STRUCTURAL NOTES Page 1 of 8

STRUCTURE is that which is built or constructed, an edifice or building  

of any kind, or any piece of work artificially built up or composed of parts EROSION is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the
STRUCTYURAL NOTES joined together in some definite manner. movement of wind, water or ice.
   
I. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS STRUCTURAL ENGINEER is a registered Civil Engineer with special EXCAVATION is the mechanical removal of earth material.
  qualification in the practice of Structural Engineering as recognized by  
ADDITION is an extension or increase in floor area or height of a the Board of Civil Engineering of the Professional Regulation FILL is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means.
building or structure. Commission of the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers through the  
  Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER is an engineer experienced and
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN is a method of proportioning structural   knowledgeable in the practice of geotechnical engineering.
elements such that computed stresses produced in the elements by the II. GRADING AND EARTHWORK  
allowable stress load combinations do not exceed specified allowable   GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING is the application of the principles of
stress (also called working stress design). APPROVAL shall mean that the proposed work or completed work soil and rock mechanics in the investigation, evaluation and design of
  conforms to this section in the opinion of the building official. civil works involving the use of earth materials and the inspection or
ALTER or ALTERATION is any change, addition or modification in   testing of the construction thereof.
construction or occupancy. AS GRADED is the extent of surface conditions on completion of  
  grading. GRADE is the vertical location of the ground surface.
APPROVED as to materials and type of construction, refers to approval    
by the building official as the result of investigation and tests conducted BEDROCK is in-place solid rock. GRADE, EXISTING, is the grade prior to grading.
by the building official, or by reason of accepted principles or tests by    
recognized authorities, technical or scientific organizations. BENCH is a relatively level step excavated into earth material on which GRADE, FINISH, is the final grade of the site that conforms to the
  fill is to be placed. approved plan.
BUILDING is any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering    
any use or occupancy. BORROW is earth material acquired from an off-site location for use on GRADE, ROUGH, is the stage at which the grade approximately
  grading on a site. conforms to the approved plan.
BUILDING, EXISTING, is a building erected prior to the adoption of this    
code, or one for which a legal building permit has been issued. CIVIL ENGINEER is a professional engineer licensed to practice in the GRADING is any excavating or filling or combination thereof.
  field of civil engineering.  
BUILDING OFFICIAL is the officer or other designated authority charged   KEY is a designed compacted fill placed in a trench excavated in earth
with the administration and enforcement of this code, or the building CIVIL ENGINEERING is the application of the knowledge of the forces material beneath the toe of a proposed fill slope.
official’s duly authorized representative. of nature, principles of mechanics and the properties of materials to the  
  evaluation, design and construction of civil works. PROFESSIONAL INSPECTION is the inspection required by this code
LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) METHOD is a   be performed by the civil engineer, geotechnical engineer or engineering
method of proportioning structural elements using load and resistance COMPACTION is the densification of a fill by mechanical means. geologist. Such inspections include that performed by persons
factors such that no applicable limit state is reached when the structure   supervised by such engineers or geologists and shall be sufficient to
is subjected to all appropriate load combinations. The term “LRFD” is EARTH MATERIAL is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination form an opinion relating to conduct of the work.
used in the design of steel and wood structures. thereof.  
    SITE is any lot or parcel of land or contiguous combination thereof,
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning structural ENGINEERING GEOLOGIST is a licensed geologist experienced and under the same ownership, where grading is performed or permitted.
elements such that the computed forces produced in the elements by knowledgeable in engineering geology.  
the factored load combinations do not exceed the factored element   SLOPE is an inclined ground surface the inclination of which is
strength. The term “strength design” is used in the design of concrete ENGINEERING GEOLOGY is the application of geologic knowledge and expressed as a ratio of vertical distance to horizontal distance.
and masonry structures. principles in the investigation and evaluation of naturally occurring rock  
  and soil for use in the design of civil works. SOIL is naturally occurring superficial deposits overlying bedrock.
 STRUCTURAL NOTES Page 2 of 8

    NONBEARING WALL is any wall that is not a bearing wall

SOILS ENGINEER. See Geotechnical Engineer ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are buildings and other structures that are  
  intended to remain operational in the event of extreme environmental PARAPET WALL is the part of any wall entirely above the roof line.
SOILS ENGINEERING. See Geotechnical Engineering loading from wind or earthquakes.  
    RETAINING WALL is a wall designed to resist the later displacement of
TERRACE is a relatively level step constructed in the face of a graded GARAGE is a building or portion thereof in which motor vehicle soil or other materials.
slope surface for drainage and maintenance purposes. containing flammable or combustible liquids or gas in its tank is stored,  
  repaired or kept. IV. WIND LOAD
III. GENERAL    
  GARAGE, PRIVATE, is a building or portion of a building, not more than BASIC WIND SPEED, V is a 3-second gust speed at 10 meters above
ACCESS FLOOR SYSTEM is an assembly consisting of panels 90 sq. m. in area, in which only motor vehicles used by the tenants of the ground in Exposure C and associated with an annual probability of
mounted on pedestals to provide an under-floor space for the the building on the premises are kept or stored. 0.02 of being equaled or exceeded (50-year mean recurrence interval).
installations of mechanical, electrical, communications or similar    
systems to serve as an air-supply or return-air plenum. LIMIT STATE is a condition in which a structure or component is judged BUILDING, ENCLOSED, is a building that does not comply with the
  either to be no longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit requirements for open or partially enclosed buildings.
AGRICULTURAL BUILDING is a structure designed to house farm state) or to be unsafe (strength limit state).  
implements, hay, grain, poultry, livestock or other horticultural products.   BUILDING, OPEN, is a structure having all walls at least 80% open.
The structure shall not be a place of human habitation or a place of LIVE LOADS are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all  
employment where agricultural products are processed, treated or building materials, occupants, and their possessions, environmental BUILDING, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED is a building that complies with
packaged, nor shall it be a place used by the public. effects, differential movements, and restrained dimensional changes. both of the following conditions:
  Permanent loads are those loads in which variations over time are rare  
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD is a method of proportioning or of small magnitude. All other loads are variable loads. 1.     The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive
structural elements such that computed stresses produced in the   external pressure exceeds the sum of the areas of the
elements by the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed MARQUEE is a permanent roofed structure attached to and supported openings in the balance of the building envelope (walls and
specified allowable stress (also called working stress design). by the building and projecting over public property. roof) by more than 10% and
    2.     The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive
ASSEMBLY BUILDING is a building or portion of a building for the OCCUPANCY is the purpose for that a building, or part thereof, is used external pressure exceeds 0.5 sq. m. or 1% of the area of that
gathering together of 50 or more persons for such purposes as or intended to be used. wall, whichever is smaller, and the percentage of openings in
deliberation, education, instruction, worship, entertainment, amusement,   the balance of the building envelope does not exceed 20%.
drinking or dining, or awaiting transportation. WALLS  
  BEARING WALL is any wall meeting either of the following BUILDING, LOW RISE, is an enclosed or partially enclosed building
AWNING is a shelter supported entirely from the exterior wall of a classifications: which complies with the following conditions:
building.   1.     Mean roof height, h, less than or equal to 18 meters.
  1.     Any metal or wood stud wall that supports more than 0.5 KN 2.     Mean roof height, h, does not exceed least horizontal
BALCONY, EXTERIOR, is an exterior floor system projecting from a per linear meter of superimposed load. dimension.
structure and supported by that structure, with no additional independent 2.     Any masonry or concrete wall that supports more than 1.0 KN  
supports. per linear meter superimposed loads, or any such wall COMPONENTS AND CLADDING are elements that do not qualify as
  supporting its own weight for more than one story. part of the main wind-force resisting system.
DEAD LOADS consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment    
incorporated into the building or other structure. EXTERIOR WALL is any wall or element of a wall, or any member or DESIGN FORCE, F, is the equivalent static force to be used in the
  group of members, that defines the exterior boundaries or courts of a determination of wind loads for open buildings and other structures.
DECK is an exterior floor system supported on at least two opposing building and that has a slope of 60 degrees or greater with the horizontal  
sides by an adjoining structure and/or posts, piers, or other independent plane. DESIGN PRESSURE, p, is the equivalent static pressure to be used in
supports.   the determination of wind loads for buildings.
 STRUCTURAL NOTES Page 3 of 8

  and has minimal moment capacity at the top, with lateral forces applied DIAPHRAGM OR SHEAR WALL CHORD is the boundary element of a
EFFECTIVE WIND AREA is the area used to determine GCp. For essentially at the top. diaphragm or shear wall that is assumed to take axial stresses
cladding fasteners, the effective wind area shall not be greater than the   analogous to the flanges of a beam.
area that is tributary to an individual fastener. COLLECTOR is a member or element provide to transfer lateral forces  
  from a portion of a structure top vertical elements of the lateral-force- DIAPHRAGM STRUT (drag strut, tie, collector) is the element of a
FLEXIBLE BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES are slender resisting system. diaphragm parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers
buildings and other structures that have a fundamental natural frequency   diaphragm parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers
less than 1 Hz. Included are buildings and other structures that have a COMPONENT is a part or element of an architectural, electrical, diaphragm shear to the vertical-resisting elements or distributes loads
height, h, exceeding four times the least horizontal dimension. mechanical or structural system. within the diaphragm. Such members may take axial tension or
    compression.
IMPORTANCE FACTOR, I, is a factor that accounts for the degree of COMPONENT, EQUIPMENT, is a mechanical or electrical component  
hazard to human life and damage to property. or element that is part of a mechanical and/or electrical system. DRIFT. See “story drift”
     
MAIN WIND-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM is an assemblage of COMPONENT, FLEXIBLE, is a component, including its attachments, DUAL SYSTEM is a combination of moment-resisting frames and shear
structural elements assigned to provide support and stability for the having a fundamental period greater than 0.06 second. walls or braced frames.
overall structure. The system generally receives wind loading from more    
than one surface. COMPONENT, RIGID, is a component, including its attachments, having ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBF) is a steel-braced frame.
  a fundamental period less than or equal to 0.06 second.  
RECOGNIZED LETERATURE are published research findings and   ELASTIC RESPONSE PARAMETERS are forces and deformations
technical papers that are approved by the authority having jurisdiction. CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME is a braced frame in which the determined from an elastic dynamic analysis using an unreduced ground
  members are subjected primarily to axial forces. motion representation.
V. EARTHQUAKE    
  DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTION is that ground motion that has a ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are those structures that are necessary for
BASE is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be 10% chance of being exceeded in 50 years as by a site-specific hazard emergency operations subsequent to a natural disaster.
imparted to the structure or the level at which the structure as a dynamic analysis or may be determined by a hazard map. A suite of ground  
vibrator is supported. motion time histories with dynamic properties representative of site FLEXIBLE ELEMENT or system is one whose deformation under lateral
  characteristics shall be used to represent this ground motion. The load is significantly larger than adjoining parts of the system.
BASE SHEAR, V, is the total design lateral force or shear at the base of dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground Motion may be represented  
the structure. by the Design Response Spectrum. HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM is a horizontal truss system that
    serves the same function as a diaphragm.
BEARING WALL SYSTEM is a structural system without a complete DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM is an elastic response spectrum of  
vertical load-carrying space frame. 5% equivalent viscous damping used to represent the dynamic effects of INTERMEDIATE MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (IMRF) is a concrete
  the Design Basis Ground Motion for the design of structures. This frame.
BOUNDARY ELEMENT is an element at the edges or openings or at response spectrum may be either a site-specific spectrum based on  
perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms. geologic, tectonic, seismological and soil characteristics associated with LATERAL-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM is that part of the structural
  a specific site or may be a spectrum. system.
BRACED FRAME is an essentially vertical truss system of the    
concentric or eccentric type that is provided to resist lateral forces. DESIGN SEISMIC FORCE is the minimum total strength design base MOMENT-RESISTING SYSTEM is a frame in which members and joints
  shear, factored and distributed. are capable of resisting forces primarily by flexure.
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially complete space frame    
that provides support for gravity loads. DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to MOMENT-RESISTING WALL FRAME (MRWF) is a masonry wall frame
  transmit lateral forces to the vertical-resisting elements. The term especially detailed to provide ductile behavior.
CANTILEVERED COLUMN ELEMENT is a column element provided to “diaphragm” includes horizontal bracing systems.  
transfer lateral-force-resisting system that cantilevers from a fixed base  
 STRUCTURAL NOTES Page 4 of 8

ORDINARY BRACED FRAME (OBF) is a steel-braced frame or   AGGREGATE, LIGHTWEIGHT, is aggregate with a dry, loose weight of
concrete-braced frame. STORY is the space between levels. 1120 kg/cu.m. or less.
     
ORDINARY MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (OMRF) is a moment- STORY DRIFT is the lateral displacement of one level relative to the AIR-DRY WEIGHT is the unit weight of a lightweight concrete specimen
resisting frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile level above or below. cured for seven days with neither loss nor gain of moisture at 15deg.C to
behavior.   27deg.C and dried for 21 days in 50 +- 7 percent relative humidity at
  STORY DRIFT RATIO is the story drift divided by the story height. 23deg.C +- 1.1deg.C.
ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS are the earthquake load effects on structural    
elements common to the lateral-force-resisting systems along two STORY SHEAR, V, is the summation of design lateral forces above the ANCHORAGE DEVICE in post-tensioning is a device used to anchor
orthogonal axes. story under consideration. tendons to concrete member; in pretensioning, a device used to anchor
    tendons during hardening of concrete.
OVERSTRENGTH is a characteristic of structures where the actual STRENGTH is the capacity of an element or a member to resist factored  
strength is larger than the design strength. The degree of over strength load. ANCHORAGE ZONE in post-tensioned members is the portion of the
is material-and-system-dependent.   member through which the concentrated prestressing force is
  STRUCTURE is an assemblage of framing members designed to transferred to the concrete and distributed more uniformly across the
PD EFFECT is the secondary effect on shears, axial forces and support gravity loads and resist lateral forces. Structures may be section. Its extent is equal to the largest dimension of the cross section.
moments of frame members induced by the vertical loads acting on the categorized as building structures or nonbuilding structures. For intermediate anchorage devices, the anchorage zone includes the
laterally displaced building system.   disturbed regions ahead of and behind the anchorage devices.
  SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to  
SHEAR WALL is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the anchor and transfer local forces to primary diaphragm struts and the BASIC MONOSTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device
plane of the wall (sometimes referred to as vertical diaphragm or main diaphragm. used with any single 16mm or smaller diameter bar that satisfies the
structural wall).   anchorage device requirements of the Post-Tensioning Institute’s
  VERTICAL LOAD-CARRYING FRAME is a space frame designed to “Specification for Unbonded Single Strand Tendons”.
SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTYERACTIVE SYSTEM uses combinations of carry vertical gravity loads.  
shear walls and frames designed to resist lateral forces in proportion to   BASIC MULTISTRAND ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device
their relative rigidities considering interaction between shear walls and WALL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM is the system of elements anchoring the used with multiple strands, bars or wires, or single bars larger than
frames on all levels. wall to the diaphragm and those elements within the diaphragm required 16mm diameter that satisfies the bearing stress and minimum plate
  to develop the anchorage forces, including sub diaphragms and stiffness requirements of AASHTO Bridge Specifications.
SOFT STORY is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the continuous ties.  
stiffness of the story above.   BONDED TENDON is a prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete
  WEAK STORY is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of the either directly or through grouting.
SPACE FRAME is a three-dimensional structural system, without story above.  
bearing walls, composed of members interconnected so as to function   CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS are materials, which have cementing
as a complete self-contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal VI. CONCRETE value when used in concrete either by themselves, such as Portland
diaphragms or floor-bracing systems.   cement, blended hydraulic cements and expansive cement, or such
  ADMIXTURE is material other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic materials in combination with fly ash, raw or other calcined natural
SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (SCBF) is a steel- cement used as an ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before pozzolans, silica fume, or ground granulated blast-furnace slag.
braced frame. or during its mixing to modify its properties.  
    COLUMN is a member with a ratio of height-to-least-lateral dimension of
SPECIAL MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (SMRF) is a moment-resisting AGGREGATE is granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone 3 or greater used primarily to support axial compressive load.
frame specially detailed to provide ductile behavior. and iron blast-furnace slag, and when used with a cementing medium  
  forms a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar. COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS are concrete flexural
SPECIAL TRUSS MOMENT FRAME (STMF) is a moment-resisting   members of precast and cast-in-place concrete elements, or both,
frame specially detailed to provide ductile behavior.
 STRUCTURAL NOTES Page 5 of 8

constructed in separate placements but so interconnected that all    

elements respond to loads as a unit. EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS is the stress remaining in prestressing PLAIN REINFORCEMENT is reinforcement that does not conform to
  tendons after all losses have occurred, excluding effects of dead load definition of deformed reinforcement.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which and superimposed load.  
the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength is   POST-TENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are
less than or equal to the compression-controlled strain limit. EMBEDMENT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement tensioned after concrete has hardened.
  provided beyond a critical section.  
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED STRAIN LIMIT is the net tensile strain   PRECAST CONCRETE is a structural concrete element cast in other
at balanced strain conditions. EXTREME TENSION STEEL is the reinforcement (prestressed or than its final position in the structure.
  nonprestressed) that is the farthest from the extreme compression fiber.  
CONCRETE is a mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic   PRESTRESSED CONCRETE is structural concrete in which internal
cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water, with or without ISOLATION JOINT is a separation between adjoining parts of a concrete stresses have been introduced to reduce potential tensile stresses in
admixtures. structure, usually a vertical plane, at a designed location such as to concrete resulting fro loads.
  interfere least with performance of the structure, yet such as to allow  
CONCRETE, SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF (f’c) is the relative movement in three directions and avoid formation of cracks PRETENSIONING is a method of prestressing in which tendons are
compressive strength of concrete used in design and expressed in elsewhere in the concrete and through which all or part of the bonded tensioned before concrete is placed.
megapascals (Mpa). reinforcement is interrupted.  
    REINFORCED CONCRETE is structural concrete reinforced with no
CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT, is concrete containing JACKING FORCE is the temporary force exerted by device that less than the minimum amounts of prestressing tendons or
lightweight aggregate and has an air-dry unit weight as determined by introduces tension into prestressing tendons in prestressed concrete. nonprestressed reinforcement.
“Test Method for Unit Weight of Structural Lightweight Concrete” (ASTM    
C 567) not exceeding 1840 kg/cu.m. In this code, a lightweight concrete LOAD, DEAD, is the dead weight supported by a member. REINFORCEMENT is material excluding prestressing tendons unless
without natural sand is termed “all-lightweight concrete” and lightweight   specifically included.
concrete in which all fine aggregate consists of normal-weight sand is LOAD, FACTORED, is the load, multiplied by appropriate load factors,  
termed “sand-lightweight concrete.” used to proportion members by the strength design method. RESHORES are shores placed snugly under a concrete slab or other
    structural member after the original forms and shores have been
CONTRACTION JOINT is a formed, sawed, or tooled groove in a LOAD, LIVE, is the live load. removed from a larger area, thus requiring the new slab or structural
concrete structure to create a weakened plane and regulate the location   member to deflect and support its own weight and existing construction
of cracking resulting from the dimensional change of different parts of LOAD, SERVICE, is the load specified (without load factors). loads applied prior to the installation of the reshores.
the structure.    
  MODULUS OF ELASTICITY is the ratio of normal stress to SHEATHING is a material encasing a prestressing tendon to prevent
CURVATURE FRICTION is friction resulting from bends or curves in the corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below bonding the tendon with the surrounding concrete, to provide corrosion
specified prestressing tendon profile. proportional limit of material. protection, and to contain the corrosion inhibiting coating.
     
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT is deformed reinforcing bars, bar and NET TENSILE STRAIN is the tensile strain at nominal strength exclusive SHORES are vertical or inclined support members designed to carry the
rod mats, deformed wire, welded smooth wire fabric and welded of strains due to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage and temperature. weight of the formwork, concrete and construction loads above.
deformed wire fabric.    
  PEDESTAL is an upright compression member with a ratio of SPECIAL ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an anchorage device that satisfies
DEVELOPEMNT LENGTH is the length of embedded reinforcement unsupported height to average least lateral dimension not exceeding of the standard acceptance tests of AASHTO “Standard Specifications for
required to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical 3. Highway Bridges”, Division II.
section.    
  PLAIN CONCRETE is structural concrete with no reinforcement or with SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT is continuously wound reinforcement in the
EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d) is the distance measured from less reinforcement than the minimum amount specified for reinforced form of a cylindrical helix.
extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement. concrete.  
 STRUCTURAL NOTES Page 6 of 8

SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH (fct) is the tensile strength of UNBONDED TENDON is a tendon that is permanently prevented from DESIGN DISPLACEMENT is the total lateral displacement expected for
concrete determined in accordance with ASTM C 496 as described in bonding to the concrete after stressing. the design-basis earthquake, as required by the governing code for
“Specifications for Lightweight Aggregate for Structural Concrete”   earthquake-resistant design.
(ASTM C 330). WALL is a member, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate  
  spaces. DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR A BAR WITH A STANDARD HOOK is
STIRRUP is reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a   the shortest distance between the critical section (where the strength of
structural member, typically bars, wires, or welded wire fabric (plain or WOBBLE FRICTION in prestressed concrete, is friction caused by the bar is to be developed) and a tangent to the outer edge of the 90-
deformed) bent into L, U or rectangular shapes and located unintended deviation of prestressing sheath or duct from its specified degree hook.
perpendicular to or at an angle longitudinal reinforcement. (The term profile.  
“stirrups” is usually applied to lateral reinforcement in flexural members   DRY CONNECTION is a connection used between precast members,
and the term “ties” to those in compression members.) YIELD STRENGTH is the specified minimum yield strength or yield point which do not qualify as a wet connection.
  of reinforcement in megapascals (Mpa). Yield strength or yield point  
STRENGTH, DESIGN, is the nominal strength multiplied by a strength- shall be determined in tension according to applicable ASTM standards. HOOP is a close tie or continuously wound tie. A closed tie can be made
reduction factor, f.   up of several reinforcing elements, each having seismic hooks at both
  VII. SEISMIC DESIGN ends. A continuously wound tie shall have a seismic hook at both ends.
STRENGTH, NORMAL, is the strength of a member or cross section    
calculated in accordance with provisions and assumptions of the BASE OF STRUCTURE is a level at which earthquake motions are JOINT is the geometric volume common to intersecting members.
strength design method before application of any strength-reduction assumed to be imparted to a building. This level does not necessarily  
factors. coincide with the ground level. LATERAL FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM is that portion of the structure
    composed of members proportioned to resist forces related to
STRENGTH, REQUIRED, is the strength of a member or cross section BOUNDARY ELEMENTS are portions along structural wall and earthquake effects.
required to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces structural diaphragm edges strengthened by longitudinal and transverse  
in such combinations. reinforcement. LIGHTWEIGHT-AGGREGATE CONCRETE is an all-lightweight or sand-
    lightweight aggregate concrete made with lightweight aggregates.
STRESS is the intensity of force per unit area. COLLECTOR ELEMENTS are elements that serve to transmit the  
  inertial forces within structural diaphragms to members of the lateral- MOMENT FRAME is a space frame in which members and joints resist
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE is all concrete used for structural purposes, force-resisting system. forces through flexure, shear, and axial force.
including plain and reinforced concrete.    
  CONFINED CORE is the area within the core defined by h. NONLINEAR ACTION LOCATION is the center of the region of yielding
TENDON is a steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod or strand, or a   in flexure, shear or axial action.
bundle of such elements, used to impart prestress forces to concrete. CONNECTION is an element that joins two precast members or a  
  precast member and a cast-in-place member. NONLINEAR ACTION REGION is where the member length over which
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a cross section in which the net   nonlinear action takes place. It shall be taken as extending a distance of
tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength is greater COUPLING BEAM is a horizontal element in plane with the connecting no less than h/2 on either side of the nonlinear action location.
than or equal to 0.005. two shear walls.  
    SEISMIC HOOK is a hook on a stirrup, hoop or crosstie having a bend
TIE is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal CROSSTIE is a continuous reinforcing bar having a seismic hook at one not less than 135 degrees, except that circular hoops shall have a bend
reinforcement. A continuously wound bar or wire in the form of a circle, end and a hook not less than 90 degrees with at least six-diameter of not less than 90 degrees. Hooks shall have a six-diameter (but not
rectangle or other polygon shape without re-entrant corners is extension at the other end. The hooks shall engage peripheral less than 75mm), extension that engages the longitudinal reinforcement
acceptable. longitudinal bars. The 90-degree hooks of two successive crosstie and projects into the interior of the stirrup or hoop.
  engaging the same longitudinal bars shall be alternated end for end.  
TRANSFER is the act of transferring stress in prestressing tendons from   SHELL CONCRETE is the concrete outside the transverse
jacks or pretensioning bed to concrete member. reinforcement confining the concrete.
   
 STRUCTURAL NOTES Page 7 of 8

SPECIFIED LATERAL FORCES are lateral forces corresponding to the DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to
appropriate distribution of the design base shear force prescribed by the transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements. When the term anchor and transfer local forces to primary diaphragm struts and the
governing code for earthquake-resistant design. “diaphragm” is used, it includes horizontal bracing systems. main diaphragm.
     
STRONG CONNECTION is a connection that remains elastic, while the FIBERBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogenous panel made from TREATED WOOD is wood treated with an approved preservative under
designated nonlinear action regions undergo inelastic response under lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood or crane) having a density of less treating and quality control procedures.
the Design Basis Ground Motion. than 497 kg/cu.m. but more than 160 kg/cu.m.  
    WOOD OR NATURAL RESISTANCE TO DECAY OR TERMITES is the
STRUCTURAL DIAPHRAGMS are structural members, such as floor GLUED BUILT-UP MEMBERS are structural elements, the section of heartwood of the species set forth below. Corner sapwood is permitted
and roof slabs, that transmit inertial forces to lateral force resisting which is composed of built-up lumber, wood structural panels or wood on 5% of the pieces provided 90% or more of the width of each side on
members. structural panels in combination with lumber, all parts bonded together which it occurs is heartwood. Recognized species are:
  with adhesive. Decay resistant: Narra, Kamagong, Dao, Tangile
STRUCTURAL TRUSSES are assemblages of reinforced concrete   Termite resistant: Narra, Kamagong
members subjected primarily to axial forces. GRADE (Lumber), the classification of lumber in regard to strength and  
  utility in accordance with the grading rules of an approved lumber WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL is a structural panel product composed
STRUCTURAL WALLS are walls proportioned to resist combinations of grading agency. primarily of wood. Wood structural panels include all-veneer plywood,
shears, moment, and axial forces induced by earthquake motions.   composite panels containing a combination of veneer and wood-based
  HARDBOARD is a fibrous-felted, homogenous panel made from material, and mat0formed panel such as oriented stranded board and
STRUT is an element of a structural diaphragm used to provide lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under heat and pressure in a hot waferboard.
continuity around an opening in the diaphragm. press to a density not less than 497 kg/cu.m.  
    IX. GENERAL
TIE ELEMENTS are elements that serve to transmit inertia forces and NOMINAL SIZE (Lumber), the commercial size designation of width and  
prevent separation of building components such as footings and walls. depth, standard sawn lumber grades; somewhat larger than the AREAS:
  standard net size of dressed lumber.  
WALL PIER is a wall segment with a horizontal length-to-thickness ratio   BEDDED AREA is the area of the surface of a masonry unit, which
between 2.5 and 6, and whose clear height is at least two times its NORMAL LOADING is a design load that stressed a member or is in contact with mortar in place of the joint.
horizontal length. fastening to the full allowable stress. This loading may be applied for  
  approximately 10 years, either continuously or cumulatively, and 90 EFFECTIVE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT is the cross-sectional
WET CONNECTION uses any of the splicing methods to connect percent of this load may be applied for the remainder of the life of the area of reinforcement multiplied by the cosine of the angle between
precast members and uses cast-in-place concrete or grout to fill the member or fastening. the reinforcement and the direction for which effective area is to be
splicing closure.   determined.
  PARTICLE BOARD is a manufactured panel product consisting of  
VIII. GENERAL particles of wood or combinations of wood particles and wood fibers GROSS AREA is the total cross-sectional area of a specified
  bonded together with synthetic resins or other suitable bonding system section.
BLOCKED DIAPHRAGM is a diaphragm in which all sheathing edges by a bonding process, in accordance with approved nationally  
not occurring on framing members are supported on an connected to recognized standard. NET AREA is the gross cross-sectional area minus the area of
blocking.   ungrouted cores, notches, cells and unbedded areas. Net area is
  PLYWOOD is a panel of laminated veneers. the actual surface area of a cross section of masonry.
CONVENTIONAL LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION is a type of    
construction whose primary structural elements are formed by a system ROTATION is the torsional movement of a diaphragm about a vertical TRANSFORMED AREA is the equivalent area of one material to a
of repetitive wood-framing members. axis. second based on the ratio of moduli of elasticity of the first material
    to the second.
 
BOND:
 STRUCTURAL NOTES Page 8 of 8

  GROUT POUR is the total height of masonry wall to be grouted  

ADHESION BOND is the adhesion between masonry units and prior to the erection of additional masonry. A grout pour will consist WALLS:
mortar or grout. of one or more grout lifts.
    BONDED WALL is a masonry wall in which two or more wythes are
REINFORCING BOND is the adhesion between steel GROUTED MASONRY: bonded to act as a structural unit.
reinforcement and mortar or grout.    
  GROUTED HOLLOW-UNIT MASONRY is that form of grouted CAVITY WALL is a wall containing continuous air space with a
BOND BEAM is a horizontal grouted element within masonry in masonry construction in which certain designated cells of hollow minimum width of 51mm and a maximum width of 114mm between
which reinforcement is embedded. units are continuously filled with grout. wythes, which are tied with metal ties.
     
CELL is a void space having a gross cross-sectional area greater GROUTED MULTIWYTHE MASONRY is that form of grouted WALL TIE is a mechanical metal fastener, which connects wythes
than 967 sq. mm. masonry construction in which the space between the wythes is of masonry to each other or to other materials.
  solidly or periodically filled with grout.  
CLEANOUT is an opening to the bottom of a grout space of   WEB is an interior solid portion of a hollow-masonry unit as placed
sufficient size and spacing to allow the removal of debris. JOINTS: in masonry.
     
COLLAR JOINT is the mortared or grouted space between wythes BED JOINT is the mortar joint that is horizontal at the time the WYTHE is the portion of a wall, which is one masonry unit in
of masonry. masonry units are placed. thickness. A collar joint is not considered a wythe.
   
COLUMN, REINFORCED, is a vertical structural member in which HEAD JOINT is the mortar joint having a vertical transverse plane.
both the reinforcement and masonry resist compression.  
  MASONRY JOINT is brick, tile, stone, and glass block or concrete
COLUMN, UNREINFORCED, is a vertical structural member block.
whose horizontal dimension measured at right angles to the  
thickness does not exceed three times the thickness. HOLLOW-MASONRY JOINT is a masonry unit whose net cross-
  sectional area (solid area) in any plane parallel to the surface
DIMENSIONS: containing cores, cells or deep frogs is less than 75% of its gross
  cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.
ACTUAL DIMENSIONS are the measured dimensions of s  
designed item. The actual dimension shall not vary from the SOLID-MASONRY JOINT is a masonry unit whose net cross-
specified dimension by more than the amount allowed in the sectional area in any plane parallel to the surface containing the
appropriate standard of quality. cores or cells is at least 75% of the gross cross-sectional area
  measured in the same plane.
NOMINAL DIMENSIONS of masonry units are equal to its specified  
dimensions plus the thickness of the joint with which the unit is laid. PRISM is an assemblage of masonry units and mortar with or
  without grout used as a test specimen for determining properties of
SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS are the dimensions specified by the the masonry.
manufacturer for construction of masonry, masonry units, joints or  
any other component of a structure. REINFORCED MASONRY is that form of masonry construction in
  which reinforcement acting in conjunction with the masonry is used
GROUT LIFT is an increment of grout height within the total grout to resist forces.
pour.  
  SHELL is the outer portion of a hollow masonry unit as placed in
masonry.