An Introduction to Design

Patterns
Fabrizio Maria Maggi
Institute of Computer Science
(The java code and the material is taken from:
[Link]
Software Development Methodology
Domain Classes;
Application Classes (e.g.,
Patterns); Attributes;
Relations; Operations

Domain (Class) Application (Class)

Model Interaction Model
Modelling

Code

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Application (Class) Model

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Application (Class) Model

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Application (Class) Model

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Application (Class) Model

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What is Gang of Four (GOF)

Gamma, Helm, Johnson,Vlissides. Design Patterns -
Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software
Addison-Wesley 1994

Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson and John
Vlissides initiated the concept of Design Pattern in
Software development

These authors are collectively known as Gang of Four
(GOF).

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Design Patterns

Design patterns represent the best practices used by
experienced object-oriented software developers

Design patterns are solutions to general problems that
software developers faced during software development

These solutions were obtained by trial and error by
numerous software developers over quite a substantial
period of time

Learning these patterns helps unexperienced developers
to learn software design in an easy and faster way

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Categories of Design Patterns

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Categories of Design Patterns

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Factory

This type of design pattern comes under creational

pattern

In Factory pattern, we create object without exposing the
creation logic to the client and refer to newly created
object using a common interface

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Factory

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Factory

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Factory

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Factory

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Abstract Factory

Abstract Factory patterns work around a super-factory

which creates other factories. This factory is also called as
factory of factories

This type of design pattern comes under creational
pattern

In Abstract Factory pattern an interface is responsible for
creating a factory of related objects without explicitly
specifying their classes. Each generated factory can give the
objects as per the Factory pattern

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Abstract Factory

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Abstract Factory

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Abstract Factory

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Abstract Factory

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Abstract Factory

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Abstract Factory

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Abstract Factory

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Abstract Factory

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Abstract Factory

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Abstract Factory

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Singleton

Singleton pattern is one of the simplest design patterns in

Java

This type of design pattern comes under creational
pattern

This pattern involves a single class which is responsible to
create an object while making sure that only single object
gets created. This class provides a way to access its only
object which can be accessed directly without need to
instantiate the object of the class

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Singleton

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Singleton

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Builder

Builder pattern builds a complex object using simple

objects and using a step by step approach

This type of design pattern comes under creational
pattern

A Builder class builds the final object step by step. This
builder is independent of other objects

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Builder

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Builder

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Builder

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Builder

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Builder

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Builder

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Builder

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Builder

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Categories of Design Patterns

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Adapter

Adapter pattern works as a bridge between two

incompatible interfaces

This type of design pattern comes under structural
pattern as this pattern combines the capability of two
independent interfaces

This pattern involves a single class which is responsible to
join functionalities of independent or incompatible
interfaces

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Adapter

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Adapter

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Adapter

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Adapter

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Adapter

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Filter

Filter pattern or Criteria pattern is a design pattern that

enables developers to filter a set of objects using different
criteria and chaining them in a decoupled way through
logical operations

This type of design pattern comes under structural
pattern as this pattern combines multiple criteria to
obtain single criteria

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Filter

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Filter

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Filter

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Filter

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Filter

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Filter

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Filter

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Filter

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Composite

Composite pattern composes objects in term of a tree

structure to represent part as well as whole hierarchy

This type of design pattern comes under structural
pattern as this pattern creates a tree structure of group
of objects

This pattern creates a class that contains group of its own
objects: This class provides ways to modify its group of
same objects

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Composite

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Composite

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Decorator

Decorator pattern allows a user to add new functionality

to an existing object without altering its structure

This type of design pattern comes under structural
pattern as this pattern acts as a wrapper to existing class

This pattern creates a decorator class which wraps the
original class and provides additional functionality keeping
class methods signature intact

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Decorator

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Decorator

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Decorator

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Decorator

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Decorator

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Facade

Facade pattern hides the complexities of the system and

provides an interface to the client using which the client
can access the system

This type of design pattern comes under structural
pattern as this pattern adds an interface to existing
system to hide its complexities

This pattern involves a single class which provides
simplified methods required by client and delegates calls to
methods of existing system classes

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Facade

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Facade

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Facade

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Facade

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Categories of Design Patterns

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Command

Command pattern is a data driven design pattern and falls

under behavioral pattern category

A request is wrapped under an object as command and
passed to invoker object: Invoker object looks for the
appropriate object which can handle this command and
passes the command to the corresponding object which
executes the command

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Command

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Command

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Command

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Command

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Command

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Iterator

Iterator pattern is very commonly used design pattern in

Java and .Net programming environment

This pattern is used to get a way to access the elements of
a collection object in sequential manner without any need
to know its underlying representation

Iterator pattern falls under behavioral pattern category

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Iterator

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Iterator

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Iterator

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Observer

Observer pattern is used when there is one-to-many

relationship between objects such as if one object is
modified, its dependent objects are to be notified
automatically

Observer pattern falls under behavioral pattern
category

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Observer

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Observer

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Observer

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Observer

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Observer

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Observer

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Strategy

In Strategy pattern, a class behavior or its algorithm can be

changed at run time

This type of design pattern comes under behavioral
pattern

In Strategy pattern, we create objects which represent
various strategies and a context object whose behavior
varies as per its strategy object: The strategy object
changes the executing algorithm of the context object

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Strategy

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Strategy

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Strategy

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Strategy

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Template

In Template pattern, an abstract class exposes defined

way(s)/template(s) to execute its methods: Its subclasses
can override the method implementation as per need but
the invocation is to be in the same way as defined by an
abstract class

This pattern comes under behavioral pattern category

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Template

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Template

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Template

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Template

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Visitor

In Visitor pattern, we use a visitor class which changes the

executing algorithm of an element class: By this way,
execution algorithm of element can vary as and when
visitor varies

This pattern comes under behavioral pattern category

As per the pattern, element object has to accept the visitor
object so that visitor object handles the operation on the
element object

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Visitor

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Visitor

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Visitor

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Visitor

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Visitor

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Visitor

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[Link]

The Entity-Control-Boundary Pattern

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[Link]

The Entity-Control-Boundary Pattern

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[Link]

The Entity-Control-Boundary Pattern

Functionality to be implemented

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[Link]

The Entity-Control-Boundary Pattern

Most of the calls come from the controller

Functionality to be implemented that plays the role of the „orchestrator“ in
the implementation of the functionality
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