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Anti-Terrorism vs. Counter-Terrorism in the Philippines

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Rhem Rick Corpuz
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35 views2 pages

Anti-Terrorism vs. Counter-Terrorism in the Philippines

Uploaded by

Rhem Rick Corpuz
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Assignment

1. The difference between Anti- Terrorism from  Counter - terrorism is quite confusing first
let us define what is terrorism? It is an emotionally charged word that is frequently used
to politically and socially put down one's opponents  (Corpuz, R. 2015). Another
definition of Terrorism any offense committed by individuals or groups resorting to
violence or threatening to use violence against a country, its institutions, its population in
general or specific individuals which, being motivated by separatist aspirations, extremist
ideological conceptions, fanaticism or irrational and subjective factors, is intended to
create a climate of terror among official authorities, certain individuals or groups in
society, or the general public (Reichell, 2005). The Terrorism is one of the biggest
problem in the different country the Anti – Terrorism on the other hand is the policies or
agenda of different country to educate the society about Terrorism the United states for
example after the 9/11 attack as a member of united nation facilitate Resolution 1373 it
state that all State in the US facilitating and financing the terrorism will face a serious
criminal offences like terrorist act. While the Counter – Terrorism is the military tactics
or more on combating tactics how to neutralize or eliminate the terrorist, the counter –
terrorism falls within four categories: War, Defensive, Reconciliation and Criminal
justice. (Burke, R 2007)

2. State any specific (major) anti-terrorism and counter terrorism actions initiated by the
Philippines for the past five years. Discuss your personal evaluation on the government
performance in these initiatives.

In the past five years the Philippines address the terrorism in different strategies the anti –
terrorism initiated by the Philippine like educating society against the terrorism they are
using the social media and other platform against terrorism, in the year 2020 the anti-
Terrorism act was implemented. This law become controversy because of the violation
against the human rights but it still implemented by the government. In terms of the
terrorism financing the Philippines has a high risk in terms of Terrorism financing (APG,
2019). On the other hand the counter Terrorism address the terrorism by eliminating the
different terrorist group like the Abu Sayyaf Group or ASG, Bangsamoro Freedom
Fighters or BIFF, Asnar Al-Khafar Philippines or AKP, Maute Group and the ISIS
Philippines was neutralize in 2019 (U.S [Link] State, 2020) in relation of the Anti –
Terrorism and Counter – Terrorism the office of the President and Dept. of National
Defense, and PNP launched a joint campaign plan called “KAPANATAGAN” 2018 –
2022 this plan promotes peace and security in our society (UN,2020). Based on my
observation in addressing against the present situation about terrorism is weak because
our government fail to eradicate the terrorist group in our society the reason why the
Philippines has a lot of terrorist group it because of the corruption, poverty and lock of
security in our boarders.
3. Using the PESTELO Model of Analysis (Political, Economic, Socio-Cultural,
Technological, Environmental, Legal, Organizational). Give your analysis on the Marawi
Incident

The battle of Marawe happened way back May 23 – October 23, 2017 between
government and different terrorist group like Maute group, ASG, ISIL and other groups
in Mindanao, Marawi City is located in Lanao Del Sur as part of Mindanao if we observe
Mindanao Region has different terrorist group and armed group like ISIL, MILF, BIFF,
Maute, ASG, AKP and etc. The Political in Lanao del Sur is handled by Adiong Family
from 1996 to the present if we observe from congressman, Governor the political dynasty
in Mindanao is rampant, in terms of economics the poverty index in Marawi from 23% in
the year 2000 to 54% in 2015 with total population of 201,785 in the year 2015, Socio –
Cultural in Marawi 99,6% is Muslim, Technology is poor, Environment is Local, Legal is
poor because the security of employment and Law enforcement is not stable, different
organization intervene for law enforcers. Therefore the based on my PESTELO analysis
the Marawi City based on the population and economy they are lock of support from the
government maybe because of political dynasty in the region and the government allow
the the terrorist group because this group they will utilize as the future private army or
protectors.

Common questions

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Limited technological infrastructure in regions like Marawi hinders effective surveillance and communication crucial for counter-terrorism efforts . Poor technology restricts the ability to monitor activities, share intelligence, and coordinate responses efficiently, making it challenging to combat terrorist operations and gather actionable intelligence .

Military tactics in counter-terrorism focus on directly combating and neutralizing terrorist threats through force, categorized into war, defense, reconciliation, and criminal justice operations . Preventive measures in anti-terrorism aim to educate society and prevent terrorism from taking root through awareness and legal frameworks . Both are necessary: military actions address immediate threats, while preventive measures tackle long-term terrorist ideologies and financing .

Anti-terrorism focuses on strategies and policies to educate and prevent terrorism within society, as seen in the United States' use of Resolution 1373 after the 9/11 attack to penalize those facilitating terrorism . It is preventative in nature. Counter-terrorism, in contrast, involves active military and tactical efforts to combat terrorism directly, employing methods categorized into war, defense, reconciliation, and criminal justice .

The political landscape in Mindanao, marked by longstanding political dynasties and weak governance, hampers effective conflict resolution and fosters conditions for terrorism . Economically, high poverty rates exacerbate desperation, making terrorism a viable option for some . These dynamics perpetuate instability, providing fertile ground for groups like the Maute and ASG .

Enhancing effectiveness requires integrating community engagement with robust intelligence operations and legal frameworks, addressing root causes like poverty and corruption, and improving border security . Developing technology infrastructure to facilitate information sharing and establishing transparent accountability mechanisms to prevent abuse under anti-terrorism laws can also contribute to holistic strategies .

Political structures in Marawi, dominated by the Adiong family's political dynasty, partly contributed to governance issues, limiting effective state intervention . Economically, the poverty index rose significantly from 23% in 2000 to 54% in 2015, reflecting socio-economic distress . Socio-culturally, Marawi's predominantly Muslim population may affect trust and integration with central policies . Poor technology infrastructure, environmental factors, and unstable legal frameworks also weakened law enforcement efforts . Overall, these factors facilitated the entrenchment of terrorist groups like ISIL, MILF, and Maute .

UN Resolution 1373 significantly influences national anti-terrorism policies, requiring member states to criminalize terrorist financing and improve international cooperation . The United States exemplified this by introducing stringent legal measures against those facilitating terrorism post-9/11, showcasing how international directives can enhance national legislative frameworks in the fight against terrorism .

The Philippines introduced strategies such as using social media for anti-terrorism awareness and implementing the controversial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 despite human rights concerns . However, challenges remain due to high terrorism financing risks and structural issues like corruption and poverty, which hinder efforts . While groups like Abu Sayyaf and ISIS Philippines were neutralized in 2019, the persistent presence of other terrorist groups highlights ongoing challenges . The 'KAPANATAGAN' campaign aimed at promoting peace underscores a proactive approach, yet it struggles against underlying socio-economic and governance issues .

The Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 in the Philippines raises ethical concerns, primarily regarding potential human rights violations. Critics argue it grants excessive powers to authorities, potentially leading to abuse and persecution under the guise of counter-terrorism . The tension between ensuring national security and safeguarding civil liberties exemplifies the ethical dilemma governments face in implementing such laws .

Corruption undermines law enforcement and weakens government institutions, allowing terrorist groups to exploit governance gaps . Socio-economic issues such as poverty, which has notably increased in regions like Marawi, create conditions where individuals may be more susceptible to radicalization due to lack of opportunities . Thus, persistent poverty and corruption create an environment where terrorist groups can thrive and recruit .

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