TermI = 15)04]2! Crop Production an Learning Objectives At the end of this chapter, students will be able to understand © The crops and their classification © Basic practices of cro seil for cultivation? — What are manures, fertilizers and thelr importance? — selection and sowing of seeds? — What do you mean by irrigation and their m. Protection and their methods? — What do you mean by harvesting, of food grains? What is green revolution? © What are crop rotation obtained from animals. Hege AU ving organisms require food. It mesaiir iS very hard to imagine even a single day without food. We require energy to do work, ‘0 carry out life processes like respiration and Gigestion. You have already learnt that green Plants synthesise their own food by the process of photosynthesis. Animals are unable to make their own food and obtain their food from plants and other animals. In order to produce food man started growing plants and domesticating useful animals, giving rise to agriculture. P production — How do you prepare the What are the methods of jethods? — What are crop threshing, winnowing and storage and mixed cultivation? @ The food The practise of raising plants and rearing animals for food and other useful products is known as agriculture. aa 1.1 CROPS carzinciis Same type of plants being cultivated at one place on a large scale is called a crop. For example — rice, wheat, etc The plot of tand used for cultivation of crop plants is known as agricultural field CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT @ A-ta (iceland CC at ea [IA] Based on the useful products obtained =A from them, crops can be classified into Tr (i) Cereal Crops: They arenarauel forstheie Seed—grains which are rich in starch-andefibre e.g., wheatjricer-malze? (ul Fibre Crops": (Grown® for fibres” Used” in clothing and Upholstery”e:g.)) jute; cotton? (in) Pulses or Legumes They are a rich sourc@ of proteins e.g., pulses, gram, beansiyy liv) Oit yielding crops’: They:are rich in edibl oil e.g., groundnutygsunflower, mustard: io} (v) Sugar yielding crops : They have high sugar content e.g., sugarcane: Vegetables : They have high water content and are rich in minerals and vitamins and can be obtained from leaves, stems, roots, and flowers e.g. spinach, potato, carroy and cauliflower. They are rich in water content, (vii) Fruits : minerals and other dissolved nutrients e.g. apple, mango. (vil Spices : These are the flavouring plant products sdding taste to the food. e.9., pepper, ginger, cloves. Sunflower (Oil) Gram (Pulses| a THI, ‘Sugarcane (Sugar) Cloves and Pepper (Spices) Two types of cropping patterns are followed in India based on seasons or their climatic conditions like temperature: rainfall, humidity, etc. These climatic conditions vary from one place toanother, Therefore, a variety of crops are grown in different parts of India. So, these cropping patterns arerabh crops and kharif crops’ ‘A. Rabi Crops : Crops grown. in winter are known as Rabi Crops, They are planted in October and harvested. inthe month of March or Aprily Wheat, barley, gram, pea and mustard are examplesyol) rabi crops Wheat Mustard B. Kharif Crops; : Crops sown during ane kharit Crops rainy season are known as They are planted in June in September. Kharif crops sugarcane, groundnuts and maize crops require large quantities of water and harveste include pad Khari A-2 @ CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENTi SCIENCE BITS! The word agriculture, is derived from ty words ager = field or land, and eutter = cultwain Maize plants Groundnut plants 1.2 Basic PRactices or RIUEl CROP PRODUCTION [iz araveress To ensure a good crop yield several activities are undertaken by farmers over a period of ‘time. These activities are known as agricultural” practices} which are listed below (al Preparation of soil? (b) Selection and sowing of seeds’ (cl Irrigation (d) Weedingy e] Cropyprotection (A) Hamvesting (g) Storage » (41 1.2.1 Preparation of Soil Before sowing the seeds the soil should vwarbéxdo be prepared for good yield. Three steps are involved in soil preparation Ploughing!: The process of loosening and’ It is done by a plough, hoe or cultivator? Plough :Itis a wooden implement and contains a strong triangular iron strip called plough share. Main part of plough is a long log of wood known as 1 ploughing is known as cultivator. plough shaft having a handle at one end. The other end is attached to a beam placed on bull's neck. A pair of bulls and a man operate the plough. Iron ploughs have now replaced wooden ploughs. YY Iron plough Wooden plough Hoe : It is a simple tool for removing weeds and loosening a soil. It consists of a long wooden or iron rod with a strong bent plate of iron fixed at one of its ends which works like a blade. Hoe Cultivator : A tractor driven implement for Oy Cultivator Cultivator driven by a tractor . It provides aeration to the roots as air spaces are created, making it easy to breathe 2. Roots can grow deep into the soil. 3. Weeding is easier in loose soil. 4, Helps in growth of earthworms and microbes in soil which are important decomposer providing nutrients and making the soil humus rich. 5. It becomes easier for the farmer to apply fertilizers. 6. Ploughing brings nutrient rich soit on the top, so that plants can use it easily. CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT # A:3Leveller (i] Bigger chunks of soil are broken down to smaller pieces. {iil Prevention of soil erosion by wind or water. (ii) Promotes uniform irrigation thus helping in water conservation and prevents water logging. It can be of two types : (i) Compost?: Manure obtained by decompo- sition of dead plant and animal matter is known as compost. The dead matter 's put in a compost pit, decomposed by microbes and turned into manure. 1. Name the fottowing la) The plot of land used for culti {b] The plant Products, adding taste to the food. (c) The process of loosening and 2. True (T) or False (F) ; (al Crops grown durin (b] Ploughing provides aeration to the roots {c]_ Manure is an org; ee ivation of crop plants, 9 the rainy season are called rabi crops. enic substance which increase soil fertility Compost (ii) Farmyard Manurg : Commonly used in India. Itis obtained from farmyard yen? Such as cattle dung, urine, and crop Waste All these are mixed and dried in the The manure thus obtained is directiy seg as farmyard manure. gan Fertilisers They are inorganic chemicals mee produced in factories. They are rich in sndevu2cxe @ particular nutrient and are applied in small quantities. They are easy to apply anj easy to store and thus favoured over manures Application of fertilizers help in increasing crop yield but excessive use of fertilizers make soil ese fertile and make the soil either too acidic or too alkaline. Fertilizers also lead to water pollution Some of the common fertilizers are urea, ammonium sulphate, potash, NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium], CAN (calcium and nitrogen). Advantages of using manures over fertilizer 1. Manures enhance water holding capacity of soil. 2. Manures make the soil porous for easy exchange of gases. 3. Manures make the soil rich in humus and increase the number of friendly microbes. 4. Manures improve the soil texture as well as its water retaining capacity. CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE-1 agoll ceLLtLaLl prota s turning of soil. Brough nq Knasals 8BActwiry 1.4 Aim : To study the effect of manure and fertiliz Materials Required : Moong seeds, soil, 3 plastic glasses, cow dung manure, urea, water, petridish, blotting paper. Procedure ; |. Take a petridish and put a wet blotting paper in each of them, 2. Place the Moong seeds at a distance on the petri ish, cover it and keep it aside. 3. After one or two day A s seedlings germinate from the seeds, Select some equal sized seedlings out of ese er on plant growth, 4. Take 3 empty glasses and add soil mixed with urea in B and little amount of soil mixed with cow dung manure in A, same amount of only soil in glass C, (A) Soil with manure (B) Soll with urea (C) Only soil 5. Pour same amount of water in each glass and plant the seedlings in them. & Keep them in a safe place and water them daly and observe their growth for 7-10 days Pbservation : Seedlings in glass A and B show good growth whereas growth in glass C is very less. Seed- lings in glass 8 containing urea grow fastest followed by A and least in C. Explanation and Conclusion : Seedlings in glass B grow fastest because moong requires nitrogen for good growth which was provided by urea. Seedlings in glass A also showed good growth because manure added to it helped in better growth. Whereas the growth of seedlings in glass C was poor because the soil was deficient in nutrients and no manure or fertilizer was added to replenish the nutrients. a Nel 1.2.2 Selection and sowing of seeds [a] Seeds should be viable with high casinazes After preparing the soil the next step is percentage of germination. seed sowing. But before sowing, a farmer should select good quality seeds to ensure maximum grain production and to avoid wastage. Following points should be kept in mind while selecting seeds - (b] High yielding varieties free from insects and pests should be selected [c] Seeds should be treated with fungicides before sowing aga Acrvity 1.2 a fe Aim : Selection of healthy seeds. ee Materials Required : Beaker, barley seeds, water. Procedure : 1. Take a beaker filled with water. 2. Put some barley grains in the beaker 3. Leave them untouched for sometime and then observe. CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT # A-8N gy Reese a) a si don at oto and others fst em he surface ‘ses ar infected by pest oF insects BECOME Hollow ang 1 of the oF ‘observation + Som deeinereas the healthy Seed 2re settled doy luton Sede which 38 ee am a teres these seeds float on wat thos bptern weal see ‘each other will not got sufficient water ang putrients from the soil. They will also have Competition for sunlight and alr Ui) Seeds should be sow at the right depth, They should neither be too shallow nor too deer The fotowing pints should be kept Ts pind by the farmer while sowing Ee seeds i sees shoud : from each other. Seeds $¢ Jo sown atthe right distance wn toa close 10 Acnwry 1.3 ‘im : 10 show the importance of right depth and right distance for sow amerists mequlred «3 wide pots, kidney beans, soil containing nutrients and water. Ma tre wept, Label A.B nd 2 faa pt ond sow ed ry se 0 ech be Cera dot ear ae ance och am ech ar $ npr so ses a dance 1 ch om ech ater { tntetnen reat an apy them in proper sunt cuonaionsteas pa permite fre and show good grevth wheres set opt B germinate shor Cnt eeprom on ot only te ede germinate an ta on sey poor gro {atnn od Eacan Sede npt © germinate ft and show geod growth becouse the sede tenuced a pope ce alving proper sion tote sted Te dafarce beeen te see ie pt Bhs ns rth seh herent seas not kre very ate hee, hey ato ey ing seeds, peer gout Tools for Sowing Seeds seeds randomly in the field is known 35 E 1. traditional tool: is sfunnel shaped broadcasting. It can be dane by hands or SHEET tol attached tothe plough. Seeds are BY using mechanical broadcasters. files in the funnel and passed through 2 2 Sowing by seed drills: By seed drills, seeds 23 pipes piercing the sol and placing the are sown unifermly at proper distances and seeds In sal Gepths. This hetps the plant to obtain proper 2, Seed rl: seed rit consists of a nutrition, protecis the seeds from birds and $0 of vatal tubes with 2 funnel at saves time and labour the top Seeds are putin the funnel and 3, Transplantation : Seeds of rice and some laributed through these vertical tubes other plants cannot be sown directly Into chad 2 the plough the field, Their seeds. are first grown in 3. Broadcaster + A wide moushed t Spends eager mouthed tube that a nursery til the seedling stage’ Healthy = ‘on the ground seedlings are then selected from the B ethods of sowing sade nursery beds and transplanted to the field BER. Broadcasting + scattering of PY hand “raneplantation of seedings of paddy BIG) 1.2.9 irrigation Supply of water to crops at different Intervals is known as irigation Time and frequency of irrigation varies from Ia} Crop to crop Ib} Soil to soit [el Season to season Some of the crops require more water like rice requires standing water whereas others require less water. Similarly, soils which are loamy require less water as they have good water holding ‘capacity but clayey soils having low water holding capacity require more water. Water is evaporated in large amounts from soil and leaves, during summer. Therefore, water requirement increases during summer as compared to winter, Why do plants need water? 1. For proper growth and development of Mowers, fruits and seeds of plants, Broadesring (by Nand) 2, Roots absorb mineral and fertilisers dissolved in water 3. Seed germination requires presence of water. 4, Water protects the crop from frost and hot ir currents, Wl/eveK fob 5. All nutrients are transported in the plant body using water as 2 medium TYEE Sources of irrigation : The sources of irrigation are wells, tube wells, ponds, ABIES, rivers, dam and canal TQED Methods of irrigation : Various methods BERS are used to take out water from the BIER, sources to the field ‘Traditional methods : Simple crude lover systems are used In traditional methods. These methods are cheaper as cattie or human labour but these methods are time consuming and Less licient. Some of the traditional methods of irrigation are {i Moat (Pulley System) + A pulley system is used to lit water from the well i) Chain pump = It consists of a pump having ‘endless chains running over. @ drum-or wheel by which it is moved and water is raised. WW) Ohekii s A very crude system using a log of wood to pull out water from the watt, li) Rahat + It is a simple lever system consisting of @ wheel attached to a umber of buckets. The wheel rotates which pulls out water and distributes it to the field‘Chain pump They are more tke rain, tis uset for sandy Soll Which cay a methods ¢ commonly cotain wate. 15 i) Furrow irrigation : The fig TS ivded into ridges and furrows, Pige 12 are grown on ridges and water fon, ais thy ea wa rect ee e: {i Drip irrigation: & the furrows through @ pump, = fi) Basin irrigation : The field converted into a basin and filled wy BH, water. Useful for the crops whig iF excessive ign BABE is done water accumulates around ty BEER: plants and causes damage by decreasig Trnration and increasing the amount of ss faving flows through the main with the help of @ pump, and escapes {ror fotating nozales. It gets sprinkled on the crop Furrow irigation Sprinkler igation |S 6 CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT ee eee ee throu as weeds Fe aeortan Reo he Tayi thodr ot Weng Bt ttng Tang bre saving is serie ig dic tone oa a. amin tathad seats con be iar si s"apee Way tho I Implements used for weeding ‘Spraying insecticide a good yield, crops should be s, birds and pests, lil Fencing of the field can be done to protect the crops fram str Ui Using a scare effective met ing drum is an t the crops from oping (iil Crop plants are prone t terial and viral di with fungicides and ns pesticides can help th s disease {ree crop, M: x seeds should be sown to avoid infection Ul Rodents, birds 2 sing damage to the crops are known as pest (ul Pests can be controlied by spraying diluted pesticides. Ex BHC, malathion, polythion, The process of cutting and gathering mi 2 crop upon its maturation ¥s known as harvesting. A crop gets ready for harvesting iy about 3-4 months. Harvesting can be done ‘manually with a sickle or with a machine called harvester shing : Threshing is the process of beating cereal plants in order to separate the grains from ‘CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT # Acess, then gy inthis proces, rie y vind Bows any ty «panna fal down tM nti wnat wth re manuatyo et the a wine waite the eing done wit ne tran Tesi on ore teem ee nd thrash, ‘winnowing machine — fgg 1.27 Storage savers tha they oe alae bya year in every place. “| Nomi ad and insects. 4 lil) There should be no open spaces i hang from where birds can come in and owt rains. ‘Treatments for storage 1. Before storing seeds, they are sun cid reduce moisture, combine Wiovowing + Farmers with small holdings of iand do the separation of grin fom chal by the proces of winnoving. 2. Dried neem leaves, gartic or turmeric are used while storing grains at hanet avoid microbial growth and pests 3 Specific chemical treatments can ao} aven to store grains in a proper mame AYE Methods for storing GPS Small quantities of grains at tot rata can also be stored in metallic o df Containers or in jute bags, | Large scale storage of grai s and granaries. 8 Man wimoning ‘40-6 cRoP PRODUCT FFODUCTINANO KNAGeweNT with openings. They can store different stock of lod grains, which are stacked in a large godown ‘in wooden roved platforms sway frm the walls stants for furnigation botween the stacks Perishato fod such a fut and vegetables are Stored in old storage houses Silos are tall cylindrical storage structures food grains at ufferent levels. Whenever required, {rains can be taken out from the opening, Granaries consist of qunny bags filled with Graiaios Granaries CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE-2 4, True (TI or Fatse (F} la} Seed drill is used by farmer or the seed dispersal. A {b) Seed germination do nat require water. lel Weeding should alvays be done before the weed produce flowers, 2. Flin the Blanks. [a} Supply of water to erop at diferent intervals is called Ib) Rodents, birds and insects causing damage tothe crops are known as lel __are tall cylindrical storage structures with an opening [AE] Green revolution The green revolution refers tothe dramatic cfm increase in agricultural productivity due to use of improved variety of seeds, The other factors leading to increased praductivty are ‘© Expansion of farming areas, © Mixed farming Dr. Norman Borlaug was instrumental in introducing disease resistant varieties of wheat from Mexico to India. Dr. MS. Swaminathan, an agricultural genetist, obtained a hybrid variety of wheat by cross breeding seeds {rom Mexico and local seeds of wheat. This was. high yielding variety that is also resistant to pests. His efforts have largely contributed towards making India an agriculturally selt- sufficient nation Dr. MS, Swaminathan Dr N. Boriaug, (CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT # A-tt_ SCIENCE BITS! ‘or Operation Flood ution did agriculture, it wag Fre mie and milk products by operation foog arched by National Dairy Development Boarg re trngramme was aimed a eating natonvigg Pri go I stopped malpractces by traders ang vagy 14 MIXED CULTIVATION a The process of growing Ce BS Shere yes of mp3 ares er ar esol tne KDW mS culation, Lege oar, Te nutrients reaured White Revolution What green revel orn the father of white revolution. ‘The following table gives a list of food items obtained from animals [SNo. | Food Obtained Sources ufo, imac” ied Cuiaion SS | 2 Hen, duck, turkey, (1.5 FOOD FROM ANIMALS Mest | goat, sh pst Honeybees s, animals ae roviée [Honey | Hen, Duck kinds of food and other se in our daily fe. The | 4 [E008 [75 Cod ver ol sing livestock is known | ong with lant Be cc iter Wet producte which We perce of teeing ad Smal stony Fish SCIENCE BITS! 1 Fish isa good source of foe. The cod liver ol of fish is rich source of vitamin 0. ‘Rearing of hneybees commercially for honey i known es apiculture, [4:12 @ CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT _ Cee oee 6o ceeesssces ee = KEYWORDS == “The practic of growing plants and rearing animal for fod and oer thing. Crop Siar ypes of plans cultivated ona lage sale fr fod, cat, ec called a cop all Crop tis planted in the month of ctr and harvested inthe math of Api, the following yer hart crop «Khar crop is sown during the month of une and harvested by October, Ploughing : Loosening and tung of the soil using a plough Tenlng - Agreatual race of making the surface ofthe soil unifrm arth proceso pleushing Manure + Oganicsubdances obtained by decompostion of animal and plant reside. Fertzers : Feriizess are inorganic chemicals applied tothe fed to increase fer. Broadcasting : Sowing seeds by hand. Dring : Sowing of soeds by seed drills at proper distance and depth. ion + Seeds of some crops such as rice and tomatoes are first grown in a patch of land in 3 ‘germinate and become seedlings, they are transferred to the agricultural field, Ths is Agriculture = “rangplantat ‘oursery’. Afer they known as transplantation, Irrigation : Supply of water to crops at diferent intervals Weed : A plant that grows and reproduces aggressively and limits the growth of other plants by blocking light Cor sing up nutiens from the sil ‘Weeding : The process of removing weeds withthe help of a harrow oF trowel Harvesting: The proces of cuting and gathering mature crops from the fields ing: The process of beating cereal plans in order to separate the grains from the stra: |Winnowing : The process of removing the chaf from the grains by blowing ait, is known as winnowing, Green revolution : The dramatic increase in agricultural productivity due to use of improved variety of seeds Crop rotation : The practice of growing two oF more dissimilar crops on the same patch of land akemtivey. Mad cavaton: The paces of roving wo or mae een pe fap ma prc el at the Storage : Storing grains and oer food products by adopting suitable means. Apiculture : The process of rearing honeybees for honey. == SUMMARY == Food is one of the basic requirement of all living beings and to fulfill this we need to adopt agricultural practices of growing plants and rearing animals for wseful product Same typeof plants being cultivated at one place on a lage sale, is called a crop » Tools wed for large scale agricultural production are known as aicultra implements { Ploughing isthe process of loosening and turning of soil withthe help of ploughs. Leveling of soil done with levees. Manutes and feilizers are applied tothe sol to increase soil ety Seeds are sown into the fleld either by using seed dill or by broadcasting. Good vatiety of seeds and their Placement ata proper distance and depth is necessary fora good vied ‘Supply of water to crops at appropiate intervals is known as inigaion. Removal of unwanted plans growing with crop plants scaled weeding, \Weadicides are the chemicals used for weeding ‘CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGENENT # At3,+ Cutting of crops at maturation is known as harvesting. It is done manually with sickle or by machine calles harvester. ’ Threshing is the separation of grain from straw. / The process of separating grain from chaff by blowing wind is known as winnowing. Food grains are stored in silos, granaries, cold storages, etc. Breeding and raising of animals for useful products is known as animal husbandry. A variety of products are obtained from animals.