PROPOSED OF RETAINING WALL AT PUSAT PELAJAR

UITM PASIR GUDANG DIATAS TANAH KERAJAAN FASA 2

BERKELUASAN 10 EKAR, 81750 PASIR GUDANG,
JOHOR DARUL TAKZIM

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PULAU PINANG

INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN PROJECT

CEM 594
CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORT

GROUP MEMBER:

NUR NADIA BINTI MOHAMAD YA’AKUP

SITI QURAISHAH BINTI CHE KET
HAFIZATUL AKMAL BINTI HASANUDDIN
NADZIRA IRYANIE BINTI AHMAD TARMIDZI
NURHANIS BINTI NOOR AZHAR
INTRODUCTION

Retaining wall is an important structure that is used to stabilize or hold the slope of

the hill from failure. Hill slope that has been cut for construction purposes tends to fail since

the hill slope has been disturbed, making it weaker to hold onto the soil. By using retaining

wall, the hill slope could be stabilized and prevent the failure of the hill slope. The slope can

be failed because of the movement of the soil due to weather changes, high concentration of

moisture content and even because of earth movement. Thus, the retaining wall is constructed

with seepage holes so that the ground water content could flow out to reduce the stress

applied.

The retaining wall is going to be constructed at the project proposed area of Proposed

of Retaining Wall at Pusat Pelajar UiTM Pasir Gudang diatas Tanah Kerajaan Fasa 2

Berkeluasan 10 Ekar, 81750 Pasir Gudang, Johor Darul Takzim.

The location of retaining wall construction will be carried out is beside the road along

the hill slope in the project area. The figure below shows the location of retaining wall that

will be constructed.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

The hill slope that has been cut causes the soil to be unstable. Therefore, to stabilize

back the hill slope, the amount of weight that has been removed must be covered back with a

retaining wall. There are a lot of different types of retaining wall that can be used. However,

since the retaining wall has its own advantages and disadvantages, thus the careful

consideration must be taken in the design calculation.

 From the characteristic analyzing of retaining wall, it seems that the cantilever

retaining wall is to be more suitable and economical to be used compared to the other

retaining wall like gabion baskets or gravity retaining wall. Besides that, it is also need to

consider the potential of external failure modes that is the global stability, base sliding,

overturning and the bearing capacity.

The internal stability of cantilever retaining wall is considering comes from cast in

place and steel reinforced concrete. Therefore, the cantilever retaining wall must have a high

internal strength and rigidity in order to retain the force come out from the hill slope.

Furthermore, the retaining wall constructed has certain aesthetic value which must be

considered since it is located at a public area. In addition, the area taken up by retaining wall

must not be too large since the area is limited.

PROBLEM SOLVING METHODOLOGY

Introduction

The first step in any retaining wall project is needed to check with the local authority

to look at if the planning approval is required. This varies between authorities and usually

related to the size of wall and drainage provisions. The authority may required the drawings

to be showed the site plan and structural details accompanied by a consultant’s design

certification.

The drainage system is an important aspect of any retaining wall project that should

be considered. The water should not be allowed to block u behind the wall. The retaining wall

is designed to resist the earth pressure exerted by the weight of soil retained. These are lesser

that the hydrostatic pressure exerted by water trapped behind the wall.
The following parameters influence the design of the retaining wall.

i. Height of wall
ii. Soil type
iii. Sloping land below and/or above the retaining wall
iv. Loads above and behind the retaining wall

The cantilever was known as retaining structure is usually built to support back fill

height when gravity walls are uneconomical. In these walls, the ground over the inner

foundation slab plays a very important dual role:

i. Its weight provides a significant stabilizing effect on the retaining structure

ii. It is also responsible for the loads supported by the vertical stem and induced on other
structure wall elements

EARTH PRESSURE (P)

Earth pressure can be classified in three categories depends upon the movement

experienced by the vertical wall on which the pressure is acting, there are active, passive and

at-rest pressure. The active pressure (PA) develops when the wall is free to move outward

such as a typical retaining wall and the soil mass stretches sufficiently to mobilize its shear

strength. If the wall moves into the soil, then the soil mass is compressed, which also

mobilizes its shear strength and the passive pressure (Pp) develops. On the other hand, at rest

pressure develops when the wall experiences no lateral movement.

The various types of the earth-retaining structures fall into three broad groups:

i. Gravity walls: These depend larger upon their own weight for stability, have wide

bases and usually a rigid construction such as masonry walls, gabion walls, crib walls,

RC walls, and counter fort walls.

 ii. Embedded walls: These consist of vertical driven or placed sheets or piles that may be

anchored, tied or propped, or may act as simple cantilevers, their own weight does not

feature in stability analyses such as driven sheet-pile walls, braced or propped walls,

contiguous bored-pile walls, secant bored-pile walls, and diaphragm walls.

iii. Reinforced and anchored earth: The wall material may be in-situ rock or soil into

which reinforcement is inserted, or reinforcement may be laid between rolled layers

as the fill soil is placed and compacted such as reinforced earth walls, soil nailing and

ground anchors.

To measure earth pressure depends on the type of backfill and soil condition:

i. Effect of surface surcharge load

ii. Effect of stratified soil
iii. Effect of sloping ground surface

Stability requirement of retaining wall

Following condition must be adequate provision is made against the occurrence of

adverse limit states pertaining to retaining wall:

i. Overturning
ii. Forward sliding
iii. Bearing pressure failure under base
iv. Occurrence of tension in lateral joint
v. Overall slip failures

Mohr Coulomb

Theory of rupture for materials:

 i. Failure under combined σ and τ
ii. Any stress state that combined effect reaches the failure plane

Along the failure plane τf =f (σ )

Failure envelope is a curved line approximated by linear relationship

Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria:

τf =c+ σ tan φ

In terms of effective parameters:

τf =c ' +σ ' tan φ '

Angle of Integral Friction (φ ' ¿

The values selected for the angles of internal friction (φ ' ) varied depending on what was

being studied. The values of φ ' are given at the appropriate place.

Cohesion (c)

In all the simulations performed for this study, the soil was modelled as cohesionless soil.
Dilatancy (ψ)

The dilatancty angle (ψ) describes the behaviour of soil during expansion and will depend on

the angle of internal friction.

RECOMMENDATION

In order to ensure the retaining wall is functional, several recommendations are made

up after installation of the retaining wall. Thus, the recommendation is to enhance the

capabilities of retaining wall.

i. Providing the surface and subsurface drainage of the retaining wall

ii. Ensure the drainage system having no blockage happen at the retaining wall

iii. Maintenance and rehabilitation works need to be done regularly to ensure the

retaining wall is functional

iv. If the crack occurs on the surface of the retaining, it should be supervision and check

to ensure there are no internal happen or grow worse

v. Erosion control should be done by supervision and check to avoid and reduce soil

erosion

vi. Vegetation at the exposed area on the top are of retaining wall. The function is to

absorb the water into soil directly, to reduce the lateral force of the water and soil onto

the retaining wall