HANDBOOK TO APA

REFERENCING

MARK SANDHAM
EDUCATION LIBRARIAN

WITS SCHOOL OF EDUCATION

2008
First published in 2008 by the Wits School of Education, Education Campus,
27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, Johannesburg
Private Bag X3, Wits 2050
Decorations from Orbis Sensualium Pictus of 1659 by John Amos Comenius.
All rights reserved.
Printed by The Central Printing Unit, University of the Witwatersrand
ISBN 978-0-620-40730-4

ii
 CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION Page 2
THE REFERENCE LIST 4
IN-TEXT REFERENCES 6
STAND-ALONE IN-TEXT REFERENCES 9
LESS COMMON SOURCES, FORMATS, ETC.
Compiler, Translator, etc. 10
Date and Edition 10
Subtitle; No Title 11
Place of Publication 12
Publisher 12
Encyclopedias 13
Yearbooks, Sets, Conference Proceedings 14
Non-English Books 15
Theses and Dissertations 15
Manuscripts 16
Government Publications 17
Scholarly Journals 18
Magazines and Newspapers 19
Digital Objects 20
Audio-Visual Materials 23
Posters 24
SOURCES NOT TO BE INCLUDED 25
REFERENCE LIST FOR THIS HANDBOOK 25
INDEX 26

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INTRODUCTION
Reasons for Referencing
In the academy referencing is a requirement that is non-negotiable.
Referencing gives credit to authors who have been consulted, keeps
the writer safe from charges of plagiarism, and allows readers to find
sources with minimum difficulty for verification or to follow leads.
The APA Referencing Style
The most widely used style in the social sciences is that of the
American Psychological Association (APA). The APA’s rules for
referencing are contained in its Publication manual (2001) and APA
style guide to electrononic references (2007), and these should be the
final recourse for researchers. The present Handbook aims to make the
APA rules more accessible.
Sometimes sources will crop up that are different from the examples
below or in APA, and here the writer must improvise and describe
them in a sensible way that is consistent with APA, clear to the reader,
and will enable the reader to retrieve them.
Correct referencing is not mere pedantry. Web crawlers use
algorithms to recognize citations and then to index these. Eccentrically
referenced items will therefore be missed by the crawlers.
Referencing Software
EndNote has proved very popular at Wits, and in 2007 the University
acquired the Australian online product RefWorks as well. These
packages enable the writer to import references from data bases or to
capture them manually by filling in a form. Both claim to have been
programmed with the rules for all the different referencing
conventions. Once the writer has stipulated all his in-text citations the
software can generate a reference list in any style. In addition, once
captured the references stay in these electronic ‘filing cabinets’ and
may be re-used throughout a researcher’s career.
In order to edit reference lists researchers still need to be familiar
with referencing conventions. Further, the systems and databases may
not always be able to generate references that are absolutely faithful to
the various conventions.

2
Reference List versus Bibliography
It is best in this matter to give the APA’s policy in full:
The reference list at the end of a journal article documents the
article and provides the information necessary to identify and
retrieve each source. Authors should choose references
judiciously and must include only the sources that were used in
the research and preparation of the article. Note that a reference
list cites works that specifically support a particular article. In
contrast, a bibliography cites works for background or for
further reading and may include descriptive notes . . .. APA
journals require reference lists, not bibliographies. (APA, 2001,
p. 215)

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THE REFERENCE LIST
The list must be arranged alphabetically. Second and subsequent
lines must be indented. To achieve this in MS Word:
Eliminate ‘The’, ‘A’ and “ from the start of all entries | Highlight
the list | click on Table | Sort | OK | Replace ‘The’, ‘A’ and “
Highlight the list | click on Format | Paragraph | Special |
Hanging | OK
1. Book, one author, subtitle
Roth, W-M. (2007). Doing teacher-research: A handbook
for perplexed practitioners. Rotterdam: Sense.
Note all the full stops.
The subtitle begins with a capital letter.
First names are never spelt out. (Wolff-Michael in this case.)
Second and subsequent lines are indented.
2. Book, two authors, third edition
Biggs, J., & Tang, C. (2007). Teaching for quality
learning at university: What the student does. (3rd ed.).
Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Use a comma, space and ampersand (&) between the two
authors.
3. Book, three, four, five or six editors
Cronjé, G. J. de J., Du Toit, G. S., Motlatla, M. D. C., &
Marais, A. de K. (Eds.) (2004). Introduction to business
management. (6th ed.). Cape Town: O.U.P.
For seven or more authors, see example 6 below.
4. Chapter in an edited book, unusual place of
publication
Vajda, M. (2001). Cultural diversity. In E. Dau (Ed.), The
anti-bias approach in early childhood (2nd ed., pp. 29–
44). Frenchs Forest, NSW, Australia: Longman.
Note: E. Dau, not Dau, E. in this situation.
The title of the parent publication is italicized, not that of the
chapter.

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 Note the comma after (Ed.), before the title of the book.
Note also that ‘[Link].’ and ‘pp. 29–44’ have been enclosed in
one set of parentheses, not two. In some situations APA requires
this.
5. Article in scholarly journal
Lewis, T. (2007). Biopolitical utopianism in educational
theory. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 39(7), 683–
702.
The title of the parent publication, including the comma and
the volume number are italicized. There is no space between
volume and issue number, and the style changes abruptly to
roman.
The ‘strong’ words in the journal title are capitalized.
Place a full stop after the page range.
Prior to 2007 the APA style did not require the issue number
where a journal has continuous pagination. This rule has been
changed for the sake of consistency. The issue number must
now always be included. In cases where it is not known, as
when found in an abstracting journal, for example, it may be
omitted.
6. Article in scholarly journal, seven or more authors
Hefferman, K. S., Baynard, T., Goulopoulou, S.,
Giannopoulou, I., Collier, S. R., Figueroa, A., et al.
(2005). Baroflex sensitivity during static exercise in
individuals with Down syndrome. Medicine and
Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(12), 2026–2031.
Only the first six authors are given, followed by et al.
7. Article in online journal found in a database
Delpit, L. D. (1991). Education in a multicultural society;
our future’s (greatest) challenge. Journal of Negro
Education, 61(3), 237–249. Retrieved from JSTOR
database.
JSTOR is a searchable database containing the full text of
numerous journals. It is available only to subscribers. Hence it
would be unhelpful to provide the URL (address).
The contents of JSTOR is stable and hence no date of retrieval is
necssary. For unstable sources a date is still required.

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IN-TEXT REFERENCES
How to acknowledge sources within the text
The basic method of an author-date style of referencing such as APA is
that brief pointers or flags are placed in the body of the text and that
these refer the reader to the reference list at the end of the document.
These pointers are known as in-text references or citations and are
enclosed in parentheses (round brackets). In-text references must
contain enough information to direct the reader to the source, and even
to the specific page or paragraph within that source if necessary.
8. Quotation, citation at the end
“Today the word ‘tyranny’ has pejorative connotations, but
these bad associations date only from the fifth century BC”
(Arnheim, 1977, p. 121).
Double quotation marks for the main passage, single for the quote
within the quote.
The full stop is placed after the citation.
The reader can turn to the reference list at the end of the document, look
under A for Arnheim, and find the full bibliographic description:
Arnheim, M. T. W. (1977). Aristocracy in Greek society.
London: Thames and Hudson.
9. Long (block) quotations
If you are quoting more than 40 words, start on a new line;
don’t use quotation marks; indent the whole block 13 mm; and
place the citation after the last punctuation mark; do not place
a full stop after the citation. See the quotation from APA on
page 3 above.
When quoting poems, plays, etc., place the citation on the
next line, to the right (see 32).
10. Split quotation
“The description of Pericles as a democrat”, reads one such
attempt, “was not a contemporary description” (Sealey, 1967,
p. 61).
11. Paraphrase
Arnheim (1977, p. 154) claims that Pericles, though an
aristocrat himself, was subversive to the Athenian aristocracy.

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12. Citing an entire book
Arnheim (1977) has shown that Greek history is
incomprehensible unless one grasps the aristocratic ethos.
13. Work quoted within another work, marks of omission
“ . . . or it could mean that the democratic leaders were
criticised for their submission [to foreign powers]” (W. G.
Forrest, as cited in Arnheim, 1977, p. 68).
The three dots indicate that the first part of the quotation has been
omitted, and the square brackets that Forrest’s words have been
replaced by a summary.
14. Two authors
(Kotter & Schlesinger, 2000, p. 70)
Kotter and Schlesinger (2000) argue . . .
15. Three, four or five authors. First citation
(Azerbal, Hayes, Lewin, Hachmovitch & Cohen, 2004)
Azerbal, Hayes, Lewin, Hachmovitch and Cohen (2004)
demonstrated attenuated . . .
16. Three, four or five authors. Subsequent citation
(Azerbal et al., 2004)
Azerbal et al. (2004) also suggested . . .
‘Et al.’ is not italicized, nor is it preceded by a comma.
17. Six or more authors. First and subsequent citations
Bleibtreu et al. (1971) discuss . . .
(Bleibtreu et al., 1971, pp. 80–85)
If there are two Bleibtreu et al.’s in 1999, add a second name to
distinguish them.
18. Two authors with the same surname
L. Bernstein (1993) and L. S. Bernstein (1984)
19. Two works by one author in the same year
“Nash discusses signatures on prints (2001b), the millenium
project of the Oxford Guild of Printers (2001a) . . . ”
In the reference list the ‘a’ and ‘b’ must be included:
Nash, P. W. (2001a). The Oxford Guild . . .
Nash, P. W. (2001b). Pinxit, sculpsit, . . .

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20. Translation
Voltaire’s Letters on England (1864/1894)
Date first published and date of translation. No spaces.
21. Book or article in press
(Fleisch & Woolman, in press)
22. Corporate author, no abbreviation possible
(Editors of Consumer Guide, 1996)
The name is written in full on each occasion that the work is cited.
23. Corporate author, abbreviation possible, first citation
(Gauteng Department of Education [GDE], n.d., p. 5)
24. Corporate author, abbreviation possible, subsequent
citation
(GDE, n.d., p. 6)
25. No author, short title (monograph)
(The lectures, 2007, p. 7)
The title is italicized.
26. No author, long title (magazine article)
(“20 new rules,” 2003, p. 44)
The title and comma are within inverted commas to indicate that it is an
article in a parent publication.
Only the first few words of a long title need be given.
Only the year is given in the in-text citation; day and month are
unnecessary.
See 77 below for the reference list entry.

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STAND-ALONE IN-TEXT REFERENCES
27. Classical works
As references to classical works are not to be included in the
reference list, the reader must be given a clue as to which
version or translation has been used. This clue is given only in
the first in-text citation; thereafter the minimum is sufficient.
The reader can easily pursue such references in his library or
online.
28. Plato, first citation
“There were, before the world came into existence, being,
space, and becoming, three distinct realities” (Plato, Timaeus,
53, trans. 1965).
29. Plato, subsequent citation
(Timaeus, 45).
30. Bible, first citation
(Lev. 7:32, Revised Standard Version)
31. Bible, second citation, several at once
(e.g. Lev. 19:4; Ps. 106:19; Isa. 30:22; Hab. 2:18)
32. Koran, block quotation
Have we not created you of a sorry germ,
Which we laid up in a secure place,
Till the term decreed for birth?
Such is our power! and, how powerful are We!
(Koran, 78: 20–24, trans. 1909)
The whole block must be indented 13 mm.
No full stop after the citation.
33. Personal communication
(I. Tattersall, personal communication, 10 November 2001)
This is not a true reference, as it is unrecoverable. Such an entry is
rather to be seen as an explanation. E-mails must also be described as
personal communications.

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LESS COMMON SOURCES, FORMATS, ETC.
COMPILER, TRANSLATOR, ETC.
34. Book, compiled by
Beilenson, E. (Comp.). (1960). Simple Viennese cookery.
Mount Vernon: Peter Pauper Press.
35. Book, translated by
Brillat-Savarin, J-A. (1970). The philosopher in the kitchen.
(A. Drayton, Trans.). Harmondsworth: Penguin. (Original
work published 1825)
Note that the translator’s initial is placed before her surname.
The in-text citation would give both dates: (Brillat-Savarin,
1825/1970).
36. Book, no author
The lectures. (2007). Johannesburg: Nelson Mandela
Foundation.
For various reasons the author is often not given, or is simply
unknown. In such cases the title is written first.
Describe as anonymous only if the title page actually gives the author
as ‘anonymous’.
37. Book, corporate author
Editors of Consumer Guide. (1996). Medical book of health
hints & tips. Lincolnwood: Publications International.

DATE AND EDITION

Use standard abbreviations: 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, etc.
Revised edition, use [Link].
Record the latest edition.
The APA uses Ed. for editors and ed. for edition.
The date used is the copyright © date. Failing that, the date of
publication (e.g., ‘First published 1996’).
If the date is given in roman numerals, convert it to arabic.
Impressions are reprints, and are ignored in favour of the copyright
date. New editions, however, are updated versions of the book, and
count as new books.
See Example 45 for the placement of the edition statement where
there is no author.

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38. Book, no date of publication, no city
Delannoie, J. & Madywabe, L. (n.d.). The seven mthombothi
beads. Mthombothi.
39. Book, third edition
Ergang, R. (1967). Europe, from the Renaissance to Waterloo.
(3rd ed.). Lexington: Heath.
40. Dictionary, edition not clear, 6th impression
Title page: The South African Pocket Oxford Dictionary
of Current English
Edited by William Banford
Based on
The Pocket Oxford Dictionary of Current English
EIGHTH EDITION
Edited by Della Thompson
Cape Town
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
1994
Verso of title page: © 1987, 1992, 1994
First Edition 1924
Eighth Edition 1992
South African edition © 1987, 1994
First South African edition 1994
Sixth impression 1999

The South African pocket Oxford dictionary of current

English. (1994). Cape Town: O.U.P.
There is no correct way to describe the edition of a book with such a
complex publishing history. Nor will the inclusion of editors and
editions improve retrievability. The brief description above is sufficient.

SUBTITLE; NO TITLE
41. Book, rebound minus title
[Pretoria cook book]. (n.d.). Rebound, title page lost.
Where there is no title a description of the contents is made. It is not a
true title, and is therefore not italicized. Brief explanatory notes may be
added as above.
42. Book, no title
Frost, R. (1955). [Poems]. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
The title page simply says ‘Robert Frost’. We therefore give a
description of the contents in square brackets, not italicized.

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 43. Book, subtitle
Alderson, B. (2003). Edward Ardizzone: A bibliographic
commentary. Pinner: Private Libraries Association.
Precede the subtitle with a colon, and begin it with a capital letter.
Omit the subtitle if it is insignificant.
Sometimes a sub-subtitle is worth including in the description. It too
must be preceded by a colon, and begun with a capital letter.
PLACE OF PUBLICATION
Even though the place of publication is not a crucial element of the
description the APA style requires “ . . . city and state for U.S.
publishers, city state or province if applicable, and country for
publishers outside the United States” (APA, p. 217). If several cities or
towns are given on the title page, choose the first. If the city already
forms part of the title, corporate author or publisher, omit it. If no
place of publication is given, omit this element (see 38 and 44).
PUBLISHER
Use the briefest recognizable form. Use O.U.P. for Oxford University
Press, and C.U.P. for Cambridge University Press, but spell out all
other university presses. The publisher is usually the last element of
the description: follow it with a full stop. If there is no publisher, leave
it out. If the publisher is also the author, leave out this element. If the
book has been published jointly by several firms, name the first one
only – this is sufficient for retrievability (see 52).
44. Book published by the author himself, no date, no city
Schwaneke, U. (n.d.). Lessons in ornithology.
Nowhere does it state that the author published the book, although this
is in fact the case. There is no point in mentioning the printer, as the
printer does not keep copies of the book and plays no part in its
distribution.
45. Publisher same as author
National Geographic atlas of the world. (7th ed.). (1999).
Washington, DC.
Most atlases and encyclopedias have this format. There is usually no
author named on the title page, nor is the writer expected to seek out an
author elsewhere in the publication. The name of the publisher is
included in the title, hence no need to repeat it later. The APA style
discourages pointless repetition.

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 ENCYCLOPEDIAS
46. Entire encyclopedia. 1
The World Book encyclopedia. (2001). Chicago.
World Book is the name of a company, hence the capital letters.
47. Entire encyclopedia. 2
The new Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2002). Chicago.
The EB has chosen to use edition to signify periodic radically different
versions. Each year however, a new edition (in the regular sense of the
word) appears. Hence there is no need to record the edition (15th in this
case).
48. Article in World Book
Lapp, D. M. (2001). Altimeter. In The World Book
encyclopedia. (Vol. 1, p. 390). Chicago.
The title of the article is in roman, but the title of the parent work, the
encyclopedia, is in italics (or underlined in handwritten work: see the
next example).
49. Article in Britannica (Micropaedia), reference handwritten
Brainwashing. (2002). In The new Encyclopaedia Britannica.
(Micropaedia, Vol. 2, p. 467). Chicago.
Articles in the Micropaedia are not signed.
50. Article in Britannica (Macropaedia)
Horses and horsemanship. (2002). In The new Encyclopaedia
Britannica. (Macropaedia, Vol. 20, pp. 646–655). Chicago.
Articles in the Macropaedia are signed, but with initials only (in this
case C.E.C.). This means that the publishers don’t really want the
reader to know who the authors are, and the articles should
accordingly be regarded as unauthored.
Note how a range of pages is stated: write out the numbers in full.
(To achieve a professional look insert an en dash which is longer than
a hyphen. No spaces.)

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 YEARBOOKS, SETS, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
51. Article in a yearbook, edited, part of a series
Blaszczynski, C. (2002). Citizenship, business ethics, and
technology. In R. M. Remp (Ed.), Technology, methodology,
and business education (pp. 73–85). Reston: National
Business Education Association. (NBEA Yearbook no. 40)
Yearbooks are periodical publications but are more akin to
monographs than to journals. The NBEA yearbooks are annual
collections of articles on particular themes. Note the series statement
at the end. It may be tricky to hunt down these yearbooks in library
catalogues, as they could be listed as books under issue-specific titles,
or as a journal with the title “NBEA Yearbook”.
52. Yearbook, ambiguous date, multiple publishers
Education yearbook 2002/2003. (2002). London: Financial
Times.
The title gives the impression that the book was published in 2003. It
is therefore important to state that the book was published in 2002.
The book was co-published by the FT, Prentice-Hall and Pearson
Education. We record the first only.
53. Article in World Book year book
Lewis, D. C. (2002). Disasters. In The 2002 World Book
yearbook. (pp. 184–186). Chicago.
54. Book, named volume in set
Gottschalk, L., MacKinney, L. C., & Pritchard, E. H. (1969).
The foundations of the modern world (Part Two). London:
Allen and Unwin, for Unesco. (History of Mankind: Vol. IV)
The set is named History of Mankind.
55. Conference proceedings, whole
Mathabatha, S., Zimba, K., Govender, R, & Masha, K. (Eds.).
(2006). African pride: Proceedings of the Twelfth National
Congress of the Association for Mathematics Education in
South Africa. Polokwane: AMESA.
The ‘strong’ words in the conference title are capitalized.

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56. Article in conference proceedings
Tshabalala, D., & Pournara, C. (2006). Introducing financial
mathematics using spreadsheets. In S. Mathabatha, K.
Zimba, R. Govender, & K. Masha (Eds.), African pride:
Proceedings of the Twelfth National Congress of the
Association for Mathematics Education in South Africa.
Polokwane: AMESA.
Up to six editors: give all their names. Seven or more: give the first
only, followed by et al.
Some conference proceedings are published under the same title at
regular intervals in numbered volumes. Treat these as journals.
Unpublished conference papers should not be cited unless they are
retrievable on the Web (see 93).

NON-ENGLISH BOOKS
57. Book in Southern Ndebele
Ntuli, N. S. (1993). Ifa lethu lemangweni [Southern Ndebele
novel]. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman.
An explanatory note is added in square brackets.
58. Afrikaans essays
Hough, B. (1995). Skimmelstreke [Afrikaans essays]. Cape
Town: Tafelberg.
59. Afrikaans non-fiction, translation, no author
Wondere van die boukuns [The story of architecture]. (1971).
Cape Town: Human & Rousseau. (Original work published
1969)
Original English title in square brackets. Failing that, a translation
should be given.
THESES AND DISSERTATIONS
60. Undergraduate dissertation
Janovsky, P. (2000). Calcium oxide as a soil stabilizer.
Unpublished undergraduate dissertation, University of the
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
If the dissertation is listed in the library catalogue there is no need to
name the Faculty or School.
If it is an Honours dissertation describe it as such: Unpublished
honours dissertation . . .

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61. Master’s thesis
Nourse, J. K. (1999), To facilitate or meditate: a critical
evaluation of facilitation in the Life Orientation area of
Curriculum 2005. Unpublished master’s research report,
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
This work is commonly called a thesis, but the title page calls it a
research report, and this is the wording to be followed.
62. Doctoral thesis
Randall, P. R. (1988). The role of history of education in
teacher education in South Africa, with particular reference
to developments in Britain and the USA. Unpublished
doctoral thesis, University of the Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg.
MANUSCRIPTS
63. Manuscript, no date
Hunter, F. W. (n.d.). Who was Pickhandle Mary? Unpublished
manuscript available at the African Studies Library,
Johannesburg Public Library, Market Square, Johannesburg
2001.
For retrievability it is necessary to state where the document is
housed, and even to provide contact details.
64. Manuscript, translated
Hager, C. O. (1985). Autobiography of Carl Otto Hager. (N.
Sandham, Trans.). Unpublished manuscript in the collection
of Mark Sandham. (Original manuscript written in the 1700s)

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 GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
65. Named, unnumbered volume within research report
Human Sciences Research Council. (1981). Legal matters.
Pretoria. (HSRC Investigation into Education)
66. Scheme of work, national, few details supplied, fragmented
title
Department of Education and Culture (n.d.). Scheme of work,
Standard 5, for mathematics, implementation date 1991.
[Pretoria].
Commas, full stops, colons, semicolons, etc. may be inserted to
improve the sense of titles. In this case three commas were
introduced.
Contrary to the rule the city has been supplied to assist retrieval.
67. Government gazette, national
Department of Education. (1997, April 18). Draft White Paper
on Higher Education. Pretoria. (Government Gazette, Vol.
382, No. 17944)
Government gazettes have more in common with monographs than
with periodicals, and are better treated as monographs.
Legislation has more importance than ordinary titles, hence the
‘strong’ words should be capitalized.
68. Provincial gazette
Gauteng Provincial Government. (1995, December 8). School
Education Act. Pretoria. (Provincial Gazette Extraordinary,
Vol. 1, No. 113)
69. Provincial government monograph, no date, fragmented
title
Gauteng Department of Education. (n.d.). C2005: Revised
National Curriculum Statement. Grades 4–6 (schools).
Intermediate Phase. Johannesburg.
One colon and three full stops were inserted to improve the sense of
this title.
70. Monograph published by government department
Department of Education. (2001, August 18). Manifesto on
values, education and democracy. Pretoria.

17
 SCHOLARLY JOURNALS
71. Article in press
Fleisch, B, & Woolman, S. (in press). On the constitutionality
of single-medium public schools. South African Journal of
Human Rights.
Note: no date, no volume, no page range for an article in press.
72. Article in journal, issue number only (no volume)
Gamble, J. (2003). Retrieving the general from the particular:
the structure of craft knowledge. Journal of Education, (29),
73–92.
Full bibliographic details are: Number 29, 2003.
In the APA style the range of pages is not preceded by ‘p.’ in
descriptions of journal articles as it is for chapters in the books, or for
unnumbered magazines.
The journal title is italicized, not the title of the article, and (also
unlike book chapters) it is not preceded by ‘in’.
If the volume number is given in roman numerals it must be changed
to arabic.
73. Special issue of a journal (entire issue described)
May, S., & Aikman, S. (Eds.). (2003). Indigenous education:
New possibilities, ongoing constraints [Special issue].
Comparative Education, 39(2).
Often an entire issue of a journal is devoted to one theme, and the
writer may wish to list it in its entirety. Then it becomes necessary to
name the editors, to provide the collective title, and to supply the
number of the issue, omitting the pages.
74. Article in special issue
Sarangami, P. M. (2003). Indigenising curriculum: Questions
posed by Baiga Vidya. Comparative Education, 39(2), 199–
209.
75. Abstract of published article
Bridges, D. (2001). The ethics of outsider research. Journal of
Philosophy of Education, 35(3), 371–386. Abstract obtained
from Sociology of education abstracts, 39(3), 169, Abstract
No. 03S/296.
One may get information from an abstract without ever seeing the full
article, and legitimately cite it.

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 MAGAZINES AND NEWSPAPERS
76. Article in popular magazine
Belt, D. (2002, January). The world of Islam. National
Geographic, 201(1), 76–85.
Full bibliographic details: Volume 201, Number 1, January, 2002.
Popular magazines also tend to omit volume and number from the
headers or footers on each page, preferring to give the date. Hence the
month or even day must be included: (2002, January). The month is
never abbreviated.
77. Article in popular magazine, unnumbered
20 new rules for a healthy life. (2003, July). Your Family, pp.
43–44.
Issues of Your Family are not numbered, hence the page range needs
clarification in the form of ‘pp.’.
In the reference list this article will file before A, starting as it does
with a numeral (20 new rules . . .).
78. Article in a weekly magazine, unnumbered
About those election promises: California’s new governor.
(2003, October 25). The Economist, pp. 47–48.
79. Time magazine
Wallace, C. P. (2003, September 15). Euro’s big test. Time,
162(10), 46–47.
80. Map supplement
Middle East: Crossroads of faith and conflict [Map]. (2003,
October). National Geographic, 202(4, map suppl.)
81. Pamphlet supplement with own title. 1
Kid-made Picasso faces. (2002, Summer). Instructor,
112(Suppl. Arts & Crafts), 42–43.
82. Pamphlet supplement with own title. 2
Fun curriculum : 17 project ideas. (2003, Winter). Instructor,
112(Suppl. Cutting Across the Curriculum), 19–31.
83. Newspaper article
Monare, M. (2003, October 26). Education funding to favour
black students. Sunday Times, p. 4.
Omit the volume and issue numbers.
Include ‘p.’.

19
 84. Article in newspaper supplement
Mofokeng, L. (2008, February 3). Star’s identity stolen online.
Sunday Times (Suppl. Metro [Gauteng ed.]), p. 11.

DIGITAL OBJECTS
General rules
a) As far as possible the same information should be supplied for e-
journals as for print, and presented in the same order. In addition
there must be a retrieval statement followed by a website name, a
URL or a DOI. (URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, DOI for
Digital Object Identifier.)
b) For electronic non-periodicals give, if possible, an author, a date
and a title. Then a retrieval statement followed by a website
name, a URL or a DOI. The place of publication may be omitted.
The publisher may also be omitted. However, if the URL gives no
clue as to the publisher, the latter should be smuggled into the
retrieval statement (see 86).
c) For digital objects the last element of the description is always
the URL, the DOI or the name of the website.
d) Do not end in a full stop – the reader may think it is part of the
URL.
e) Do not break the URL with a hyphen. Deactivate the automatic
hyphenator of your word processor. Break the string before any
punctuation mark. If possible, the URL should be given its own
line.
f) The APA has not set a limit to the length of URLs. In their
examples none exceeds one and a half lines. Their advice for
excessively long URLs is to give that of the previous page, or the
menu page (APA, 2007, p. 11).
g) The entire URL must be given from the very beginning to the end.
Reproduce uppercase, lowercase and punctuation meticulously.
Use the copy and paste facility if possible. The reader is assumed
to know how the Web works, and can improvise by truncating to
the host name and following alternate paths.
h) Internet publications may be moved or even deleted at any time.
URLs must therefore be tested just before submission. If a site can

20
 no longer be found it must be omitted. Otherwise “the credibility
of your paper or assignment will suffer” (APA, 2001, p. 269).
i) To cope with the instability of the Web the concept of a Digital
Object Identifier (DOI) has been developed by scholarly
publishers. “A DOI is a unique alpha-numeric string assigned by a
registration agency to identify content and provide a persistent
link to its location on the Internet” (APA, 2007, p. 3) The DOI
takes precedence over the URL. If the DOI link dies one tracks it
through [Link].
85. Article provided with a DOI
Matthews, A. E. (2008). Children and obesity: A pan-
European project examining the role of food marketing.
European Journal of Public Health, 18(1), 7–11. doi:
10.1093/eurpub/ckm015
In fact this DOI did not work at the time of writing. I had found the
article in the ProQuest Psychology Journals database which gave its
DOI. I went to [Link] copied the DOI into the DOI
Resolver box, and it found the article immediately.
Note that DOI is not capitalized in the reference, possibly to
distinguish it from the page range and the alpha-numeric string.
86. Pre-publication, or Pre-print article
Van der Westhuizen, C. N., & Maree, J. G. (2006). Some
thoughts on the training of teachers of gifted learners.
Manuscript submitted for publication. Retrieved March 8,
2008, from the University of Pretoria Institutional
Repository: [Link]
The article was in fact published later in 2006 in Gifted Education
International, vol. 21, no. 2/3, pp. 201–217.
87. Article in born-digital e-newsletter
SLIS Breakfast Meeting, 4th September. (2003, 3rd quarter).
SLIS Newsletter, p. 3. Retrieved from
[Link]
/10_slis%20Newsletter%203rd%20Quarter%[Link]
‘Retrieved from’ means it is freely accessible. ‘Available from’
means that it can be purchased at that address.
It is no longer necessary to give the date of retrieval for items that
have publishing dates and where the content will not be changed.

21
88. Born-digital document, no date
Referencing using the Harvard method. (n.d.). North East
Wales Institute of Higher Education. Retrieved November 6,
2003, from [Link]
Retrieval date is given here because it has no date of publication and
the content can be changed. Indeed, the intention of the Institute
would be to update this document when required.
89. Abstract found in ERIC, an aggregated database
Valli, L. (1992). Beginning teacher problems: Areas for
teacher education improvement. Action in Teacher Education
Improvement, 14(1), 18–25. Abstract retrieved from ERIC.
(EJ450865)
The full article cost $14 and was not retrieved.
The ERIC accession number at the end is very useful for retrieval.
‘Abstract’ is included in the retrieval staement, not given is square
brackets as for print abstracts.
90. Online book, open access
Voltaire. (1894). Letters on England. (H. Morley, Trans.
Original work published 1731). Retrieved from
[Link]
91. Online book, available for purchase
American Psychological Association. (2007). APA style guide
to electronic references. Available from
[Link]
The exact URL of the book is not given, only the home page.
92. Online thesis
Alexander, C. H. (2005). An investigation of instructional
leadership in a Namibian teacher training college. (Master’s
thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.)
Retrieved from [Link]
[Link]
The entry differs slightly from that of a print thesis: the word
‘unpublished’ is omitted; and the statement is enclosed in parentheses
(see 60–62 to compare).

22
93. Unpublished conference paper
Mulderrig, J. (2007). Changing strategies of persuasion in
political rhetoric: A corpus-based critical analysis of UK
government discourse 1972 to 2005. British Association of
Applied Linguistics Conference, Edinburgh. Unpublished
paper retrieved from [Link]
94. Article from Wikipedia
Sex education. (2008). Retrieved March 7, 2008, from
[Link]
While students are forbidden to use or cite Wikipedia, researchers
may need to do so. The APA manual (2007, p. 16) includes an
example from The Psychology Wiki! The examples in this Handbook
do not sanction use.
95. Article from Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Green, L. (1998). Authority. In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge
encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from the online
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The online version is available on subscription only, but the print
version is freely available.

AUDIO-VISUAL MATERIALS
96. Track on jazz CD, no city
Dankworth, J. (1986). You spotted snakes [Recorded by Cleo
Laine]. On Wordsongs [CD]. Polygram. (Recorded 1978).
Dankworth is the composer, Cleo Laine the singer. 1986 is the
copyright date ©, while 1978 is the recording date (P).
97. CD, no title, pop group as author
Emerson, Lake & Palmer (Pop group) [CD]. (1996). [Songs].
Castle Records. (Recorded 1971)
98. Track on classical CD, no collective title
Rubbra, E. (2000). Advent cantata [conducted by Richard
Hickox]. On Inscape; Four mediaeval Latin lyrics; Song of
the soul; Advent cantata; Veni, creator Spiritus [CD].
Colchester: Chandos.
© and (P) are the same in this case.

23
99. DVD of motion picture, no place of publication
Stone, O. (Director). (1994). Natural born killers: Director’s
cut [DVD]. Warner Bros.
100. DVD, no publisher or distributor given
Blank, M. (2007). Testing hope: Grade 12 in the new South
Africa [DVD].
101. DVD, no author, part of a set
Mentoring teachers to mastery: Series Two, Disc 1.
Developing the strongest possible foundation for instruction
and learning [DVD]. (2004). Manhattan, Kansas: The Master
Teacher.
102. Video cassette with corporate author
Australian Coaching Council. (1993). Fit for sport: How to
coach for fitness [Video cassette]. Australian Sports
Commission.
103. Multimedia kits
Gultig, J. (Ed.). (2001). Using media in teaching. [CD-ROM,
video cassette, sound cassette and book (Learning guide)].
Cape Town: SAIDE.
104. CD-ROM, no author’s initials, no city
Larson, et al. (2002). Calculus learning tools. [CD-ROM].
Houghton Mifflin.
105. CD-ROM, full details
Macklin, A., et al. (1997). William Kentridge. [CD-ROM].
Johannesburg: David Krut.
POSTERS
106. Published poster
Hallett, G. (Photographer). (1981). Mongo Bethi [Poster].
London: Heinemann. (Poster for African Writers series)
107. Poster supplement to magazine
Wild weather [Poster]. (2008, January). Junior Education,
32(1, picture suppl.)

24
SOURCES NOT TO BE INCLUDED
108. Classical works
Works such as the Bible, the Koran, The Odyssey and Hamlet
are exceedingly well known and are divided into numbered
chunks that are internationally accepted and understood. There
is accordingly no need to include them in the reference list.
They need slightly special treatment when being cited in the
body of the text (see 27–32).
109. University course packs
Each reading in a course pack first appeared in another
publication, and it is this original publication that must be
cited.
110. Unrecoverable sources
Phone calls, conversations, letters, e-mails, lectures, lecture
notes, etc. cannot be retrieved by the reader, and should
therefore be cited in the body of the text (see 33) but not
included in the reference list. An article that relies heavily on
lightweight sources such as these is frustrating to the reader
and weakens the credibility of the writer.

FINIS

25
REFERENCE LIST FOR THIS HANDBOOK
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual.
(5th ed.). Washington, DC.
American Psychological Association. (2007). APA style guide to
electronic references. Available from [Link]
Comenius, J. A. (1968). Orbis pictus [Facsimile reprint]. London:
O.U.P. (Original work published 1659)

26
 \

INDEX
NOTE. Plain numbers refer to Examples

Abbreviations, 22–24, 76, and p. 10 Date of publication: ambiguous, 40, 52;

Abstracts, 75, 89 general rule, p. 10; none available, 38,
Afrikaans works, 58, 59 41, 63, 66, 69, 88; to be omitted, 71
Aggregated databases, 7, 89 Date of recording or production (P), 96
Alphabetization, 4, 77 Date of retrieval, 7, 86–88, 94
Ampersand (&), 2, 3, 14, 15 Date of translation, 20, 35, 59, 64, 90
Anonymous works, 36 Dictionaries, 40
Atlases, 45 Digital objects, pp. 20–23
Audio-visual works, 96–105 Directors (motion pictures), 99
Author also publisher, 44, 45, 91, and Dissertations, 60–62; online, 92
p. 12 Doctoral theses, 62
Author citations, 14–19, 22–24 DOIs, pp. 20–21
Author, none, 25, 26, 36, 94, 107 DVDs, 99–101
Author, one, 1 e-Journals, 7, 85,86, 89, and p. 20
Authors, corporate, 22–24, 37, 97, 102; e-Mails, 33, 110
two authors, 2, 14; three to six, 3; e-Newsletters, 87
seven or more, 6 Edition: confusing, 40, 47; general rule,
Availability statement, 87, 91 39 and p. 10
Bible, 30, 31, 108 Editors, 3, 4, 51, 55, 56, 95, 103; of
Bibliography: not required by APA, p. 3 special issues of journals, 73; omitted,
Block quotations, 9, 32 40
Book chapters, 4, 48, 51, 53, 56, 95 Electronic publications, pp. 20–23
Capitalization, 5, 43, 55, 67, 85 Ellipsis points, 13–17
CD-ROMS, 104, 105 Encyclopedias, 46–50; online, 94, 95
CDs, 96–98 Et al., 6, 16, 17, 56
Chapters in collections, 4, 48, 51, 53, First names, 1
56, 95 Foreign languages, 57–59
Citations, pp. 6–9 Formatting in MS Word, p. 4
Classical works, 27–33, 108 Government publications, 65–70
Collective title 73; 98 Groups as authors, 22–24, 37, 97, 102
Compilers, 34 Handwritten work, 49
Conference papers, 56, 93 Honours dissertations, 60
Conference proceedings, 55, 56 Hyphenated names, 1, 35
Copyright date, p. 10
Corporate authors, 22–24, 37, 97, 102 Impressions, new, 40, and p. 10
Course packs: not to be cited or listed, In press, 21, 71
109 In-text referencing, pp. 6–9
Indents, 1, 9, 32, and p. 4
Databases (aggregated), 7, 89 Initial articles ‘A’ and ‘The’, p. 4

27
Initials, 1; none, 90, 104 Quotations, 8–10, 13, 32
Institutional repositories, 86, 93 Reference list: computer-generated, p.
Issue numbers, 5, 72 2; definition, p. 3; for this Handbook,
Italicization, 4, 5, 72 p. 25; format, p. 4; what to exclude, p.
Journals, scholarly, 5–7, 71–75; 9 and p. 25
abstracts, 75, 89; in press, 71; no Referencing: basic method, p. 6; in-text,
volume number, 72; online, 7, 85, 89; pp. 6–9; software, p. 2; underlying
prepubs, 86; special issues, 73, 74 values, p. 2
Koran, 32, 108 Reprints, 40, and p. 10
Languages, non-English, 57–59 Research reports, 61, 65
Retrieval date, 7, 86–88, 94
Magazines, 26, 76–82 Retrieval statement, 7, 86–95, and p. 20
Manuscripts, 63, 64, 86, 93 Revised edition, p. 10
Map supplements, 80 Roman numerals, 54, 72, and p. 10
Marks of omission, 13–17
Master’s theses, 61, 92 Series statement, 51, 67, 68, 107
Months, never abbreviated, 76 Sets, 54, 101
Multimedia kits, 103 Sources not to be listed, 108–110
Multivolume works, 46–50, 54, 65, 101 Special issues of journals, 73, 74
Split quotation, 10
Names, 1 Subtitle and sub-subtitle, 43
Newsletters, electronic, 87 Supplements, 80–82, 84, 107
Newspaper articles, 83, 84
Non-English works, 57–59 Theses, 60–62; online, 92
Title: fragmented, 66, 69 ; none, 41, 42,
Online publications, pp. 20–23 97
Paraphrase, citation, 11 Translations, 20, 35, 59, 64, 90
Parentheses, merged, 4 Undergraduate dissertations, 60
Periodicals, see Journals; Magazines; Underlining, 49
Newspapers University course packs: not to be cited
Personal communications, 33, 110 or listed, 109
Pictures, 106, 107 Unrecoverable sources, 33, 110
Place of publication: general rules, p. URLs, 86–88, 90–94; general rules, p.
12; none, 38, 41, 44, 96, 97; not 20; not required for certain databases,
needed for digital objects, p. 20; 7, 89, 95
obscure, 4; supplied, 66
Plagiarism, p. 2 Verso of title page, 40
Popular magazines, 26, 76–82 Video cassettes, 102
Posters, 106, 107 Volume (journal), none allocated, 72
Prepubs and preprints, 86 Volumes (books), multiple, 46–50, 54,
Printing companies: never recorded, 44 65, 101
Publishers: general rule, p. 12; included Web crawlers, p. 2
in title, 45; multiple, 52; none, 44, Wikis, 94
100; same as author, 45; of digital Work within another work, citation, 13
objects, p. 20 Yearbooks, 51–53
Punctuation, supplied, 66, 69

28
29