MODULE 5

GED 103:
Readings in Philippine History

SHANTEL MAE P. ALQUIZA, MBA, LPT

Instructor
2020

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 Module 5
CRITICAL EVALUATION AND PROMOTION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, the students will be able to:

1. Manifest interest in local history and show concern in promoting and preserving the
country’s historical and cultural heritage.

LOCAL AND ORAL HISTORY

What is Local History?

Local History is a written history focusing on a particular town, district, or other limited area.
Local history is the study of history in a geographically local context and it often concentrates on
the local community. It incorporates cultural and social aspects of story.
Local history is often documented by local historical societies or groups that form to preserve a
local historic building or other historic site. Many works of local history are compiled by amateur
historians working independently or archivists employed by various organizations. An important aspect
of local history is the publication and cataloguing of documents preserved in local or national records
which relate to particular areas.
Local history tends to be less documented than other types, with fewer books and artifacts than
that of a country or continent. Many local histories are recorded as oral tales or stories and so are more
vulnerable than more well-known issues.
Artifacts of local history are often collected in local history museums, which may be housed in a
historic house or other building.
Individual historic sites are inherently local, although they may have national or world history
importance as well. Many however have little overall historical impact but add depth to the local area.

What is Oral History?

Oral history consists of spoken memories, stories, and songs, and the study of these, as a way
of communicating and discovering information about the past. It refers to the memories of living people
about events or social conditions which they experienced in their earlier lives taped and preserved as
historical evidence.
Oral history is the collection and study of historical information about individuals, families,
important events, or everyday life using audiotapes, videotapes, or transcriptions of planned interviews.
These interviews are conducted with people who participated in or observed past events and whose
memories and perceptions of these are to be preserved as an aural record for future generations.
Oral history strives to obtain information from different perspectives and most of these cannot
be found in written sources. Oral history also refers to information gathered in this manner and to a
written work (published or unpublished) based on such data, often preserved in archives and large
libraries. Knowledge presented by Oral History (OH) is unique in that it shares the tacit perspective,
thoughts, opinions and understanding of the interviewee in its primary form.

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Why Study Local History?
We study local history for a number of reason, some of which are the following:
1. Studying local history provides the student with increased interest in the larger subject of
history. The student advances from memorizing names; dates and places, to the desire of
knowing what was being said about people, places or events.
2. The study of local history gives the student a better sense of realism. It's a body
of information that can be relevant to the students' own surroundings. The subject matter of
today's schools should not be isolated from the subject matter of life. The community and its
institutions can be a laboratory for learning. The whole community provides a sense of
immediacy and reality about both the past and the present.
3. We have to remember that our local communities, familiar buildings, and the land itself are
limited and exhaustible resources. The study of local history might encourages preservation.
It will make us aware of our own links to the past.
4. All History Is Local
5. Local Histories Help You Understand Ancestors in Context
6. Local Histories Help Shape Who You Are

All History Is Local

When the late Tip O'Neill, former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives said
that "all politics are local," he essentially was stating that no matter the political issue, be it budget
adjustments or education reform, all politics ultimately come back to an individual person. In the end,
the results of all political choices are felt in communities, neighborhoods, and the lives of individual
families.
But this statement doesn't apply just to politics. In fact, Amy Johnson Crow says that it also
applies to history.

MUSEUMS AND HISTORICAL SHRINES

Museums
A museum is an institution that takes care and conserves a collection of artifacts and other
objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance. These artifacts or objects are made
available for public viewing through permanent or temporary exhibits.
Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the
general public.
There are many types of museums, such as art museums, natural history museums, science
museums, war museums, and children's museums.
The word museum is a Latin word which originally denotes a place or temple dedicated to the
Muses and therefore a building set apart for study and the arts.
The world's oldest museum was built by a Babylonian princess 2,500 years ago and discovered
in 1925 by archaeologist Leonard Wooley.
It is worthy to note that even the ancient peoples also studied history. Babylonians who lived
2,500 years ago were able to look back on millennia of previous human experience. It is said that
museum of Princess Ennigaldi was so remarkable because her collection contained wonders and
artifacts that were very ancient
➢ The National Museum of the Philippines
The National Museum of the Philippines (Pambansang Museo ng Pilipinas) is a
government institution and serves as an educational, scientific and cultural institution in
preserving the various permanent national collections featuring the ethnographic,
anthropological, archeological and visual artistry of the Philippines. Since 1998, the National

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 Museum has been the regulatory and enforcement agency of the National Government in the
restoring and safeguarding of important cultural properties, sites, and reservations throughout
the Philippines.
The National Museum operates the National Museum of Fine Arts, National Museum of
Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, and National Planetarium, all located in the
Vicinity of Rizal Park.

➢ Museum vs Art Gallery

Museum and Art galleries are both places to go see and experience art and artifacts. Both
institutions showcase temporary exhibits in their halls or rooms. But, what is the difference
between a museum and an art gallery? Let us take a look at the chart below:

Museum Art Gallery

Ownership Universally public non-profit entities A private-owned business
Purpose To collect, preserve, research, and Primary purpose is to sell art
protect artifacts and other objects as
well as provide social services and
education
Collections Maintains a permanent collection of No permanent collection or an
artifacts and objects endowment
Focus Mostly universal unless specified by the Has specific artistic focus, e.g.
museum’s name itself contemporary art.

Galleries become a brand

representing a certain
aesthetic point of view
Accreditation Governed by trustees and a board of Not governed by the rules of
directors as well as a director and staff; accreditation set by AAM in the
governed by the rules of accreditation US
set by the AAM in the US
Funding Often partially funded by local, state Funded by the sale of art
and federal grants, as well as solicited objects
gifts and donations from private donors,
foundations and companies; further
funding comes from established
endowments for collections; in most
cases, admissions to pay for operating
costs
Location A special place is often constructed or Often located in commercial
erected for the purpose, or the places and establishments
place/edifice itself has historical where there is better potential
significance for sales of art objects

Historical Landmarks and UNESCO sites

The UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) has designated
six World Heritage Sites in the Philippines. The UNESCO World Heritage Sites are places of importance
to Cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention.

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➢ Cultural Sites
1. Baroque Churches of the Philippines (1993) – Manila, Santa Maria, Paoay, and Miag-ao.

2. Historic City of Vigan (1999)

3. Rice Terraces of the of the Philippine Cordilleras (1995)

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➢ Natural Sites
1. Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary (2014)

2. Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park (1999)

3. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (1993, 2009)

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➢ Tentative List
There is a tentative list of 19 more sites in the Philippines which are being considered
for nomination.
• Cultural Sites
1. The Tabon Cave Complex and all of Lipuun (2006)

2. Paleolithic Archaeological Sites in Cagayan Valley (2006)

3. Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves (2006)

4. Butuan Archeological Sites (2006)

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5. Baroque Churches of the Philippines (Extension) (2006)
a. Church complex of Patrocinio de Maria, Boljo-on (Cebu)

b. Church of La Immaculada Concepcion, Guiuan (Samar)

c. Church complex of San Pedro Apostol, Loboc (Bohol)

d. Church complex of San Isidro Labrador, Lazi (Siquijor)

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 e. Church of San Mattias, Tumauini (Isabela)

6. Petroglyphs and Petrographs of the Philippines (2006)

7. Neolithic Shell Midden Sites in La-lo and Gattaran Municipalities (2006)

• Natural Sites
8. Batanes Protected landscapes and seascapes (1993)

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9. Chocolate Hills Natural Monument (2006)

10. Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park (2006)

11. Mt. Pulag National Park (2006)

12. Apo Reef Natural Park (2006)

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13. El Nido-Taytay Managed Resource Protected Area (2006)

14. Coron Island Natural Biotic Area (2006)

15. Mt. Iglit-Baco National Park (2006)

16. Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park and outlying areas inclusive of the buffer
zone (2006)

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 17. Mt. Mantalingahan Protected Landscape (2015)

18. Mayon Volcano Natural Park (MMVNP) (2015)

19. Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary (2015)

CULTURAL PERFORMANCES AND INDIGENOUS PRACTICES

In Philippine art and culture, one notes the various shades, lines and tones, and even the
contrasting characters that have been absorbed and blended into new forms that are particularly Filipino
(Santos, 2016).

VISUAL ARTS
➢ Sculpture
Sculpture is the most familiar art forms among Filipinos. From the transitional carving
of anitos to the santos to Christ and down to the saints, Filipinos find it rather not difficult as
they are already familiar with the ways of the wood.
Philippine sculptures have undergone changes in terms of shape, form, content as well
as the mediums used. First sculptures were primitive and native materials used are stones and

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clays. During that time, sculptures created depicted normal life and acts of worship and colors
were also limited.
Ethnic sculpture has been done using traditional media of wood and stone, by carving,
molding using clays, and casting when using metals. Carving involves removing of materials
from the wood or stone. Wood carving has been a part of the ancient tradition of Malay wood
carving in Southeast Asia (Santos, 2016).
• The Manunggul Jar of Palawan

• The Sculptures of Paete, Laguna

• The Taka of Paete, Laguna

• Saniculas Cookie Mold Carvings of Pampanga

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• Singkaban or Bamboo Art of Bulacan

• The Bul-ul of Ifugao

• Okir Design of Maranao

• The Sarimanok of Maranao

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• The Torogan of Maranao

• The Hagabi of Ifugao

• Pabalat or Borlas de Pastillas of Bulacan

• The Puni or Palm leaf folding of Bulacan

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➢ Architecture
The basic forms of
architecture in the Philippines before
the Spanish came was governed by
the building's functional uses as
shelter and by the materials
available. The builders had no formal
training in the basic forms of design
and yet were able to create
something valid and functional, a
style which exists to this day. Both
Ifugao and Maranao architectures
illustrate this
The Bahay Kubo, or nipa hut, another architectural form made of impermanent materials,
has a style that has lasted through the years. In the 1500's the Spaniards introduced masonry
in the Philippines, yet the nipa hut's basic form of structure, the high roof, and rectangular plan,
were retained.
The Spaniards tried to plan the city, and to this day, we have landmarks that date back
to the Spanish. Churches, forts, and some government buildings and plazas remain as historical
spot and fine examples of architecture.
The Americans introduced mainly a change in technology, new designs achieved with
new materials.

➢ Pottery
Native Filipinos created pottery since 3500
years ago. They used these ceramic jars to hold the
deceased.
Other pottery used to hold remains of the
deceased were decorated with anthropomorphic
designs. These anthropomorphic earthenware pots
date back to 5 BC.-225 A.D and had pot covers
shaped like human heads.
Traditional pot-making in certain areas of
the Philippines would use clay found near the
Sibalom River. Molding the clay required the use of
wooden paddles and the clay had to be kept away from sunlight.
Filipino pottery had other uses as well. During the Neolithic period of the Philippines,
pottery was made for water vessels, plates, cups, and for many other uses.
Ceramic vessels of Kalinga are divided into three types: rice cooking (ittoyom),
vegetable/meat cooking (oppaya), and water storage (immosso) pots. According to Skibo, the
rice cooking pots are usually larger, thinner and have a smaller opening than vegetable/meat
pots. On the other hand, water storage pots have an average and uniform size and a smaller
neck size.
Except for water storage pots, which have a uniform size, the other two kinds can come
in three different sizes, large, medium and small. Although this is true in some cases, another
larger type of vegetable/meat pot and smaller water storage pot exists.

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➢ Painting and Sculpture
Artistic paintings were introduced to the Filipinos in the 16th century when the Spaniards
arrived in the Philippines. During this time, the Spaniards used paintings as religious propaganda
to spread Catholicism throughout the Philippines. These paintings, appearing mostly on church
walls, featured religious figures appearing in Catholic teachings. Due to the Church's supervision
of Filipino art and Spanish occupation of the Philippines, the purpose of most paintings from the
16th-19th centuries was to aid the Catholic Church.
In the early 19th century, wealthier, educated Filipinos introduced more secular Filipino
art, causing art in the Philippines to deviate from religious motifs. The use of watercolor paintings
increased and the subject matter of paintings began to include landscapes, Filipino inhabitants,
Philippine fashion, and government officials. Portrait paintings featured the painters themselves,
Filipino jewelry, and native furniture. The subject of landscape paintings featured artists' names
painted ornately as well as day-to day scenes of average Filipinos partaking in their daily tasks.
These paintings were done on canvas, wood, and a variety of metals.
The first art school was established by Damian Domingo in 1820. In the 1800's Filipino
painters won recognition abroad, when Mariano Madrinan won King Alfonso XII's gold medal
and diploma of honor in the Amsterdam International Exposition of 1884, and Juan Luna's
Spoliarium was awarded first prize at an art competition in Madrid.
During World War II, some painters focused their artwork on the effects of war, including
battle scenes, destruction, and the suffering of the Filipino people.
The University of the Philippines and the University of Santo Tomas, among others, have
done much in providing formal education in fine arts. Europe has exerted great influence in
Philippine arts, and one finds the echoes of Western traditions blended with the Oriental
character in many past as well as contemporary works.
The newly-awakened interest in Philippine religious painting and sculpture which dates
back to the early years of Spanish colonization has brought to light new qualities and quantities
of art of that time. Fernando Zobel has come out with a book on religious sculpture in the
Philippines and Galo Ocampo edited a book on the same subject.
There are several museums and permanent galleries located in Manila, among them the
National Museum, the Luz Gallery, and Solidaridad Gallery. The Art Association of the
Philippines is an active organization and holds annual exhibits. Other well-known groups are the
Association of Sculptors and Association of Printmakers.

➢ Weaving
Weaving in the Philippines has different forms, functions, and materials. They also vary
in design and techniques used. Most of the common forms of weaving in the Philippines are in
the form of hats, mats, bags, baskets, and textiles.
Philippine weaving involves many threads being measured, cut and mounted on a
wooden platform. The threads are dyed and weaved on a loom.
Before Spanish colonization, native Filipinos weaved using fibers from abaca, pineapple,
cotton, and bark cloth. Textiles, clothes, rugs, and hats were weaved. Baskets were also weaved
and used as vessels of transport and storage, and for hunting. These baskets were used to
transport grain, store food, and catching fish. They also used weaving to make just about all of
the clothing that was worn.
They weaved rugs that they used for quilts and bedding. The quality of the quilt/bedding
was based on how soft, how tight together, and the clean pattern. The patterns were usually
thick stripes with different colors and with a nice pattern.
However, during Spanish colonization, Filipinos used a fabric called nipis to weave white
clothing. These were weaved with decorative, flower designs.

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 • The Malong of Maranao

• Tribal Costumes of B’laan, Kalinga, T’boli, and Bagobo

B’laan Kalinga T’boli Bagobo

• Pagbuburda of Laguna and Batangas

DANCE
There are many different types of Filipino dances varying in influence and region. Types of
Filipino dance include Cordillera, Muslim, tribal, rural, and Spanish style dances.
Within the cordillera dances, there is Banga, Bendayan, Lumagen/Tachok, Manmanok,
Ragragsakan, Salisid, Talip, Tarektek, and Uyaoy/yauy. The Banga dance illustrates the grace and
strength of women in the Kalinga tribe. Women performing the Banga balance heavy pots on their heads
while dancing to the beat of wind chimes. This mimics Kalinga women collecting and transporting water.
Another dance, called Lumagen or Tachok, is performed to celebrate happy occasions. When Lumagen
is performed, it is meant to symbolize flying birds and is musically-paired to the beat of gongs. Another
cordillera dance, Salisid, is the dance to show courtship. In the Salisid dance, a male, and a female
performer represent a rooster attempting to attract a hen.

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 ➢ Traditional Folk Dances of the Philippines
• The Itik-Itik from Surigao
• The Tinikling from Leyte and the Visayas Regions
• The Sayaw sa Bangko from Pangasinan
• The Binasuan from Pangasinan
• The Pandanggo sa Ilaw from Mindoro
• The Maglalatik from Biñan, Laguna
• The Kuratsa from Visayas Regions
• La Jota Moncadeña from Ilocos
• The Kappa Malong-Malong from Mindanao
• The Pantomina from Bicol Region
• The Habanera Botolena from Zambales
• The Surtido from Cebu and Samar
• The Singkil from Maranao
• The Polkabal
• La Estudiantina from Samar and Quezon
• The Pasiguin from Capiz
• The Cariñosa from Panay
• The Mazurka Boholana from Bohol
• The Alcamfor from Leyte

LITERATURE AND THEATER

Philippine literature includes the legends of prehistory and the colon the Philippines. Pre-
Hispanic Philippine literature were actually epics passed o n generation to generation originally through
oral tradition. However, wealthy Tammicos especially in Mindanao were able to keep transcribed copies
of these epics as a ramy heirloom. One such epic was the Darangen, epic of the Maranaos of Lake
Lanao. Most of the epics were known during the Spanish era.
A rich body of unwritten literature existed in the Philippines before the arrival of the Spaniards.
The first printed book was the Doctrina Cristiana (1593). Other works written and printed at the time
were mostly religious in nature. Francisco Balagtas wrote Florante at Laura, a metrical romance which
earned him the title of prince of Philippine poets.
Most of the notable literature of the Philippines was written during the Spanish period and the
first half of the 20th century in the Spanish language. Philippine literature is written in Spanish, English,
or any indigenous Philippine languages.
On December 1, 1846, the first daily newspaper, La Esperanza, was published in the country.
Other early newspapers were La Estrella (1847), Diario de Manila (1848) and Boletin Oficial de Filipinas
(1852). The first provincial newspaper was El Eco de Vigan (1884), which was issued in Ilocos. In Cebu
City, El Boleaetín de Cebú (The Bulletin of Cebu) was published in 1890.
➢ Poetry and Metrical Romances
• Tanaga
• Ladino Poems
• Corridos
• Awit
➢ Dramas
• Moriones
• Panunuluyan
• Pangangaluwa
• Salubong
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 • Senakulo
• Santacruzan
• Comedia
• Duplo
• Karagatan
➢ Darangen Epic

MUSIC
Philippine tribal music antedates the first Filipino musicians trained in western music, most
probably in the 17th century. The 19th century produced Marcelo Adonay, trained by the Augustinian
Order, and composer of full orchestral accompaniments to the Grand Mass, Te Deum, Benedictus,
among others. Jose Estrella composed stage music at the turn of the century, and wrote several operas
and the first complete symphony, aside from waltzes and musical plays.
A type of contemporary music that relates to the tribal music with its stringed instruments, and
to Western music as well, is the Rondalla, a native string band which again best typifies the blending of
many influences that go into the cultivation of an indigenous art form.
Great Philippine Classics is a collection of Philippine classical music published by the National
Philharmonic Society of the Philippines through the initiative of its founder Redentor L. Romero. It is a
collection of works of great Filipino masters, such as Bonifacio Abdon, Nicanor Abelardo, Constancio
de Guzman, Felipe P. de Leon, Antonio J. Molina, Hilarion Rubio, Leopoldo Silos, Santiago Suarez,
Manuel Velez, and Ben Zubiri. Of the 14 pieces, only five, however, are original violin works: Cavatina,
Abelardo; Kundiman, F. P de Leon; Hating-gabi, Molina; and Salamisim, Rubio. The rest were written
mainly for voice and piano.
This includes: Bayan Ko; Cavatina, Habanera Filipina No. 2; Hating-gabi; Katakataka; Kundiman
(B. Abdon); Kundiman (F. P. de Leon); Lagi Kitang Naaalala; Matud Nila; Mutya ng Pasig; No Du Duaem
Pay; Sa Kabukiran; Salamisim; and Sarung Bangui.
Redentor L. Romero's conducting career is unparalleled in Philippine music history. He is the
country's first and only international conductor whose appearances span five continents. He is also one
of the few Asian conductors hailed worldwide by critics. He has conducted such renowned orchestras
as the USSR State Orchestra and Moscow Symphony at the Bolshoi and Tchaikovsky Halls, The
American Symphony at Carnegie Hall, London Philharmonic, Royal Philharmonic and almost all of the
orchestras in the USR (in 15 tours) and socialist countries, Europe, New Zealand, Australia and South
America. Many of the world's leading artists have appeared under his baton.

FIESTAS AND FESTIVALS, RITES AND RITUALS

The Philippines abound with fiestas and festivals all year round in almost all of the islands.
Most fiestas and festivals in the Philippines have their roots in Christianity, dating back to the
Spanish colonial period where barrios, towns and provinces had each a patron saint assigned. The
fiestas and festivals were originally the observation and celebration of the feast day of the patron saint
or a Christian Holy Day. These celebrations became instruments in spreading Christianity throughout
the islands.
If each barrio, town, city, or province has a patron saint to commemorate through a fiesta, then
one can only imagine the thousands of fiestas being celebrated throughout the year.
There are more than 42,000 known major & minor festivals in the Philippines, the majority of
which are in the barangay level. Due to the thousands of barangay, town, city, provincial, and national
fiestas and festivals in the country, the Philippines has traditionally been known as the Capital of the
World's Festivities.

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 Today, fiestas and festivals in the Philippines are either religious, cultural, or both. They are held
to honor the patron saint, to commemorate local history & culture, to promote the community's products,
or to celebrate a bountiful harvest.
Fiestas and Festivals are characterized by Holy Masses, processions, parades, theatrical plays
and reenactments, religious or cultural rituals, trade fairs, exhibits, concerts, pageants and various
games and contests.
Moreover, there are also fiestas and festivals in the country which are not of Christian origins.
There are many festivals that focus on Islamic or indigenous culture. There are also festivals that are
purely commercial in nature.
The Holy Week observance, Christmas holidays, Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, and Chinese New Year
are declared as public holidays, and are therefore observed and celebrated nationwide. Recently,
December 8 has been declared by Republic Act 10966 a special non-working holiday in the entire
country to commemorate the Feast of the Immaculate Conception of Mary, the Principal Patroness of
the Philippines.

Famous Fiestas and Festivals in the Philippines

➢ Binabal Festival – January 1, Tudela, Misamis Occidental
➢ Feast of the Black Nazarene – January 9, Quiapo, Manila
➢ Coconut Festival – January 1st – 2nd week, San Pablo, Laguna
➢ Dugoy Festival – January 18, Sablayan, Occidental Mindoro
➢ Ati-Atihan Festival – January 3rd Sunday, Kalibo and Batan, Aklan
➢ Sinulog Festival – January 3rd Sunday, Cebu City
➢ Dinagyang Festival – January 4th Sunday, Iloilo City
➢ Hot Air Balloon Festival – February 1st – 2nd Week, Clark, Pampanga
➢ International Bamboo Organ Festival – February 3 – 11, Las Piñas City
➢ Panagbenga Festival – February last week, Baguio City
➢ Kaamulan Festival – February 16 – March 10, Malaybalay, Bukidnon
➢ Strawberry Festival – March 14 – 20, La Trinidad, Benguet
➢ Pintados de Passi Festival – March 2nd week, Passi City, Iloilo
➢ Dinamulag Festival – March 19 – 24, Iba, Zambales
➢ Cutud Crucifixions – Holy Week, Sam Fernando, Pampanga
➢ Moriones Festival – Holy Week (March or April), Baac, Gasan and Morpog Marinduques
➢ Panaad sa Negros Festival – April 2nd – 3rd week, Bacolod City
➢ Paynauen Duyan Festival – April 3rd week, Iba, Zambales
➢ Binirayan Festival – April 25 – 27, Antique
➢ Aliwan Festival – April last week, Pasay City, Manila
➢ Tanduyong Festival – April, 4th Sunday, San Jose, Nueva Ecija
➢ Flores de Mayo or Santacruzan – whole month of May, Nationwide
➢ Dinengdeng Festival – April and May, Agoo, La Union
➢ Pahiyas Festival / Mayon / Agawan – May 14 – 15, Lucban, SAriaya, and Tayabas, Quezon
➢ Obando Fertility Rites – May 17 – 19, Obando, Bulacan
➢ Abaca Festival – Math 4th week, Virac, Catanduanes
➢ Kaogma Festival – May 27, Camarines Sur
➢ Pinyasan sa Daet – June 15 – 24, Daet, Camarines Norte
➢ Parada ng Lechon – June 24, Balayan, Batangas
➢ Mudpack Festival – June 24, Murcia, Negros Occidental
➢ Pintados-Kasadyaan Festival – June 27 – 29, Tacloban, Leyte
➢ T’nalak Festival – July 13 – 18, Koronadal City
➢ Sandugo Festival – July Last week, Tagbilaran City, Bohol

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 ➢ Kinabayo Festival – July 25, Dapitan City
➢ Ibalong Festival – August 2nd week, Legazpi City, Albay
➢ Sirong Festival – August 14, Cantilan, Surigao del Sur
➢ Kadayawan Festival – August 3rd week, Davao City
➢ Higalaay Festival – August 28, Cagayan de Oro
➢ Tuna Festival – September 3-5, General Santos City
➢ Bonok-Bonok Maradjao Karadjao Festival – September 9, Surigao City
➢ Peñafrancia Festival – September 3rd week, Naga City, Camarines Sur
➢ Maskara Festival – October 19, Bacolod City
➢ Hermosa Festival – October 10 – 12, Zamboanga City
➢ Lanzones Festival – October 25 – 28, Camiguin
➢ PintaFlores Festival – November 3 – 5, San Carlos City
➢ Higantes Festival – November 22 – 23, Angono, Rizal
➢ SumBingTik Festival – December 1, Cainta, Rizal
➢ Shariff Kabunsuan Festival – Deember 15 – 19, Cotabato City
➢ Ligligan Parul or Giant Lantern Festival – December, Saturday before Christmas, San
Fernando, Pampanga

REFERENCES

Galicia, R.D and Palencia M.M. (2019). Readings in Philippine History Second Edition. Azes
Publishing Corporation. Mandaluyong City, Philippines.

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