REINFORCED CONCRETE
Assist. Prof. Dr. Muzaffer BÖREKÇİ
Email: mborekciytu@[Link]
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
Fundamental principles and methods for design of reinforced
concrete structures
Analysis and design of a cross-section
Elastic design (working stress design / Allowable stress design)
The fundamentals of this method has been established in the beginning of
20th century. Both steel and concrete are assumed to be linear elastic
and Hooke Law is valid.
Stress (σ)
σ
fc
E σ = Eε
Strain(ε) ε
εco εcu
This assumption may be valid for service loads (işletme yükleri)
However; it’s not valid anymore in case of failure. For instance, under
the effect of a strong ground motion, the assumption of material
linearity is not valid.
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
Fundamental principles and methods for design of reinforced
concrete structures
Limit state design (Limit durumlara göre hesap)
Limit state defines a particular state of a structure which may be
collapse or loss of function, either partial or total. Structures must
be designed so that the probability of reaching a limit state is lower
than prescribed level.
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE (Son limit durum)
The collapse of part or all of the structure.
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE (Kullanılabilirlik limit durumu)
The loss of a function of a structure because of excessive deformation,
wide cracks or vibration under the effect of service loads (dead+live).
For instance, a slab which doesn’t collapse but vibrates.
In limit state design, the probability of reaching a limit state is restricted
with a prescribed level (%5-%10) for the design of structures.
The first stage of design making design of a cross-section for the
ultimate limit state and the following step is checking the serviceability
requirements (deformations and cracks).
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
Fundamental principles and methods for design of reinforced
concrete structures
Limit state design (Limit durumlara göre hesap)
Cross-sectional design based on the limit state design assumptions is
called Ultimate Strength Theory or Ultimate Strength Design.
Main assumptions of this method
Concrete does not take any tension, all tensile stresses are taken
by reinforcement.
Bernouilli-Navier hypothesis is valid.
Concrete σ-ε curve is the curve obtained from uniaxial
compression. Reinforcement steel is elastoplastic.
Stress (σ) Stress (σ)
fc fy
Strain (ε) Strain (ε)
εco εcu εsy εsu
Loads are increased by load factors and material strength is
decreased by material factors. Load and material factors are
called partial safety factors.
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
Fundamental principles and methods for design of reinforced
concrete structures
Limit state design (Limit durumlara göre hesap)
Probability of reaching or exceeding a limit state of structural
system elements is restricted in limit state design.
What is the
probability of
reaching a limit
state?
Probability of reaching a limit state is 10-6
The safety of structure can be expressed as given below (R and F are
strength and load, respectively)
If R≥F structure is assumed to be safe
−6
Probability of reaching a limit state is P ( R < F ) = 10
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
Fundamental principles and methods for design of reinforced
concrete structures
Limit state design (Limit durumlara göre hesap)
Probability of reaching or exceeding a limit state of structural
system elements is restricted in limit state design.
Why do we need
a probabilistic
approach?
Load and strength are probabilistic variables.
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
Limit state design (Limit durumlara göre hesap)
MALZEME KATSAYILARI – TS500
BETON ÇELİK
γ mc = 1.5 Cast in place concrete γ ms = 1.15
(yerinde dökme beton)
Precast structural f yk
γ mc = 1.4 elements (prefabrike f yd =
elemanlar) γ ms
If standard control is
γ mc = 1.7 not available
f f ctk
f cd = ck f ctd =
γ mc γ mc
fck:Characteristic compressive strength of concrete (Betonun karakteristik basınç dayanımı)
fctk: Characteristic tensile strength of concrete (Betonun karakteristik çekme dayanımı)
fyk: Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement steel (Çeliğin karakteristik akma dayanımı)
fcd:Design compressive strength of concrete (betonun hesap basınç dayanımı)
fctd: Design tensile strength of concrete (Betonun hesap çekme dayanımı)
fyd: Design yield strength of reinforcement steel (Çeliğin hesap akma dayanımı)
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
Limit state design (Limit durumlara göre hesap )
LOAD COEFFICIENT – TS500
Only vertical loads
1.4G + 1.6Q G:Dead load (Dead Load Zati yük / ölü yük))
(1) Q:Live load (Hareketli yük)
1.0G + 1.2Q + 1.2T
T:Temparature, differetial settlement, creep
(Sıcaklık farkı, Farklı oturma, sünme)
Vetical loads + Wind
In addition to (1) W:Wind load (Rüzgar yükü)
1.0G + 1.3Q + 1.3W
0.9G + 1.3W
In case of earthquake
In addition to (1) E:Deprem yükü (Earthquake Load)
1.0G + 1.0Q + 1.0E
0.9G + 1.0E
In case of lateral earth pressure
In addition to (1) H: Lateral earth pressure (Yanal toprak itkisi)
1.4G + 1.6Q + 1.6H
0.9G + 1.6H
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO PURE BENDING
(Basit eğilme etkisindeki betonarme elemanların taşıma gücü)
The RC beams and RC slabs are subjected to flexure because of the
loads applied to structures. They are also subjected to shear force in
addition to flexure. However, those actions are considered separately for
design of the RC structures since it is assumed that they are independent
from eachother.
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
This part of section is
under the effect of
compressive force and it
is shortening.
(Compression side)
This part of section is
elongating since it is
loaded by tensile
force.(Tension side)
+
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
This part of section is
under the effect of
compressive force and it
is shortening.
(Compression side)
Where should the This part of section is
reinforcing bars elongating since it is
be placed? loaded by tensile
force.(Tension side)
This part of the section is loaded by
tensile load. The tensile reinforcement
is required for this area to compensate
the tensile strength deficiency of
concrete.
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
-
+
Beam zones along which
reinforcement steel is
required (theoretical)
Provided reinforcement
steel
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
M
M
FC FC
FT FT
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi How does the
compressive stress
distribute?
FC
FT
The position and the value of the compressive force completely depends
on the distribution of the compressive stress since it is equal to
summation of compressive stress.
ASSUMPTION: The stress block of the concrete in compression is
assumed to be same as the σ-Ɛ curve obtained experimentally
from uniaxially loaded specimen.
σ
0.85f Streess-strain curve
cd
given by TS500/2000.
0.002 0.003
ε
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
εc
FC
x
d
N.A
h
εs
bw
εc x
FC = bw ∫ σ ( x )dx
FC
x 0
εc= Strain of concrete (shortening)
εs=Strain of reinforcement steel
(elongation)
εs
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
εc
x
d
N.A
εs
σc3 εcu σc
0.85fcd εc3
0.85fcd
σc2 εc2 σc3
σc2
σc1 εc1 σc1
εcu εc
T.E εc1 εc2 εc3
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
εc
FC
x
d
N.A
h
FT
εs
bw
Is there a simpler
way to calculate
the compression
force instead of
integration?
EQUIVALENT
RECTANGULAR STRESS
x BLOCK
FC = bw ∫ σ ( x )dx (Eşdeğer dikdörtgen
gerilme bloğu)
0
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
εc 0.85fcd
0.85fcd 0.85fcdba
x a
εs
a
x
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO PURE BENDING
(Basit eğilme etkisindeki betonarme elemanların taşıma gücü)
Rectangular sections
Sections with rectangular compression zone are called rectangular
section
M M
M M
Rectangular beams reinforced for Double reinforced rectangular
tension only / single reinforced beams (Çift donatılı
rectangular beams (Tek donatılı dikdörtgen kesitler)
dikdörtgen kesitler)
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO PURE BENDING
Rectangular sections
Compression
reinforcement
M M
Tension reinforcement Tension reinforcement
Rectangular beams reinforced Double reinforced rectangular
for tension only (Tek donatılı beams (Çift donatılı dikdörtgen
dikdörtgen kesitler) kesitler)
Tensile force is carried by Tensile force is carried by tensile
tensile reinforcement / reinforcement / Compressive force
Compressive force is is carried by concrete in
carried by concrete in compression zone and
compression zone compressive reinforcement
Tension
reinforcement
M
Compression
reinforcement
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
GEOMETRİ
As: Tensile reinforcement
(Çekme donatısı)
b
c As’: Compressive
reinforcement (Basınç
As’ donatısı)
h: Beam height (Kiriş yüksekliği)
h d
bw: Beam width (Kiriş genişliği)
As
d’ c
bw b: Effective beam width
(Etkili tabla genişliği)
d: Effective beam depth
(Etkili derinlik / faydalı derinlik )
d’: ? ( Paspayı)
c: Cover concrete (Kabuk
betonu)
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
εc 0.85fcd
a/2
FC a FC
x
d
T.E M
d-0.5a
h
As
εs FT FT
bw
The resultant of internal forces is 0 since the section is subjected to bending
moment only.
FC − FT = 0
FC = FT σs
0.85f cd b w a = A s σs Force equilibrium equation fy
σs= Tensile stress in reinforcement σs = E s εs Es
Es= Modulus of elasticity of 5
E s = 2.10 N / mm 2
reinforcement εsy ε
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
εc 0.85fcd
a/2
FC a FC
x
d
T.E M
d-0.5a
h
As
εs FT FT
bw
The resultant of internal forces is 0 since the section is subjected to bending
moment only.
FC − FT = 0
FC = FT
0.85f cd b w a = A s σs + The tensile force carried by concrete
ASSUMPTION: Concrete doesn’t take tensile force. All tensile force is taken by
reinforcement steel.
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
εc 0.85fcd
a/2
FC a FC
x
d
T.E M
d-0.5a
h
As
εs FT FT
bw
The resultant of internal forces is 0 since the section is subjected to bending
moment only.
FC − FT = 0 FC = FT Force equilibrium equation
0.85f cd b w a = A s σs
M r =FC (d − 0.5a ) = FT (d − 0.5a ) Moment equilibrium equation
Mr= Ultimate moment capacity (moment taşıma gücü)
M r = 0.85f cd b w a (d − 0.5a )
= A s σs (d − 0.5a )
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
εc 0.85fcd
a/2
FC a FC
x
d
T.E M
d-0.5a
h
As
εs FT FT
bw
Failure Types
Tension failure (çekme kırılması / sünek kırılma, düktil kırılma)
In underreinforced beams the tensile reinforcement reaches its yield deformation prior to
crushing of concrete at the outermost fiber in compression. The large deformations and
cracks are observed during the failure.
Balanced failure (Dengeli kırılma)
Reinforcement steel yields and concrete is crushed simultaneously. The failure is sudden and
brittle. This type of failure is borderline case between tension and compression failure.
Compression failure (basınç kırılması / gevrek kırılma )
In overreinforced beams the concrete in outermost fiber reaches crushing strain capacity
prior to yielding of tensile reinforcement. The failure is sudden and brittle.
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
εc 0.85fcd
a/2
FC a FC
x
d
T.E M
d-0.5a
h
As
εs FT FT
bw
Failure Types
The parameter which controls the failure type is reinforcement steel ratio.
ρ: Reinforcement ratio ρ = ρb
ρb: Balanced
reinforcement ratio ρ < ρb ρ > ρb
Tension failure Compression
failure
Balanced failure
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
0.003
x<xb xb x>xb
d
N.A
Tension failure
h
Compression failure
εs=εsy
bw
Balanced failure
εs<εsy
εs>εsy
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
h = d + d′ = d + 40mm
d
~8-10mm
~20-25mm ~8-10mm
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
Design of single reinforced concrete sections (kesit hesabı)
Md Md
Known parameters: Md, fcd, f yd, bw, h
Parameters to be calculated: As (or ρ)
UPPER LIMITS
Ductile behavior limit (ductility requirement): ρ ≤ ρ m = 0.85ρ b (TS500)
The max reinforcement ratio can TS500 and Earthquake
never be more than 0.02
ρ ≤ 0.02 Specifications
f ctd
Minimum reinforcement ratio: ρ min = 0.8
f yd
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
Design of single reinforced concrete sections (kesit hesabı)
Known parameters: Md, fcd, f yd, bw, h
Md Parameters to be calculated: As (or ρ)
h d
bw
Tensile reinforcement is assumed to be yielded! σs = f yd
0.85f cd b w a = A s f yd
A s f yd
a=
0.85f cd b w
M d = A s f yd (d − 0.5a )
A s f yd
M d = A s f yd (d − 0.5 )
0.85f cd b w
(0.59f yd2 )A s2 − (f yd f cd b w d)A s + (f cd b w )M d = 0 As
Reinforced Concrete
Dr. Muzaffer Börekçi
Design of single reinforced concrete sections (kesit hesabı)
The minimum diameter of reinforcement bar is
12mm.
The minimum number of reinforcement bar is 2 (so
that transverse reinforcement can be connected with
longitudinal reinforcement)
The selected reinforcement must be checked if it
can be placed at the same level or not. If not, some
reinforcement bars can be placed at a second level.
The center of gravity and the effective depth are
changed.
Tables, which shows the required minimum beam
width so that all bars can be placed at the same
level, are available in some textbooks. [Betonarme 1
(İlhan Berktay)]
NOTE: This lecture note is used with the permission
of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Serdar KIRÇIL