SITE DESIGN,
COMMUNITY
PLANNING, AND
LANDSCAPING
DR. LAINA HILMA SARI, ST, MSC
MK ARSITEKTUR TROPIS
25 APRIL 2020
SITE
The heating, cooling, and lighting
of a building are very much
affected by the site and
community in which the building is
located. Although man
In climates with very hot summers
and mild winters, shade is more
desirable than solar access. Often
multistory buildings are built on
narrow streets to create shade
both for the street and for the
buildings
Wind is also an
important factor in
vernacular design.
When there is too
much wind and the
temperature is cool,
windbreaks are
common, and wind
breaks of dense
vegetation are most
common
When buildings are
not tall enough to
cast much shade,
pedestrian streets
can have their own
shading system
When protection from
rain as well as sun is
desirable, arcades and
colonnades are
frequently used
when the climate is warm and
humid, cross-ventilation is very
desirable. Many native
communities maximize the
benefit of natural ventilation
by building far apart and b y
eliminating Low vegetation
that would block the cooling
breezes
TOPOGRAPHY
When the United States was
first settled and land was still
plentiful, farms were built
almost exclusively on south
slopes. It was well known that
a south slope is warmer and
has the longest growing
season.
When a choice of sites is
available, a south slope is still
the best for most building
types.
Figure 11.2c illustrates the variation
in microclimate with different slope
orientations. The south slope gets
the most sun and is the warmest in
the winter, while the west slope is
the hottest in the summer.
The north slope is the shadiest and
coldest, while the hilltop is the
windiest location. Low areas tend
to be cooler than slopes because
cold air drains into them and
collects there.
The best site for a building on hilly land depends on both
climate and building type. For envelope-dominated
buildings, such as residences and small office buildings, the
climate would suggest the sites shown in Figure 11.2d.
For example, in Cold climates: South slopes maxi-mize solar
collection and are shielded from cold northern winds. Avoid
the windy hilltops and low-lying areas that collect pools of
cold air.
Hot and dry climates: Build in lowlying areas that collect cool
air. If winters are very cold, build on the bottom of the south
slope. If winters are mild, build on the north or east slope, but
in all cases avoid the west slope.
Hot and humid climates: Maximize natural ventilation by
building on hilltops but avoid the west side of hilltops because
of the hot afternoon sun.
WIND
In winter, the main purpose of blocking
the wind is to reduce the heat loss that
infiltration causes. Although infiltration is
normally responsible for about one-third
of the total heat loss in traditionally built
homes, on a windy day on an open site,
infiltration can account for more than 50
percent of the total heat loss in older
buildings.
Even with modern air barriers, infiltration is
still a problem, especially at windows and
doors. Since infiltration is approximately
proportional to the square of the wind
velocity, a small Reduction in wind speed
will have a large effect on heat loss. For
example, if the wind speed is cut in half,
the infiltration heat loss will be only one-
fourth as large
Since windbreaks are never
continuous, the end
condition must be
considered. At gaps or
ends of windbreaks, the air
velocity is actually greater
than the free wind
To get full benefit of height, the width of
the windbreak should be at least ten times
the height
When there is no dominant summer wind direction,, shade trees with a high
canopyy are desirable. If bushes are used, they should be placed away
from the building. If, instead, they are placed between the trees and
buildings wind will be deflected over the building. This is the appropriate
way to place bushes on the north side for winter wind protection.
This strategy is appropriate
only for hot and humid
climates with mild winters. In
cold climates where the
VEGETATIONS
Plants are immensely useful in
the heating, cooling, and
lighting of buildings. Through the
proper location and selection of
plants, welldesigned
landscaping can reduce the
heating and cooling costs of a
building as much as 25 percent.
Although plants are very
popular, they are usually used
for their aesthetic and
psychological benefits.
VERTICAL
GARDEN
GREEN ROOF
11.10f). A roof garden in a hot and humid climate, on
the other hand, would be open to cooling breezes and
be well shaded by trees, trellises, etc.
Rules for Vegetated Roofs
1. Use only quality vegetated roof systems to prevent
water damage to the building.
2. Account for the higher dead load. Deep soil pockets
for trees should be placed near vertical supports and
not near the middle of long spans.
3. Use the same amount of insulation as if the roof were
not vegetated.
4. Consider making the vegetated roof an accessible
roof garden.
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