What is BEHAVIOR ?

• The capacity of mental, physical, emotional, and social activities experienced during the five stages of a
human being's life - prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Includes the behaviors
as dictated by culture, society, values, morals, ethics, and genetics.
• The response of individuals or groups of humans to internal and external stimuli. It refers to the array
of every physical action and observable emotion associated with individuals, as well as the human race.
While specific traits of one's personality and temperament may be more consistent, other behaviors will
change as one moves from birth through adulthood.
• The capacity of mental, physical, emotional, and social activities experienced during the five stages of a
human being's life - prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Includes the behaviors
as dictated by culture, society, values, morals, ethics, and genetics.
• The response of individuals or groups of humans to internal and external stimuli. It refers to the array
of every physical action and observable emotion associated with individuals, as well as the human race.
While specific traits of one's personality and temperament may be more consistent, other behaviors will
change as one moves from birth through adulthood.
What is Abnormal Behavior ?
• a person's trait, thinking or behavior is classified as abnormal if it is rare or statistically unusual. 
• With this definition it is necessary to be clear about how rare a trait or behavior needs to be before we
class it as abnormal.
• For instance one may say that an individual who has an IQ below or above the average level of IQ in
society is abnormal. 
What is PSYCHOPATHOLOGY ?
• scientific study of mental disorders, including efforts to understand their
genetic, biological, psychological, and social causes; develop classification schemes (nosology) which
can improve treatment planning and treatment outcomes; understand the course of psychiatric
illnesses across all stages of development; more fully understand the manifestations of mental
disorders; and investigate potentially effective treatments.
Abnormal Behavior Identified
Statistical Rarity / Deviant from Statistical Norm
• Statistical rarity refers to someone who is typical in some way, and because of that, they are
engaging in behavior that is considered to be abnormal. For instance, if you have a developmental
disorder or an extremely low IQ, then you are deemed to be a statistical rarity.
• However, there are also some people who can be considered statistical rarities, and what is different
about them probably would not be considered an impairment. For instance, individuals who have
extremely high IQs are also statistical rarities. Someone like Albert Einstein would be considered to be
one, so according to these strict definitions, he would be thought of as abnormal, despite the negative
connotation that usually accompanies the word.
• Violation of Social Norms is easy to identify someone who is engaging in these behaviors. A man
who removes all of his clothing and goes running down the street will be seen as abnormal. However, a
three-year-old child who does the same thing will not. In this way, you can see how a person's age has
just as much to do with what's considered a social norm violation as the activity itself.
• Maladaptive Behavior is behavior that will likely lead to harm either to the person who is exhibiting it
or to someone else. The harm of which we are speaking might be physical. Punching someone in the
face is undoubtedly going to be classified as maladaptive. Cutting yourself intentionally would be
another example ( Maladaptive to One's self).
• You can harm yourself from a social standpoint, and that behavior would be considered to be
maladaptive as well. An example of that might be acting in a particular way at work that you know is
 going to get you disciplined or fired. If you urinate in public or vandalize something, then those would
be other maladaptive behaviors ( Maladaptive to Society ).
• Personal distress is where you are engaging in abnormal behavior, and the reason for it is some type
of difficulty that you are experiencing. One of the common examples of this is obsessive-compulsive
disorder. This is where you are experiencing a great deal of anxiety, and it's leading to your engaging
in behaviors that are meant to make you feel better. The behaviors might be many different things, but
the point is that you have little or no control over them, hence the "compulsive" aspect.
Symptoms of Abnormal Behavior
• Long Period of Discomfort (Psychological distress) is a general term used to describe unpleasant
feelings or emotions that impact your level of functioning. In other words, it is psychological discomfort
that interferes with your activities of daily living. Psychological distress can result in negative views of
the environment, others, and the self. Sadness, anxiety, distraction, and symptoms of mental illness are
manifestations of psychological distress.
• Impaired Functioning .Everybody has the right to make decisions that affect their life. It’s a basic
human right and it’s how we live our lives independently.
For example, if you’re feeling happy, you might decide to walk home via a sunny park. But if you’d
been chased by a dog as a child, that same sunny park might trigger feelings of fear, and you’d take
the bus instead. There may be logical arguments to be made either way, but in the moment, the
decision is driven by your emotional state.
• Bizarre Behavior is the behavior that is odd, strange, or unexpected, particularly if it is out of the
ordinary for a given person. It may be a symptom of brain damage or a mental disorder, especially a
psychotic disorder, such as schizophrenia.
 For example, the person may believe their significant other is cheating on them, that someone
close to them is about to die, a friend is really a government agent, etc.
• Disruptive Behavior disorders are among the easiest to identify of all coexisting conditions because
they involve behaviors that are readily seen such as temper tantrums, physical aggression such as
attacking other children, excessive argumentativeness, stealing, and other forms of defiance or
resistance to authority.
What is MENTAL DISORDER?
• Mental illness, also called mental health disorders, refers to a wide range of mental health
conditions — disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior. Examples of mental illness
include depression, anxiety disorders, and addictive behaviors.
• Many people have mental health concerns from time to time. But a mental health concern becomes
a mental illness when ongoing signs and symptoms cause frequent stress and affect your ability to
function.
• A mental illness can make you miserable and can cause problems in your daily life, such as at
school or work or in relationships. In most cases, symptoms can be managed with a combination of
medications and talk therapy (psychotherapy).

Types of Mental Disorder

• Psychosis - A person experiencing psychosis perceives the world in a different way to those
around them, including hallucinations, delusions or both.
• Organic Mental Disorder is a dysfunction of the brain that may be permanent or temporary. It
describes reduced brain function due to illnesses that are not psychiatric in nature. 
• Substance-related disorders are diagnosed when the use of any substance, whether
recreational or prescribed, becomes excessive and leads to significant impairment or distress.
• Anxiety & panic attacks - Anxiety is a normal emotion that we all experience but becomes a
mental health problem when someone finds they are feeling this way all or most of the time.
•  Mood Disorder, your general emotional state or mood is distorted or inconsistent with your
circumstances and interferes with your ability to function. You may be extremely sad, empty or
irritable (depressed), or you may have periods of depression alternating with being excessively
happy (mania).
• Somatoform Disorders are a group of psychological disorders in which a patient experiences
physical symptoms that are inconsistent with or cannot be fully explained by any underlying general
medical or neurologic condition. 
• Dissociative disorders are mental disorders that involve experiencing a disconnection and lack of
continuity between thoughts, memories, surroundings, actions and identity. People with dissociative
disorders escape reality in ways that are involuntary and unhealthy and cause problems with
functioning in everyday life.
• Personality disorders -  If someone has a personality disorder, some aspects of their personality
might affect them in a way which makes it very difficult to cope with day to day life, especially
when it comes to relation
• Gender Identity Disorders (GID) are defined as disorders in which an individual exhibits marked
and persistent identification with the opposite sex and persistent discomfort (dysphoria) with his or
her own sex or sense of inappropriateness in the gender role of that sex.
• Neuroses are characterized by anxiety, depression, or other feelings of unhappiness or distress
that are out of proportion to the circumstances of a person’s life. 
What is INSANITY?
• Insanity is a term used by some people to describe behavior motivated by disrupted mental states
that may interfere with functioning. Because the term is often used in a pejorative manner to
describe those experiencing mental illness, the field of psychology has largely abandoned its use.
However, insanity is still used within the legal system as a mitigating factor or defense against
criminal allegations.
Rule of Intelligence in Criminal Case
• The M'Naughton rule is a test of criminal insanity by which "it must be clearly proved that, at the
time of committing the act, the party accused was labouring under such a defect of reason, from
disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or, if he did
know it, that he did not know he was doing what was wrong".
• Durham Rule, a criminal defendant can't be convicted of a crime if the act was the result of a
mental disease or defect the defendant had at the time of the incident. It has often been referred
to as the "product defect rule," but doesn't require a medical diagnosis of mental illness or disorder.
What is Mental Retardation?
• Mental retardation is cognitive limitation as characterized by scores greater than 2 standard
deviations below the mean on a valid intelligence quotient (IQ) measure, with limitation of adaptive
function in communication, self‐care, daily living skills at home or in the community, or social skills.
• Also defined by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as “a
disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive
behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills” that originates before age
18 years.
The following provision of the RPC book 1 Article 12 exempts a person from crime
commission in consideration of intelligence :
• 1. An imbecile or an insane person, unless the latter has acted during a lucid interval
• 2. A person under nine years of age.
• 3. A person over nine years of age and under fifteen, unless he has acted with discernment, in
which case, such minor shall be proceeded against in accordance with the provisions of Art. 80 of
this Code.
• 5. Any person who act under the compulsion of irresistible force.
Republic Act No. 9344
• This Act shall be known as the “Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006.” It shall cover the
different stages involving children at risk and children in conflict with the law from prevention to
rehabilitation and reintegration.
• Fifteen years is within the stage of adolescence the transition age which is characterize by curiosity,
try-out and identity crises. These circumstances expose them to risky and delinquent behavior . At
this age, children are not yet emotionally stable and their and their social judgment has not yet
matured.
PSYCHOSIS
• Psychosis means that an individual has sensory experiences of things that do not exist and/or
beliefs with no basis in reality.
• During a psychotic episode, an individual may experience hallucinations and/or delusions. They may
see or hear things that do not exist.
• This can be incredibly frightening for the individual and, sometimes, the symptoms can cause them
to lash out and hurt themselves or others.
• Psychosis is classically associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and, although there are
other symptoms, one of the defining criteria for schizophrenia is the presence of psychosis.
Symptoms of Psychosis
• Involution Reaction - prolonged psychotic reaction occurring in late middle life, characterized by
depression and paranoid ideas. Also known as involutional melancholia.
• Affective reactions are the feelings and emotions that the stutterer experiences during the time
period before, during, and after the moment of stuttering.
• Bipolar disorder is a serious brain disorder in which a person experiences extreme variances in
thinking, mood, and behavior. Bipolar disorder is also sometimes called manic-depressive illness or
manic depression.
People who have bipolar disorder commonly go through periods of depression or mania. They may
also experience frequent shifts in mood.
• Schizophrenia is a disabling mental illness that affects more than 1 percent of the world's
population. Individuals afflicted with this thought disorder experience hallucinations, disorganized
thinking, and are prone to false and paranoid beliefs. These and other symptoms often render the
individual fearful, withdrawn, or difficult to interact with.
Neurosis
 Neuroses are characterized by anxiety, depression, or other feelings of unhappiness or distress
that are out of proportion to the circumstances of a person’s life. They may impair a person’s
functioning in virtually any area of his life, relationships, or external affairs, but they are not severe
enough to incapacitate the person. Affected patients generally do not suffer from the loss of the
sense of reality seen in persons with psychoses.
Symptoms of Neurosis
• Anxious neurosis Extreme anxiety and worry characterize this type of neurosis, as well as panic
attacks and physical symptoms such as tremors and sweating.
• Dissociative neurosis, any of several mental disturbances in humans in which
normally integrated mental functions, such as identity, memory, consciousness, or perception, are
interrupted. Dissociative disorders can occur suddenly or gradually and may last for a short time or
become chronic
• Conversion neurosis is a form of hysteria in which repressed conflict is converted into symptoms
such as deafness, blindness, or paralysis, without actual physical cause.
• Phobias are diagnosable mental disorders. The person will experience intense distress when
faced with the source of their phobia. This can prevent them from functioning normally and
sometimes leads to panic attacks.
• Obsessive-compulsive neurosis This condition involves repeating intrusive thoughts, behaviors,
or mental acts. Both repeating and being deprived of these cues can cause distress.
• Depressive neurosis: This consists of ongoing and profound sadness, often coupled with losing
interest in activities that once provided pleasure.
Criminal Behavior
• LEGAL TERM
• Criminal behavior refers to conduct of an offender that leads to and including the commission of
an unlawful act.
• MORAL TERM
• Defined the Criminal Behavior as a descriptive account of social and personal values about the
ways people in society should behave. This type of crime generally offends those values, or 'code of
conduct.' This type of crime includes prostitution, bigamy, pornography, illegal gambling and illegal
drug use.
Origin Of Criminal Behavior
• Biological  theories assert criminal behaviour has a physiological origin, with the implication that
the ‘criminal’, therefore, has difficulty not committing crime because it is ‘natural’ –  ie: the ‘born
criminal’ concept.
• Born Criminal – Cesare Lombroso
• Physique and Crime – Cesare Lombroso’s Anthropology
• Duke and Kalikkak Study - Richard Dugdale and Henry Goddard
• Eysenck Theory of personality and crime
• Personality Disorder Factor is a major factor in many kinds of behavior, one of which is criminal
behavior. To determine what makes a criminal “a criminal,” we must understand his/her
personality. This study tries to identify different personality traits which link criminals to their
personality.
•  The social learning theory says that people learn from the people around them. So, if Kenneth
hangs out with a bunch of guys who break the law, he is likely to learn from them that it's okay to
break the law. Just as the name suggests, the social learning theory is about how we learn our
behaviors from those around us.
• Differential Association Theory – Edward Sutherland
• Imitation Theory – Gabriel Tarde
• Identification Theory – Daniel Classer
3 Terrible Triad Serial Killers
1. Arson
 While there are many kids who are fascinated by fire, there are some who develop an
unhealthy obsession with it. The signs particularly point to those who intentionally use fire to harm,
such as setting fire to a place frequented by people. This is said to be a young person’s first attempt at
showing aggression or violence. In other cases, fire setting can also be a way of releasing pent-up
frustration and anger.
2. Cruelty to Animals
An interesting theory about the tendency to be cruel to animals is it serves as a rehearsal
for killing human victims. It is also theorised that these kids were not able to retaliate toward their
abusers, leading them to act out their vengeance on weaker beings, particularly smaller animals.
According to studies, the cruel acts and torture they did to animal victims were usually the same
methods they used when they moved on to human victims. Through this, they gained the power and
control they felt they needed.
3. Enuresis or bed-wetting
Last significant childhood trait of serial killers according to Macdonald. They were referring
to persistent bed-wetting that still occurs after the age of five (5) and continues at least twice a week
for at least three consecutive months. Experts believe that while enuresis does not directly cause
aggression and violent tendencies, there can be a correlation between as bed-wetting beyond the age
of 5 can be humiliating for a child and can be traced to abuse.
 
TYPES OF SERIAL KILLERS
• Act-focused (who kill quickly)
For act-focused killers, killing is simply about the act itself.
• ACT-FOCUSED: They kill quickly
• 1. The Visionary Motive Type: Serial killers of this type are considered to be insane, even
psychotic. It is not uncommon for this type of killer to report that they committed the crime
because voices in their head told them to. 
• 2. The Missionary-Oriented Motive Type: Although not apparent to the community around
them, killers of this type are on a mission to rid the world of those whom they deem unacceptable
for whatever reason.
• Process-focused (who kill slowly), serial killers get enjoyment from torture and the slow death
of their victims. These include three different types -- lust, thrill and gain -- and power-seeking
killers.
PROCESS-FOCUSED: They kill more slowly
a. The Lust Killer: The lust killer is sexually motivated, killing for the pure turn on. These killers
derive pleasure from torturing their victims. Most serial killers are of this type. Unfortunately, this type
of serial killer is very difficult to distinguish from the average person as they are quite apt at
maintaining relationships and functioning in society.
b. The Thrill-Oriented Motive Type: These guys kill for the joy of it...They get a high from killing.
Of the six types, this one is the one who enjoys killing very sadistically. He is into the killing for
excitement, the chase, and as he gets better and better, the crimes continue to escalate. 
c. Power-seeking Motive Type: They believe they are “God” and play with people as if they are
toys. Their main objective for killing is to gain and exert power over their victim. Many power/control-
motivated killers sexually abuse their victims, but they differ from lust killers in that rape is not
motivated by lust but as simply another form of dominating the victim. They may kill and resuscitate
the victim over and over again, controlling the power of life and death.
d. Gain Motive Type: Very rare, they believe they will somehow profit from killing. Most criminals
who commit multiple murders for material ends (such as organized crime hit men) are not classed as
serial killers, because they are motivated by economic gain rather than psychopathological compulsion.
4 Phases of Lust Killer
• Fantasy: The desire to kill often manifests itself during puberty with the use of pornographic
material. The fantasy replays over and over in his mind until the urge to act out this fantasy is too
strong to control. It could take months, years, or decades before they act out their fantasy in real
life.
• The Hunt: The serial killer has a type in mind, and he scouts the streets searching for the woman
who fits his fantasy. He may even have special locations picked out in advance, like wooded areas
or certain parts of town. The hunt could last days, months, or even years, and could potentially
cover hundreds of miles before he finds “the one”. Once he finds his perfect victim, he’ll often stalk
them to memorize their routine.
• The Kill: The Lust Killer’s only motivation is a personal one. He’s taken careful consideration to lure
his victim to a safe place. Now, he can act out his fantasy. Overkill is often seen in Lust Killers. Also,
torture, mutilation, dismemberment, necrophilia, drinking blood, and cannibalism. This is the Lust
Killer’s moment of ecstasy. He’ll make sure he enjoys every minute of it. He may also go to extreme
lengths to preserve his victim as much as he can.
• The Post-Kill Phase: For many serial killers the post-kill phase involves depression. During this
phase the Lust killer might write to the media, confessing to his crimes. Or taunt the police. Unless
he’s caught, even he knows he’ll kill again. That euphoria is gone, and he’ll do anything to get it
back.