CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

  Musa  paradisiaca  ( 

banana) as source of fiber

Banana is one of the most important fruit crop plants and belongs to the genusMusa .After harvesting
the fruit, the plant is cut down and thrown away, mostly as waste. The banana plant is largely
divided into three parts- pseudostem, peduncle and leaf. The pseudo stem portionof the plant fiber is
suitable for making ropes and twines (Saikia

et al 

., 1997).In 135 countries and territories across the tropics and subtropics, Bananas are
being produced. The majority producers are farmers who grow the crop for either home consumptionor
for local markets (Bergh, Picq, & Vézina, 2013) .Banana is the second most produced fruit

after citrus. It has 16% contribution in the world’s total fruit production. It has also stated that

India is the most or the largest producer of banana in the world estimating up to 27% of

 banana’s

 production. According to them the banana is useful in every part just like food, feed, pharmaceutical, pa
ckaging, and many other industrial applications (Debabandya Mohapatra,2010).As stated by
Vigneswara, Pavithra, Gayathri, and Mythili (2015), banana fibers have ahuge contribution for textile
and packaging industry. However, the banana stem forms a majorsource of waste material. But today,
most of banana fibers are used for making ropes andcordage. They have compositions, properties, and
structures that are suitable for using inindustrial applications (Vigneswara, 2015)

not really need much strength but it must be flexible, and stretchable. Unlike the climbing
ropes,suspension cables must be strong because it is use to suspend bridges and other
infrastructuresand flexibility is not that much required (Fronzaglia, 2006).Ropes are made of fibers
either naturally or synthetically. These fibers will be heldtogether to form yarns, the yarns will be
twisted to each other to form strands, and those strandswill be rotated to each other to form a rope.
Natural fibers are usually coming from twigs or partsof plants, while the synthetic materials are usually
coming from oil. Samples of natural fibers aremanila which come from the leaf stems of abaca plant
which is the family of the banana; sisalrope which is made from two different plants which are the
sisalana and henequen; moreoverthere are a lot of plants that are being used to make natural ropes, to
make it to its highest quality,chemicals are being added. Manila fiber is relatively strong and elastic.
Based on Maleque,

Belal, Sapuan (2007)’s Mechanical properties of study of pseudo stem banana fiber reinforced

epoxy composite, there are high source of banana fibers in the waste banana trunks or stems
which aren’t used in places around the world. Therefore, composites of high

-strength pseudostem banana woven fabric reinforcement polymer can be used in a broad range of
[Link] have concluded that with the use of epoxy material the flexural strength of banana
wovenfabric is increased and the tensile strength is increased 90% compared to virgin epoxy. Sample
ofsynthetic fibers are nylon and Polypropylene which are made up of refined oil and are strongerthan
natural fibers and lighter. Nowadays threads, wires and metals are being used to makestronger ropes
which are lighter and the diameter is smaller. Fiber ropes can be characterizeddepending on its size,
weight, and strength. Mostly, fiber ropes have a diameter of 5/8 inch and12 inches circumference. The
weight of the rope varies upon the use of it and depending alsoupon the weather conditions it will be
use. The strength of the rope is calculated based on the

stress it could handle without breaking. Fiber rope will last if it was carefully handled. Unlike
thesynthetic ropes, fiber ropes must be used with extra care and must be keep on dry, cool andclean
places so it will not easily distort.

Potential of Varnish in Increasing Durability of Material

Varnish is often and generally used as a top coat for finished products. It is mainlycomposed of oil, resin,
solvent, dryers and ultraviolet additives. It is widely used because of itsdurability which is due to the
higher ratio of solids as its component (Hill, 2013).In the study made by Kaygin and Akgun (2008),
different types of varnish (cellulosic, polyurethane, polyester, synthetic and Nanolacke ultraviolet) were
used to apply on beech (Fagusorientalis L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) wood as samples for
experimentation. It was concludedthat the use of different types of wood does not have any significant
effect on varnish hardnessand resistance, but there are significant differences about the types of varnish
that they [Link] components of varnish represent the effect of the properties like for example
the brightness, toughness and lastly the fastness of the surface sticking resistance of the varnish(Mehta,
2012). Adequate adhesion of the varnish layer on the wood surface may not be attainedif the moisture
content is too high. This puts the banana leaf at risk because the pseudostem of a banana stem
consists of water. It is claimed in the literature that, in some cases, the presence ofexcess moisture in
the wood creates layer defects in polyester, polyurethane and some otherreaction curing varnishes. It is
also stated that, especially in polyurethane varnish applicationswhich is cured by allophone formation,
high moisture content inhibits the drying and reacting ofvarnish (Budacki, 2009).

The varnish oil is responsible for longer effect of the varnish through the wood or [Link] oil helps the
varnish to penetrate easily into the wood, thus the color of the wood or thevarnish will remain the same
even on high exposure to sunlight and changes in weather for quitelonger time. The phenolic resin is
responsible for water and chemical resistance due to its effectof dry and hard coating to the wood. For
the right blending of the color, right thickness andleveling of the varnish, solvents are being used. The
resin content is not affected even thoughsolvents are being mixed. Varnish has a property of drying in
quite short time due to the driers,which are being added for the varnish to dry easily, maintain the color,
and be stable for quitelonger time. Lastly, additives are being mixed together with the main components
of varnishsuch as the ultraviolet absorber, surface stabilizer and anti-oxidants for added protection
(YachtPaint, 2008)

REFERENCES:

Bergh, I. V., Picq, C., & Vézina, A. (2013). Where Bananas are Grown. ProMusa. BioversityInternational.
Retrieved from [Link]
page=Banana- producing+countries+portalBhowmik, D., Duraveil, S., Kumar, K. S., & Umadevi, M.
(2012). Traditional and medicinal uses of banana.

  Journal  Pharmacognosy  and  Phytochemistry

, 1:51-63. Retrieved from[Link] M.

  Jamestown  Distributors

. Retrieved from Jamestown

  International Journal of Marine Engineering 

, [Link], W. (1979).

  [Link]

. Retrieved from [Link]/Theasaurus:[Link]

  Journal Engineered Fibers and Fabrics

, 3(2):[Link], B. (2006). The Classic Yacht Symposium 2006.

The History of Rope

, [Link], L. (2007).

  Rope  Properties

. Retrieved from Animated Knots:[Link]

  Rope

, [Link], C. (2013).

  DIY Network 
. Retrieved from DIY Network skills: [Link]
how/painting/whats-the-difference-between-polyurethane-varnish-shellac-and-lacquer

Karthikeyan M.K.V, Balaji A. N. D., and Vignesh V. ( 2016 ). International Journal of PolymerAnalysis and
Characterization Volume 21, 2016 - Issue 4: Effect of rope mat and random

orientation on mechanical and thermal properties of banana ribbon-reinforced polyestercomposites and

Kaye, T. P. (1997).

  Maritime  Organization

. Retrieved from Maritime National Park Association:[Link]

Comparison of Conventional Varnishes with Nanolacke UV VarnishWith Respect to Hardness and

. Turkey: [Link]. (2014).Maleque, Md. Abdul and Belal, F. Y. and Sapuan, S. M. (2007)

  Mechanical  properties  study  of  pseudo-stem  banana  fiber  reinforced  epoxy  composite.

 The Arabian journal for science andengineering , 32 (2B). pp. 359Manandhar, P. (2010). Waste banana
stump based micro [Link], D., Mishra, S., & Sutar, N. (2010). Banana and its by-product
utilization: an overview.

  Journal Engineered Fibers and Fabrics

, 69:[Link]* A. K. M., Saha M. K., Md. Hossian S. & Ferdoushi A. (2013). Usefulness of
Banana(Musa paradisiaca) Wastes in Manufacturing of Bio-products: A Review. Retrieved
from[Link] P & Balakrishna
murphy, G. (2013). Physical and Chemical Properties of Banana FibreExtracted from Commercial Banana
Cultivars Grown in TamilnaduRavindran, C.; Rajangam, J.; Palanisamy, A.; Kavitha, M.; Muthuvel,
I.; Anita, A.; Prabhakaran, K.;Sheikh* S. A., Awate N. P. (2016). IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ENGINEERINGSCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY: A Review Paper on Design and Development
ofBanana Fiber Extraction Machine. Retrieved from [Link]