TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No CHAPTER PAGE NO.
1 Silicon Photonics…………………………………………………………1-4
1.1 Why Silicon Photonics? 2
1.2 Silicon Photonics Research 2
1.2.1 Six Building Blocks : Intel’s SP Research 3
2 Light Source In Silicon…………………………………………………….5-13
2.1 The Silicon Laser Challenge 5
2.2 The Raman Effect 5
2.3 Two-Photon Absorption 8
2.4 First Continuous Silicon Laser 8
2.5 First Cascaded Silicon Raman Laser 11
3 Hybrid Silicon Wave Guide……………………………………………….14-15
4 High Speed Modulation In Silicon…………………………………………16-20
4.1 First GHz Silicon Modulator 16
4.2 How Intel’s Silicon Modulator Works 16
4.3 World’s First 40G Silicon Laser Modulator 19
5 Avalanche Photodetector ………………………………………………….21-23
6 Physical properties of silicon photonics devices…………………………...24-26
6.1 Optical guiding and dispersion tailoring 24
6.2 Kerr nonlinearity 25
6.3 Two-photon absorption 25
6.4 Free charge carrier interactions 25
6.5 The Raman effect 26
7 Application of silicon photonics……………………………………………27-28
7.1 Optical interconnects 27
7.2 Optical routers and signal processors 28
7.3 Long range telecommunications using silicon photonics 28
8 ………………………………… 29-30
8.1 Benefits of Silicon Photonics 29
8.2 The Optical Future 30
9 References……………………………………………………………………31
TABLE OF FIGURE
SERIAL NO. FIGURE NO. NAME PAGE NO.
1 1.1 Building Blocks of Silicon Photonics 4
2 2.1 The Raman Effect allows energy from pump beam 7
to amplify data at longer wavelengths in glass
fiber
3 2.2 By inserting a diode-like PIN device in the wave 9
guide, Intel removed the electrons generated by
two-photon absorption and produce continuous
amplification.
4 2.3 The breakthrough silicon laser used a PIN device 10
and the Raman Effect to amplify light as it
bounced between two mirrors coated on the
waveguide ends, producing a continuous laser
beam at a new wavelength.
5 2.4 Cascaded Silicon Raman Laser. 12
6 3.1 Cross section schematic of a Hybrid Silicon Laser 14
7 3.2 When voltage is applied to the contacts, current 15
flows, and the electrons (-) and holes (+)
recombine in the center and generate light.
8 4.1 The effect of adding two light waves together. 17
9 4.2 Intel’s modulator splits the incoming light into 18
two beams. Those beams are then phase shifted
and recombined to encode the data.
10 4.3 40Gbps Silicon Laser Modulator. 19
11 4.4 Multiplexed 40Gbps Modulator enabling tera- 20
scale computing.
12 5.1 Silicon Germanium waveguide based 21
photodetector.
13 5.2 Gain Bandwidth Product 23