maps
According to the construction of map
(1) Basic map :
Constructed from original survey likely to be large or
medium scale map
(2) Derived map:
Constructed by the derivation of the existing map. Mainly
small scale maps.
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SCALE OF MAP
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Map scale can be expressed either in verbal description (such as 1 cm to 1km),
representative fraction (like 1:10000) or graphically convert measurements made
on maps in to ground distance .
SCALE OF MAP
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SCALE OF MAP
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SCALE OF MAP
Map scale
SCALE OF MAP
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