Shigeo Kataoka Yoshimi Nishimura

Avishai Sadan
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

K<1t,10l,;,1, Sh igco.
N,1ture's morphology : an atlas of tooth shape and form / Shigeo
Kataoka, Yoshirru Nishimura ; Avisha: Sadan, editor of the English
edition.
p , cm.
ISBN 0 8671 S-411-X (hardback)
1. Teeth-Anatomy-Atlases.
[D'\;LM: 1. Dental Restoration, Perrnancnt-c-methods-c-Arlases. 2.
Esthetrcs, Dental-Atlases. 3. Tooth-anatomy & histologv Atlases. 4.
Tooth -physiology-Atlases. WU 317 Kl 9n 2002) I Nishimura Yoshimi.
II. Sadan, Avishai. Ill. Title.
QM 3 11 .K34 2002
611'.314 dc21
2002003732

qulntcmrnccr
book,

© 2002 Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc

Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc

55'1 Kimberly Dri,·e
arol Stre,1111, Illinois 60188
[Link]

All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced, stored in i1
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Editor: Arinne Dickson

Production: Susan Robinson

Printed in [Link]
 Table of Contents

Preface to the English Edition 8

Avishai Sadan

Preface to the Japanese Edition 9

Shigeo Kataoka

Preface to the Japanese Edition 11

Yoshimi l\ishimura

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Tooth Morphology 13

The Three Basic Shapes of Tooth Crown Morphology 14
Transition of the Three Basic Morphologies Toward Successive Teeth 22

Chapter 2 Characteristics of Tooth Morphology 25

Various Forms of l\atural Teeth 26
Three Typical Forms of Natural Teeth 28
Characteristics of the Labial Surface 30
Characteristics of the Lingual Surface 32
Characteristics of the Proximal Surfaces 34
Transition Between Surfaces 36
Reproduction of the Form with Well-Developed Marginal Ridges 38
Reproduction of the Basic Form 40
Reproduction of the Form Without Particular Characteristics 42

Chapter 3 The Effect of Aging on Tooth Morphology 45

Changes in Tooth Appearance 46
Extrinsic Factors that Affect the Appearance of Tooth Crowns 48
Expression of Changes in Tooth Morphology and Dentition with Age 50
Chapter 4 Contouring Ceramic Restorations I 55
Contouring a Single Restoration 56
Adjustment of Proximal Contact Areas 58
Gross Contouring I: Three-Plane Labial Composition 60
Gross Contouring II: Marginal Ridges and Proximal Transitional Surfaces 62
Gross Contouring Ill: Lingual Surface 64
Intermediate Finishing I: Line Angles, Transitional Areas, and Primary Ridges 66
Intermediate Finishing II: Transverse Ridges and Grooves 68
Finishing I: Gross Surface Texture 70
Finishing II: Detailed Surface Texture and Polishing 72
Completion 74
Examples of Single Restorations 76

Chapter 5 Contouring Ceramic Restorations 11 79

Contouring a Three-Unit Fixed Partial Denture 80
Gross Contouring I: lncisal Edge Length and Three-Plane Labial Composition 82
Gross Contouring II: Midline Area (lnterproximal Space) 84
Gross Contouring Ill: Proximal Transitional Surfaces and Individualization 86
Intermediate Finishing I: Proximal Transitional Surface 88
Intermediate Finishing II: Labial Ridges 90
Finishing I: Proximal Area and Lingual Grooves 92
Finishing II: Surface Characterization and Polishing 94
ompleted Fixed Partial Denture 96
Fundamentals of
Tooth Morphology
 The Three Ba~ie Shapes of Tooth Crown ~lorpholo~~

Besides the fundamental requirements oi proper iii and occlusion, ovoid. The shape of the tace is noted, the width and length of th
an important criterion ior the success of a ceramic crown is its face are measured, and one sixteenth of each measurement is cal-
ability to integrate and exist in harmony within the intraoral and culated With these measurements. the xix rnaxillarv anterior teeth
extraoral environments. The ability to establish this harmony i that belong to that facial shape are selected.
the most important factor in judging the success oi a restoration. The J.L. William concept is used in removable prosthodontics
When forming a restoration, one carefully studies and evaluates but not in fixed prosthodontics 111 part because a clinical manual
many factors, such as tooth alignment, clinical crown size, occlu- for the Iabricaucn of fixed partial dentures based on facial shap
sion, and the I ike, because the proper understanding and repro- does not exist. Without such guidelines, the experienced techni-
duction of these factors will create a harmonious restoration. ian tends to fabricate a restoration with morphology that reflects
Therefore, this book will emphasize the morphology oi the clini- personal preference, and the inexperienced technician may en-
cal crown. counter difficulties selecting and designing the proper shape of a
1 14 Facial shapes as well JS tooth shapes exist in different iorms. restoration. f\.ecdless to say, the field of fixed prosthodontics has
s the shapes of faces are different from each other, so is the mor- long needed such a manual.
phology ot teeth. In 1917 l.L. William et al theorized that ioreach This chapter analyzes and discusses a concept that is based on
person a certain relationship exists between the shape of the face three basic shapes oi a tooth crown. L'sing the maxillary central
and the shape of the teeth. Some still consider this theory valid for incisor as a model, the chapter addresses all tooth surfaces. This
the formation of anterior tooth restoration, though this concept is oncept of three basic crown shapes ts also applicable Lo the lat-
rarely applied to clinical use. I lowever, the Bioblend porcelain ral incisor and the canine. Porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations
tooth selection method by Dentsply ts an exception This method that are fabricated according to this concept are presented at the
is based on selecting a tooth shape similar to the iacial shape and nd of the chapter.
uses iour basic facial shapes: square, square-tapered, tapered, and
 ch 1 15

f
 TlH· Three Basie Shupcs of Tooth Crown l\lorphology
Square

-- ..
4
,
I
,
I t
•
I

I ~
,
I I ,l

16

lncisal view Proximal view

Labial view

• curvature.' 01 the tooth (horizontal plane or tlw inrisal • Three l,1bial planes
• lnci..,al outline - 'v'\icldk· plane i-.. ..,tr,1ight and long.
Straight. one third is visible)
Both marginal ridges arc perpendicular to the • Cervical line (coronal curvature)
tesiodi-aol length of the inu..,al edge b longer than - It prp,ents the lea,1 prominent curvature of the three
that of the ovoid shap« and about the same ,1.., the inc isal edge
The inc i..,,11 edge i.., straight mc,iodistJlly. basic morphologies.
tapered shape. • Depth oi the cervical line curvature (the [Link]
• lmi..,,11 ,rngll'.., It is the widest in the mesiodistol climen..,ion among
the three morphologic .... between the imaginarv line connecting the lowest
- The me~ioim , .. ,11 and d: ... toincisal angles each Iabioc ervical pornt to the lowest linguocerv ical point
approximate cl right angl • Inc i~al point angles at the labial aspect
,'v\c..,iol,1hioind..,al and distolobioinrrsal point angle, [dotted line! to the highe-t point on the proxuno-
• Proximal outline
approximate a right angle. cervical line)
The mc..,ial anrl cli-..t,11 proximal [Link] l!~ are p,n,1llel The pro,im;il depth oi the cervk ,1I line curvature b
to each other ,111d pc-rpendicular lo the incisal L•clge. • Proximal outline
Proximal outlines are parallel lo each other and the shorte~t among the thn-e morphologies
Slightly curved.
• < ervu al lin perpendicular to the l,1bi.1I surface.
shallow L, shap«. Straight with some convcxitv,
• Proximal contact areas
Long < ont.u.t surface .rxial Iv (rntisogingivallyJ. II i,
the longest contact ~wfau· of the throe basic mar
phologi
ch 1 17
 The Three Ba~ie Shape~ of Tooth Crown 1\Iorpholo~y
void

,
•
\
\
,
'
l
J
I
l

'
\ J

I
\ /
, I

18

Labial view lncisal view Proximal view

• lncisal outline • Curvature of the tooth thonzontal plane of the incisal • Three labial plane,
It is elevated in the middle tconvex). one third 1s vivible) M1rldle plane is rounded and relatively short.
Me~iodistal length ot the> ncisal edge is the shortest The labial aspect is highly convex, and both [Link] • < ervical line
ot the three morphologies. marginal ridges converge toward the lingual. It shows moderately rounded curvature.
• lncisal angles " • Labial outline • Depth of the cervical line curvature
They are the mo~t ovoid of the three morphologies. - The outline i, ovoid in <hape « ith convevitv in the - Thi, depth i~ between the square and the tapered
• Proximal outline middle. type».
The outline i, narrower c ervicallv than the square - It i, the narrowe!:-t mesiodi~t,1lly among the three
tvpo. basic morphologies.
traight. • lnc [Link] pomt angles at the l,1bial a,1>ect
• Cervical line Thev are rounded with no definite corners,
The line j., U-sh,1pt•cl .ind more ovoid than the • J>roxin;;il outline
square' type rhe outline is convev ml'~iodi~tally and narrow
• 1'ro,1m,1I contact ,Hl',lS lingually.
lhev are in tht• nuddle ol the proximal outline. It shows rounded curvaturo.
- rhcy are c ontac.t poinls rather than contact areas.
ch 1 1'
 The Three· Basie Shapes of Tooth Crown '.\lorpholo~")
Tapered

, ,r" ---....... .- ....

I

/~',
( . - 'i
- '

\\ )/ I
I
~ \\Ji~))
20

Labial view lncisal view Proximal view

• lncisal outline • Curvature of the tooth (horizontal plane ot the incisal • Three labial planes
It b concave in the middle. one third is visible) Middle plane is concave. It is not visible, due to the
Mesiodistal length of the inc isal edge 1s longer than - The curvature is concave on the labial side, and mesial and distal marginal ridges.
that of the ovoid shape and about the same as the both lingual marginal ridges diverge from the lin- • Cervical line
square shape. gual. It is very prominently curved with a straight, sharp,
• lncrsal angles • Labial outline rever.,ed V-shape,
They arc the sharpest of the three morphologies. Middle part b concave, and the rnesial and distal • Depth of the cervical line curvature
• Proximal outline ridges are prominent. - The proximal depth of the cervical line curvature is
The outline is narrow ccrvlcally. - The width oi the labial surlacc is between the the deepest of the three morphologies.
- IL b also straight. ... qua re and the ovoid 1,pes.
• Cervical line • lncrsal point angles at the labial aspect
- The line is V-shaped with the convexity in the mid- Thev are rather obtuse angles .
dle of the crown. • Proximal outline
• Proximal contact areas Tho outline diverges linguallv.
The contact areas are near the incisal edge within It is also straight.
the proximal outline.
Proximal contact areas ,1rc• narrow,
ch 1 2·
 Transltion of tht.. Three Basic :\lorphologi<""s Toward Successive Teeth
quar

22
void

ch I 23
 Transition of the Three Busic Morphologies Toward Suecessiv« Teeth
Tapered

I 24
Characteristics of
Tooth Morphology
 Various Forms of Natural Teeth

In the three types of tooth shape one <:,111 iincl manv vartation-
l he-e variations exi-t not onlv in the basic shape but also in tooth
form. The te1111 form in this context refers to gro.,s t horactcnsucs.
such as ridge clcvclopment, groove depth, and differences he-
t\, ecn rnesial and distal incisal corners, rather than to micro-
characteristics such as surface texture. To discuss the various
characteristics of tooth form, this chapter identifies three typical
forms.
Embryolog1cally. a natural tooth is an assembly of elevations.
vvhen connected, these elevations form ridges. A good analogy
for these connected elevations i'i mountams. Mountains have
ridges and slopes that form valleys. The labial or lingual grooves
in a natural tooth are analogous to mountain valleys.
\!Vhile shaping ,, ceramic restoration. one should emphasize
precise ndge formation and not focus on the formation of groove
and tossae. Since ridge formation also torms grooves and tossae,
ch 2 26 proper ridge reproduction will achieve them.
The pictures on this page and the opposing page demonstrate
this concept well. The ridges, formed with [Link] over the white
background, form the tooth shape as a whole, and the grooves
and the fossae are formed as a result of ridge formation.
h 2 2
 Three· T) pical Forms of ~atural Tedh

28

Fig 1 The tooth with well-developed marginal ridges. Fig 2 The loath with a basic form.
 ch 2 29

Fig 3 The tooth without particular characteristics.

 Charach~risHcs of the Labial Surface

ln·wr -,lope• ot
the m,irgin,11
Tw,.,t ot the
l,1bial surface
ridgl'

l ahioir« i".il [Link]

ridge [Link]
surf,« e

Provirnal
gr<_lO\t'

V-shJped
groove
lnr isal nclgl'

Proximal
Fig 4b
-=~-,:,--- transiuona!
Proxrmal surtace
transitional ----
sunace
0
A central ridge runs through the middle oi the labial surface from
the incisal area cervically, and ,t torms slopes mcsially and dis-
tally. There are marginal ridges on the mesiolabial and disto-
labial surfaces, which also iorm slopes rnesiallv and distally. The
inner slope oi each marginal ridge and the slopes oi the central
ridge will form depressions between them, the-;e are the labial
grooves (also called the lebial developments! depressions; The
outer slope of each marginal ridge forms a convex surface, which
is the transition to the proximal area; in this book these surface
are called proximal trensitiona! surfaces. The marginal ridges run
from the mcisal area toward the cervical area and iorm the mesial
and distal outlines of the tooth crown. The outline of the incisal
edge is formed by the incisal ridge from the lingual aspect. and
the out lint' of the cervical area is formed by an enamel elevation
at the cervical line (cernentoenamel junction) that extends toward
Fig 4a the coronal aspect. All ot these ridges together create the outer
form of the labial surface of the tooth crown.
Accessory ridges in th labial grooves iorm the v-shaped
grooves, and transverse rid s are formed in th
 ch 2 31

Fig ~ Fig 4d Fig 4e

Labial surface analysis of the tooth form in Fig 1 Labial surface analysis of the tooth form in Fig 2 Labial surface analysis of the tooth form in Fig 3
The identifvrng characteristics oi the labial surface ot this The rdenutvmg charactenstics of the labial surtac e of this The rdC'nlrf\ rng characterisucs ot the labial sunace of this
tooth iorm are the well-developed marginal ridges. Teeth tooth form are well-formed rnesral and distal marginal tooth form are the nondescript marginal ridges that give
,. .. ilh this iorm present deep labial groove, and wide prox- ndges. However, these marginal ridges are not .,., promi- the tooth an "exprevsionless" appearance. However, the
1m,,I transitional surfaces. The dinerence between the .,ize nent as those in Fig 4c. The proximal transitional surface central ridge rs well dcv eloped and appears prominent
of the rnesial and cli,lal proximal transitional surfaces b ll'- are rather wide without signtficant difference between the from an mcisal view. In !hi!. iorm of tooth, the labial grooves
markable: the di,lal surface is wider than the mesial. In width oi the mcsial .111cl distal surfaces. A looth with this on both the rncsial and distal aspects of the central ridge
general, the lingua] marginal rirlues are well developed iorm h,1s prominent labial marginal ridges and prominent are rather visible, and they often oxtc-nd lo the cervical
The rnesioincisal and distoincisal line .ingle., have ditferent labial ,111d proximal grooves. From the labial view. tho area, Both mcisal line ., nglos are angled and have no sig-
,h,1pes. The rnesloinc i.,.:il lim• angle is angled, and the db- rnesiomcival and distoinc isal line angle, are both rounded, ruticant difference in [Link], ThP transverse ridges and
toinc i-.,11 line angle is rounded. Furthermore, the labial but the difference between them ,., clearlv visible. In this grooves arc not well developed, and 'the surtace , .. c orn-
acccssorv ridges and the v-shapcd grooves are not well form the l,1bial acc ev-ory ridges, v-shaped gromes. trans- parativelv tl.11.
developed. and tht: labial surtac e appears concave and verse ridges, and grooves are well developed. and the sur-
twi,tl•cl from an inc isal view In general. the transverse face t.h,1racteri,tit.s ,ne strong. M,1111clon and pcrikyrnata
grooves and ridges arc not well formed 1n this tooth form. are often present in I his tooth form without anv evident l'
oi wear tacets.
 Churar-tcristics of the I .ineual Surfac«

The distinguishing features of th

Labioinr isal lingual surface ot the tooth crown
ridge lncisal groove are well-developed mesial and
[Link]-
int b<1I distal marginal ridges and the sur-
[Link]'
rioge
route ol rounding triangular lingual fossa.
the lingu,11 Escape
inssa route of
The mesiolingual and distolingual
the lingual marginal ridges extend to the cer-
fossa vical area and form a cingulum.
The mesiolingual marginal
Lingual
rossa ridge extends high coronally to-
ward the incisal edge, and the dis-
tolingual marginal ridge extends
Proximal low cervically. The marginal ridges
transitional
surface
Fig sh do not usually extend all the way
to the incisal edge; therefore, the
32 lingual fossa. which ends where
the ridges end, also does not reach the incisal edge. The lingual fossa ends by
exiting through the proximal areas at the "escape routes" of the lingual fossa.
Both the labioincisal ridge and the linguoincisal ridge are formed at the
lingual aspect of the incisal area. They form an "incisal groove" that runs in
a mesiodistal direction (see Fig Sb). The labioincisal ridge actually forms the
shape of the incisal aspect of the tooth crown. The two incisal ridges and the
incisal groove form the incisal slope that extends toward the lingual surface.
The area that includes the incisal slope is where the "halo effect" can be de-
tected. The halo effect is a characteristic of natural tooth color. The incisal
ridges connect to the marginal ridges surrounding the escape routes of the
lingual Iossa.
A central ridge and accessory ridges are also present on the I ingual sur-
face. The degree of development of the central ridge affects the shape of the
ingulum.
Fig Sa
 ch 2 33

Fig Sc Fig 5d

Lingual surface analysis of the tooth form in Fig 1 Lingual surface analysis of the tooth form in Fig 2 Lingual surface analysis of the tooth form in Fig 3
The 1dt1t I\ ing charactensucs o! the Iingua] surface 01 this The idenurvmg character sues or he lingual surface oi this The 1dent11y111g charartetsncs of he mgL,al surface of th,~
tooth iorrn arc well-developed marginal ridges. The rneslal type ot tooth are that the m,irginal ridges are not ,1', promi- tooth form are well-developed margrnal ridges that narrow
marginal ridge extends to the incisal edge, but the distal nent as those in Fig Sc. Neither the rnesial nor the distal inward. The mesial and distal ni.1rginal ridges both extend
marginal ridge docs nut and i~ rather short in comparison m.1rgin,1I ridge extends to the incis,11 edge. The di~tal mar- to the mcisal edge; thus. the escape route of the lingu,11
to the rnesial. This b why the escape route of the lingual ginal ridge is shorter than the rnesial marginal ridge. Since rossa i~ not present on either side>. The lingual fossa is deep
foss,1 1s not present on the [Link] aspec t, but i., wide 011 the the marginal ridge's do not extend to the inc isal edge, the in proportion to the dl'\ eloprnent of the rnargina] ridges.
[Link]. The lingual fos,,1 is deep in proportion to the dcvel- escape routes of the lingual Iossa are visible on hoth mar- The central and accessorv ridges are no! ,i- prominent. but
oprnent of the marginal rtdgl'S, .md the central and ar ces- ginal ridge«. The cli!-,tal esc,1pc route is ,1 little wide: than two spinous processes extend trom tho cingulum to the
sorv ridges ,He not so prominent. The- incisal ridge and that on tfw mesial. The lingual c [Link] ridge• b WPII dc•vel- [Link] iossa, Since the [Link] edge ot this tooth is worn,
gromL• .ire [Link] visible. opPcl and extends from the cinaulum to the middle of the onlv ,1 trace rn the inc is,11 groove is vivihle
lingual surface. Since no wear- facets are present, the in-
( ist1I ridge .ind groove are promim-nt. The incisa] groove,
which extends to the developmental groove>, i5 present 011
the inc1,,1I slope,
 Charadf•risti<'s of H1e Proximal Surfaces

tooth viewed from only th"

labial aspect may provide the
false imprvssion that marginal
bcape ridges exist only on the labial sur-
route or
face. However, marginal ridge
the lingual
fo~~.1 hould be considered and viewed
as three dimensional components
that extend from the labial groove
to the marginal inner slope, peak
Proximal of the ridge, proximal transitional
iroove surface, and over to the middle of
the proximal surface (Fig 6b). Thus,
Proximal both the mesial and distal proxi-
[Link]
~urfan•s Fig 6b mal surfaces consist of elevated
parts, which are extensions of th
34 labial and lingual rnargmal ridge'>
toward the proximal area. A depression is formed where the labial and lin
gual marginal ridges meet. In this book, this depression 1s called the proximel
groove. During the fabrication of a restoration, proper reproduction of the
proximal groove is very important in creating the opening of the area of th
line angles and the incisal interproxirnal space, which affect the tooth form.
The labiolingual location of the proximal groove al the incisal area is
losely related lo the escape route of the lingual fossa. Since the lingual mar-
ginal ridge ends at the point whore the lingual fossa escapes to the proximal
surface, this is where the labral and lingual marginal ridges meet; it is also
the starting point of the proximal groove. A particular shape of depression is
formed in this area. Since the mesiolingual marginal ridge extends high to-
ward the incisal edge e1ncl the distolingual marginal ridge extends lower, th"
proximal groove is located toward the labial aspect on the mesial and to-
ward the lingual aspect on the distal. In the proximal area, the cervical line
xtends high incrsally (especially on the rnesial side), and the proximal
Fig ba grooves run toward the peak of this cervical line.
 ch 2 3-

Proximal surface analysis of the tooth form in Fig 1 Proximal surface analysis of the tooth form in Fig 2 Proximal surface analysis of the tooth form in Fig 3
The me,1al proximal -.uriace of this tooth form is wide, and ThP proximal surfaces of this tootn rm '11 .. e [Link] .md The proxir- ,., I surf,[Link] ol this tootn torm are \\ 1clc• clue to
the proximal groove is deep becau-e of the well-devel- the proximal groove-, are shallow because of rhe poor! the well-developed lingual marginal ridges, However, be-
oped l.1bial and lingual marginal ridges. Since the mesio- developed labial and lingual rnaruinal ridges. The lingual cause oi the poorly developed l,ibi,11 marginal ridge. the
lingu,11 marginal ridge extends to the [Link] edge•, the marginal ridge>s do not reach the ncisal t•dgt> on either lhe provirnal groove i!-> not prominent, and the pro,i111.1I sur-
pro,i111,1I groove slarh toward the l,11Jial side. The proximal [Link] or distal side; thus. the <•,cape route> oi the [Link] face' is somewhat "expressionless." The lingual marginal
groove runs toward the peak ot the cervical line and i~ ios,a is present on both the rnesia ,ind rfi,1al sides. Them- ridges extend to the incisal edge on both side~; thu-, the
deeper in this area. ci~al e>dge tends lo tip in toward the lingual side, and the escape routes ot the lingual ios~a are not visible. Hence, a
The dist,11 proximal surface 1~ <unilar to that on the crvtcal hno extends high on both the rne-ial and distal barelv noticeable proximal groove is present in tho middl
rneslal, However, lwcause of the presence of the lingual ,idl•~- of the proximal surf.u e l.1biolingu.1lly. The c [Link] line
fo-.s.i t!~c ape route, ,1 strong depression is pn-sent. The does not extend high on either the nu-sial or clist,11 sidC'.
proximal groove •;t,111-. from this depression and runs in the
middle or toward tho lingual side of the proximal surface
In this type oi 100th form, the> cervical line extends high on
tho meslal side, hut 1101 ,h high on the distal
 Transitiou Between Surfaces

Proximal
grc10\'l'

Proximal
groove
bcape
route ot
the lingual
fo~~.i

Inner slope
of the
111.1rgin,1I
ridge

Fig 7a Fig 7b
JG

The characteristics o( the labial. lingual, and proximal surfaces face on the labial and lingual sides. Thus, the proximal groove·
have been analyzed separately; however they are closely related and the lingual grooves are the result of the development of th
to each other. To demonstrate this relationship, the proximal labial and lingual marginal ridges (see Figs 6c and 6d), and the
groove, the escape route of the lingual Iossa and the twist oi the degree of development of those ridges determines the position and
lingual marginal ridge are used as examples. On the labial and depth ot these grooves. The lingual marginal ridges usually do not
lingual surfaces, the incisal height of the marginal ridges is simi- extend to the incisal edge, and therefore form the escape routes
lar, as are the position and direction oi the central or accessory of the lingual Iossa. The escape routes consist oi twisted plane
ridge. This sirnilaritv exists stmply bec.1use both originate from tho clue to projection of the lingual marginal ridges. This area is th
same developmental lobes and the developmental groove'> are border of the labial and the lingual marginal ridges: the proximal
connected l,1biolingually at the [Link],,I edge (Ftgs 7a to 7d). groove and the lingual groove are connected in this area. On
As mentioned in the discussion on the characteristics of the might therefore think [Link] the labial and lingual margina] ridges
proximal surf,Kes, a marginal mlge is c1 three-dimensional com- are separated, but the peak of the lingual marginal ridge is in fact
position that consists of the inner slope oi the ridge, peak of the connected to the labial marginal ridge (Figs 7,1 to Zcl).
ridge, proximal transitional surface, and half oi the proximal sur-
 Fig 7 Fig 7d
ch 2 37

A comparison of the mesiolingual and distolingual marginal angled. Figures 4c to 4e demonstrate this relationship well. More-
ridges shows that the rneslal marginal ridge is narrower and ex- over, since the lingual marginal ridge projects w ith some twisting,
tends higher toward the incisal edge. Since the rnesial ridge is not the lingual side is wider than the labial side, and the lingual mar-
as twisted as the distal ridge and the area of the inner slope is ginal ridge is, isible behind the labial marginal ridge 111 the labial
ma lier, the projection of the peak or the mesial ridge 1s small and view. Therefore, the projection of the lingual marginal ridge and
creates a straight image On the other hand, the distal ridge i the way the peak i" connected to the labial marginal ridge affect
shorter and thicker. Since it is strongly twisted and the area of the the labial image ot the incisal line angles. These two factors also
inner slope is wider, the peak oi the ridge is projected vigorously affect the width and the angle of the proximal transitional surface
and creates a round image lFigs 7a to 7d.L oi the labial marginal ridges and determine the proportion be-
The escape route of the lingual fossa and the transition of the tween the overall width of the tooth crown and the width of the
peak from the lingual marginal ridge to the labial marginal ridge labial surface. They are important factors in the characteristics of
are closely related to the labial image of the rnesial and distal line labial tooth form.
angles. Because oi the escape route oi the lingual tossa. the labial Thus, as one c,111 clearlv see, tooth-surface compositions affect
marginal ridge, cspeciallv the lahiodistal marginal ridge, collapses each other, and a thorough understanding of the relationship be-
toward the lingual side, ancl this collapse makes the distoincisal tween tooth surfaces is essential to fabricate a natural-looking
hne angle round. On the other [Link], the mesioinc isa] line angle is ceramic restoration.
 Hcproduction of the Form with \\"eJI-Developed l\larginal Hidges

38
Transition to su e teeth

ch 2 39
 llt.. production of the Ba~ie Form

40
Transition to su ive teeth

ch 2 4
 Heproduction of the- Forni \Yithout Particular Charactcrtstics

42
Transition to successive teeth

ch 2 4:
The Effect of Aging
on Tooth Morphology
 Changes in Tooth Appeurancv

the surface appears rough. As teeth age, their surface texture will
It i.., important to fabricate ceramic restoration'> with shape and hange noticeably due to continuous abrasion and attrition. A<:. a
color that appropriately reilect the patient's age. result, the rough surface texture that characterizes the young tooth
In chapter I the three basic shapes oi tooth UO\\'n morphology
will become shiny and smooth.
were discussed independently of extrinsic factors. However, in Aging also affects tooth color, mainly due to the increased
the oral environment. extrinsic factors, such as changes in the reflection of the color of the dentin through the labial surfaces.
supporting periodontal apparatus and wear facets, affect tooth Over the years accumulated calcitication increases the transiu-
appearance; thus, the processes that occur during aging strongly cencv of the enamel, enabling the color ot dentin to gradually
affect the appearance oi the tooth. increase its reflection through the labial enamel. During adoles-
The anatomic cervical line is located subgingivally during
cence the clentinal color is blocked by enamel of Im, translu-
adolescence· therefore, the clinical cervical line is coronal to the cency. Changes in aging dentin itself also affect tooth color. High
anatomic cervical line. As a result, in adolescents the morphology diffusion of light by primary dentin decreases with age, and pro-
of the visible tooth crown is commonly ovoid or square. With gression of dentinal translucency changes the tooth color from
ch 3 -l6 age, periodontal tissue undergoes degenerative change. First the an opaque light color to a translucent dark color. Because of
anatomic cervical line, then the root, arc exposed, and the visible these factors, the high-value whitish color oi the adolescent tooth
cervical aspect gradually narrows in comparison with that of the changes to a low-value orange, then to a low-value brownish color
young dentition. In addition, the incisal edge area will be worn
with age.
clown over the years, and the round incisal line angles will It is the authors' belief that in esthctic restorations, changes in
become acute. Thus, the clinical crowns seen during acloles- tooth morphology and the color of enamel and dentin should be
cence, which are square or ovoid in shape, become tapered with expressed realistically according to the patient's age. Attempting
age due to the combination of cervical crown exposure and to create the illusion oi aging in a restoration by mere surface
incisal edge wear, staining, rather than by reproducing the internal changes in the
In adolescence. the surface cht1racterbtics (cg, labial acces- aged dentition, may signiiicantly decrease the esthetic outcome.
sory ridges, V-shepcd grooves, and perikymata) are obvious, and
ch 3 47
 Extrinsic- Factors that Affed the Appcnrancc of Tooth Crowns

hanges in tooth morphology

Due lo incomplete eruption, the clinical crown of the adolescent
does not display the anatomic cervical line. This line is located
subgmgivallv, and the clinical cervical line is located coronally to
the anatomic cervical line. The gingival apparatus covers the nar-
row anatomic cervical line in the adolescent, and the clinical
rown appears square or ovoid.
Teeth reveal their morphologic shape only after complete erup-
tion. Aging will expose the anatomic cervical line, then the root
surface. This exposure of the narrowed cervical area, in conjunc-
tion with the continuous reduction of the rounded incisal line
angles due to abrasion and attrition, will result in teeth that appear
tapered regardless of their original basic shape.

8 Changes in the incisal edge

Mamelons are usually clearly visible during adolescence, but they
disappear at a relatively early age due to attrition. As the effects of
attrition progress with age, incisal edges are gradually shortened
and flattened. The incisal edges will present various kinds of wear
patterns depending on the existing occlusal scheme.
Due to the horizontal and vertical overlap of the dentition,
wear tacets appear on the lingual surfaces of the maxillary anterior
dentition and on the labial surfaces of the mandibular anterior den-
tition. Because the wear facets of the maxillary anterior teeth are
not visible from the labial view, the only visible change is the grad-
ual shortening of the incisal edges. In worn surfaces, dentin may
become exposed over time, especially at the incisal edge. Because
dentin is softer than enamel, it wears faster, and a depression can
be created in the incisal edge. Exposed dentin will also be stained.
This pattern of incisal wear tacets and color variation should be
properly reproduced in the csthetic restoration.
 Changes in incisal edge alignment
of the rnaxillarv anterior dentition
In the intact maxillary anterior dentition of the adolescent, central
incisor crowns are 1 to 2 mm longer than those of lateral incisors.
and canines are as long as the central incisors or slightly longer.
Attrition begins with function and is firs: evident in the canines.
which are usually flattened by middle age.
ttrition manifestation then progresses to the central incisors, in
which attrition begins at the middle part oi the tooth and moves
toward the rnesial and dista] line angles. Attrition is manifested last
in the lateral incisors. In many instances, by middle age the central
incisors, lateral incisors . ant] canines may be leveled.
In the elderly person, the central incisors and canines may b
ornpletely flattened. It is then when attrition starts to affect th
incisal edges oi the lateral incisors. The incisal line of the maxillary ch 3 49
anterior dentition becomes rather straight. It is important to repro-
duce these changes oi the incisal alignment in ceramic restorations.

Changes in surface texture

In the adolescent, the surface characteristics of teeth, such as labial
accessory ridges, V-shaped grooves, and perikymata, are well
developed, and the sunace texture is rough Over time, surfaces
become flat and shiny due to abrasion by toothbrushing. It is
important to reproduce this age-dependent change of surface tex-
ture in ceramic restorations.

Olli: The realistic reproduction or' an exposed root ~urlace and attrition in the
rvstoration i~ very effecuve 1111~xprl~si11g .igo I Iowevor, th« reproduction of the
inc 1s,1I < haracteristics should not hinder the estahhshrnont of proper oc c lusion
 Expn--~sion of Cl1c1ng-e~ in Tooth .\lorphologJ and Dentition with Ag(-.

Maxillary anterior dentition

in adolescence

3 50
 Maxillary anterior dentition
in middle ag

ch 3 5

- -~~---
 Maxillary anterior dentition
in old ag

3 52
Mandibular anterior dentition

ch 3 5
Contouring Ceramic
Restorations I
 Contouring a Singh" Hestoration

In addition to understanding tooth morphology-the lhree I.M',IC

shapes, variation oi forms, and their interrelationship as discussed
in chapters 1 and 2 one should be able lo envision the complex
as a whole: otherwise, it is difficult to understand where and how
lo contour a ceramic restoration and to reproduce the three-dirnen-
ional composition of natural teeth. After one understands natural
tooth morphology as a complex, it is possible to fabricate esthetic
ceramic restorations that harmonize with the supporting periodon-
tal apparatus and the existing natural teeth.
Contouring oi ceramic restorations is not achieved by the
process of addition, or buildup, but by reduction. The ceramist
reduces the fired, oversized porcelain to the proper, final shape.
Ceramic restorations consist of layers of porcelain with opaque,
dentin, enamel, and translucent colors and are designed to create
a composition that mimics the color and shape of the natural tooth.
i6 In porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations, cutting back the full-con-
tour waxup of the tooth form shapes the metal framework. Thi
framework is considered lo be one layer within the composition of
the restoration.
Maintaining the proper sequence of each contouring and fin-
ishing step is important to achieve the desired definitive shape of
the restoration. Furthermore, proper instrument selection and modi-
fication, if necessary, are important to reproduce accurate shape
and surface texture.
ch 4 5
 Adju-tment of Proximal Contad Area~

fig la

Fig le Fig Id Fig le

Fig lb

4 58

Fig 1 a Rt•dute d Shulu Dura Cn-en Stone No. \VI f(i (IC'//) with a Shotu Abra-
sivo Dresser to the desired small ~i/e (right).

Fig 1 b Reduce a Shofu Cerarnrste Soft No I',\ tlott) tu the desired small size
trightJ.

Fig 1 c Pia, e thin [Link]; ribbon between the restorauon and the adja
tent tooth, .-.l'at the fired restoration, and c hc-ck the mark Since [Link] other
than the < ontact arP,1 rnav becorne rnarkod, the provirnal contact area must
be checked v1suall~· before prococdlng to the next str-p
Fig 1 d ,\cl just the marked are,1 with ;1 Shofu Dura Green Stone No. \-VI H, (f-1g
1 d, riRht). Seat the restoration with the articulating ribbon (Fig Ir) ,111d ,1dju,t
the marked area again. Leave the> proximal contact a little tight at this pornt
to ,tllcm· room for tlw .. light rpdrn tion that will t,1kv pl,1c e during poli,h111g.
Also, gro,sly create interproximal ,p,Ke by sh;iping the proximal t1;[Link]
,[Link]:e,.

Fig 1 e After ,1d1ustmg tlw surface wuh tl-ie Dura Green St011€', ad1u~t and pol-
ivh it with ,1 Shofu Ceramisto Soft No. 1'1\ ff1g t b, right. to ,,c hiev« an .ippro-
[Link] [Link] c r>11t,1C.t ,irPa

Fig 1 f The crown aflc•r adjustment of the mC"i1al and distal proximal contact Fig 1i
areas. t ahral view tlctt): [Link] view tnght).
 Fig, lg to t i [Link]' illustrauons ot poss»
hh- s<.l'11,1r10~ m 1!1l' pro\ 1•!>~ of [Link] (Oil
1,1\ I point formation.

Fig 1 g Proper [Link] l ont,u t.

Fig 1 h Overarljustruent of the inkrpmx1m,1I
fl,ll t.' resulted Ill an open contact.

Fig 1 i Proximal c ont.u t area i~ m orcontoured

and positioned too l,ll [Link],1I1\

Fig 1g

Emphasi (
Because the proximal contact area is rather wide. it is necessary to ch 4 5<
select a starting point. Unless c1 starting point is selected, the end
result may be an open proximal contact (rig 1 h) or improper lab-
ial interproxirnal space (Fig 1 i)
The proper rnesial proximal contact point of a central incisor is
the contact point between the mesial walls of adjacent central
incisors in the sagittal plane. Because the reshaping that is done on
Fig lh
the mesial dictates the position of the distal proximal point, this
contact area will be kept small at this stage.
The reshaping process is started from the rnesial side. The prox-
i m,11 contact pornt is selected as c1 starling point, then the labial
intcrproxirnal space is adjusted by opening the proximal transl-
tional surfaces of the mcsiolahial marginal ridge to create svrnrne-
try with the ,1clj,[Link] tooth.
Ihe proximal contact area should not be left rough after reshap-
ing; it could abrade the stone cast and thus lose the ,1bility to pro-
duce an accurate contact area. The roughness would also induce
plaque accumulation, because the glc1zing procedure is not sufficient
to eliminate !>UCh roughnes ... Therefore, the proximal contact area
Fig 1i
should be polished at this stage,
 Gross Contouring I: Tlu-ec-Plum- Labial Composition

Fig 2a
'
Fig 2b Fig 2c Fig 2d

Emphasis
After adjustment of the proximal contact areas, the labiolingual posi-
· 60
tion and length of the incisal edge are adjusted from a labial view. This
adjustment is typically made according to the occlusal relationship,
but the smile line and the occlusal plane can serve as guides if this
docs not interfere with forming proper occlusal scheme. Adjustments at
this stage should be rough and the restoration oversized.
The labial surface is a composition of three planes: the middle hali
of the labial surface of a natural tooth is relatively long and straight, and
Fig 2a l\-1odify a Shotu Dura Green Stone No. WH6 ilett) with a the incisal and cervical quarters are inclined lingually, as seen from the
Shofu Abrasive Dresser. Thin the stone n an angle pointing out- proximal view. After the length of the incisal edge has been adjusted,
ward, and round the corner (right).
the labial middle half and then the incisal and cervical quarters are
Fig 2b Check and roughly adjust the labiolingual position and shaped. These surfaces are grossly contoured, forming and maintain-
length of the mcisal edge (labial view). It should be a little longer
ing the three-plane labial composition. At this stage, use the modified
than the adjacent tooth.
hoiu Dura Green Stone No. WH6 as show n in Fig 2a.
Fig 2c Contour the middle half of the labial surface (inci-al view). During the contouring procedure, it is important to check the
Fig 2d Contour the incisal quarter (cervical view). shape of the restoration irom various angles as shown in Fig 2f. The
Fig 2e Contour the cervical quarter and the twist ot the crown working cast is rotated to different viewing angles, and the arch form-
([Link] lsal view). ed by the incisal line of both central incisors is used as a guide to
Fig 2f The restoration after contouring the three-plane labial com- adjust the three-plane labial composition to make a rough symmetric
postuon. lahial view (lettr, incisal view (center); cervical view tright). shape similar to that oi the adjacent central incisor.
Fig 2e Fig 2f

h4 6

Figs 2g and 2h The direction of rotation of the

disk ,~ important to avoid chipping of the
porcelain.

Fig 2g Proper drrection of rotation.

Fig 2h \\'rung ducction of rotation

 Gross Contouring II: ~larginaJ Ridges and Proximal Trunsltional Surfaces

Fig 3a Fig 3b Fig 3c Fig 3d

62

Fig 3a Modify a Shofu Dura Green Stone 'Jo. WH6 (lett) with a Shotu
Abrasive Dresser. Thin the stone 111 an angle pointing outward. and
round the corner fright).

Fig 3b Adjust the mesial marginal ridge and the mesial proximal transi-
tional surface. Since the rnesial side serves as the reference for the width
ot the tooth crown and the shape or the distal side, complete the rnesial
aspect meticulously prior to working on the distal side.

Fig 3c ·\djust the distal marginal ridge and the distal proximal transi-
tional surface on the working cast.

Fig 3d Remove the restoration irom the working cast to contour tho area
of the distal proximal transitional <urfaco that cannot be contoured while
the restoration is on the cast.

Fig 3e Remove the crown from the> working cast. and evaluate> the width
a1 ,d tlw overall shape.

Fig 3f Thi:' crown after contouring oi the 111,1rgmal ridge~ and the proxr- Fig 3e Fig 3f
m,1I transttronal surfar os (l,1bi,1I view).
 Fig :Jg [Link] ui pm,i111,1I lr,111,ilion,11
~url,,, ,,_ L,11>ial \ it>,,· U11JJ1, inc ,s,tl viev,
1/,,,11,1111/.

ch 4 63

Emphasi
The width ot the surface from the peak. or height of contour, of
the marginal ridge to the proximal contact point is the proximal
transitional surface, and its size varies from tooth to tooth. In the
particular tooth presented in Fig 3g, the width of the proximal
transitional surface is narrow in the i1icis,1I area. wider toward th
middle of the tooth crown, and then narrow again in the cervical

ontouring of the mcsi,11 proximal transitional surfacc.,s should

be completed meticulously prior to adjusting the distal surface.
This is necessary because the mesial proximal transitional [Link]
and the mesial marginal ridge will <erve a..; the references ior the
distance to the distal margina] ridge and the distal proximal tran- Fig Jg
itional surface, as well as the width of the tooth crown The adjust-
Pelc rown should be oversized at this [Link] lo allow for shrinkaac.
 Cross Coutourina Ill: Linguul Surfuce

Fig 4a Fig 4b Fig 4c Fig 4d

64

Fig 4a Further reduce the Shoiu Dura Green Stone r-,o, WH6 (left),
to make it even smaller /right).

Fig 4b Adjust the height of both the mesial and distal marginal
ridges using the contralateral tooth on the working cast a~ a guide to
form symmetry between the teeth. Next, roughlv contour the lingual
fossa and the lingual grooves on the working cast.

Fig 4c Contour the escape routes of the lingual Iossa lo the proxi-
111.11 surfac o and the continuity of the lingual marginal ridge to the
inli~,d edge.
Fig 4d Contour the ind<;,11 pcfge with consideratron to 1h relation-
ship lo the lingual sick- !1,1bi.1I view).

Fig 4e Ceramic restoration .uter adiustrnent of the lingu,11 side. It is Fig 4e

oversized ,11 this stage Lingual view (Iott): inc i~.,I view (right).
 Fig 4f Stone model demonstrating tlw esc ,1J>e
route, uf the I mgual fos-,a .ind the cont muity 01 the
ridce

Fig 4g ',c he111,1t1c dlustr,1tions ol the e-« ,ip,• Ioult!"

o( thL lrngu,11 fo~~.1 and th« < ontinuity ol tlu: ridgPs.
C ornx t //('//); 111r11I1ect (rrghtJ.

Fig 4f

ch 4 65

Emphasi
The lingual marginal ridges usually do not extend to the incisa]
edge and therefore create the escape routes of the lingual fossa
toward the proximal surface. However, careful observation reveal
that the lingual marginal ridge, which meets the peak oi the labial
marginal ridge and continues to the incisal ridge, surround" th
lingual Iossa. The shape is very dirferent between the rncsial and
cli!--tal sides, as indicated 111 chapter 2 in the discussion of the con-
tinuity of each surface form
Accurate contouring oi the lingual iossa escape routes and con-
tinuous ridges reproduces the characteristic three-dimensional
appearance of the lrngual aspect of the incrsal edge in labial-lateral Fig 4g
or lateral vrew,
 hucrmcdiute Finb,hing- I: Line An~le~. Transitional Areas. and Pritnary Bid~<~~

Fig Sa Fig 5b Fig S

Fig Sa Modify ,1 Sholu Dura Green '>lone No. TC:4 (/L'li) to a bul-
let shape rriµhtJ with ,1 Shoru Abrasive Dresser,
Fig Sb Evaluate the c Pr.11111r n-storanon on the working t a-..t
d,1bial \ ew).

-t 66 Fig 5c The arc-a that c ,1111101 be contoured with the ll'-..toration

I
on the working c.i-,t 1-.. contoured off the cast. Fig Sd ,\todity a Shotu Dura Green Stone 'Jo. TC-4 (fetil to ,111
,111gle 'rtghtJ with a Shofu [Link]«, Dresser,

Fig Se Contour the 1,mi,1I gromt•, to the same depth ,1~ the con-
t•,,1-lleral tooth (inr isal view).

Fig Sf Contour the marginal ridges and the central ridge to

iorrn symmetry with the contralateral tooth. Evaluate from the
[Link] view.

I
Fig 5d Fig 3e Fig 5f
 Fig 5g Fig .'>h Fig Si

ch 4 67

Fig 5j Fig 5k

Emphasi
In the gross contouring stage, the line angles are sharper than those Figs Sg to .;k The < eranuc restoration alter inter-
of the contralateral side. In this second stage, the roundness of mediate finishing (contounng oi the mcisal 1111
angles and the 111.1in nclg1i~).
the line angles oi the conrralatcral side is carefully examined and
reproduced into the ceramic restoration. The mcsio- and disto- Fig Sg Labral vit•\,

inclsal line angles arc contoured accordingly. Use the bullet- Fig Sh Me.~1,1l-l,1ter,1I VH?\'\,

shaped Shoiu Dura Green Stone No. TC4 for this stage of finishing. Fig 3i [Link] vn-w,
Finally, labial and lingual grooves and ridges are roughly con-
Fig 5j Lingual view
toured using the angled Shoiu Dura Green Stone No. TC4 shown
in Fig .'id. Fig 5k Distal lateral view.
 lntcrmcdi.u« Finh,hin~ II: Transverse Hid{!,'e~ and Grooves

Fig 6a Fig 6b Fig 6c Fig 6d

1-+ 68

Fig 6a Modify a Shofu Dura Green Stone No. TC4 flett) to an angle
/right!, as was done in Fig 5d.

Fig 6b Contour the transverse grooves on the working cast to rorm

symmetry with the conlralateral tooth.

Fig 6c Contour the transverse ridges, smoothing off the transverse

grooves, which were formed in Fig 6b. Extend the ridge to the proxi-
mal surface.

Fig 6d Ceramic restoration after contouring of the tran-.,,er-.,e ridge

(labial view)
Fig 6e Contour developmental groove- at the incisal edge with a
diamond disk (Shotu Summa Disk Su 1 UT, 19-mm diameter, 0.15-mm
thickness), and contour the- incisal aspect of the developmental lobr«,

Fig 6f Cc1,11111C restoration alter contouring of the transverse ridge Fig 6e Fig 6f
.111d 111us,1I aspett of the developmental lobes (labial [Link]).
Fig~ bg to bi Schemat« rllustrauons of tho
Ir ansverse ridge-, and groov c

Fig 6g Proper !-h,1ping ot transverse ridge,

and grooves.

Fig 6h Improper [Link], Transverse riclgl's

and grooves are too [Link].
Fig 6i Improper ~h,tping lian,wr,e ricl~e,
.md groove, are < rosving e.i< h other,

ch 4 6

Fig 6g Fig 6h Fig 6i

Emphasi
Trying to Imm the labial and transverse grooves during contour- At this stage, developmental lobes and grooves are contoured
ing is a common mistake. Instead, it is important to create ridge at the incisal edge. The characteristics of the contralateral tooth.
such as marginal ridges, central ridges, 01 transverse ridges. As a such as wear facets, should be observed and reproduced accord-
result, these will form the labial or transverse grooves. ing to the patient's age.
The width and/or the location of the transverse ridges should se a rather thinly contoured Shoiu Dura Green Stone 1\.o
be carefully considered. The transverse ridge's run at right angles to I C4 (Fig 6<1) to reproduce transverse nclges and a diamond cl1..,I,..
the long axis of the tooth and should be par,1IIPI to each other. (Shoiu Summa Disk S61 UT, 19-mm diameter, 0.1 S-mm thickness)
Transverse ridges never cross each other or present a mesiodistal to form the inrisal aspect of the developmental lobes.
difference in spacmg between each ridge.
 I1,.1111s
. I ung
. l : (',ros~ S. . urt,...u-o 'J""'ex t ure

Fig 7a Fig 7b Fig 7c

Fig 7a use a thin, cone-shaped tlett) Shofu Dura Green Stone '-Jo. TCl (cen-
tet) and its angled version (righlJ .

Fig 7b To form svrnrnetrv with the contralateral tooth use the tip of the
angle-modified Dura Green Stone ffig 7a, right) to contour a labial groove.
70
Complete this step with the restoration on the working cast.

Fig 7c With the restoration off the working cast, smooth the marginal and
central ridges and make them more prominent using the Dura Green Stone
shown in Fig 7a tlett).

Fig 7d Ceramic restoration with properly contoured ridges. Labial view

tlett): rnesial-lateral view (right).
Emphasis
At this point, the thickness and the direction of the main ridges and
the transverse ridges are not iinalized, and the surface is rough
due to the coarse grinding instruments. Therefore, finer points are
recommended to smooth the surface of the ceramic restoration
and to recontour and smooth the main ridges and the transverse
ridges. Smoothing and recontouring result in better light reflection
from the labial ridges and thus a natural-looking restoration.
In addition to the recontouring of these ridges, more detailed
surface characteristics, such as accessory ridges, V-shaped grooves,
and proximal grooves, should be formed at this stage.
Use thinned modifications of the Shofu Dura Green Stone No. Fig 7d
TC! (Fig 7a) ior this procedure.
 ---------

Fig 7e Fig 7f Fig 7g Fig 7h

Fig 7e Modi!\ ., Shofu Dura Green ch 4 71

Stone '-o. 'f(_ ._,ighi I\' \\ icier than
tne one shown in Fig· 7 a ( left) and
flatten ih lip (right).
Emphasis
Figs 7f to 7h ~ told the m-trument
The depth oi the transverse grooves varies according to the loca- at diiiorent angle'~ according lo the
tion of the groove on the tooth. They are deep from the incisal edge location of the transverse uroove.
to the middle ..ind shallow toward the cervical area. Tilting th" Fig 7i Schcrnatic illu-tration show-
Dura Green Stone appropriately will reproduce the sagittal shap ing various positions oi the instru-
ment acr ordirn; to the [Link] of
of the transverse grooves. the I ransv er,p groove~.
modified Dura Green Stone No. TCl with a flattened tip is
recommended to form transverse grooves. ,\s shown in Fig 7i, the
stone i,; angled against the surface to form a narrow transverse
groove. The transverse groove in Fig 7g is located incisallv to the
groove in Fig 7f, and the point should be less angled to form .1
deeper and wider groove. The transverse groove in Fig 7h, 1-. In-
c ated incisally to the groove in Fig 7g, and the point is even less
angled to iorm a shallow and rather wide groove.
Transverse grooves are less distinct when they intersect longitu-
[Link] ridges and more distinct when they intersec t longitudinal Fig 7i
groovc~s.
 Final contouring
fig, t)a to 9c U,l' a Shofu Robot Carbide
utter i'o. SH 3 { 1r, [Link] the 111< [Link]
aspect 01 develoj irneutal fl)bes and dcvel-
opmental grooves. In addition tn contour-
111g the lab1,1I sick', .1(50 contour the [Link]
1de to reproduce the c onunuitv oi th
dcvc-loprnental groove-, from the IJl)l,11 lo
the lingual,

Fig 9a Contouring irorn lhP labial ,irfe.

Fig 9b Contouring Imm the lingual side.
Fig 9a Fig 9b Fig 9c
Fig 9c Contouring of the ,c.,1ly surface ot
the rerv ical area Move the pointed instru-
ment <een in f-ig 8,1 111 a me,iodi,t.11 dire
tion inlerrnittentlv,

ch 4 ,
urface polishing
Fig 1 Oa Use a modified Shoiu Ceranuste Soft
o l'H 'right) for polishing.
Fig 1 Ob Use the tip of the modified Shufu
Cer 1mI~Ie Soft f\.o. PB lo eliminate any
sc ratc hos trorn prev ious contouring and ere-
Emphasis ale .1 smooth. shiny labial ~urf,KP.

In this final stage, the more detailed surface texture and the smooth,
shiny surface that are characteristic of abrasion or attrition are created.
A typical surface detail is perikvrnata. Because perikvrnata are
very subtle grooves, they disappear in areas prone to abrasion. but
they remain for 111,my years in the areas oi the labial grooves rn the
proximal surfaces. These differences in smoothness give the tooth
,1 natural appearance. Polishing can reproduce this effect.

anines often have a small, scalv, rugged surface at the cervical

area. The tooth with distinct developmental lobes at the inc isal
area, a~ shown here, usually has distinct developmental groovr«,
incisal slope, incisal ridge, and incis.11 groove. Ihese c harac leri!>tks Fig 10a Fig !Oh
clle also formed ,it lhis final stage.
 Comple] ion

4 74
h 4 75
 Exan1ple~ of Singl(• Hcstorutions
Ma,illary central incisor

4 76
Mandibular incisors

h 4 77
Contouring Ceramic
Restorations 11
 .
('~ontounng- a ')") H'(•(•- nit Fixed Partial Denrurc

The previous chapter presented the steps to achieve the natural A fundamental component in a fixed partial denture is the
morphology of a single restoration. This chapter will discuss the connector, which hJ5 a relatively large surface, unlike natural
contouring of a fixed partial denture. In general, contouring of a teeth or single restorations, which have contact points that occupy
fi:-<ecl partial denture is similar to contouring of single restorations a small area. Fabricating a connector that provides the illusion of
that adjoin each other. The result of treating the fixed partial den- a small surface area, despite its true dimensions, is a technical
ture as a composition oi single restorations is the proper three- challenge.
dimensional position of the contact points and embrasure spaces As discussed in chapter 4, good instrument selection is impor-
and, in the end, a natural, morphologic shape. tant for proper contouring. This chapter will also discuss instru-
On the other hand, contouring of a (ixed partial denture ments, including Shofu's Dura Green Stones, that are used for
involves not only contouring of a single restoration to harmonize contouring single restorations, and diamond points, which are not
with the existing surrounding dentition alignment but also form- required but come in shapes that promote optimal outcome.
80 ing tooth alignment. Under the umbrella of tooth alignment are Instruments for polishing the proximal areas of a fixed partial
rnesiodistal alignment balance, buccolingual relationship be- denture are different from those used for single restorations. The
tween lip and teeth, direction of the long axis of the roots, the sequence of contouring (gross grinding, intermediate finishing,
length of the incisal edges, and harmony with the smile line. finishing) is the same as for single restorations and must be strictly
Therefore, a thorough knowledge of denture setup techniques is followed because the most important factor in fabricating the
essential for mastering ceramic restorations. proper three-dimensional shape of a fixed partial denture is a
tep-by-step accurate reproduction of individual tooth morphology.
,,

' ch 5 81
Fig Ii A stone cast 01 c1 tvpical 11,11111,11 tooth demonstrates the
three-plane labial composinon. Emphasi
Fig 1 g ,\ distal \ 1<.•w of .:i stone l ,lsl of a tvpk al alignment of 11.11- In this step, the shape and alignment oi e,1t h tooth in the denture
ural tt•Ptli demonstrates the angle of the c,1111rw distallv .111d th is grossly defined. Tooth length, mc-..ioclist,1I width, ,111d buc c olin-
[Link] labial composition of the t enual .ind latcr,11 incrsorv,
gual thickness should be oversized.
Figs 1 hand 1 i l-ixod partial denture ,1ftcr c1dju-;tn1c11t of inc ,~.11 edge Ihe smile line should be used .,s ,1 guide to establish the incisal
length ,1nd [Link] of the thn-e-plan« lablnl [Link].
edge length, and the contralateral teeth should be used as a refer-
Fig 1 h L.11>1,11 vu-w, \l\lith the smile line ,1-.. ,1 guide, the mcisal edge ince to .ihgn the buccolingual position.
length hr15 bor-n gru-..,ly adjusted and halaru cd
Forming the three-plane labial composition and the twist of the
Fig Ii lrKi~.il view. The rnesiodistal alignment and buccohngual crown determines the buccolingual po-rnon of each of these three
contour [Link] been gros ... ly adjusted.
surfaces, The> lingual inclination of the rncisal quarter of the buccal
surface is best contoured from a cervical view, whereas the cervi-
c,1I contour is best formed from an incisal view.
Although establishing individuality for each tooth is important,
balancing the smile line is even more critical. Therefore, using the
..,mile line .1s a guide to adjust the incisal edge length is of utmost
importance.
ch 5 83

Fig 1 f Fig lg

Fig lh Fig 1 i
 Gro~l-1 Contouting I: lm-isul Ed~e Length
and Three-Plane Labial Co1npo~ition

Fig la Fig lb Fig le Fig ld

5 82

Fig 1a Mocliiy a Shofu Dura Green Stone No. V\11·16 (left! with a
Shofu Abrasive Dresser by rounding off 1t~ corner (right). Fig le

Fig 1 b After ,1dju~ting the proximal contact pornt in the same> man-
ner described for a slngle restoration, use the smile line as a guide
to adjust ll]e [Link] edge length of all teeth being restored, In this
qage, angle the Dura Green Slone as shown: to contour the incisal
edges, incline the instrument to the lingual. Rotate the instrument
toward the lingual (not away from it) to avoid cl-iippin!,: the porce-
lain.
Fig 1 c From a cervical view, ,1cljust the [Link] of the inc [Link] quar-
tcr of tho burcal sunaces of the central and lateral rncisors.

Fig ld From ,111 [Link] view, ,1djust the> contour of both the rmddlo
h,11f and the cervical quarter of the buccnl surfaces.

Fig le As in Fig Id, from a dlstoinc isal view, contour th« di,t<xer-
vie ,11 aspect of the canin
rig 1 f ,\ ~tone cast of .i typit,il natural tooth [Link] the>
three-plane [Link] composition Emphasis
Fig 1 g 1\ distal vrew of ,1 stone cast of •• [Link] .ilig11rne111 ot 11.1t-
ural teeth demonstratr-, the ,mgle of the , .uune distallv ,111d the In thb step, the shape and .ilignment oi t',1< h tooth in the denture
tluce-plano l.1bi,1l composition or' the central and l,1tt•ral [Link] i" grossly dciirwcl. 'Iooth length, [Link] width. and buccolln-
Figs l hand 1 i lrxcd p,1r1,,1l denture .uter adju~t•nc·111 of 11K.i~,1I cdgP
[Link] thit kness should he oversized.
length and tormanon ot the three-plane labial composition. The smile hne should be used as a guide to establish the incisal
Fig 1 h Labial view. \'Vith the ~mile line .is a gurde the me isal cd<• t>clge length, and the c [Link] teeth should be used .1s a reter-
length has been gro~~ly adrusted and balanc ed. ence to align the huccohngual position.
Fig 1 i lncisal view The rnesiodrstal alignment and [Link] Forming the three-plane labial composition and the twist of the
contour have lx>t·n grossly adjusted. crown determines the buccolingual position of each of these three
surfaces. The lingual inclination of the incisal quarter of the buccal
surface is best contoured from a cervical view, whereas the cervi-
cal contour is best formed from an inc isal view.
lthough establishrng individuality ior each tooth is important,
balancing the smile line is even more critical. Therefore, w,,ng the
smile line as a guide to adjust the incisal edge length is of utmost
importance.
ch .5 8.3

Fig lf

Fig 1h
Fig 1i
 Gros~ Contouring II: 1llidline An•a (lnterproxin1nl Spuce)
tnterpro

Fig :la Fig 2c Fig 2d

~ 84

Fig 2e

Fig 2a Modiiy .i Shofu Dura Green Stone !'-.o. WH<, tloit) with a
Shofu Abrasive Dresser by rounding off its corner (right).
Fig 2b The proximal contact point of ,1 central me isor rs the con-
tact porn! between the rnesral walls of adjacent central me isors in
the ~ag,11,11 plan
Emphasis
Figs 2c and 2d First delernune the location of the proximal contact
1x1i11t ol tho iixc•d p,1rti,1I denture, and 011ly then ,1dj11,1 the rncsro- I this step, the loc ation and direction of the peak of the mesial
labial proxunn! [Link] surt.u.e, .rlso c.;1lled the intorprosirna! marginal ridge are used as guides to contour the proximal transl-
opening, lo ,Khil'Vl' ~y11111wt1y hr-tween the n:1111,11 1m 1,or5,
tional surface of the central [Link] (Fig 2g) and to accuratelv contour
rhe interproxirnal spac <' (Fig 2i). This contouring step is very imper-
[Link] because this will be the> reference to determine the width of the
tooth and the direction of the long axis of the tooth.
 le,[Link] marginal rid~
l'lll\lt11,ll
transrtronal
"'LJr1dtP

Fig 2g
Fig 2h

ch 5 85

Fig 2f

Fig 2( F1wd partial donturo ,1ft<.•r adjustment ol inter-

proxin-r-l spares. [Link] view ttop); mdsal view tho/10111).
Figs 2g to 2i lnh~rrel.i11onship botween the pt>.ik of lh<;
m 1r,i111,1I ridge>, the proximal transitional ,urface, ,rnd
th1i mlt>[Link] [Link].
Fig 2g R1•lation,h1p hehv1•en 1lw pe,1k ol the nwsi,11
[Link] ridge of a central mcrsor and the proxrrnal
lr,[Link] surf,Kt' ([Link],11 view).
Fig 2i
Fig 2h [Link] between the [Link] urm of the peak
of the 11ws1.1l m.1rg111al ridge of J centra! inusor ,ind thP
proxrrna] transitional [Link] (l,1bi,1I vrew, ,tone c ast

Fig 2i lntcrproxrrnal sp,1ce 1mc1s,1I view, stc)OC' cast

 Cross Contourin~ 111: Pruximal Transitional Surfaces and Individualization

Fig Ja [Link] disk (letn, Shotu Dura Green Stone' No KN7 tnucl-
dle), and modified Shofu Du11 Green Stone No. l<N7 /right/.

Fig 3b \Vith th« fixed p,1rt1al denture '>l'.ltt•d on tho ca~t that serves
ren-rcnc t' guide, adjust the peak of the rnesial and dbtal mar-
,1., ,1
gmal ridge, and the proximal transiuonal surfaces. Evaluate the
contour from an 1m isal view, comparing 11 to the contralateral
tooth. Further adjustments to the contour, width, and long axis oi
each tooth can be done with the fixed partial denture oft the work-
ing cast,

Fig 3a Fig 3b

5 86

Fig 3c Fig 3d

Fig 3c Remove the lixed partial denture from the working cast, and
adjust the areas that cannot he adjusted while on the cast, e,pe-
[Link] the cervical area. ac rnrcling to the guidelines established in
Fig .lb. [Link] detailed recontouring, and determine the final shapo
of the peaks of the mesiolahial and distolabial m,irginal ridges and
iho proximal transitional surfaces Do not make the final [Link]
cut into the embrasure' at this point.

Fig 3d Contour the peaks oi the rncsiohngual and [Link] mar-

ginal ridges. Establish thl' proximal transitional surtace of e,ic h tooth
in the s,irnc [Link]-r .i-. in Fig k.

Fig :Je Further modify the Shofu Dura Green Stone No. Ki'.'7 (Fig
3.i, nght: with ,1 Shofu Abrasive Drc•sser, and gro ... sly contour the
lingual ioss,1 pass through the [Link] surface. Fig Je
 Fig 3g

ch 5 87

Fig Jf Fig :Jh

Ernphasi
Fig Jf I hi- 11\ecl parti,11 dcrnur« ,1ll1·r contouriru; of thr- proximal
[Link] surfaces ,111cJ incliv1duJi11,1tion. L.1hi,1l-vit>w //111,X lahial- The contouring of each rnesial and distal marginal ridge determines
lateral view (left); lrngual vrew (r,ght).
the width of each tooth that the fixed partial denture restores. The
Fig Jg "icht•m,llk [Link] 01 the ~lt•p, for contouring a proxi ndge in turn determines the location ,111d direction of each peak,
mal area and the diiforc>nt ~h<lflt'~ of the i11~t1 uments u-cd. Shotu
Dura CrCC'II Stone :'Jo. K'.\/7 (leitl, Shotu S1111,1dJ~C sr,
IT (0 J-n11n and the [Link] tooth serves <1s a guide. [Link] and
lhl(knessJ (middle); Shofu Srntadlsc c;r, I UT (0.15-mm thrckn separation, along with contouring of the proximal transitional sur-
fright)
faces, are used to determine the width of each tooth in the denture,
Fig Jh A stone c,15t 01 natural [Link] showrng the torrn oi t'1 Use of different pornt shapes (Fig ig) helps to achieve tho shap
mtcrpmxim,11 area, l ,1bial-l,1tpr,1I [Link] 1/et!J; inc 15,11 vrew lnJ;:ht} of [Link] dentition shown in fig Jh.
 lnu-rnu-diutc Finishing I: Proximal Trunsitionnl Surfa('t'
'

Fig 4a Shofu Sinladisc. 561 I (0 i-mm thu kness). Fig~ 4i to 4i LJ~P the Shotu Sint,1d1,c I<
[Link] transitional ,1,e,1 irorn the connectc
Figs 4h lo 4e Lise the Shofu [Link] to contour the pro and the lingual <.1Clt'.
1m,1I transuional surface from the connector lo the cervir al
area Figs 4f and 4g Hold tho demure in ,1 c,
tour the incisa! side of the [Link] proxu
Figs 4b and 4c· To c ontour distal proximal trunsitional sur f,Kc ol the u•ntr,11 .md l.1terc1I rnc iso
f,lCPSof the central ,tncl lateral rnc isors, hold the prosthesis tnc isal i111erpro,im,1I space.
m a cerv« al V1('".
Figs 4h and 4i Hold the denture tn an
Fig~ 4d and 4e Io contour tho rnesial [Link] transitional tour tin> lingual ,[Link] of the incisal int
Fig 4a urf,KC'5 of the l,t![Link] incisor and [Link]. hold the prosthe-
sis in ,111 inc i~.11 view

1 .1 86 h 5 88

Fig 4b Fig 4c Fig 4d Fig 4

Fig 4f Fig 4g Fig 4h Fig

,I < )X J•
)d(l

fOn
SUI
the

~011-
((>

Fig .Jk

ch 5 89

Fig .Jj Fig 41

Empha
Fig .Jj Ihe fixed p,11t1,1I denture after contounng of each proximal
The fin.11 separation cul into the embrasure (Fig 41) i~ not completed at this
tran~rhonal o;urface with the Shofu Smtadi~. Labial view ttop); labial-
latC'rdl view tbottotn) step: thus, instead, the disk is used lo contour tho proximal [Link] surfaces
.is well ,1-, lo deepen the [Link] area. ·r hercfore, use of the front and back
Figs .Jk and .JI Schemanr illustrations of the contouring of th
proxun~11 [Link] surface urfaces of the disk, rather than the cutting edge, is recommended A th11111er
dish: will ho uc;ed latt•r to ac hicve llw depth shown in Fig 41. /\I this stage, the
Fig .Jk Prelrminary contouring of the proximal area with the Shofu
mlad1sc. level of separation shown m Fig 4k should be achieved. The contouring of
the proximal [Link] surfaces and the lnterproxirnal spaces should 1101 h
Fig .JI frnal conIourn1g of the proximal area,
c < impleted,
 lnh•rnu·<liaCe Finishing· 11: Lahial Hidg-e~
Fig 5a ll'it' a tapPr€'11 [Link] bur //C'ft) or mOflti~• ,l Shotu Dura Fig 5e ( ontour tho ,HC',l ot tlu> l,1bi,1I grooves, cJ1,1ining the loca
Green Stone '-o. fC4 unuidio) to a bullet shape tnglll tion and the depth ot the grooves accurately, Thi: gmove~ will
IVC' ,is the guide for forming tho labial ridgr
Fig 5h For f111,1I [Link] of the incisal quarter, hold the fixed
partial denture m an [Link] v1('W. Fig Sf Contour tlw mternal slope from the g11)me to the pr-ak ol
the ridge, and dc1e1111mP the form and direction oi tlw m,1rgin,1I
Fig Sc From the [Link].>[Link] to the ct:rv1<..il, complete 11,e f111,1I ndges, Note lhL• 1x1~itic111 of the msrrumr-nt used ior finbhing the
contouring of the I\\ rst of the tooth r rown and the heiglu of l'clt h 111P~1ol,1b1al 111t1rgin.1I ridge of tho t t•ntral inc bor ttout and th« lat-
ridge. Establish the proper relationship between tho 1eslo1at1on eral int 1~m /n~ht).
and the gmgiva] tissues. Abo contour tho transverse mlgl'S of the
corvn .i I area. Fig 5g Complote the l ontout ing ol the proximal tr,111sitio11,1I sur
[Link]'~ of the 111,trgin,11 1 iclgPs. Noll' the position ot the instrument
Fig 5d RPmove 1h1• denture from the working t ast, and fmi-.h the used for lini,hmg th« distolahial marginal ridge' of the cc-ntrul
Fig 5a final contour of the cervical .irea close tn the margins and the incisor //etij ,ind th1) [Link] inc isor (ri,~hl).
margin are.i

r.: 90

Fig 5b Fig 5c Fig 5d

Fig 'ii
 Fig 5k

Fig .''>h

Fig 51
ch 5 91

fig Sh Use the Bra-seler n{'(_'(IIC' No. 8.52 021 Emphasis

(di,11110110 point).
fig 5i fter the width and the pmximal transitional surface of each
fig Si Contour the deeper area of the prox:
tooth have been roughly determined, detailed contouring of
rnal transitional surface c111d thl' c [Link] area
of the proximal transitional <[Link] P to com- the proximal transitional surface is started, using a diamond
plotc- tho finishing oi the m,ngm,il ridgt• point. At this step, the Iinal shape and surtace characteristics,
fig Sj Contour in detail the [Link] aspect of such as the direction of the labial ridge, the contour of the
tho proxunal transitional surface of tho mar cervical area, the twist oi the tooth crown, etc, are formed.
gm,11 ridge, and finish the inc isal line angles.
It i., important to contour the marginal ridges from both
fig Sk A stone cast of natural dennuon the mid-labial surface and the proximal transitional surface.
demonstrates continuitv in form from th
labial groove to the inner slope of the mar
Ihe subtle surfaces are fr~med toward the peaks of the ridges
gmal mtge, to the peak of the ridge, to th to obtain the three-dimensional shape. This technique should
proximal transitional surface, and to the prox- also be used for other ridges, including the central ridge. To
1111al contact point.
iorm the ridge, adjustments should be made from both sides
of the ridge toward the peak. Groove .. and pits are created by
accumulation and continuity of cach ridge. A-. a result, indi-
Fig 5j
viduahtv and three-dimensional form are achieved.
 Finishin~ I: Proximal Arca and Lingual Crooves

Fig 6a Brasseler necdk- No. Hr;l-02.l tleit): Sholu Rohol Carbide Fig <,e LJ.,e the Br,is.,ell·r rwedlc· No. 852-023 to rorrn the lingu,11
l inisher re unuklle): modified nonedgo [Link] bur iright). fms,1, which escapcs to the ,11e,1 of the [Link] line angle ot tho
inc is,11 L'dge through the lingual 111,[Link] ridge
Fig 6b Smooth thl' deepest cervical ,lll'.t ot tho c onnertor with a
nonedge hur, ,111d torrn the c [Link] l111e at the interproxtrnal Fig 6f ·1 lw l ervical liru: and the subtle morphologv of the pro
,He~1 [Link] surfac 1~ emerges irom the cervical hnc.

Fig 6c form the det>pest im b,11 area of till' proximal ,lll'd from Figs 6g and 6h Contourrng m,iinly from ,m incisa] direction, U!>C
the l,1b1al and the lingual ~idt'., \\ ith ,1 nonedge bur. Also form the a Shofu Sintadisc Sb 1 UT to finahz« the deepest area of the
proximal groove m this area. [Link] aspect of the interproximal proximal surface.

Fig 6d Form the> deepest area of the> hngual groove with a non- Fig 6g Shotu Smtadisc 561 UT (0.15-111111 [Link]).
edge bur With the Brasseler needle No. 852-02.l, smooth the
sh.n'p corner [Link] the nonedge bur created, Fig 6h lllusuauon.
Fig 6a

92

Fig 6b Fig 6c

Fig 6d fig f>e Fig 6f Fig 6h

 Fig 6i

Emphasi
The morphology of the lingual fossa determines the morphology of the incisal line angles. 1 h Fig 6i Fixed partial denture prior to surface characteriza
tion. Lingual view ildtJ; incrs,11 view 11111ddlc•); lateral view
lingual Iossa creates an escape route to the proximal surface through the mesia! and distal mar- (rig/JI).
gi11al I iclges and through the peak of the lingual marginal ridge, continuing lo the incisal ridge. ch 5
Fig 6j Stone c .i-.t of natural dentiuo» demonstrating the
I he morphology oi the uui-al edge cannot be reproduced by working only on the labial side. inc i,-11 lrm• angle that the morphology of the lingual ro~s.1
The lingual view of the central and lateral incisors in Fig 61 shows that the rnesial and dis- torrns extending into the incr~.11 area. The continuation of
the peak of the lingual marginal ridge lo the rnr isal ridge
tal marginal ridges are connected to the incisal ridge and thus form part of the inc isdl lme angl
is vtsrble Lingual view ilett): incisal view (middle); lateral
The lateral view 111 Fig 6j demonstrates the role of the lingual marginal ridges 111 the three- view (ri].!ht).
dimensional iorm of these teeth.

Fig fij
 Finh,hin~ II: Surfat·e Charat't(•rization and Poli~hin!!

Fig 7

haractenzat1on
Fig 7 f"ixecl , ,,1rti,1I den lure ;itll'r contouring .mcl ,u, f,1t l' l hM,l< ter
rzation the [Link],11 ll'ri.,,Hion method i~ the ",1111l' .1~ 1h,1t u~l'd for .i
,inµle rt",[Link]. L..1hi,1I view tiett); lingu,1I view tmicldld; l,1ll'r,1I
VII!\\' (n~/Jl)

Fig 8a

urface polishing
Fig Ha [Link] a Shotu Cer,imhtl' Soll No. 1'1\ (h:-11, with .i Shofu
brastve DrPS~er as shown 111g/11)
hofu C eram1ste Soft No PA (/ettx [Link] Slmfu
. PB tn~htJ, which has a finer surface than Pt'

fil!. 8c Fig lie Poli~hing completed before glazing

Fig 8b
 Fig 8d f-iwd [Link] denture .nter glazing. l. .ucrnl Vil'\\
(top); l,[Link]-l,1tl'rJI view (muld!t·, labial view (botunn).

ch 5

Emphasis
A modified Shofu Ceramiste Soft No. PA (Fig 8a) is used lo polish
the uneven surface o( the porcelain. This modification allows the
technician to follow the contours of the ridges and grooves. like-
wise, a modified Shofu Ceramiste Soft No. PA or PB (Fig 8b) is used
on the lingual side. Scratches are polished with these silicon points
clunng contouring of surface characteristics, such as penkvrnata.
fter polishing, the fixed partial denture is glazed.
 Comple«...d FixNI Partial Denture
Labial view

5 96
Lingual view

ch 5 97
 Co1npletcd Fixed Partial Dentun·
lncisal and lateral view

:i 98
 nd
ointegration
Implant Laboratory, both
in Osaka, japan. In 1984
he established the Osak

ISBN 0-86715-411-X
90000

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