PS Substation , date 4 December 2009

Relay Disturbance Recorder

and Fault Analysis
Contents

Instrument Transformers
Fault Features
Abnormal Conditions

Relays and Record Files

Application of Fault Analysis

Example of Fault Analysis

Fault Analysis Software
 Protective Relays

ƒ ABB
ABB

In the Office or in the Field

FAULT
ANALYSIS
PROTECTION SYSTEM

Breaker

VT
R
CT
Protection

Battery system
CURRENT TRANSFORMER(CT) POLARITY & WAVEFORM
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER(VT) POLARITY

Vp
Vs
CT CUIRCUIT CONNECTION DIAGRAM AND CURRENT WAVEFORM

Ip
P1 P2

S1 S2

Is

RELAY
POLARITY
MARK 1

RELAY
2
 TYPE OF FAULT

9 Three phase fault

9 Phase to phase fault
9 Phase to phase to ground fault
9 Single phase to ground fault
Normal balanced Condition
 Three Phase Fault

Relay Ia
Ia
Ib
Ic
ө Ic
Vca
Vab Zf
Vbc g
At The Fault Vab = Vbc = Vca = 0

Ib
 Phase to Phase Fault

IC
Relay

IB

IC
Vab
Vca g
Zf

Vbc At The Fault Vbc = 0

IB

Phase “ b” - to - Phase “c” Fault

 Phase to Phase to Ground Fault

IC
Relay

Vab IB
Vca
IC
g Ig
Vbc g

At The Fault Vbc = Vbg = Vcg = 0

IB

Phase “ b” - to - Phase “c” to - Ground Fault

 Single Phase to Ground Fault

Ia Relay
Ia

Ig
g

At The Fault Vag = 0

Phase “ a” to Ground Fault

 Phasor and Waveform

a b c
VC
VA

Positive Sequence

VB

Time, tx
FAULT WAVEFORM

UNBALANCED FAULT

a b c

Symmetrical Asymmetrical
 Ө

Ө Ө

Ө1

Ө1

Ө1
 Forward Fault waveform

I
V Fault

Bus or Line
Voltage

Fault Current
 Reverse Fault- Waveform

I
V
Fault

Bus or Line
Voltage

Fault Current
Transformer Inrush Current
CT saturation waveform

Ferroresonance
Numerical Relays
Advantages of Numerical Relays

ƒ Reliability
ƒ Multifunctional
ƒ Self- Diagnosis
ƒ Event and Disturbance Record
ƒ Communication Capabilities
ƒ Adaptive Protection
 Monitoring of:
Generation of Transient Data Frequency
Harmonics
Voltages
Currents
Circuit breaker status
Relay Trips
Trouble contacts

Trouble contacts
Captures
VTs

Event
CTs
Data

Circuit Breaker
User Configuration for
Event Triggers
Numerical Relays

Frequency Bandwidth
max 1000 Hz
(Harmonic 20th)

Sampled Waveform

1.5

0.5

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41

-0.5

-1

-1.5

40 Samples/Cycle or 2000 Samples/sec (0.5mS)

Data Requirements for Analysis of Disturbances (For Substation)

ƒ Analog inputs
ƒ Line Current Phase A, B, C, N
ƒ Bus or Line Voltage Phase to ground , A, B, C
ƒ Polarizing Quantities V0 , I0 or Zero sequence Quantities

ƒ Digital inputs
ƒ Circuit breaker position,
ƒ Relay output contacts,
ƒ Auxiliary relays, and lockouts.
ƒ Trouble Contract of Protected Equipments,
such as Transformers, Motors ,
Data Requirements for Analysis of Disturbances (Generating station)

ƒ Monitor turbine
ƒ Generator
ƒ Exciter and regulator signals

Key:
How the turbine-generator-exciter system is responding to an
external disturbance, generating a disturbance internally, or
contributing to an external disturbance.
 Triggering Methods

Magnitude. -
1. Internal from Relay - Voltage Over/Under limiting
2. - Zero sequence (Io, Vo )

Digital inputs
1. Relay pickup , Trip (internal from It’s Relay)
2. Input signals , Auxiliary trip , Lockout, etc, Direct transfer Trip signal , etc

3. Input signals , Trouble Contact from HV Equipment such as

Transformer (Buchholz Alarm, Buchholz trip, Pressure relays Trip)
MV Motor ( Winding Temp Trip, Bearing Temp Trip , etc)
 EVENT FILES
IEEE C37.111-1999
Standard for Common Format for Transient Data Exchange (COMTRADE)

Filename Mandatory/
Contents Used for
Extension Optional

*.inf Comments and additional information Optional

*.cfg Configuration information for event data Mandatory

*.dat Event Data records per *.cfg file. Mandatory

*.hdr Header Information Optional

 COMTRADE
CONFIGURATION FILE *.cfg
Configuration information for event data

[Link]
 COMTRADE
DATA FILE *.dat
[Link]
Event Data records per *.cfg file.
General philosophy of COMTRADE
RECORD SETTING
Record Length
Pre-fault Fault Post-fault

Time

Disturbance Disturbance stop

start (Reset)
Record Length
Time limit

Pre-fault Post-fault

Fault Time

Disturbance Disturbance stop

start (Reset)
Record Length
Time limit
Pre-fault Post-fault

Fault
Time

Disturbance Disturbance stop

start (Reset)
 Time limit (1-2 Second)

Fault occur Fault clear

T=0(Reference)
Va

Vb

Vc
Pre-fault Fault duration Post fault

Post-Fault = 60-100 mS Post-Fault = 100 mS

 Maximum record length and Data storage

Captured record length

1
2 Analog … 8
3
ABB Relays Digital 16
Analog … 40
ABB Finland
Digital 96 10 – 65535 cycle (21.8 minute)

ABB Sweden (670 Series)

Pre-fault time (0.05-0.3)s
Post-fault time (0.1-5)s
Time limit (0.5-6)s
Max record 100
Data Storage First- in First out
Application of Fault Record

ƒ Fault Current (Time, Pre-fault, Fault duration, Post-fault)

ƒ Assess the performance of protective relaying (Pickup, Trip, Reset)
ƒ Circuit Breaker Operation (Close , Open)
ƒ Sequence of Event (Transformer protective devices operate, etc)
ƒ Determine the Power Quality Problems
 Application of Fault Record

‰ Legal
Audit Trial for customers and regulatory purposes
ƒ Fault Time, Fault Retrieval Time are key
ƒ Storage of original data (e.g. the files)

Allows determination of whose at fault (utility, consumer, or other)

EXAMPLE OF FAULT ANALYSIS

BASIC INFORMATION

ƒ SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

ƒ METERING AND RELAYING DIAGRAM
ƒ FAULT FILES ( *. CFG, *.DAT , *.INF )
ƒ GATHER POWER SYSTEM OPERATION INFORMATION
ƒ PROTECTIVE RELAY SETTING & CO-ORDINATION
 Adittaya Birlar
0.3 km 0.5 km C 0.4 km
SUS C
Purac

C
0.7 km
Grand Siam Composite Blue Scope Steel

C
C

0.05

4.9 km
Line 2

~
Thai Boroda 1 km Line 1

0.5 km
Glow

0.75
1YB-01 0.1 (110MW) Siam Yamato Steel 2 3.7 km

Line No.1
KT3A, KT4A Bus No.1
Bus 1A, 2A Rayong Pure 0.1 1.6 km 0.28 0.02
มาบตาพุด 0.4 0.1 0.01
C 2YB-01
(ชั่วคราว) PTT UT C C

0.1
~
230/115 kV, 2x200 MVA

0.5 km 8 km 1.8 km 3YB-01 0.2 (30MW) 0.25 km Beyer

1.2 km
มาบตาพุด 1 km 0.5 km 0.15 0.5 km 0.6 km
Siam Construction
C 0.02

ระยอง 2 (กฟภ.) Prax Air TPT(15MW) Siam Yamato

~
6YB-01 0.2 0.15 C 0.02
Bus No.2
9YB-01 C 5YB-01
Thai Shinkong Auto Alliance
1.1 km 0.5 km C Refinery
Line No.2

Star Petroleum TIG 1.4 km

8.5 km
0.02
ระยอง 2 (กฟผ.)

8.68

0.05

0.05
4.1 0.2 km

PTT Central
C

5.3 km
4YB-01 C
2YB-01
Bus No.2
1.5 km ~
0.5 0.9 km 0.7 km ~ มาบตาพุด 3

1 km.
0.5 km 2 km
HMC Polymer

C
4YB-01 C BCG(90MW) NPC(32MW) 3YB-01 2YB-01
2.1 km APEX 4.9 km
บานฉาง
10YB-01 3YB-01 5YB-01
12.7 km
TPI บานเพ
3YB-01 16.8 km 6.5 km C 20.5 km 3YB-01

0.2 km
5YB-01 8.9 km 10.6 km 2YB-01 4YB-01

0.9 km
0.1 km
KT1A, KT6A
หนองละลอก

19.6 km
Bus 1, 2 Thai Copper

C
Siam Steel Cord
230/115 kV, 2x200 MVA

Thai Nox
Pheldodge
Line No.3

1 km
1.6 km
Siam Steel Wire
Bangkok Polyester 0.2 0.1 ~ บานคาย 2
C
1YB-01 TLP(60MW)
C
0.6 km
C 3.6 km C 2.6 km 4YB-01
0.5 km 0.5 km 1.2 km Star Soleil
0.7

2YB-01
East Water
ระยอง 2(กฟผ.)

Burapha Steel 1.5 km 1.1 km

Closed loop (Line 5&8) C
0.9

Kobelco Copper tube

11.2 km

4.2 km
ระยอง 2
C

Nova Steel
C
3.3

Tycons มาบขา
0.2 km

1.2 km
0.1km

ระยอง 2 (กฟภ.) 0.5 km C 5YB-01

4YB-01 4YB-01

Bus No.1 7.7 km 7.5 km 2.5 km

5.7 km บานคาย
8YB-01 11.1 km 2YB-01
2YB-01
 115KV 115KV
Terminal Sub
Source Other Loads
50N
21/21N

Main Sub 43MW

GS
43MW GS
0.8PF 0.8PF
50 11kV 11kV

80MVA 80MVA
87T 115/22kV 115/22kV

33kV Bus1, 33kV Bus2

6.6kV Bus1 6.6kV Bus2

M M M M M M
Fault Record from ABB REM54x Overcurrent Relay: Terminal Substation
 E_WinEve V1.1 Sampling rate: 2000 Hz
Trigger signal: ?

C:\ABB\10. PTT Central Control and Protection\[Link] PTT TERMINAL SUB 26-Jun-2009 10:45:41.795
Fault Information from Relay
 +90°
Phasor and Sequence Quantities
+90°

I1*

IL1
U2
0° 0°

IL3 15.0 kA I0*

U1 IL2 I2*
U3
FAULT CURRENT COMPARISION DESIGNED VALUE
VS. ACTUAL VALUE Relay recorded
15.0kA

Short Circuit current A.

for Setting the relay
 Fault type : BN at Transformer Winding to ground
Seen by Relay: ABCN --., BN is majority

IA
IA = 2.6kA a
IB
IB = 15kA b
IC
IC = 2.2kA c

IN = 12.75kA
IN
+90°
+90°

I1*

IL1
U2
0° 0°

IL3 15.0 kA I0*

U1 IL2 I2*
U3
 ƒ Fault Duration = 80 mS
ƒ Overcurrent relay operating time = 20 mS
ƒ Overcurrent relay reset time = 25.6 mS
ƒ Circuit breaker interrupting time = 54.4 mS

PEA Terminal Sub Main Sub

TR1

TR2

Wrong Tripping ?
Not correct !, Relay setting ?
Protection Scheme ?
How ?
 Proposed Solutions
PEA PEA
Terminal S/S

21/21N 21/21N 21/21N 21/21N

Trip
<300mS 87L
50
INST
BLOCK Block Signal Fault
TRIP
SCHEME
GEN
50 87L
50
8ms 8ms
67 67
Analysis of Disturbance Records for Power System Operations

ƒ The manufacturer’s of disturbance recording equipment and

microprocessor relays provide software for display and analysis of the
records captured with their equipment.
ƒ There are third party software packages available that are able to read
multiple manufactures original files and provide the tools to perform the
analysis.
Fault Analysis and Evaluation Module for Power System Monitoring
Functions

• Visualization/display
• Merging of two disturbance record files
• Automatic fault location with automatic printout of the "short fault report"
• Manual fault location
• Display and printout of the signal vectors
• Application-specific mathematical calculation of the waveforms
• Information regarding pre-fault, fault and post-fault conditions
• Time calculation based on the values of the digital signals
• Selective printing of fault reports
• Data base and statistical analysis of the fault location, fault types.
Visualization / display of a fault record
Merge File
Harmonics Report
SHORT FORM REPORT
Power analysis calculation function
Selective printing of fault report and time calculation formula editor

Configuration of the on-screen output of the disturbance records

Sort function of the expert data base

Search function of the records in the data base

Fault history in tabular form - exported to Excel
Expert fault location report
ƒ Expert fault location report
OMICRON
TRANSVIEW