NIST Special Publication 1191 | Research Roadmap for Smart Fire Fighting Summary Report

NIST Special Publication 1191

Research Roadmap
for Smart Fire Fighting
Summary Report

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 NIST Special Publication 1191
   i

Research Roadmap for

Smart Fire Fighting

Summary Report

Casey Grant
Fire Protection Research Foundation
Anthony Hamins
Nelson Bryner
Albert Jones
Galen Koepke
National Institute of Standards and Technology

[Link]
MAY 2015

This publication is available free of charge from [Link]
U.S. Department of Commerce
Penny Pritzker, Secretary
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Willie May, Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and Director

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 Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an
experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or
endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities,
materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. The content of this report represents
the contributions of the chapter authors, and does not necessarily represent the opinion of NIST or the Fire
Protection Research Foundation.

National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 1191

Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 1191, 246 pages (MAY 2015)

This publication is available free of charge from: [Link]/SmartFireFighting

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 Table of Contents

List of Keywords   viii

List of Figures   x
List of Tables  xii
List of Acronyms  xiii
Overall Abstract  xx
Acknowledgements and Disclaimer   xxi

  Section 1  Introduction  1
Chapter 1  Background and Vision   3
1.1 Introduction  3
1.2  The Current State of Fire Fighting   4
1.3  A Vision of Fire Protection and Fire Fighting in the Future   5
1.4  Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)   6
1.5 
Technical Challenges  14
1.6  Steps in the Development of Smart Fire Fighting   18
1.7 References  18

  Section 2  Core Chapters  21

Chapter 2 Communications Technology and Delivery Methods   23
2.1 Introduction  23
2.2 Remote Voice Communications Technologies  24
2.3  Remote Data Communications Technologies   25
2.4  Overview of Emergency Responder Wireless Communications   32
2.5  Perceived Priorities for Research   35
2.6 References  36

Chapter 3 Sensors as Part of Personal Protective Equipment   39

3.1  Description of Problem   39
3.2  The Fire Fighting Environment and Associated Measurements   43
3.3  Physiological Monitoring and Measurements    48

iii

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 iv Table of Contents

3.4 Sensory Support  49
3.5  Tracking and Location   51
3.6  Electronic Textiles and Wearable Technologies   52
3.7 Other Considerations  52
3.8 References  54

Chapter 4 Mobile Sensors  59

4.1 Use of Sensor Technology Integral to or Delivered by Portable Equipment
and Mobile Apparatus    59
4.2 Literature Review  62
4.3  Summary of Perceived Future Trends    68
4.4  Technology Gaps, Outputs, and Outcomes in Support of Research    69
4.5  Perceived Priorities for Research    71
4.6 References   73
4.7 
Additional Reading  75

Chapter 5 Stationary Sensors  77

5.1  Description of Stationary Sensors    77
5.2  Historical Context and Literature Review    78
5.3  Summary of Current State of the Art    80
5.4  Summary of Perceived Future Trends   83
5.5  Technology Gaps, Outputs, and Outcomes in Support of Research    84
5.6  Perceived Priorities for Research   85
5.7 References   93
5.8  Case Study References for 5.6.4   94
5.9 
Additional Reading  95

Chapter 6 Data Collections  97

6.1 Overview   97
6.2  Planning and Analysis    97
6.3 Preparedness  99
6.4 Response  100
6.5 Recovery  102
6.6  National Incident Reporting Systems in Use or Under Development    103
6.7 Looking Forward: Data Collection at the Local Level in a Unified and Scalable
“System of Systems”    105
6.8 Conclusion   107
6.9 References   107

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 Table of Contents v

Chapter 7 Hardware/Software  109
7.1  Introduction and Content    109
7.2  Hardware/Software and Interoperability: A Fire Fighter Perspective    110
7.3  Case Study to Present the Technological Research Roadmap    114
7.4 Potential Action   119
7.5 
Acknowledgments   120
7.6 References  120

Chapter 8  Real-Time Data Analytics   123

8.1  Case Study Description of Topic Area    123
8.2  Risk-Based Preparedness and Fire Prevention Efforts    125
8.3  Summary of Perceived Future Trends    126
8.4 References  128
8.5 
Additional Reading  128

Chapter 9 Fire Service Data User Applications —

Pre-Emergency and Post-Event   129
9.1  Description of Topic Area    129
9.2 Literature Review  130
9.3  Current State of the Art    132
9.4  Summary of Perceived Future Trends    132
9.5 
Terminology  137
9.6 References  137

Chapter 10 Use of Data During an Emergency Event   139

10.1 Introduction/Motivation  139
10.2  Literature Review and Summary of Current State of the Art    140
10.3  Where Is the Starting Line?    140
10.4  Technology Gaps, Outputs, and Outcomes in Support of Research    142
10.5 Proposed Approach  143
10.6  Fire Service Information Needs    149
10.7  Use of Data During a Wildland Fire    152
10.8 Use of Data During a Special Event (e.g., Hazmat, EMS, Tech Rescue)   154
10.9  Evaluation, Validation, and Technology Transfer    156
10.10  Future Research Problems and Priorities   158
10.11 References   159

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 vi Table of Contents

Chapter 11 Non–Fire Fighter Data User Applications   161

11.1 Overview   161
11.2 Call Processing Centers and Emergency Point of Contact (9-1-1 Centers)   162
11.3  Emergency Medical Receivers (Hospitals)    165
11.4  General Public and Building Occupants    167
11.5 Governmental Administration   172
11.6 References  174
11.7 
Additional Reading  175

Chapter 12  User Interface Delivery Methods   177

12.1 Introduction  177
12.2  Review of Literature   180
12.3  Current State of the Art    183
12.4  Perceived Future Trends    188
12.5  Technology Gaps    193
12.6  Perceived Priorities for Research    194
12.7 References   194

  Section 3  Conclusion  197
Chapter 13 Core Chapter Observations   199
13.1 Introduction  199
13.2 Research Priorities for Communications Technology and Delivery Methods (Chapter 2)   199
13.3 Research Priorities for Sensors as Part of Personal Protective Equipment (Chapter 3)   200
13.4  Research Priorities for Mobile Sensors (Chapter 4)    200
13.5  Research Priorities for Stationary Sensors (Chapter 5)   202
13.6  Research Priorities for Data Collections (Chapter 6)   202
13.7  Research Priorities for Hardware/Software (Chapter 7)   203
13.8  Research Priorities for Real-Time Data Analytics (Chapter 8)    204
13.9 Research Priorities for Fire Service Data User Applications — Pre-Emergency
and Post-Event (Chapter 9)   205
13.10 Research Priorities for Use of Data During an Emergency Event (Chapter 10)   205
13.11 Research Priorities for Non–Fire Fighter Data User Applications (Chapter 11)   206
13.12 Research Priorities for User Interface Delivery Methods (Chapter 12)   207
13.13 References  208

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 Table of Contents vii

Chapter 14 Summary Observations and Recommendations   209

14.1 Introduction  209
14.2  Overview of Research Roadmap Key Elements   209
14.3 Standardization  209
14.4 Developmental Gaps  211
14.5  Broad Conceptual Gaps   215
14.6 Solution Approaches  218
14.7  Overall Summary and Next Steps   220
14.8 References  223

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 viii Table of Contents

List of Keywords
actionable intelligence, 118
alerting, 161
building information modeling (BIM), 77
communication, 23
communication technologies, 25
computation, 109
computer-based simulations, 126
context of use, 178
cyber-physical systems (CPS), 3, 59
dashboard, 142
data, 23, 97
data analytics, 125
data collection, 102
database, 104
data-driven approaches, 158
decision making, 193
decision theory, 127
delivery methods, 178
education, 130
electronic safety equipment (ESE), 54
emergency dispatch, 163
enforcement, 137
fire service emergency responder, 5
geographic information systems (GIS), 141
hardware, 109
human centered design, 179
human sensing, 77
inspection, 130
integration, 179
Internet of Things, (IoT), 66
interoperability, 110, 179
investigation, 130
mobile communications, 68

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 Table of Contents ix

mobile computing, 59
mobile sensor platforms, 69
modeling, 90
networking, 25
NG9-1-1, 162
notification, 161
personal protective equipment (PPE), 39
post-event, 132
pre-emergency, 132
pre-planning, 133
protocols and interface standards, 112
risk-based inspection, 161
robotic applications, 61
sensors, 39, 140
simulation, 116
situational awareness, 141
Smart Fire Fighting, 3
software, 109
stationary sensors, 78
training, 133
unmanned aircraft system (UAS), 60
unmanned vehicles, 60
usability, 178
user interface, 177
user testing, 193
visualization, 146

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