Basic Thermodynamics
Cycle analysis
Objectives and other details of modules
Duration – 90 minutes
Training aids
Power point Presentations
Reading Material
Objective
At the end of the session participants will be able to:
Recap the basic thermodynamics, laws and thermodynamics cycles and
its application in thermal power generation
Effect various parameters on the cycle performance
Undertake thermal cycle analysis and efficiency calculation
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Thermodynamic laws
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Baisic Thermodynamics
The four laws of thermodynamics define fundamental physical quantities
(temperature, energy, and entropy) that characterize thermodynamic systems.
The laws describe how these quantities behave under various circumstances,
and forbid certain phenomena (such as perpetual motion).
The four laws of thermodynamics are:
From the above, all the energy associated with a system must be accounted
for as heat, work, chemical energy etc., thus perpetual motion machines of
the first kind, which would do work without using the energy resources of a
system, are impossible.
If two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third system then they are
in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law helps define the notion of
temperature.
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Zeroeth Law
There is a state function, called temperature which has the symbol T, which has the
following relationship to heat, q :
addition of heat to a system will increase the temperature of the system.
if two closed system (together isolated), with different temperatures are brought into
thermal contact, then the temperatures of the two systems will change to approach the
same temperature.
That is, the temperature of the system which is at a higher temperature will decrease and
the temperature of the system with the lower temperature will increase. They will
eventually have the same temperature.
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First Law of thermodynamics
Use of internal energy or change in internal energy, Δ E , is not very convenient in
chemistry. The reason for this is that when chemical reactions occur or samples are
heated, the volume does not stay constant. If one is therefore interested in only q, the
ΔE is complicated by an additional w. To avoid this a new quantity called enthalpy is
defined, given the symbol H.
H = E + PV or
ΔH = ΔE + PΔV
Since at constant pressure PΔV = -- w if no other external form of work is present, then:
ΔH = w + q + PΔ V
and
ΔH = q
Therefore at constant pressure ΔH will yield the heat transferred. All thermodynamic
tables use this as the tabulated "heat of reaction," etc.
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
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Vapor dome
Critical State: Saturated liquid and saturated vapor states are identical.
The two phases are indistinguishable. [Water: pc = 22.09 MPa & Tc = 647.3 K],
The critical point is the tip of the vapor dome.
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Mollier chart
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Pressure-enthalpy diagram
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Isentropic and actual process
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Carnot Cycle
Sadi Carnot (1796 - 1832)
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Rankine Cycle
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Rankine Cycle
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Efficiency of Rankine cycle
qabsorb= h2 - h1
qexhaust= h3 – h4
qabsorb − qexhaust
η=
qabsorb
h2 − h1 − (h3 − h4 )
=
h2 − h1
h2 − h1 − h3 + h4 )
=
h2 − h1
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Turbine analysis
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Pump work
In this ideal cycle we assume that the feedwater pump is isentropic. Furthermore, since the
suction temperature of the water is 46°C, we assume that it behaves as an incompressible
liquid, even at 15 MPa
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Boiler
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Carnot and Rankin cycle
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Carnot and Rankin cycle
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Effect of increase in pressure
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Rankin cycle saturated
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Rankin cycle-Super heated
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Cycle with out Reheating
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Effect of Reheating
We notice that reheating the output of the HP turbine back to 600°C (process (2)-
(3)) allows both significantly more power output as well as increasing the quality at
the LP turbine output (4) to 98%.
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Rankin cycle -reheated
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Effect of condenser pressure
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Unit cycle analysis
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Feed water heating
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Thank You
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