BEEA 1343:

STRUCTURE

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 OBJECTIVES:

 To understand the concept of enum & structure

 To understand the differences between array and

structure

 To understand how to use structure in program

 To understand structure containing array and array

of structure

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 Structure

• Structure – is a collection of related elements, possibly of different

types, having a single name.

• Each element in a structure is called a field.

• A field is the smallest element of named data that has meaning.

• The different between an array and a structure is that all elements

in an array must be of the same type, while the elements in a
structure can be of the same or different types. 3
 Structure
•The first example fraction, has two fields, both of which are
integers. The second example, student, has three fields, an
integer number, an array and a floating point number.

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1234 F A T I M A H /0 3.7
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 Structure Declaration and Definition

• To declare a structure type, use the keyword struct followed

by the name of the type and its field list.

General Format:
struct <structName>
{
type1 field1;
type2 field2;
. . .
};
• To define its variables, use the structure tag (name) as the
variable’s type.
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 Structure Declaration and Definition
Example :

struct
structure tag
{
int ; structure members
string ;
short ;
double ;
bill
};
studentID
STUDENT bill;
name
yearInSchool

gpa
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 Structure Initialization

• A structure can be initialized.

• The rules for structure initialization are similar to the rules for array
initialization:
(1) the initializers are enclosed in braces and separated by commas;

(2) the initializers must match their corresponding types in the structure
declaration;

(3) if use a nested structure, the nested initializers must be enclosed in

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their own set of braces.
 Structure Initialization
Example :
struct SAMPLE
{
int x;
int y; sam1
float t;
char u;
};
SAMPLE sam1 = { 2, 5, 3.2, ’A’ };

SAMPLE sam2 = { 7, 3 };
sam2

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 Referencing Individual Field
• We can read data into and write data from structure members just
as we can from individual variables.

• For example the value for the field of the sample structure can be
read from the keyboard and placed in sam2 using the input statement
below.

cin >> sam2.y >>sam2.x >>sam2.t >>sam2.u;

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 Structure Operation
• The structure is an entity that can be treated as a whole.
• However, only one operation, assignment is allowed on the structure
itself. In other words, a structure can only be copied to another structure of
the same type using the assignment operator.
• Example :

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struct STUDDATA
{
int id;
char name[20];
float gradePoint;
};

int main( )
{ Exercise 1
STUDDATA studBITG1113;

cout << "Please enter your id";

cin >> [Link]; [Link]();
cout << "\nPlease enter your name";
[Link]([Link],19);
cout << "\nPlease enter your gradePoint";
cin >> [Link];

cout << "\nYour id is :"<<[Link];

cout << "\nYour name is :"<<[Link];
cout << "\nYour grade point is :"<<[Link];

if([Link] > 3.5)

cout<<"Excellent!“
return 0;
} 11
 Nested Structure

 We can have structures as members of a structures.

 When a structure includes another structure, it is a nested

structure.

 For example, we can have a structure called STAMP that

stores the date and the time.

 The DATE is in turn a structure that stores the month, day

and year.

 The TIME is also structure, one that stores the hour,

minute and second.
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•This structure design as :

struct DATE
{
int month;
int day;
int year;
};
struct TIME
{
int hour;
int min;
int sec;
};
struct STAMP
{
DATE date;
TIME time;
};
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STAMP stamp;
• It is possible to nest the same structure type more than once
in a [Link] :
struct JOB
{
STAMP startTime;
STAMP endTime;
};
JOB job;

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 Referencing Nested Structure
• When access a nested structure, we must include each level
from the highest (stamp) to the component being referenced.

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 Structure Containing Array
• Structures can have one or more arrays as members.

/*Global declarations */
struct PUPIL
{
char name[26];
int midterm[3];
int final;
};
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PUPIL student;
struct STUDDATA
{ A struct with array
char name[20];
float test[3];
members
float ass[5];
float quiz[2];
float final;
float total;
float project;
Exercise 2
};

int main( )
{
STUDDATA studBITG1113;
float totTest =0, totAss = 0, totQuiz=0;

cout << "\nPlease enter your name : ";

[Link]([Link],19);

for( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ ){

cout << "\nPlease enter the score for test : "<< i+1;
cin >> [Link][i];
totTest += [Link][i];
}
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 for(i=0; i<5; i++){
cout << "\nPlease enter the score for assignment"<<i+1<<" : ";
cin >> [Link][i];
totAss += [Link][i];
}

for(i=0; i<2; i++){

cout << "\nPlease enter the score for quiz"<<i+1 <<" : ";
cin >> [Link][i];
totQuiz += [Link][i];
}

cout << "\nPlease enter the score for final : ";

cin >> [Link];

cout << "\nPlease enter the score for project : ";

cin >> [Link];

[Link] = totTest + totAss + totQuiz +

[Link] + [Link];

cout << "\nYour score for this subject is : ” << [Link];

return 0;
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}
Output :

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 Array of Structure
• As a programmer, you will encounter many situations that
require you to create an array of structures.

• By putting the data in an array, we can quickly and easily work

with the data.

• Example array of structures might look.

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Example : Array of Structure
struct PELAJAR
{
int id;
char name[31];
float project_mark;
int test_mark;
int final_mark;
char gred;
};

PELAJAR rekod_pelajar[3];

OR with initialization :
struct pelajar rekod_pelajar[] = {
{1342, "Zulaiha Ismail", 10.2, 10, 20, ‘F’},
{1343, "Aina Ahmad", 51.4, 60, 60, ‘C’},
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{1344, "Maria Musa", 90.0, 99, 99, ‘A’}
};
 Example : Array of Structure

To print the elements in rekod_pelajar :

for(i=0; i<3;i++){
cout << rekod_pelajar[i].id <<endl;
cout << rekod_pelajar[i].name <<endl;
cout << rekod_pelajar[i].project_mark <<endl;
cout << rekod_pelajar[i].test_mark <<endl;
cout << rekod_pelajar[i].final_mark <<endl;
cout << rekod_pelajar[i].gred <<endl;
}

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struct STUDDATA
{ Array with struct as
char name[20];
float test[3]; its elements
float ass[5];
float quiz[2];
float final;
float total;
float project; Exercise 3
};

int main( )
{
STUDDATA studBITG1113[3];
float totTest = 0, totAss = 0, totQuiz = 0;

for( int j = 0; j<3; i++ ){

cout << "\nPlease enter your name : ";
[Link](studBITG1113[i].name,19);

for( i=0; i<3;i++ ){

cout << "\nPlease enter the score for test : "<<i+1;
cin >> studBITG1113[j].test[i];
totTest += studBITG1113[j].test[i];
}
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 for( i = 0; i < 5; i++ ){
cout << "\nPlease enter the score for assignment"<<i+1<<" : ";
cin >> studBITG1113[j].ass[i];
totAss += studBITG1113[j].ass[i];
}

for( i = 0; i < 2; i++ ){

cout << "\nPlease enter the score for quiz"<<i+1 <<" : ";
cin >> studBITG1113[j].quiz[i];
totQuiz += studBITG1113[j].quiz[i];
}

cout << "\nPlease enter the score for final : ";

cin >> studBITG1113[j].final;

cout << "\nPlease enter the score for project : ";

cin >> studBITG1113[j].project;

studBITG1113[j].total = totTest + totAss + totQuiz +

studBITG1113[j].final + studBITG1113[j].project;
[Link]();
}

for( i = 0; i < 3; i++ ){

cout<<endl<<studBITG1113[i].name<<endl;
cout <<"Your score for this subject is : ”<<studBITG1113[i].total<<endl;
}
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return 0;
}