Computer Science Basic Concepts

Who invented the first computer? Charles Babbage (1837)

What is Computer?
Computer is an electronic device or a machine that perform some specific operation like calculations and
process the data on base of given instruction which is provided by software and hardware. We can also
called computer as an electronic data processing machine. It has an ability to store, retrieve and process
the data.

History of Computer
1. 1st Generation of Computer (1944 - 1959)
The duration of 1st generation started from 1944 to 1959. The Vacuum Tube was invented in 1944,
so these tube were used in 1st generation of computers. Due to that reason these computer were
very large in size and require a lot electricity.
The first generation computers are:
a. UNIVAC ( Universal Automatic Computer)
b. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)
c. MARK II
nd
2. 2 Generation of Computer (1959 - 1965)
The duration of 2nd generation started from 1959 to 1965. The 2nd generation computers used the
technology of transistors rather than vacuum tubes.
The second generation computers are:
a. UNIVAC-II( Universal Automatic Computer)
b. IBM-1600
rd
3. 3 Generation of Computer (1965 - 1970)
The duration of 3rd generation started from 1965 to 1970. During the third generation, technology
shift from huge transistors to integrated circuits, also referred to as IC. The variety of transistor,
resistor and capacitor were placed on a thin slice of silicon chip which is also called semiconductor.
4. 4th Generation of Computer (1970 - 1986)
The duration of 4th generation started from 1970 to 1986. In 4th generation, computers were
designed by using microchips/micro-processor.
5. 5th Generation of Computer (1986- Present)
The duration of 5th generation started from 1986 and currently it going on. The technology behind
this 5th generation computer are Ai based. It allows computers behave like a humans. We often
seen so many updated program like voice/image recognition in this generation. Every industry are
based on these computer because these computer are very fast with having 100% accuracy. We use
these kind of computer in engineering, medicine, entertainment and many more other industries.
Because the size of computer has been reduced and its memory and accuracy has increase due to
that reasons these computer are very famous in this era.
Types of Computer:
There are three types of computer
1. Digital Computer (These computer are mainly used to perform calculation, 0 & 1)
2. Analog Computer (These computer are used to calculate the dimension of physical things, cont.)
3. Hybrid Computer (These computer are the combination of Digital & Analog computers)
Type of Digital Computer
1. Super Computer
These computer are very fast as compare to other PC’s because these are very powerful, fastest
and expensive computers. Super computer can control more than 10,000 computer at the same
time. These are used for research purpose, technical task, rocket, etc.
2. Mainframe Computer
These computer are very larger having larger fix memory and can be controlled by thousands of
people simultaneously. These are used for industrial purpose, medical equipment and
engineering fields, etc.
3. Mini Computer
Mini computers are look like same as Main-Frame computer but having less memory and
cheaper than main-frame computer. These computer can be controlled by 20 to 200 people
simultaneously.
4. Micro Computer/ Personal Computer
These computer are portable computer and can be used in daily life task. It contain I/O devices
for getting information from outer sources. These computer are also called PC (Personal
Computer), Home Computer, Portable Computer.
5. Workstation Computer
These kind of computer used for complex task like graphic designing software’s.

Bit: Bit is a binary digit, the smallest date on compute. It can only hold two value 0 or 1.
Byte: Combination of 8 bit is called 1Byte. A byte contains enough information to store a single ASCII
character, like "h".
A kilobyte (KB) is 1,024 bytes, not one thousand bytes as might be expected, because computers use binary
(base two) math, instead of a decimal (base ten) system.
8 Bit = 1 Byte
1024 Byte = 1 Kilo Byte (1 KB)
1024 KB = 1 Mega Byte (1 MB) or 1,048,576 (1024x1024) bytes, not one million bytes.
1024 MG = 1 Giga Byte (1 GB) or 1,073,741,824 (1024x1024x1024) bytes
1024 GB = 1 Tera Byte (1 TB)
1024 TB = 1 Peta Byte (1 PB)
Indiana University is now building storage systems capable of holding petabytes of data. An exabyte (EB) is
1,024 PB. A zettabyte (ZB) is 1,024 EB. Finally, a yottabyte (YB) is 1,024 ZB.
A computer consists of 4 major parts: the input, output, CPU (Central Processing Unit), &
memory. Input consists of anything you will add into the computer (microphone, keyboard,
mouse, scanner), and output is how the computer gives back to you (screen, speakers, etc.).
The CPU or central processing unit is located on the motherboard and is the part of the
computer where all that input/output information gets sent to the proper place. Memory,
commonly referred to as RAM (random access memory), where the information is stored.
Every Computer is composed of two main components: Hardware and Software
Computer Hardware: Computer hardware are physical components which can either see or touch.
CPU, Monitor, Printer, Keyboard, Mouse, RAM, ROM are the example of hardware.

Computer Software: Computer software are set of instructions that tell a computer exactly what to do.
It is developed by professional engineer, programmer.
Without hardware, the software cannot work and vice versa.

I/O Device: I/O devices are the pieces of hardware used by a human to communicate with a computer.

Storage Device: A hardware device which can be used to store digital data and applications which may be in the
form of images, video, audio, etc. is called a storage device.

There are two types of storage devices used with computers:

RAM ROM
RAM is volatile memory that ROM is non-volatile memory that
temporarily stores the files you are permanently stores instructions for
working on your computer.
Random Access Memory Read Only Memory
RAM is volatile ROM is non-volatile
Temporary Storage Permanent Storage
RAM is a read-write memory ROM is a read only memory.
Data Networks
A data network is a digital telecommunications network that allows shared information between devices.
There are three main types: LAN, WAN, and VPN.
LAN & WAN are the types of network that allow inter-connectivity between computers.
1. LAN:
A local area network is a group of computers that share a common line or link. Examples
might include several computers within one company.
2. WAN:
Wide area networks are similar, but connect more than one group of computers across a
large geographical area. Examples include school district networks.
3. VPN:
VPN stands for Virtual Private Network, and includes links across shared networks. This
network is how two computers are able to share data across the internet.

Internet
The internet is a network of computer. In other word, The Internet is a vast network that connects
computers all over the world. Through the Internet, people can share information and communicate from
anywhere with an Internet connection.
WWW: WWW stands for Word Wide Web
A worldwide is collection of electronics documents, each electronic document called a Web-Page which
can contain any kind of data like text, images, video and audio etc.
URL: URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator
A URL allows every resource (e.g. HTML page, text, image, video, audio, etc.) on WWW
The protocol gives the method of communication to be used. http is the most common, but ftp is also use.
IP Address: IP stands for Internet Protocol
It determined based on location. Each item in the network system has its’ own IP address, and tells the info
where to go.

Domain Name: Domain name is the address of your website, it is the URL that people type to access
websites. For example, if someone wants to call specific person, then he/she need to search his/her name
in the form contact number for call purpose. The same thing in domain name, if someone want to access a
website then he/ she must needs to the name of website or ip-address. For example,
What is the Domain-Name of Google: [Link]
Doman has two part (he address website like [Link]
1. Name (example)
2. Extension (.com) Most Popular ( other extension are .pk, .co )
Hosting: Hosting is the space where your website is stored. For example: Photos & Videos are hosted in
your cell phone or files are hosted in your laptop. In the same way, domain is hosted in a space where you
can easily access your website.