LEARNING OUTCOME NO. : LO1.
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LEARNING OUTCOME STATEMENT: At the end of this module, you will be
able to use the trapezoidal rule to find the area under a curve defined by given
ordinates.
TOPIC: THE LAW OF FLOATATION
I. INTRODUCTION
When any boat displaces a weight of water equal to its own weight, it floats. This
is often called the "principle of flotation": A floating object displaces a weight of
fluid equal to its own weight. Every ship, submarine, and dirigible must be
designed to displace a weight of fluid at least equal to its own weight.
II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the discussion the cadet should be able to
1. Understand the laws governing floatation
2. Demonstrate the calculation for displacement
III. TEACHING LEARNING ACTIVITIES
At the end of the discussion the Faculty should be able to:
1. Interactive discussion on the laws governing floatation
2. Show how to solve for volume of displacement
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IV. CONTENT DISCUSSION
4.1 The law of floatation
To laws must be considered:
Archimedes Principle
The law of Floatation
Archimedes Principle
States that when a body is wholly or partially immersed in a liquid, it
experiences an upthrust (apparent loss of weight-termed Buoyancy force
equal to the mass of liquid displaced
Law of Floatation
States that every floating body displaces its own mass of the liquids in which
floats
The displacement of a ship (or any floating object) is the number of tonnes of
water is displaces. It is usual to consider a ship displacing salt water of density
1.025 t/m³. However, fresh water values of displacement (1.000 t/m³) are often
quoted in a ship’s hydrostatic data.
The volume of displacement is the underwater volume of ship afloat, ie the
volume below the waterline.
To calculate the displacement (W) of a ship, the following needed to be known:
The volume of displacement (V)
The density of the water in which its floats (p)
Since:
MASS = VOLUME x DENSITY
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The mass, or displacement, of a ship is calculated by:
DISPLACEMENT = VOL. OF DISPL X WATER DENSITY
ie
W=Xxp
4.2 Draught and Freeboard
Considered the ship shown
Draught is the distance from the keel to the water line as measured at the
forward and aft ends of the ship. It is expressed in meters. If the draughts forward
and aft are the same the ship is said to be on an even keel (as shown).
Freeboard is the distance between the waterline and the top of the uppermost
continuous deck. It expressed in millimeters and it measured amidships.
HULL DEPTH = DRAUGHT + FREEBOARD
4.4 Reserve Buoyancy
This is the volume of the enclosed spaces above the waterline. Because reserve
buoyancy is a very important factor in determining a ship’s seaworthiness,
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minimum freeboards are assigned to a ship to ensure that there is adequate
reserve buoyancy at all times.
4.3 Tutorial Questions
4.3.1 Problem question number
A watertight box-shaped barge 12m x 8m x 6m deep has minimum allowable
freeboard of 1.5m and light displacement of 200 tonnes. The barge loads 150
tonnes of cargo that is evenly distributed. The RD of the water is [Link]:
a) The freeboard upon completion of loading
b) The reserve buoyancy upon completion of loading
c) The amount of cargo that could still be loaded
Problem solution:
a)
Initial displacement = 200 tonnes
Load = 150 tonnes
Final displacement = 350 tonnes
Displ box = (L x B x d) x p
350 = (12 x 8 x d) x 1.025
350 = draught = 3.557
Barge depth = 6.000m
Draught = 3.557m
Fireboard = 2.443m
b)
Reserve buoyancy = (L x B x freeboard)
Reserve buoyancy = 12 x 8 x 2.443
Reserve buoyancy = 234.5m³
c)
Barge depth = 6.000m
Minimum freeboard = 1.500m
Maximum draught = 4.500m
[Link] = (L x B x d) x p
[Link] =(12 x 8 x 4.5) x 1.025
[Link] = 442.8 tonnes
Maximum displacement = 442.8 tonnes
Current displacement = 350.0 tonnes
Amount to load = 92.8 tonnes
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IV. SELF-ASSESSMENT/EVALUATION:
Name: Date:
Course: Faculty:
Directions: Evaluate each statement as it pertains to the discussion in this module
course. For each criteria, threshold level 1 to 5 (1 is the lowest and 5 highest). Please
respond as truthfully as possible, so that you can make an accurate assessment of
your progress and set realistic goals for future improvement.
Rationale for using Technology: threshold level
Note: The following aspects will be taken into account, to the extent 1/5
that the study guide corresponds to the topic description:
The lesson topic or skill area is one that faculty often report
difficulties teaching
The technology-based lesson offers clear relative advantage Score:
over other way of teaching the topic or skill.
The relative advantage seems sufficient to justify the extra
expense and effort required to use the technology
Lesson Objectives and Assessment: threshold level
Note: The Following Aspects will be taken into account, to be extent 1/5
to which the outputs of the topic should contribute at the in this
course module topic:
Objectives are clear statements of products and
performances that cadets are required to do demonstrate
learning
Cadets objectives reflect measures that are usually required
for the topic/area or that makes sense as a alternatives to
Score:
those usually required
An assessment plan and instruments are given; assessment
instruments are well designated
There is clear match between cadet objectives and
assessment
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Technology Integration Strategies: threshold level
Note: The following aspects will be taken into account: 1/5
An individual approach or a grouping strategy for using the
technology resources is specified and described Score:
The technology-based activities are essential to helping
cadets accomplish the lesson objectives
VIII. REFERENCES FOR FURTHER READINGS
1. International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)
2. Cosare, F.D. (2012). Ship construction and stability. Makati City: Philippine
Foundation for Maritime Teaching Aids, Inc.
3. Stokoe, E. A. (2011). Reed's naval architecture for marine engineers. London:
Adlard Coles Nautical
4. Munro-Smith, R. (2010). Ships and naval architecture. Coleman St., London:
Institute of Marine Engineering Science and Technology (IMarEST)
5. Rhodes, M. A. (2006). Ship stability for mates/master. Philippines: Anvil
Publication
6. Rhodes, M. (2009). Ship stability OOW. Scotland, United Kingdom: Witherby
Seamanship International
7. Clark, I. C. (2008). Stability, trim and strength for merchant ships and fishing
vessels (2nd ed.). London: The Nautical Institute
8. Korotkin, A. I. (2009) Added masses of ship structures. Petersburg: Springer
Science and Business Media