Modeling, Designing and Fabrication of DC-DC
Boost Converter Using Microcontroller
ATMEGA8
Vaishnavi R. Wanmali
Electrical Department
YCCE Nagpur, India
vaishuwanmali1997@[Link] report. Results of simulation show that the
switching converter will boost voltage from 24
Pranali S. Mhaiskar volts to 50 volts. And the hardware model is
Electrical Department developed with the design value.
YCCE Nagpur, India
pranalimhaiskar@[Link]
Snehal D. kurhade INTRODUCTION
Elecctrical Department
YCCE Nagpur, India In many of the applications we require to
kurhades98@[Link] convert fixed DC voltage into the variable DC
voltage called as converter. A converter can be
Snehal R. Thengane step up voltage called as BOOST CONVERTER or
Electrical Department can be step down voltage called as BUCK
YCCE Nagpur, India CONVERTER, it is analogous to the transformer.
snehalthengane11@[Link]
BOOST CONVERTER step up voltage from its
Sonali P. Mate input to the output. Boost converter can be
Electrical Department used in the battery power system where we
YCCE Nagpur, India required batteries in series to achieve higher
Chiyamate993@[Link] voltage level. It is used in hybrid electric
vehicles (HEV) and lightening systems. DC to DC
boost converter also used in automotive
ABSTRACT
application, power amplifier applications,
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce
the modeling, design and fabrication of DC-DC adaptive applications, consumer electronics. In
Boost Converter which step up voltage by using the boost converter switch mode power supply
switch mode power supply (SMPS). is use where metal oxide semiconductor field
This paper is proposed to provide the designer effect transistor (MOSFET) and insulated-gate
with a method of boosting DC voltage from 24 bipolar transistor (IGBT) is use as a switch.
Volts to 50 Volts, by using a boost converter Mosfet has used for low power applications and
designed specifically for this task. All aim, igbt used for high power applications.
calculations, tests, data and conclusions have Microcontroller is use for giving PWM signals to
been documented within this the switch. We are performing open loop as
well as closed loop Simulink on the DC-DC boost
converter for verifying result and to get
constant output by giving feedback.
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METHODOLOGY MODES OF OPERATION
GENERAL BOOST CONVERTER CONFIGURATION If L>Lmin – continuous conduction
mode in which current through the
inductor never goes to zero i.e. inductor
partially discharge before the start of
the switching cycle.
If L=Lmin – just continuous mode in
which the current through inductor
Fig. 1 circuit diagram of boost converter near to zero.
In this project we are using MOSFET as a switch
which has high switching frequency and low
power output. Boost converter is work in two
modes.
MODE 1 If L<Lmin – discontinuous conduction
When switch is ON current start flowing mode in which the current through
through Vs+-L-S-Vs-, inductor stores energy and inductor goes to zero i.e. inductor is
hence inductor current increasing. completely discharged at the end of
switching cycle.
Vs=VL , V0=0
MODE 2
When switch is OFF current start flowing
through the path Vs+-L-D-load-Vs-, the polarity
of inductor gets reversed and it release its
energy, hence the diode become forward
ANALYSIS OF WAVEFORMS
biased and start conducting the current.
Energy stored in the inductor W1 during TON is
IL=ID, V0=VL+Vs
W1=Vs*Is*TON
The boost converter work in continuous and
discontinuous mode depending upon the During TOFF energy released by the inductor to
inductor current. The unidirectional diode is the load is
used in series (when switch is Off) to flow
current from inductor to the load. And diode W0=(V0-Vs) Is*TOFF
across the capacitor to prevent the discharge
At steady state consider the system is lossless
capacitor through inductor and discharge
through the load to get the continuous output. Vs*Is*TON=(V0-Vs) *Is*TOFF
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i.e. V0=[(TON+TOFF)/TOFF]*Vs PARAMETERS USED IN CIRCUIT
=Vs/[TOFF/(TON+TOFF)]
1. INDUCTOR
=Vs/[(T-TON)/T] An inductor is a passive two terminal electrical
component that stores energy in a magnetic
=Vs/[1-(TON/T)]
field when electric current flow through it An
V0=Vs/[1-ẟ] inductor typically consists of an insulated wire
wound into a coil around a core.
2. CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a passive two terminal electronic
component that stores electrical energy in an
electric field. It charges and discharges the
electric charge store in it.
Capacitor value should be high enough to pass
lowest frequencies with little or no attenuation.
Capacitor also acts as a filter.
3. DIODE
A diode is an electrical device that allow current
to move through it in one direction.
4. RESISTANCE
Resistance is a measure of the opposition to
current flow in circuit.
5. MOSFET
Mosfet has a high switching frequency
(>200KHz) than the IGBT, long duty cycle and
lower power output (<500W)
Fig 2. Waveform of Boost Converter In this project we are using FQA10N80,10Amp,
800 Volt, N-channel Mosfet. It requires low gate
DUTY CYCLE (ẟ)= duty cycle is the ratio of TON to charge (typically 55nC).
the T Fraction of one period in which signal is Mosfet has fast switching and it has 100%
active. avalanche tested. It improves dv/dt capability.
When ẟ=0, V0=Vs
6. RECTIFIER
When ẟ=1, V0=∞ Rectifier for converting 220Volt ac to the 24Volt
dc. Further it gives input to the converter.
Hence when duty cycle changes in the range of
0<ẟ<1, the variation of output voltage ranges 7. MICROCONTROLLER
may be given at Vs<V0<∞ In this project we are using microcontroller for
generating PWM (pulse width modulation)
signals for gate of the Mosfet.
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In this project we are using high performance, 𝑉𝑆 − 𝑉𝑂
∆𝐼𝐿𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 = − [ (1 − 𝐷)𝑇𝑆 ]
low power AVR 8-bit ATMEGA8 microcontroller 𝐿
which is easily available in the market. 𝑉𝑂 − 𝑉𝑆
= (1 − 𝐷)𝑇𝑆
𝐿
8. VOLTAGE REGULATED IC
We are using 7805 voltage regulated IC for 1
𝑉𝑂 = 𝑉
giving 5Volt output voltage for microcontroller 1−𝐷 𝑆
operation.
𝑃𝑆 = 𝑃𝑂
9. TRANSISTOR
𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆 = 𝑉𝑂 𝐼𝑂
Transistor is used for giving time gate pulse to
the Mosfet. In this project we are using PNP 𝑉𝑂 1
𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑂 = 𝐼
transistor. 𝑉𝑆 1−𝐷 𝑂
10. LED 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝑂
Led for indicating ON and OFF of the circuit.
𝐼𝐶 = 𝐼𝑂
1
𝑉𝐶 = ∫ 𝑖𝐶 𝑑𝑡
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF DC-DC BOOST 𝐶
CONVERTER. 𝑡1
1
∆𝑉𝐶 = ∫ 𝐼𝐶 𝑑𝑡
𝐶
𝑑𝑖𝐿 0
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿 = 𝑉𝑆
𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝐶
= 𝑉𝐶 −
𝑑𝑖𝐿 𝑉𝑆 𝑡0
=
𝑑𝑡 𝐿
𝐼𝐶
= 𝑡
𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑇𝑆
𝐶 1
𝑑𝑖𝐿 𝑉𝑆
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 ∆𝑄 = 𝐶|∆𝑉|
𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 0
𝑉𝑂
𝑉𝑆 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉𝐶 𝐼𝑂 =
𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ∆𝐼𝐿 = 𝐷𝑇𝑆 𝑅
𝐿
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉𝑂
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑆 − 𝑉𝐶
𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1−𝐷)𝑇𝑆 ∆𝑄 = 𝐶∆𝑉𝑂 = 𝐼𝑂 × 𝐷𝑇𝑆
𝑉𝑆 − 𝑉𝑂
∫ 𝑑𝑖𝐿 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 𝐼𝑂 × 𝐷𝑇𝑆
𝐿 ∆𝑉𝑂 =
𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 0 𝐶
𝑉𝑆 − 𝑉𝑂 𝑉𝑂 × 𝐷𝑇𝑆
𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (1 − 𝐷)𝑇𝑆 =
𝐿 𝐶𝑅
∆𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑂 × 𝐷 1
∆𝑉𝐶 = ∆𝑉𝑂 = 𝑓=
𝐶𝑅𝑓 𝑇𝑆
4
(∆𝑖𝐿 )𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = (∆𝑖𝐿 )𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 OPEN LOOP
𝑉𝑆
𝑉𝑂 =
1−𝐷
DESIGN OF BOOST CONVERTER
Switching frequency f 25KHz
Output voltage V0 50Volt
Input voltage VIN 24Volt
Load resistance R 50ohm
Ripple voltage VRIPPLE 0.01Volt
Fig. 3 Simulink Model Of DC-DC Boost Converter
(Open Loop)
DUTY CYCLE
𝑉𝑖𝑛 24
𝛿 =1− =1−
𝑉𝑂 50
𝛿 =0.52
INDUCTOR
𝛿𝑅(1 − 𝛿)2 0.52 × 50(1 − 0.52)2
𝐿= =
2𝑓 2 × 25 × 103
=119.8 microhenry
CAPACITOR
𝛿 0.52
𝐶= =
𝑅 × 𝑉𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 𝑓 50 × 0.01 × 25 × 103
Fig. 4 Waveform of DC-DC Boost Converter
=41.6 microfarad (Open Loop)
OUTPUT CURRENT CLOSED LOOP
𝑉𝑂 50 Closed loop control is a process by which the
𝐼𝑂 = =
𝑅 50 output voltage is maintained constantly by
obtaining the feedback of the loop.
=1 Amp Closed loop control of Boost Converter is used
to obtain a constant DC output voltage. The
switching frequency and duty cycle decides the
output voltage. In the closed loop process the
SIMULINK MODEL OF BOOST CONVETER
output voltage is compared with a set voltage
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and the error value is reduced by controlling the
switching pulse. The basic operation is if the
error value is positive the duty cycle is reduced
and if the error value is negative the duty cycle
is increased by continuing the process
continuously the output voltage is maintained
constant.
Fig. 6 Waveform of DC-DC Boost Converter
(Closed Loop)
CONCLUSION
The conclusions based on the present work are
as under-
• The Simulation of Boost Converter is
verified on MATLAB software as well as
hardware is design on the basis of
design parameter.
REFERENCES
• Muhammad H. Rashid, “Dc-Dc Converters”,
Power Electronics, Third edition.
• Deodatta Shingare,“Chopper”, Industrial
And Power electronics.
• Marian Kazimierczuk, “Boost PWM DC–
DC Converter“,Pulse Width Modulated
Dc-Dc Power Converter.
• Alok Jain, “Dc-Dc Converter”, Power
Electronics And Its Application.
• Yi-Ping Hsieh, Lung-Sheng Yang,Tsorng-
Fig. 5 Simulink Model Of DC-DC Boost Converter Juu Liang, and Jiann-Fuh Chen, “A Novel
(Closed Loop) High Step Up DC-DC Converter with
Single Switch System,” IEEE Trans. On
Power Electronics.
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