INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS, 6/E

Neil A. Weiss

FORMULAS

NOTATION The following notation is used on this card: • Rule of total probability:
n
sample size σ
population stdev 
k
P (B)
P (Aj ) · P (B | Aj )
x
sample mean d
paired difference
j
1
s
sample stdev p̂
sample proportion
(A1 , A2 , . . . , Ak mutually exclusive and exhaustive)
Qj
j th quartile p
population proportion
N
population size O
observed frequency • Bayes’s rule:
µ
population mean E
expected frequency P (Ai ) · P (B | Ai )
P (Ai | B)
k
j
1 P (Aj ) · P (B | Aj )
CHAPTER 3 Descriptive Measures (A1 , A2 , . . . , Ak mutually exclusive and exhaustive)
x
• Sample mean: x
• Factorial: k!
k(k − 1) · · · 2 · 1
n
m!
• Range: Range
Max − Min • Permutations rule: m Pr

(m − r)!
• Sample standard deviation:


• Special permutations rule: m Pm
m!
(x − x)2 x 2 − (x)2 /n m!
s
or s
• Combinations rule:

n−1 n−1 m Cr
r! (m − r)!
• Interquartile range: IQR
Q3 − Q1 N!
• Number of possible samples: N Cn

• Lower limit
Q1 − 1.5 · IQR, Upper limit
Q3 + 1.5 · IQR n! (N − n)!
x
• Population mean (mean of a variable): µ
CHAPTER 5 Discrete Random Variables
N
• Population standard deviation (standard deviation of a variable): • Mean of a discrete random variable X: µ
xP (X
x)
 
(x − µ)2 x 2 • Standard deviation of a discrete random variable X:
σ
or σ
− µ2  
N N
σ
(x − µ)2 P (X
x) or σ
x 2 P (X
x) − µ2
x−µ
• Standardized variable: z

σ • Factorial: k!
k(k − 1) · · · 2 · 1
 
CHAPTER 4 Probability Concepts n n!
• Binomial coefficient:

x x! (n − x)!
• Probability for equally likely outcomes:
• Binomial probability formula:
f
P (E)
,  
N n x
P (X
x)
p (1 − p)n−x ,
where f denotes the number of ways event E can occur and x
N denotes the total number of outcomes possible.
where n denotes the number of trials and p denotes the success
• Special addition rule: probability.

P (A or B or C or · · · )
P (A) + P (B) + P (C) + · · · • Mean of a binomial random variable: µ
np


(A, B, C, . . . mutually exclusive) • Standard deviation of a binomial random variable: σ
np(1 − p)
• Complementation rule: P (E)
1 − P (not E) λx
• Poisson probability formula: P (X
x)
e−λ
• General addition rule: P (A or B)
P (A) + P (B) − P (A & B) x!

P (A & B) • Mean of a Poisson random variable: µ
λ

• Conditional probability rule: P (B | A)
√
P (A) • Standard deviation of a Poisson random variable: σ
λ
• General multiplication rule: P (A & B)
P (A) · P (B | A)
• Special multiplication rule: CHAPTER 7 The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

P (A & B & C & · · · )
P (A) · P (B) · P (C) · · · • Mean of the variable x: µx
µ

√
(A, B, C, . . . independent) • Standard deviation of the variable x: σx
σ/ n
 INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS, 6/E
Neil A. Weiss

FORMULAS

CHAPTER 8 Confidence Intervals for One Population Mean • Pooled t-interval for µ1 − µ2 (independent samples, normal
populations or large samples, and equal population standard
• Standardized version of the variable x:
deviations):
x−µ
z
√ 
σ/ n (x 1 − x 2 ) ± tα/2 · sp (1/n1 ) + (1/n2 )
• z-interval for µ (σ known, normal population or large sample):
with df
n1 + n2 − 2.
σ
x ± zα/2 · √
n
• Degrees of freedom for nonpooled-t procedures:
σ
• Margin of error for the estimate of µ: E
zα/2 · √ 

2
n s12 /n1 + s22 /n2


2 2
2 ,
• Sample size for estimating µ: s12 /n1 s2 /n2
 2 +
zα/2 · σ n1 − 1 n2 − 1
n
,
E
rounded down to the nearest integer.
rounded up to the nearest whole number.
• Studentized version of the variable x: • Nonpooled t-test statistic for H0 : µ1
µ2 (independent samples,
and normal populations or large samples):
x−µ
t
√
s/ n x1 − x2
t

• t-interval for µ (σ unknown, normal population or large sample): (s12 /n1 ) + (s22 /n2 )
s
x ± tα/2 · √ with df
.
n
with df
n − 1. • Nonpooled t-interval for µ1 − µ2 (independent samples, and normal
populations or large samples):
CHAPTER 9 Hypothesis Tests for One Population Mean

• z-test statistic for H0 : µ
µ0 (σ known, normal population or large (x 1 − x 2 ) ± tα/2 · (s12 /n1 ) + (s22 /n2 )
sample):
x − µ0 with df
.
z
√
σ/ n
• Mann–Whitney test statistic for H0 : µ1
µ2 (independent samples
• t-test statistic for H0 : µ
µ0 (σ unknown, normal population or and same-shape populations):
large sample):
x − µ0 M
sum of the ranks for sample data from Population 1
t
√
s/ n
• Paired t-test statistic for H0 : µ1
µ2 (paired sample, and normal
with df
n − 1.
differences or large sample):
• Wilcoxon signed-rank test statistic for H0 : µ
µ0 (symmetric
population): d
t
√
W
sum of the positive ranks sd / n

with df
n − 1.
CHAPTER 10 Inferences for Two Population Means
• Pooled sample standard deviation: • Paired t-interval for µ1 − µ2 (paired sample, and normal differences

or large sample):
(n1 − 1)s12 + (n2 − 1)s22
sp
sd
d ± tα/2 · √
n1 + n2 − 2
n
• Pooled t-test statistic for H0 : µ1
µ2 (independent samples, normal
populations or large samples, and equal population standard with df
n − 1.
deviations):
• Paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test statistic for H0 : µ1
µ2 (paired
x1 − x2
t
√ sample and symmetric differences):
sp (1/n1 ) + (1/n2 )
with df
n1 + n2 − 2. W
sum of the positive ranks
 INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS, 6/E
Neil A. Weiss

FORMULAS

CHAPTER 11 Inferences for Population Standard Deviations • Two-sample z-test statistic for H0 : p1
p2 :

• χ 2 -test statistic for H0 : σ
σ0 (normal population): p̂1 − p̂2

z
 √
p̂p (1 − p̂p ) (1/n1 ) + (1/n2 )
n−1 2
χ2
s (Assumptions: independent samples; x1 , n1 − x1 , x2 , n2 − x2 are all 5
σ02
or greater)
with df
n − 1.
• Two-sample z-interval for p1 − p2 :
• χ 2 -interval for σ (normal population): 


(p̂1 − p̂2 ) ± zα/2 · p̂1 (1 − p̂1 )/n1 + p̂2 (1 − p̂2 )/n2
n−1 n−1 (Assumptions: independent samples; x1 , n1 − x1 , x2 , n2 − x2 are all 5
2
· s to 2
·s
χα/2 χ1−α/2 or greater)
with df
n − 1. • Margin of error for the estimate of p1 − p2 :

• F -test statistic for H0 : σ1
σ2 (independent samples and normal E
zα/2 · p̂1 (1 − p̂1 )/n1 + p̂2 (1 − p̂2 )/n2
populations):
• Sample size for estimating p1 − p2 :
F
s12 /s22  2
zα/2
n1
n2
0.5
with df
(n1 − 1, n2 − 1). E
or
• F -interval for σ1 /σ2 (independent samples and normal   z 2
α/2
populations): n1
n2
p̂1g (1 − p̂1g ) + p̂2g (1 − p̂2g )
E
1 s1 1 s1 rounded up to the nearest whole number (g
“educated guess”)
 · to  ·
Fα/2 s2 F1−α/2 s2
CHAPTER 13 Chi-Square Procedures
with df
(n1 − 1, n2 − 1).
• Expected frequencies for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test:
CHAPTER 12 Inferences for Population Proportions E
np
• Sample proportion: • Test statistic for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test:
x
p̂
, χ 2
(O − E)2 /E
n
with df
k − 1, where k is the number of possible values for the
where x denotes the number of members in the sample that have the
variable under consideration.
specified attribute.
• Expected frequencies for a chi-square independence test:
• One-sample z-interval for p:
 R·C
p̂ ± zα/2 · p̂(1 − p̂)/n E

n
(Assumption: both x and n − x are 5 or greater) where R
row total and C
column total.

• Margin of error for the estimate of p: • Test statistic for a chi-square independence test:
 χ 2
(O − E)2 /E
E
zα/2 · p̂(1 − p̂)/n
with df
(r − 1)(c − 1), where r and c are the number of possible
• Sample size for estimating p: values for the two variables under consideration.
   2
zα/2 2 zα/2
n
0.25 or n
p̂g (1 − p̂g ) CHAPTER 14 Descriptive Methods in Regression and Correlation
E E
• Sxx , Sxy , and Syy :
rounded up to the nearest whole number (g
“educated guess”)

• One-sample z-test statistic for H0 : p
p0 : Sxx
(x − x)2
x 2 − (x)2 /n

p̂ − p0 Sxy
(x − x)(y − y)
xy − (x)(y)/n

z
√
p0 (1 − p0 )/n Syy
(y − y)2
y 2 − (y)2 /n
(Assumption: both np0 and n(1 − p0 ) are 5 or greater) • Regression equation: ŷ
b0 + b1 x, where
x1 + x2 Sxy 1
• Pooled sample proportion: p̂p
b1
and b0
(y − b1 x)
y − b1 x
n1 + n2 Sxx n
 INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS, 6/E
Neil A. Weiss

FORMULAS

• Total sum of squares: SST
(y − y)2
Syy CHAPTER 16 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
• Regression sum of squares: SSR
(ŷ − y)2
Sxy
2
/Sxx • Notation in one-way ANOVA:
• Error sum of squares: SSE
(y − ŷ)
Syy −
2 2
Sxy /Sxx k
number of populations
• Regression identity: SST
SSR + SSE n
total number of observations
SSR x
mean of all n observations
• Coefficient of determination: r 2

SST nj
size of sample from Population j
• Linear correlation coefficient: x j
mean of sample from Population j
1
(x − x)(y − y) Sxy sj2
variance of sample from Population j
r
n−1
or r

sx sy Sxx Syy Tj
sum of sample data from Population j

• Defining formulas for sums of squares in one-way ANOVA:

CHAPTER 15 Inferential Methods in Regression and Correlation
• Population regression equation: y
β0 + β1 x SST
(x − x)2
 SSTR
nj (x j − x)2
SSE
• Standard error of the estimate: se

n−2 SSE
(nj − 1)sj2
• Test statistic for H0 : β1
0:
• One-way ANOVA identity: SST
SSTR + SSE
b1
t
√ • Computing formulas for sums of squares in one-way ANOVA:
se / Sxx
with df
n − 2. SST
x 2 − (x)2 /n
• Confidence interval for β1 : SSTR
(Tj2 /nj ) − (x)2 /n
se
b1 ± tα/2 · √ SSE
SST − SSTR
Sxx
with df
n − 2. • Mean squares in one-way ANOVA:

• Confidence interval for the conditional mean of the response variable SSTR SSE
MSTR
, MSE

corresponding to xp : k−1 n−k


• Test statistic for one-way ANOVA (independent samples, normal
1 (xp − x/n)2
ŷp ± tα/2 · se + populations, and equal population standard deviations):
n Sxx
MSTR
with df
n − 2. F

MSE
• Prediction interval for an observed value of the response variable with df
(k − 1, n − k).
corresponding to xp :

• Confidence interval for µi − µj in the Tukey multiple-comparison
1 (xp − x/n)2 method (independent samples, normal populations, and equal
ŷp ± tα/2 · se 1 + +
n Sxx population standard deviations):
with df
n − 2. qα 
(x i − x j ) ± √ · s (1/ni ) + (1/nj ),
• Test statistic for H0 : ρ
0: 2
√
t


r where s
MSE and qα is obtained for a q-curve with parameters k
1 − r2 and n − k.
n−2 • Test statistic for a Kruskal–Wallis test (independent samples,
with df
n − 2. same-shape populations, all sample sizes 5 or greater):

• Test statistic for a correlation test for normality: SSTR 12  k

Rj2
H
or H
− 3(n + 1),
xw SST/(n − 1) n(n + 1) j
1 nj
Rp

Sxx w2 where SSTR and SST are computed for the ranks of the data, and
where x and w denote observations of the variable and the Rj denotes the sum of the ranks for the sample data from
corresponding normal scores, respectively. Population j . H is approximately chi-square with df
k − 1.